R. D’Elia and K. J. Else dampening-down of a Th1 response (39). However, IL-6 has also been shown to be important in the up-regulation of IL- 10 (40) and in this context may suggest that the S isolate is enhancing the regulatory environment via IL-6 production. Interestingly IL-6 deﬁcient mice are still resistant to T. muris infection, implying that IL-6 is not important for the development of an effector Th2 response (Grencis et al. unpublished data). Levels of IL-12p70 secreted by BMMΦ and BMDCs were not signiﬁcantly elevated following S isolate E/S stimulation compared to the E and J isolate E/S, implying that the S isolate antigens are not simply promoting a stronger drive toward Th1 by inducing Th1-polarizing cytokines. In conclusion E/S from the E, J and S isolates elevate IL- 10 and IL-6 production from BMMΦ and BMDCs. Impor- tantly these levels are signiﬁcantly higher after exposure to the S isolate antigens compared to E or J isolate antigens. 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