Journal of Aging Research 7 Table 4: Associations of underweight or overweight/obesity with health conditions or indicators in Georgia centenarians. BMI ≤20a BMI ≥ 25b Dependent variable Odds ratio (95% CI) P Odds ratio (95% CI) P Diabetes Model 1 0.91 (0.30–2.69) .858 2.86 (1.02–7.99) .045 Model 2 0.89 (0.30–2.64) .837 3.11 (1.11–8.75) .031 Anemia Model 1 2.47 (1.32–4.62) .004 0.72 (0.38–1.36) .309 Model 2 2.47 (1.32–4.62) .005 0.72 (0.38–1.37) .318 Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg Model 1 0.72 (0.32–1.61) .425 2.09 (1.02–4.27) .043 Model 2 0.70 (0.31–1.57) .385 2.26 (1.09–4.69) .029 Diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg Model 1 0.81 (0.25–3.18) .760 2.96 (0.98–9.01) .055 Model 2 0.71 (0.18–2.79) .621 3.81 (1.21–12.05) .022 CVD Model 1 0.54 (0.29–1.01) .053 1.85 (0.94–3.64) .074 Model 2 0.53 (0.28–1.00) .048 1.95 (0.98–3.88) .058 History of cancer Model 1 1.09 (0.58–2.07) .791 0.82 (0.40–1.66) .575 Model 2 1.08 (0.57–2.05) .818 0.87 (0.42–1.77) .694 Stroke Model 1 0.91 (0.46–1.82) .791 1.18 (0.57–2.47) .655 Model 2 0.91 (0.46–1.83) .794 1.18 (0.56–2.47) .667 Depression Model 1 1.12 (0.49–2.57) .782 0.89 (0.32–2.50) .829 Model 2 1.22 (0.53–2.80) .640 0.91 (0.32–2.58) .854 a Determined by a series of logistic regression analyses with BMI ≤20 versus BMI >20 as an independent variable, controlled for gender, race, and residence (Model 1) or for gender, race, residence, and total fruit and vegetable intake (<3 servings/day = 1; >3 servings/day = 0) (Model 2). bDetermined by a series of logistic regression analyses with BMI ≥25 versus BMI <25 as an independent variable, controlled for gender, race, and residence (Model 1) or for gender, race, residence, and total fruit and vegetable intake (<3 servings/day = 1; >3 servings/day = 0) (Model 2). overweight/obese classiﬁcations. The underweight centenar- ians also had the highest total food scores, suggesting that they were meeting more of the recommended servings for speciﬁc food groups [17]. However, almost twice as many underweight centenarians lived in skilled nursing facilities as compared to the community, and there was no association between low BMI and dietary groups after controlling for race, residence, and gender. In a speciﬁc comparison between centenarians residing in skilled nursing facilities and in the community, Johnson et al. [16] reported that those in skilled nursing facilities were more likely to eat three or more meals a day and to have a higher frequency of intake of most food groups. They suggested that such diﬀerences may be due to (1) the requirement that skilled nursing facilities serve meals that meet dietary guidelines and other federal nutrition policies [25, 26], (2) the inability of the methodology used to distinguish between food that was served and food that was eaten, and (3) barriers faced by community dwelling centenarians or their caregivers in purchasing, preparing, or consuming appropriate food to meet their nutritional needs. Thus, associations in centenarians between low BMI and dietary status may be quite complex and inﬂuenced considerably by place of residence. In the present study, there was an increase in the relative risk for being overweight/obese in centenarians reporting the lowest frequency of intake of some nutrient dense foods including orange/yellow vegetables and citrus and noncitrus fruits. These observations are consistent with previous studies ﬁnding associations between lower reported or inferred consumption of fruits and/or vegetables and increased prevalence of overweight/obesity in children [27] and young to middle-age adults [5, 28–30]. Interestingly, other studies in adults have indicated that increased con- sumption of fruits and vegetables may be an eﬀective strategy for decreasing energy consumption and for increasing and maintaining weight loss [29, 31, 32]. In addition to potential beneﬁcial eﬀects on body weight, there is considerable evidence in other age groups that high consumption of fruits and vegetables may oﬀer protective eﬀects against and/or to reduce the relative risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and certain cancers [33–40]. We observed that centenarians in the highest weight category (BMI ≥25) reported eating lower amounts of certain types of fruits and vegetables than their nonoverweight/nonobese counterparts and also appeared to be at greater risk for diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease.