2 are highly related to each other and can function both as a barrier and a motivator to exercise [6, 8]. In addition, the aging population is a diverse group [9, 13], with no one common barrier reported across all racial and ethnic groups [9]. Level of mobility [12], current exercise status [9], and past experiences [11] can all inﬂuence what respondents identify as posing a barrier or an enabler to physical activity. The majority of older adults do, however, identify at least one of these considerations. In the cohort studied by O’Neill and Reid [14], 87% of the elderly respondents identiﬁed at least one barrier that prevents them from engaging in exer- cise. While the most common barriers appear to be related to health concerns, there are members of the sedentary population that do not identify any barriers to physical activity participation. For example, Cohen-Mansﬁeld et al. [8] stated that 89 of their 324 person sample either reported no barriers at all or that they already engaged in exercise. Ironically, Connell et al. [15] reported that good health itself was a barrier to exercise because it provided the older adults with no reason to exercise. The goal of the current study was to identify the relation- ship, if any, between what older adults perceived as barriers to physical activity and participation. Because previous research has suggested that health concerns pose a signiﬁcant barrier to participation and would thus likely skew the data towards health-related barriers, we chose to focus on a subset of older adults who reported having no health condition limitation, illness, or injury that prevented them from participating in physical activity. We further delineated the analyses by gender as it has been well documented that older women tend to report more chronic diseases than men and this diﬀerence may impact overall participation rates [16–18]. Using data from the Canadian Communities Health Survey- Healthy Aging, an overall sample size of 4,900 seniors was identiﬁed, and, of these, 9.4% reported no participation in physical activity over the last seven days. We examined the relationship between their nonparticipation and barriers to participation, self-reported health, and chronic health conditions, and hypothesized that traditional barriers would not predict nonparticipation and there may be a dissociation between self-reported health status and reported chronic health conditions. The overarching goal of this study was to identify why Canadian seniors who do not report a health limitation do not participate in regular physical activity. 2. Methods 2.1. Canadian Communities Health Survey-Healthy Aging (CCHS-HA). Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Healthy Aging (CCHS-HA) (Statistics Canada, [19]) were used for the current study. This cross-sectional survey gathered self-reported data on the “factors, inﬂuences and processes that contribute to healthy aging through a mul- tidisciplinary approach focusing on health, social and eco- nomic determinants” [19, page 1]. CCHS-HA data were derived through a standardized interview of adults aged 45 years of age and greater from the ten provinces in Cana- da, between December 2008 and November 2009. Using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI), trained Journal of Aging Research ﬁeld interviewers conducted 94% of the interviews face-to- face, with the remainder being conducted over the telephone. The objectives of the survey were to (1) better understand the aging process; (2) examine how lifestyle impacts health; (3) use a multidisciplinary approach to examine relationships between healthy aging and geographical, social, demograph- ic, and economic factors; and, (4) provide information on successful aging. 2.2. Participants. For the purposes of our study, we only used responses from the CCHS-HA dataset for people aged 60 years and older (N = 20,875). Given the interest in identify- ing barriers to participation, we further limited our sample to those seniors who did not identify a “health condition limitation” or “illness or injury” as barriers to participation. This ensured that we were not examining individuals who did not believe they were physically able to participate. Mas- ter weights were applied to the overall dataset such that the weights had a mean of 0. The weighting value for each respondent corresponded to the number of persons in the entire population that the respondent represented. The ﬁnal weighted sample size was 4,900 participants (23.47% of total N ; male: n = 2183; female: n = 2717). To estimate the average age of participants, the mid-point of each age-range was used (e.g., 60–64 years = 62.5). For the 85+ age range, we used 87.5 years, which may result in a slight underrepre- sentation. The overall average age of the sample was 68.39 ± 6.91 years. 2.3. Variables of Interest 2.3.1. Participation. This was determined using the derived variable for participation in leisure physical activities. This categorical variable indicated whether the respondent had participated in walking for pleasure or exercise, light sports, moderate sports, strenuous sports, and exercises to increase muscle strength and endurance over the 7 days prior to the interview. It was scored as either a “1” indicating reported participation over the last 7 days, a “2” indicating no partici- pation over the last 7 days, or a “9” indicating at least one required activity had not been responded to (these were excluded from future analyses). To conﬁrm diﬀerences in participation, the PASE (Physical Activity for the Elderly Scale) score was also examined [20]. The PASE score com- bines information on the frequency and duration of partici- pation in leisure, household, and occupational activity over a seven-day period. While it does not diﬀerentiate frequency and duration, a higher score indicates greater levels of participation. 2.3.2. Barriers to Participation. Thirteen barriers to partici- pation were listed in the CCHS-HA dataset: cost, transporta- tion problem, not available in area, location not physically accessible, location is too far, health condition limitation, illness or injury, fear of injury, lack of time, lack of energy, lack of motivation, lack of skills or knowledge, other. Similar to the participation measure, these were categorical variables where respondents indicated that “yes” it prevented partic- ipation, or “no” it did not prevent participation. Of these