2798 J. Garthwaite guanylyl cyclase by 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. Mol. Pharmacol., 48, 184–188. Garthwaite, G., Bartus, K., Malcolm, D., Goodwin, D.A., Kollb-Sielecka, M., Dooldeniya, C. & Garthwaite, J. (2006) Signaling from blood vessels to CNS axons through nitric oxide. J. Neurosci., 26, 7730–7740. Geiselhoringer, A., Gaisa, M., Hofmann, F. & Schlossmann, J. (2004) Distribution of IRAG and cGKI-isoforms in murine tissues. FEBS Lett., 575, 19–22. Gibb, B.J. & Garthwaite, J. (2001) Subunits of the nitric oxide receptor, soluble guanylyl cyclase, expressed in rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 539–544. Gibb, B.J., Wykes, V. & Garthwaite, J. (2003) Properties of NO-activated guanylyl cyclases expressed in cells. Br. J. Pharmacol., 139, 1032–1040. Godfrey, E.W. & Schwarte, R.C. (2003) The role of nitric oxide signaling in the formation of the neuromuscular junction. J. Neurocytol., 32, 591–602. Golombek, D.A., Agostino, P.V., Plano, S.A. & Ferreyra, G.A. (2004) Signaling in the mammalian circadian clock: the NO ⁄ cGMP pathway. Neurochem. Int., 45, 929–936. Gonzalez-Forero, D., Portillo, F., Gomez, L., Montero, F., Kasparov, S. & Moreno-Lopez, B. (2007) Inhibition of resting potassium conductances by long-term activation of the NO ⁄ cGMP ⁄ protein kinase G pathway: a new mechanism regulating neuronal excitability. J. Neurosci., 27, 6302–6312. Grassi, S. & Pettorossi, V.E. (2000) Role of nitric oxide in long-term potentiation of the rat medial vestibular nuclei. Neuroscience, 101, 157–164. Grassi, S. & Pettorossi, V.E. (2001) Synaptic plasticity in the medial vestibular nuclei: role of glutamate receptors and retrograde messengers in rat brainstem slices. Prog. Neurobiol., 64, 527–553. Grassi, C., D’Ascenzo, M. & Azzena, G.B. (2004) Modulation of Ca(v)1 and Ca(v)2.2 channels induced by nitric oxide via cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Neurochem. Int., 45, 885–893. Graves, A.R., Lewin, K.A. & Lindgren, A. (2004) Nitric oxide, cAMP and the biphasic muscarinic modulation of ACh release at the lizard neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol., 559, 423–432. Grifﬁths, C., Garthwaite, G., Goodwin, D.A. & Garthwaite, J. (2002) Dynamics of nitric oxide during simulated ischaemia-reperfusion in rat striatal slices measured using an intrinsic biosensor, soluble guanylyl cyclase. Eur. J. Neurosci., 15, 962–968. Gyurko, R., Leupen, S. & Huang, P.L. (2002) Deletion of exon 6 of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene in mice results in hypogonadism and infertility. Endocrinology, 143, 2767–2774. Haghikia, A., Mergia, E., Friebe, A., Eysel, U.T., Koesling, D. & Mittmann, T. (2007) Long-term potentiation in the visual cortex requires both nitric oxide receptor guanylyl cyclases. J. Neurosci., 27, 818–823. Hall, C.N. & Garthwaite, J. (2006) Inactivation of nitric oxide by rat cerebellar slices. J. Physiol., 577, 549–567. Han, N.L., Ye, J.S., Yu, A.C. & Sheu, F.S. (2006) Differential mechanisms underlying the modulation of delayed-rectiﬁer K+ channel in mouse neocortical neurons by nitric oxide. J. Neurophysiol., 95, 2167–2178. Hardingham, N. & Fox, K. (2006) The role of nitric oxide and GluR1 in presynaptic and postsynaptic components of neocortical potentiation. J. Neurosci., 26, 7395–7404. Hartell, N.A. (2002) Parallel ﬁber plasticity. Cerebellum, 1, 3–18. Hashimotodani, Y., Ohno-Shosaku, T. & Kano, M. (2007) Endocannabinoids and synaptic function in the CNS. Neuroscientist, 13, 127–137. Haul, S., Godecke, A., Schrader, J., Haas, H.L. & Luhmann, H.J. (1999) Impairment of neocortical long-term potentiation in mice deﬁcient of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J. Neurophysiol., 81, 494–497. Hawkins, R.D., Son, H. & Arancio, O. (1998) Nitric oxide as a retrograde messenger during long-term potentiation in hippocampus. Prog. Brain Res., 118, 155–172. Hayashi, Y., Nishio, M., Naito, Y., Yokokura, H., Nimura, Y., Hidaka, H. & Watanabe, Y. (1999) Regulation of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase by calmodulin kinases. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 20597–20602. Hentall, I.D. (1995) Excitation of cells in the rostral medial medulla of the rat by the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate messenger system. Neurosci. Lett., 195, 155–158. Hepp, R., Tricoire, L., Hu, E., Gervasi, N., Paupardin-Tritsch, D., Lambolez, B. & Vincent, P. (2007) Phosphodiesterase type 2 and the homeostasis of cyclic GMP in living thalamic neurons. J. Neurochem., 102, 1875–1886. Hervieu, G.J., Cluderay, J.E., Gray, C.W., Green, P.J., Ranson, J.L., Randall, A.D. & Meadows, H.J. (2001) Distribution and expression of TREK-1, a two-pore-domain potassium channel, in the adult rat CNS. Neuroscience, 103, 899–919. Hofmann, F., Feil, R., Kleppisch, T. & Schlossmann, J. (2006) Function of cGMP-dependent protein kinases as revealed by gene deletion. Physiol. Rev., 86, 1–23. Hogg, N. (2002) The biochemistry and physiology of S-nitrosothiols. