treated with rituximab: report of two cases and review of the liter- ature. Leukemia Research, 30, 109–114. Oshimi, K. (1988) Granular lymphocyte proliferative disorders: report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Leukemia, 2, 617–627. Oshimi, K., Yamada, O., Kaneko, T., Nishinarita, S., Iizuka, Y., Urabe, A., Inamori, T., Asano, S., Takahashi, S., Hattori, M., Naohara, T., Ohira, Y., Togawa, A., Masuda, Y., Okubo, Y., Furusawa, S., Sakamoto, S., Omine, M., Mori, M., Tatsumi, E. & Mizoguchi, H. (1993) Laboratory ﬁndings and clinical courses of 33 patients with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders. Leukemia, 7, 782–788. Osuji, N., Matutes, E., Tjonnfjord, G., Grech, H., Del Giudice, I., Wotherspoon, A., Swansbury, J.G. & Catovsky, D. (2006) T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia: a report on the treatment of 29 patients and a review of the literature. Cancer, 107, 570–578. Pantelidou, D., Tsatalas, C., Margaritis, D., Kaloutsi, V., Spanoudakis, E. & Bourikas, G. (2004) Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ritux- imab for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia- associated pure red cell aplasia. The Hematology Journal, 5, 546–547. Quartier, P., Brethon, B., Philippet, P., Landman-Parker, J., Le Deist, F. & Fischer, A. (2001) Treatment of childhood autoimmune haemo- lytic anaemia with rituximab. Lancet, 358, 1511–1513. Radis, C.D., Kahl, L.E., Baker, G.L., Wasko, M.C., Cash, J.M., Gallatin, A., Stolzer, B.L., Agarwal, A.K., Medsger, Jr, T.A. & Kwoh, C.K. (1995) Effects of cyclophosphamide on the development of malig- nancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A 20-year followup study. Arthritis Rheumatism, 38, 1120–1127. Raghavachar, A. (1990) Pure red cell aplasia: review of treatment and proposal for a treatment strategy. Blut, 61, 47–51. Ramratnam, B., Gollerkeri, A., Schiffman, F.J., Rintels, P. & Flanigan, T.P. (1995) Management of persistent B 19 parvovirus infection in AIDS. British Journal of Haematology, 91, 90–92. Reinhold-Keller, E., Beuge, N., Latza, U., de Groot, K., Rudert, H., Nolle, B., Heller, M. & Gross, W.L. (2000) An interdisciplinary approach to the care of patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis: long-term out- come in 155 patients. Arthritis Rheumatism, 43, 1021–1032. Rossert, J., Casadevall, N. & Eckardt, K.U. (2004) Anti-erythropoietin antibodies and pure red cell aplasia. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 15, 398–406. Rossert, J., Macdougall, I. & Casadevall, N. (2005) Antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) treatment and re-treatment: multiple options. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation, 20 (Suppl 4), iv23–iv26. Ru, X. & Liebman, H.A. (2003) Successful treatment of refractory pure red cell aplasia associated with lymphoproliferative disorders with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H). British Journal of Haematology, 123, 278–281. Sawada, K., Hirokawa, M., Fujishima, N., Teramura, M., Bessho, M., Dan, K., Tsurumi, H., Nakao, S., Urabe, A., Omine, M., Ozawa, K. & PRCA Collaborative Study Group. (2007) Long-term outcome of patients with acquired primary idiopathic pure red cell aplasia receiving cyclosporine A. A nationwide cohort study in Japan for the PRCA Collaborative Study Group. Haematologica, 92, 1021–1028. Semenzato, G., Pandolﬁ, F., Chisesi, T., De Rossi, G., Pizzolo, G., Zambello, R., Trentin, L., Agostini, C., Dini, E., Vespignani, M., Cafaro, A., Pasqualetti, D., Giubellino, M.C., Migone, N. & Foa`, R. (1987) The lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes. A heterogeneous disorder ranging from indolent to aggressive condi- tions. Cancer, 60, 2971–2978. Review