Eui-Hyun Yoon, et al: BMD and Food-frequency Table 3. Association between bone mineral density and food-frequency* in women (n = 18,433,574). Femoral neck Lumbar spine Food group β (/1,000) P-value† β (/1,000) P-value† Staple carbohydrates 0.361 0.117 0.254 0.477 Other carbohydrates 1.858 0.040 2.370 0.047 Legumes -0.358 0.172 -0.037 0.920 Potatoes -1.750 0.103 0.235 0.868 Meat and eggs -0.137 0.871 -1.130 0.227 Fishes -0.470 0.718 0.366 0.836 Vegetables 0.158 0.345 0.059 0.823 Seaweeds -0.116 0.871 0.172 0.874 Fruits 0.969 0.016 1.425 0.007 Milk and dairy products 0.647 0.301 0.895 0.242 Instant foods 1.985 0.741 0.669 0.931 *Weekly food frequency, times/wk. †P-value by multiple linear regression analysis after weighting by wt_tot. Adjusted by age, body mass index, physical activity, current smoking, alcohol drinking, supplements of vitamin or minerals, menarche, postmenopausal period, total period of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), history of hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid diseases, cerebrovascular accident, coronary artery diseases, and diabetes. Table 4. Association between bone mineral density and food- frequency* in men (n = 18,069,970). Femoral neck Lumbar spine Food groups β (/1,000) P-value† β (/1,000) P-value† Staple carbohydrates 0.147 0.604 0.149 0.605 Other carbohydrates 0.594 0.424 0.424 0.542 Legumes 0.238 0.498 0.089 0.802 Potatoes 0.939 0.592 -0.635 0.576 Meat and eggs -0.221 0.757 -0.242 0.707 Fishes -1.495 0.256 -1.073 0.476 Vegetables 0.214 0.313 0.164 0.392 Seaweeds -1.461 0.059 -0.542 0.491 Fruits 0.837 0.022 1.006 0.005 Milk and dairy products 1.497 0.003 0.614 0.255 Instant foods -0.915 0.687 -3.834 0.106 *Weekly food frequency, times/wk. †P-value by multiple linear regression analysis after weighting by wt_tot. Adjusted by age, body mass index, physical activity, current smoking, alcohol drinking, supplements of vitamin or minerals, history of hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid diseases, cerebrovascular accident, coronary artery diseases, and diabetes. Korean J Fam Med vegetables, and instant food, and female predominance in the food-frequencies of staple carbohydrates, legumes, potatoes, seaweeds, fruits, milk, and dairy products. Tables 3 and 4 show the association between BMD and food-frequency of each food group after adjustment for the other covariates. Femoral neck and lumbar BMD significantly increased as the frequency of fruit consumption increased in both men and women. Frequency of other carbohydrates consumption was significantly associated with greater femoral neck and lumbar BMD for women. Frequency of milk and dairy product consumption was significantly associated with greater femoral neck BMD in men. Other food groups, however, had no significant associations with BMDs. DISCUSSION In this study, frequency of fruit intake was associated with BMD of femoral neck and lumbar area in both men and women. Frequency of other carbohydrates consumption was significantly associated with greater femoral neck and lumbar BMD in women. Vol. 33, No. 5 Sep 2012 | 291