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 42, 585–600. Holscher, C. (1997) Nitric oxide, the enigmatic neuronal messenger: its role in synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci., 20, 298–303. Hopper, R.A. & Garthwaite, J. (2006) Tonic and phasic nitric oxide signals in hippocampal long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci., 26, 11513–11521. Hopper, R., Lancaster, B. & Garthwaite, J. (2004) On the regulation of NMDA receptors by nitric oxide. Eur. J. Neurosci., 19, 1675–1682. Huang, P.L., Dawson, T.M., Bredt, D.S., Snyder, S.H. & Fishman, M.C. (1993) Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene. Cell, 75, 1273–1286. Huang, C.C., Chan, S.H. & Hsu, K.S. (2003) cGMP ⁄ protein kinase G-dependent potentiation of glutamatergic transmission induced by nitric oxide in immature rat rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons in vitro. Mol. Pharmacol., 64, 521–532. Hwang, S.J., O’Kane, N., Singer, C., Ward, S.M., Sanders, K.M. & Koh, S.D. (2008) Block of inhibitory junction potentials and TREK-1 channels in murine colon by Ca2+ store-active drugs. J. Physiol., 586, 1169–1184. Iadecola, C. (2004) Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 5, 347–360. Ignarro, L.J. (1999) Nitric oxide: a unique endogenous signaling molecule in vascular biology. Biosci. Rep., 19, 51–71. Ignarro, L.J., Wood, K.S. & Wolin, M.S. (1982) Activation of puriﬁed soluble guanylate cyclase by protoporphyrin IX. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 2870–2873. Ignarro, L.J., Buga, G.M., Wood, K.S., Byrns, R.E. & Chaudhuri, G. (1987) Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 9265–9269. Ishikawa, T., Nakamura, Y., Saitoh, N., Li, W.B., Iwasaki, S. & Takahashi, T. (2003) Distinct roles of Kv1 and Kv3 potassium channels at the calyx of Held presynaptic terminal. J. Neurosci., 23, 10445–10453. Ito, M. (2001) Cerebellar long-term depression: characterization, signal transduction, and functional roles. Physiol. Rev., 81, 1143–1195. Iyer, L.M., Anantharaman, V. & Aravind, L. (2003) Ancient conserved domains shared by animal soluble guanylyl cyclases and bacterial signaling proteins. BMC Genomics, 4, 5. Jacklet, J.W. & Tieman, D.G. (2004) Nitric oxide and histamine induce neuronal excitability by blocking background currents in neuron MCC of Aplysia. J. Neurophysiol., 91, 656–665. Jacoby, S., Sims, R.E. & Hartell, N.A. (2001) Nitric oxide is required for the induction and heterosynaptic spread of long-term potentiation in rat cerebellar slices. J. Physiol., 535, 825–839. Jaffrey, S.R., Benfenati, F., Snowman, A.M., Czernik, A.J. & Snyder, S.H. (2002) Neuronal nitric-oxide synthase localization mediated by a ternary complex with synapsin and CAPON. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 3199– 3204. Jones, J.D., Carney, S.T., Vrana, K.E., Norford, D.C. & Howlett, A.C. (2008) Cannabinoid receptor-mediated translocation of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase and production of cyclic GMP in neuronal cells. Neuropharmacol- ogy, 54, 23–30. Kaehler, S.T., Singewald, N., Sinner, C. & Philippu, A. (1999) Nitric oxide modulates the release of serotonin in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res., 835, 346–349. Kang, Y., Dempo, Y., Ohashi, A., Saito, M., Toyoda, H., Sato, H., Koshino, H., Maeda, Y. & Hirai, T. (2007) Nitric oxide activates leak K+ currents in the presumed cholinergic neuron of basal forebrain. J. Neurophysiol., 98, 3397– 3410. Kano, T., Shimizu-Sasamata, M., Huang, P.L., Moskowitz, M.A. & Lo, E.H. (1998) Effects of nitric oxide synthase gene knockout on neurotransmitter release in vivo. Neuroscience, 86, 695–699. Kantor, D.B., Lanzrein, M., Stary, S.J., Sandoval, G.M., Smith, W.B., Sullivan, B.M., Davidson, N. & Schuman, E.M. (1996) A role for endothelial NO synthase in LTP revealed by adenovirus-mediated inhibition and rescue. Science, 274, 1744–1748. Kara, P. & Friedlander, M.J. (1999) Arginine analogs modify signal detection by neurons in the visual cortex. J. Neurosci., 19, 5528–5548. Kaupp, U.B. & Seifert, R. (2002) Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. Physiol. Rev., 82, 769–824. Kawa, F. & Sterling, P. (2002) cGMP modulates spike responses of retinal ganglion cells via a cGMP-gated current. Vis. Neurosci., 19, 373–380. Kennedy, M.B. (2000) Signal-processing machines at the postsynaptic density. Science, 290, 750–754. Keynes, R.G. & Garthwaite, J. (2004) Nitric oxide and its role in ischaemic brain injury. Curr. Mol. Med., 4, 179–191. ª The Author (2008). Journal Compilation ª Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and Blackwell Publishing Ltd European Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2783–2802