PERSPECTIVE 23. Kilian AHD, Langi P, Talisuna A, Kabagambe G. Rainfall pattern, El Niño and malaria in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999;93:22–3. 24. Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Niño. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999;93:480–7. 25. Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2000;5:263–74. 26. Hay SI, Cox J, Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Stern DI, Shanks GD, et al. Cli- mate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature 2002;415:905–9. 27. Nabarro DN, Tayler EM. The Roll Back Malaria campaign. Science 1998;280:2067–8. 28. World Health Organization. 20th WHO expert committee report on malaria. Technical Report Series, No. 892. Geneva: The Organization; 2000. 29. World Health Organization. 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Articles in this section should provide insightful anal- ysis and commentary about new and reemerging infec- tious diseases and related issues. Perspectives may also address factors known to influence the emergence of dis- eases, including microbial adaptation and change, human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, eco- nomic development and land use, international travel and commerce, and the breakdown of public health measures. If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. 39. MacDonald G. Epidemiological basis of malaria control. Bull World Health Organ 1956;15:613–26. 40. MacDonald G. Epidemics. In: The epidemiology and control of malaria. London: Oxford University Press; 1957. p. 45–62. 41. Gilles HM. Epidemiology of malaria. In: Gilles HM, Warrell DA, editors. Bruce-Chwatt’s essential malariology. London: Edward Arnold, 1993. p. 124–63. 42. Adungo NI. Factors affecting malaria transmission by vector mosquito population in western Kenya, with special reference to altitude. Nairobi: University of Nairobi; 1992. 43. Metselaar D, Van Theil PM. Classification of malaria. Tropical and Geo- graphical Malaria 1959;11. 44. Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Hay SI, Snow RW. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000;94:253–5. 45. Mouchet J, Manguin S, Sircoulon J, Laventure S, Faye O, Onapa AW, et al. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1998;14:121–30. 46. Reiter P. Global-warming and vector-borne disease in temperate regions and at high altitude. Lancet 1998;351:839. 47. Hay SI, Myers MF, Burke DS, Vaughn DW, Endy T, Ananda N, et al. Eti- ology of interepidemic periods of mosquito-borne disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:9335–9. 48. Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Snow RW, Hay SI. Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria. Nature 2002;415:710–5. 49. Snow RW, Marsh K. The epidemiology of clinical malaria among African children. Bulletin Institute Pasteur 1998;96:15–23. 50. Font F, Gonzalez MA, Nathan R, Kimario J, Lwilla F, Ascaso C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and case management of clinical malaria in the pri- mary health services of a rural area in south-eastern Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2001;6:423–8. 51. Snow RW, Gouws E, Omumbo J, Rapuoda B, Craig MH, Tanser FC, et al. Models to predict the intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: applications to the burden of disease in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998;92:601–6. 52. Hay SI, Rogers DJ, Shanks GD, Myers MF, Snow RW. Malaria early warning in Kenya. Trends Parasitol 2001;17:95–9. 53. Gupta S, Snow RW, Donnelly C, Marsh K, Newbold C. Immunity to non- cerebral severe malaria is acquired after one or two infections. Nat Med 1999;5:340–3. Address for correspondence: Simon I. Hay, TALA Research Group, Depart- ment of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK; fax: 44 1865 271243; e-mail: simon.hay@zoology.ox.ac.uk 548 Emerging Infectious Diseases • Vol. 8, No. 6, June 2002