Evaluating mandibular cortical index quantitatively 14. Horner K, Devlin H. The relationship between two indices of mandibular bone quality and bone mineral density measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1998;27:17-21. 15. Taguchi A, Tsuda M, Ohtsuka M, Kodama I, Sanada M, Nakamoto T, Inagaki K, Noguchi T, Kudo Y, Suei Y, Tanimoto K, Bollen AM. Use of dental panoramic radiographs in identifying younger postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 2006;17;387-394. 16. Taguchi A, Asano A, Ohtsuka M, Nakamoto T, Suei Y, Tsuda M, Kudo Y, Inagaki K, Noguchi T, Tanimoto K, Jacobs R, Klemetti E, White SC, Horner K. Observer performance in diagnosing osteoporosis by dental panoramic radiographs: results from the osteoporosis screening project in dentistry (OSPD). Bone 2008;43:209-213. 17. Yasar F, Akgünlü F. The differences of panoramic mandibular indices and fractal dimension between patients with and without spinal osteoporosis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006;35:1-9. 18. Jowitt N, Mac Farlane T, Devlin H, Klemetti E, Horner K. The reproducibility of the mandibular cortex. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1999;28:141-144. 19. Peitgen HO, Jurgens H, Saupe D. Chaos and fractals. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992. 20. Chen J, Zheng B, Chang YH, Shaw CC, Towers JD, Gur D. Fractal analysis of trabecular patterns in projection radiographs: an assessment. Invest Radiol 1994;29:624- 629. 21. Mandelbrot BB. The fractal geometry of nature. 3rd edn. New York, NY: WH Freeman & Co., 1983; pp.14-19, 310- 318. 22. Gefen Y, Aharony A, Mandelbrot BB. Phase transitions on fractals: 3. Infinitely ramified lattices. J Phys A Math Gen 1984;17:1277-1289. 23. http://rsb.info.nih.gov./ij/ 24. White SC, Rudolph DJ. Alterations of the trabecular pattern of the jaws in patients with osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:628-635. 25. Robinson BF, Bakeman R ComKappa: A Windows 95 program for calculating kappa and related statistics. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 1998;30:731-732. 26. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977;33:159- 174. 27. Benson BW, Prihoda TJ, Glass BJ. Variations in adult cortical bone mass as measured by panoramic mandibular index. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991;71:349-356. 290 European Journal of Dentistry 28. Taguchi A, Tanimoto K, Suei Y, Otani K, Wada T. Tooth loss and mandibular osteopenia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995;79:127-132. 29. Ledgerton D, Horner K, Devlin H, Worthington H. Radiomorphometric indices of the mandible in a British female population. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1999;28:173- 181. 30. Bras J, van Ooij CP, Abraham- Inpijn L, Kusen GJ, Wilmink JM. Radiographic interpretation of the mandibular angular cortex. A diagnostic tool in metabolic bone loss. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1982;53:541-545. 31. Mohajery M, Brooks SL. Oral radiographs in the detection of early signs of osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;73:112-117. 32. Robinson PJA. Radiology’s Achilles’ heel: error and variation in the interpretation of the Röntgen image. Br J Radiol 1997;70:1085-1098. 33. Southard TE, Southard KA, Jakobsen JR, Hillis SL, Najim CA. Fractal dimension in radiographic analysis of alveolar process bone. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;82:569-576. 34. Ruttimann UE, Webber RL, Hazelrig JB. Fractal dimension from radiographs of peridental alveolar bone: a possible diagnostic indicator of osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;74:98-110. 35. Pothuaud L, Lespesailles E, Harba R, Jennane R, Royant V, Eynard E, et al. Fractal analysis of trabecular bone texture on radiographs: discriminant value in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 1998;8:618-625. 36. Southard KA, Southard TE, Schlechte JA, Meis PA. The relationship between the density of alveolar process and that of postcranial bone. J Dent Res 2000;79;964-969. 37. Yasar F, Akgünlü F. Fractal dimension and lacunarity analysis of dental radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2005;34:261-267. 38. Taguchi A, Suei Y, Horner K, Devlin H, Nakamoto T, Yamashina A, et al. Is there any difference between the British and Japanese definitions of the mandibular cortical index (MCI) on panoramic radiographs? A pilot study. Oral Radiol 2004;20:44-48. 39. Halling A, Persson GR, Berglund J, Johansson O, Renvert S. Comparison between the Klemetti index and heel DXA BMD measurements in the diagnosis of reduced skeletal bone mineral density in the elderly. Osteoporos Int 2005;168:999- 1003.