8 signiﬁcantly inﬂuence their mental health—for centenarians in nursing homes, perception of self-eﬃcacy mattered. For participants with higher levels of cognitive ability, what they might have control over is how they view their lives or their mental outlook on life [1, 75, 76]. Our study is not without limitations. First, we examined three distinct groups of centenarians based on residential living status resulting in relatively small sample sizes. Second, our study was cross-sectional in nature; it did not follow very old adults from dwelling in a private home to an assisted living facility, and ultimately to a nursing home, nor was the study able to assess change in the measures over time as proposed by Antonucci et al. [13]. Centenarian studies face diﬃcult design issues because the remaining life expectancy of participants is often less than two years depending upon birth cohort. In addition, we do not know if our participants were in the nursing home for the second or third time with intervals back in private residences or assisted living facilities. Gaugler and colleagues [14] found prior nursing home use to be one of the strongest predictors of nursing home admission. Third, measurement concerns regarding multiple assessments and types of reporting for the constructs studied would reduce possible bias in the results. These limitations provide opportunity for future research to build and expand upon the study and the theoretical model. The present study added to the existing knowledge base of very old individuals by specifying and testing a version of the support-eﬃcacy model [11, 13]. In addition, we considered a key situational characteristic of very old individuals near the end of the life span as a moderating inﬂuence: residential status (e.g., living in a private home, assisted living facility or a nursing home). The study aﬃrmed the speciﬁed relationships between variables of the model; however, speciﬁc to this study was the ﬁnding that the hypothesized model uniquely ﬁt each group of participants. Future work with very old individuals will be aimed to consider and account for the moderating inﬂuence of residence status on the constructs examined: social relations, self-eﬃcacy, and both mental and physical health. Acknowledgments The Georgia Centenarian Study (Leonard W. Poon, PI) is funded by 1P01-AG17553 from the National Institute on Aging, a collaboration among The University of Georgia, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Boston University, University of Kentucky, Emory University, Duke University, Wayne State University, Iowa State University, Temple Uni- versity, and University of Michigan. Authors acknowledge the valuable recruitment and data acquisition eﬀort from M. Burgess, K. Grier, E. Jackson, E. McCarthy, K. Shaw, L. Strong and S. 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