230 Table 7 continued Population Healthy adults (n = 12) Healthy adults (n = 30) Healthy elderly (n = 55) Healthy adults (n = 14) Healthy adults (n = 79) Healthy adults on antibiotic treatment (n = 40) Healthy elderly (n = 66) 123 Study groups (based on treatment) Probiotic: yoghurt containing L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus and B. animalis DN-173 010 Probiotic: B. animalis DN-173 010 (lyophilised) Prebiotic: lactulose Probiotic: S. boulardii Synbiotic: lactulose and S. boulardii Placebo: maltodextrin Probiotic: fermented oat drink containing B. longum 46 and B. longum 2C Probiotic: fermented oat drink containing B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 Placebo: only fermented oat drink Probiotic: encapsulated L. rhamnosus R11 and L. acidophilus R52 Probiotic: yoghurt containing L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus Placebo: pasteurised yoghurt Control: no yoghurt Probiotic: B. animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04, B. animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07, L. acidophilus NCFM, L. paracasei Lpc-37, B. biﬁdum Bb-02 and maltodextran Placebo: only maltodextran Probiotic: fermented oat drink containing B. longum 46 and B. longum 2C Placebo: non-fermented oat drink Study material Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Genes Nutr (2011) 6:209–240 Analytical methods Conventional culturing Colony immunoblotting DGGE FISH DGGE Group-speciﬁc qPCR Species-speciﬁc qPCR Conventional culturing qPCR DGGE qPCR Conventional culturing T-RFLP Conventional culturing Species-speciﬁc qPCR Key ﬁndings Both probiotic-treated groups: No signiﬁcant effect on dominant microbiota composition GI survival and transiently colonization by B. animalis Prebiotic-treated group: : B. adolescentis : Biﬁdobacterium Probiotic/synbiotic-treated group: No changes Probiotic-treated group (B. longum): : B. adolescentis : B. catenulatum Probiotic-treated group (B. animalis): : B. animalis No signiﬁcant effect on dominant microbiota composition GI survival and transiently colonization by L. rhamnosus Probiotic-treated group: : lactic acid bacteria : C. perfringens Yoghurt-receiving groups: ; Bacteroides group Probiotic-treated group: A more rapid return to pre-antibiotic microbiota composition : Enterobacteriaceae : Biﬁdobacterium Probiotic-treated group: Signiﬁcant change in Biﬁdobacterium communities (: B. catenulatum, B. biﬁdum and B. breve) References Rochet et al. (2008) Vanhoutte et al. (2006) Ouwehand et al. (2008) Firmesse et al. (2008) Garc´ıa-Albiach et al. (2008) Engelbrektson et al. (2009) Lahtinen et al. (2009) DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, FISH ﬂuorescence in situ hybridisation, qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RAPD- PCR random ampliﬁcation of polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction, T-RFLP terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism