Crinum Latifolium Leave Extracts Suppress Immune Activation Cascades in Peripheral Blood … 333 [17] Murr C, Widner B, Wirleitner B, Fuchs D. Neopterin as a marker for immune system activation. Curr Drug Metabol. 2002; 3: 175–187. PMid:12003349 [18] Schroecksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin Chim Acta. 2006; 364: 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.013 [19] Schroecksnadel K, Winkler C, Duftner C, Wirleitner B, Schirmer M, Fuchs D. Tryptophan degradation increases with stage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2006; 25: 334–337. doi:10.1007/s10067-005-0056-6 [20] Murray MF. Tryptophan depletion and HIV infection: a metabolic link to pathogenesis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003; 3: 644–652. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00773-4 [21] Weiss G, Murr C, Zoller H, Haun M, Widner B, Ludescher C, Fuchs D. Modulation of neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation by Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines in human monocytic cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999; 116: 435–440. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00910.x [22] Liao H, Banbury LK, Leach DN. Antioxidant activity of 45 Chinese herbs and the relationship with their TCM characteristics. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008; 4: 429–434. doi:10.1093/ecam/nem054 [23] Winkler C, Schroecksnadel K, Schennach H, Fuchs D. Vitamin C and E suppress mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007; 142: 127–132. doi:10.1159/000096438 [24] Tan PH, Sagoo P, Chan C, Yates JB, Campbell J, Beutelspacher SC, Foxwell BM, Lombardi G, George AJ. Inhibition of NF-kappa B and oxidative pathways in human dendritic cells by antioxidative vitamins generates regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2005; 174: 7633–7644. PMid:15944264 [25] Schroecksnadel K, Winkler C, Fischer B, Schennach H, Weiss G, Fuchs D. Antioxidants suppress Th1-type immune response in vitro. Drug Metab Lett. 2007; 1: 166–171. PMid:19356038 [26] Wirleitner, B., Schroecksnadel, K., Winkler, C., Schennach, H, Fuchs, D. Resveratrol suppresses interferon-gamma-induced biochemical pathways in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Immunol Lett. 2005; 100: 159-163. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2005.03.008 [27] Jenny M, Santer E, Klein A, Ledochowski M, Schennach H, Ueberall F, Fuchs D. Cacao extracts suppress tryptophan degradation of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 122: 261–267. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.011 Sci Pharm. 2011; 79: 323–335