Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Table 1: Dada ethnobotanical investigated plants. Scientiﬁc name Popular name Family Part used Herbarium number Popular use A. hispidum DC. Carrapicho-de-cigano Asteraceae A. coriacea L. Araticum Annonaceae H. mutabilis Briq. Alfavaca-de-caboclo Lamiaceae S. brasiliensis Engl. Brau´ na Anacardiacea X. americana L. Ameixa Olacaceae EAN-100493 EP SB L SB SB EAN-10957 IPA21443 EAN-10699 EAN-14049 Cough, respiratory problem, diuretic, diarrhea, sinusitis, malaria, infection in general, bronchitis and intestinal problems, typhus. Stomach problems, diarrhea, and malaria. Stomach problems, sudoriﬁc, expectorant, calmative, uterine inﬂammation, gastric ulcer, inﬂuenza, fever, cough, headache, rheumatism. Cough, inﬂuenza, diarrhea, fractures, sexual impotence. Antiseptic, malaria, toothache, skin urinary infection, diarrhea, asthma, anemia, inﬂammation, ﬁbroids, sleep diseases, ulcer, gastritis, Fractures, cancer, itching. 3 Reference [4–11] [12, 13] [6, 10, 14–18] [5, 6, 10, 19, 20] [6, 21–26] R: root; SB: stem-bark; L: leaves; EP: entire plant. bacteria and yeast (Table 2). The extracts of H. mutabilis and A. coriacea presented no inhibitory activity against the microorganisms tested, but Toledo et al. [29] showed that the extract obtained from A. coriacea showed the best activity against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis. All extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against S. oralis. The growth of S. mutans, S. salivarius, L. casei, C. albican, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei was not inhibited by any concentration of extracts tested. The A. hispidum extract presented activity only against S. oralis. The study conducted by Ederwor and Olajire [30] conﬁrms the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The X. americana bark extract showed activity against E. faecalis, S. aureus, and S. oralis. The zones of inhibition observed at E. faecalis were statistically diﬀerent compared with those of chlorhexidine (positive control). And for another bacterium, the chlorhexidine presented bigger inhi- bition halo than that promoted by the E. faecalis and S. aureus. Costa et al. [31] demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of the X. americana bark extracts at E. faecalis and showed that they may represent alternative substances in endodontic treatment. And in another study Falca˜o and Menezes [32] observed that C. albicans was the least susceptible among the tested yeast. The best results were obtained with S. brasiliensis extract against S. aureus. This extract presents higher eﬃcacy in the HEx5 for P. aeruginosa, Hex1–Hex4 for S. aureus, and Hex1– Hex3 for S. oralis compared with chlorhexidine. This result was consistent with that discussed by Goleniowski et al. [14] and de Barros et al. [15]. This conﬁrmed that antibioﬁlm activity can be related to the higher proportion of tannins and ﬂavonoids in the plant like the observed by Siqueira et al. [33]. The hydroalcoholic extract which showed positive antibioﬁlm activity against most of the microorganisms tested in agar diﬀusion assay was further tested for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Bioassay with Artemia salina. 3.2. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Determination. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts for antibioﬁlm activity were determined using the microdilution bioassay as described by CLSI [27] (Table 3). Studies showed that the MIC values indicate that S. brasiliensis extract was more eﬃcient, corroborating the results of the previous experiment. The important activity on S. aureus conﬁrms the best activity obtained in cylinder- plate assay, which revealed this strain as one of the most susceptible with MIC ranging from 0.250 to 0.063 µL/µL. The S. oralis strain was the least sensitive (MIC = 1.000 µL/µL). The P. aeruginosa HEx1 was the most sensitive (MIC = 0.004 µL/µL). Similar result was found by Goleniowski et al. [14] and de Barros et al. [15]. The X. americana extract presented activity against S. aureus (MIC = 0.250–0.063 µL/µL), E. faecalis (MIC = 1.000 µL/µL), and S. oralis (MIC = 1.000 µL/µL). Omer and Elnima [34] reported activity of the methanolic and aqueous extract against S. aureus. Kone´ et al. [35] demonstrated that the ethanolic root extract exhibited some activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis. 3.3. Bioassay with Artemia salina. Determination of the toxicity to Artemia salina has been used eﬃciently to analyze