Semenzato, G., Zambello, R., Starkebaum, G., Oshimi, K. & Loughran, Jr, T.P. (1997) The lymphoproliferative disease of granular lym- phocytes: updated criteria for diagnosis. Blood, 89, 256–260. Sharma, V.R., Fleming, D.R. & Slone, S.P. (2000) Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 in a patient treated with rituximab. Blood, 96, 1184–1186. Smith, M.R. (2003) Rituximab (monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody): mechanisms of action and resistance. Oncogene, 22, 7359–7368. Song, K.W., Mollee, P., Patterson, B., Brien, W. & Crump, M. (2002) Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus following treatment with CHOP and rituximab for B-cell lymphoma. British Journal of Hae- matology, 119, 125–127. Sood, R., Stewart, C.C., Aplan, P.D., Murai, H., Ward, P., Barcos, M. & Baer, M.R. (1998) Neutropenia associated with T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia: long-term response to cyclosporine therapy despite persistence of abnormal cells. Blood, 91, 3372–3378. Stasi, R., Pagano, A., Stipa, E. & Amadori, S. (2001) Rituximab chi- meric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment for adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood, 98, 952–957. Stead, R.B., Lambert, J., Wessels, D., Iwashita, J.S., Leuther, K.K., Woodburn, K.W., Schatz, P.J., Okamoto, D.M., Naso, R. & Duliege, A.M. (2006) Evaluation of the safety and pharmacodynamics of Hematide, a novel erythropoietic agent, in a phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy volunteers. Blood, 108, 1830–1834. Suzuki, S., Nogawa, S., Tanaka, K., Koto, A., Fukuuchi, Y. & Kuwana, M. (2003) Initial predictors of development of pure red cell aplasia in myasthenia gravis after thymectory. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 106, 16–18. Teramura, M., Kimura, A., Iwase, S., Yonemura, Y., Nakao, S., Urabe, A., Omine, M. & Mizoguchi, H. (2007) Treatment of severe aplastic anemia with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine with or without G-CSF in adults: a multicenter randomized study in Japan. Blood, 110, 1756–1761. Thompson, C.A. & Steensma, D.P. (2006) Pure red cell aplasia asso- ciated with thymoma: clinical insights from a 50-year single-insti- tution experience. British Journal of Haematology, 135, 405–407. Totterman, T.H., Nisell, J., Killander, A., Gahrton, G. & Lonqvist, B. (1984) Successful treatment of pure red cell aplasia with cyclo- sporine. Lancet, 2, 694. To¨tterman, T.H., Ho¨glund, M., Bengtsson, M., Simonsson, B., Almq- vist, D. & Killander, A. (1989) Treatment of pure red-cell aplasia and aplastic anaemia with ciclosporin: long-term clinical effects. European Journal of Haematology, 42, 126–133. Verhelst, D., Rossert, J., Casadevall, N., Kruger, A., Eckardt, K.U. & Macdougall, I.C. (2004) Treatment of erythropoietin-induced pure red cell aplasia: a retrospective study. Lancet, 363, 1768–1771. Weber, G., Gross, J., Kromminga, A., Loew, H.H. & Eckardt, K.U. (2002) Allergic skin and systemic reactions in a patient with pure red cell aplasia and anti-erythropoietin antibodies challenged with different epoetins. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13, 2381–2383. Willis, F., Marsh, J.C.W., Bevan, D.H., Killick, S.B., Lucas, G., Grifﬁths, R., Ouwehand, W., Hale, G., waldmann, H. & Gordon-Smith, E.C. (2001) The effect of treatment with Campath-1H in patients with autoimmune cytopenias. British Journal Haematology, 114, 891–898. Wong, T.Y., Chan, P.K., Leung, C.B., Szeto, C.C., Tam, J.S. & Li, P.K. (1999) Parvovirus B19 infection causing red cell aplasia in renal transplantation on tacrolimus. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 34, 1132–1136. ª 2008 The Authors Journal Compilation ª 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, British Journal of Haematology, 142, 505–514 513