Table 2. Body shape analysis researches First author Part Huh MH Lee EJ Kim JW Sul YK Lee HS Kim JW Koh BH Hong SC Hong SC Hong SC Yoon JH Kwak CK Seok JH Kwak CK eCAM 2009;6(S1) 45 Trunk Trunk, segment Trunk Trunk Costal arch Trunk Instrument Ruler Ruler Ruler Ruler, IBS-2000a, WBSb Graduator IBS-2000 Year 1992 1998 2006 2007 2008 2007 N 311 157 562 1057 173 359 Diagnosis method Expert diagnosis Questionnaire, expert Questionnaire, expert, drug response Expert Expert Expert, drug response Journal JSCM (in Korean) JSCM (in Korean) JSCM (in Korean) JSCM (in Korean) JSCM (in Korean) KJOP (in Korean) KJOP: Korean Journal of Oriental Physiology and Pathology; N: number of participants. aIBS-2000: 3D (Three-Dimensional) Body Scanner of the Way of Moire; bWBS—Whole Body Scanner System. Table 3. Face analysis researches First author Method Instrument 2D 3D 2D 3D 2D 3D 2D 3D Camera (Nikon FM2) Camera (Nikon FM2) with moire slit Camera (Nikon FM2) Camera (Nikon FM2) with moire slit Digital Camera (Kodak CD265) 3D-FARAa Digital Camera (Nikon D200) 3D-AFRAb Year 1996 1998 1998 1998 2000 2006 2007 2007 N 170 113 209 98 846 – 1732 – Diagnosis method Questionnaire, herbal prescription, experts Questionnaire, herbal prescription, experts Questionnaire, herbal prescription, experts Questionnaire, herbal prescription, experts Questionnaire, herbal prescription, experts – Questionnaire, herbal prescription, experts – N: number of participants. a3D-FARA: 3D Face Automatic Recognition Apparatus; b3D-AFRA: 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus. influence the constitution diagnosis. Therefore, there has been a need to develop an automatic and reliable mea- suring method (11). Recently, an automatic measuring device, IBS 2000 (Z-Scan Co. Ltd, Pusan, Korea), was developed and was clinically evaluated. The results of several researches have shown that the differences between automatic measurement using the IBS 2000 and manual measurement by skilled operators are minimal (11,12). Other researchers tried to find various specific body segments correlated to constitutions such as head, neck, thigh, lower leg, foot and upper arm as well as the angle between both costal margins over the abdomen, for con- venient clinical use (13,14). Facial Analysis Since the Neijing era, oriental medical doctors have stressed diagnoses that involve observing the shape and color of the face. SCM doctors also have maintained this viewpoint and have elaborated facial analysis for determining the constitution or evaluating the patient’s health. Meanwhile, the most challenging part about the descriptions in SCM literatures regarding whole facial appearance or the features of partial compartments of the face, such as ears, eyes, mouth and nose, is that they are subjective and non-quantitative (15). To overcome this handicap, many SCM doctors have made great efforts to make facial analysis more objective (Table 3). The first quantitative attempt of constitution diagnosis based on facial analysis was made by Koh et al. in 1996. In their study, 200 indexes for classifying Sasang constitutions were suggested, which were generated with normalized lengths and their ratios of 69 feature points on the front and left lateral pictures of faces in the 178 participants (16). These 69 points had been estab- lished by SCM doctors through facial analysis based on Martin’s facial points (17). Furthermore, some researchers have attempted to set up typical Korean faces to each Sasang constitution through analysis of the facial features of 846 participants (18,19). However, facial-analysis methods using photographs are limited by lack of repeatability caused by the manual point assign- ment and discrepancy between a 2D image and SCM doctors’ 3D recognition (15). Therefore, to meet the needs for a realistic facial image, a stereo camera method was applied to facial analysis (15,20). However, the results of several researches revealed that improvement was needed both in software and in hardware because it had a larger margin of error than 3D laser scan method (19,21). So, instead of using the stereo camera method, 3D AFRA (3D automatic face recognition apparatus) that used a 3D shape restoration technique based on a space partition encoding optic formula was developed (22). Recently, KIOM examined the correlation between constitutions and each possible distance, angle and distance ratio of the feature points in the frontal facial pictures. Of the 1225 distances, 40 000 angles and 600 000 distance ratios, 9 distances, 10 angles and 10 distance ratios were found to be statistically significant among constitutions.