Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7 1716 saturation deficit and temperature [46], and also have led humans to concentrate along rivers. At the same time, the population of Burkina Faso, which has quintupled in the last century, has created high pressure on vegetation and wildlife, and has also strongly modified tsetse habitats. Taking into account our observations and looking at climate change forecasting for West Africa associated with demographic projections (the population of Burkina Faso is predicted to reach 37.5 million in 2050), identifying areas that will be more or less favorable for tsetse in coming years will be essential, taking into account that riverine species have the potential of adapting to high human density in some cases. Acknowledgements A part of this research was undertaken through the coordinated research project “Applying GIS and Population on Genetics for Managing Livestock Insect Pests” funded by FAO/IAEA. JBR is supported by a grant from the B&M Gates Foundation. We greatly appreciate the contributions of the different institutions (CIRDES, LNE, PATTEC-BF) that have been so kind as to share their data. We acknowledge the excellent technical assistance in the field. References 1. Desquesnes, M.; Bossard, G.; Patrel, D.; Herder, S.; Patout, O.; Lepetitcolin, E.; Thevenon, S.; Berthier, D.; Pavlovic, R.; Brugidou, R.; Jacquiet, P.; Schelcher, F.; Faye, B.; Touratier, L.; Cuny, G. First outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in metropolitan France. Vet. Rec. 2008, 162, 750-752. 2. Budd, L. Economic analysis. In DFID-funded Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research and Development Since 1980; Department for International Development: Chatham, UK, 1999. 3. Solano, P.; Ravel, S.; de Meeûs, T. How can tsetse population genetics contribute to African Trypanosomiasis control? Trends Parasitol. 2010, in press. 4. Kabayo, J.P. Aiming to eliminate tsetse from Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2002, 18, 473-475. 5. Nash, T.A.M. Tsetse Flies in British West Africa; H.M.S.O.: London, UK, 1948. 6. Solano P.; Bouyer J.; Itard J.; Cuisance D. Cyclical vectors of Trypanosomosis. In Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Livestock; Lefèvre, B., Chermette, U., Eds.; Lavoisier Tec&Doc: Paris, France, 2009. 7. Bouyer, J.; Balenghien, T.; Ravel, S.; Vial, L.; Sidibé, I.; Thévenon, S.; Solano, P.; De Meeûs, T. Population sizes and dispersal patterns of tsetse flies: rolling on the river? Mol. Ecol. 2009, 18, 2787-2797. 8. Challier, A. Ecologie de Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, 1949 (Diptera-Muscidae) en savane d'Afrique occidentale; ORSTOM: Paris, France, 1973. 9. Gruvel, J. Données générales sur l'écologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1850, dans la réserve de Kalamaloué, vallée du Bas-Chari. Rev. Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 1975, 28, 27-40. 10. Bouyer, J.; Guerrini, L.; César, J.; De La Rocque, S.; Cuisance, D. A phyto-sociological analysis of the distribution of riverine tsetse flies in Burkina Faso. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2005, 19, 372-378. 11. De la Rocque S.; Rioux J.A. Influence des changements climatiques sur l’épidémiologie des maladies transmissibles. Bull. Soc. Path. Exo. 2008, 101, 213-219.