10 have reinforced feelings of exclusion among the French- and English-speaking populations. This ﬁnding is supported by Phillipson [14] who writes, “variations in community attachments now illustrate signiﬁcant inequalities within the older population: most notably between those able to make conscious decisions about where and with whom to live, and those who feel marginalised and alienated by changes in the communities in which they have “aged in place” (page 336). Finally, unlike the French- and English-speaking commu- nities, the Italians had managed to maintain their cultural and social institutions. The reasons for this preservation are complex, and we are cautious given the small sample size; it appears that their strong sense of physical, social, and autobiographical insideness led to greater visibility, political power, and control over changes, which in turn protected them from some dynamics of social exclusion. The ﬁrst expected impact of gentriﬁcation is often ﬁnancial [54]. An unexpected ﬁnding was that almost no respondents experienced economic exclusion. This appears to be related to the fact that La Petite-Patrie is undergoing incomplete gentriﬁcation [55]; that the neighbourhood is maintaining a certain social mix that is manifested by the heterogeneity of businesses, the cost of housing, and social status of the population. A second potentially protective element is that Que´bec has a system of rent regulation. The situation could be very diﬀerent in other cities that do not have these protective measures in place; thus there is scope for further research. 7. Conclusion The majority of environmental gerontology research has focused on how to provide security and strengthen an older person’s sense of self while they age in place. There is a call for further research that considers how neighbourhood change aﬀects older residents who age in place. This study goes beyond economic impacts of neighbourhood change and considers the importance of social, cultural, and political consequences that may aﬀect people’s quality of life. Our observations also support the relevance of examining the possible role of gentriﬁcation in the dynamics of social exclusion of older people who are living in a changing working class neighbourhood and, at the same time, have little control over local institutions and organizations that are essential to meet their needs. In addition, this study reinforces the importance of considering the heterogeneity of the older adult population; inequalities and social dif- ferences still exist, even within golden age cohorts. To this end, Manzo [56], citing Hummon [56], recalled that the rootedness of some members of the community involves the removal and exclusion of other members. 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