6 12 )10 % ( 8 M ET 6 l tao 4 t % 2 0 Location IW CW RW WW PW FC NC AC CC RC WC PC HC WHR IW CW RW WW PW FC CN AC CC RC CW PC CH RH W Location of measurement Pretraining Posttraining Figure 1: Pre- and post-training % total TEM of the measurement. Table 4: Pre- and post-training interobserver TEM and % TEM of the measurement. Pretraining Posttraining TEM 1.519 1.318 0.693 1.067 2.732 0.587 0.832 1.732 1.278 1.413 1.200 1.767 2.244 0.018 %TEM 4.53 4.22 2.40 3.78 9.60 1.00 2.19 1.80 1.40 1.75 1.47 2.08 2.43 2.08 TEM 0.279 0.528 0.334 0.385 0.441 0.327 0.406 1.032 0.787 0.808 0.714 1.149 0.816 0.008 %TEM 0.82 1.66 1.12 1.31 1.62 0.56 1.08 1.05 0.85 0.98 0.87 1.33 0.88 0.92 TEM: technical error of measurement. The % total TEM values of the 8-circumference measure- ments were 1.36% pretraining and 0.68% posttraining (FC), 2.99% pretraining and 1.38% posttraining (NC), 2.41% pre- training and 1.25% posttraining (AC), 2.06% pretraining and 1.01% posttraining (CC), 3.01% pretraining and 1.36% posttraining (RC), 2.00% pretraining and 1.11% post- training (WC), 2.50% pretraining and 1.58% posttraining (PC), and 3.29% pretraining and 1.07% posttraining (HC; Figure 1). 3.4. Comments from the Observers. After the whole experi- ment, observers were asked of locations they had diﬃculty in getting measurements from and its reason why. At least 4 observers answered as follows. (1) Locations of unclear lat- eral reference points: CW, RW, PW, RC, and PC; (2) location where control of measuring intensity was diﬃcult: IW and CW; (3) location where leveled measuring was diﬃcult: PC. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4. Discussion and Conclusions This study evaluated what extent a comprehensive training improves the reliabilities of the SCBTM which are known to be important factors in the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. Pre-training intra- %TEMs of the 5-widths ranged from 1.42% to 6.26%. Interobserver %TEMs ranged from 2.40% to 9.60%. % total TEMs ranged from 4.32% to 10.18% and were in the decreasing order of PW, IW, and CW. Pretraining intra-, inter-observer, and total %TEMs deviation of 5- widths was too large to trust the measurement. Pre-training intra- %TEMs of the 8-circumferences were in the range of 0.27% to 3.43%. Inter- %TEMs ranged from 1.0% to 2.43%, and % total TEMs were in the range of 1.36% to 3.24%. % total TEMs of 8-circumferences were relatively smaller not only than those in a similar study [22] but also than those of 5-widths in this study, but still somewhat large. As pointed out by % total TEM of widths surging to 10.18%, pretraining results were generally unsuitable. After a comprehensive training including a couple of practices intra- and inter-observer reliabilities, hence the % total TEMs were all improved and measurement variation between observers and instructor became smaller. It means that observers’ measuring skill has matched the expert’s to some degree. % total TEMs in both widths and circumferences were all improved to be below 2% except CW (2.18%), which means CW is still hard to measure even after a comprehensive training. CW was also pointed out by the observers as a diﬃcult location to measure. There have been fewer studies in width measurement than in circumference. In circumference studies, WHR is widely used. We also checked the WHR using WC and HC and found that a comprehensive training also improved reli- ability of WHR as shown in previous results [23, 24]. Measurement variation was somewhat bigger in the 5 widths than in the 8 circumferences both before and after training. It shows that measurement of width is less consis- tent than that of circumference. But, 5-width measurements can also be reliable if a more comprehensive practical train- ing is provided. In this study, we conﬁrmed that a comprehensive training including practice improved observer’s measuring ability. Therefore, a comprehensive practical training should be car- ried out before collecting the SCBTM data by measurer. Comments from the observers reveal that it is more diﬃ- cult to measure width parts than to measure circumference parts. Especially, CW is more diﬃcult to measure for two reasons; one diﬃculty is to determine lateral standard point and the other is to control the intensity of the measuring instrument. This explains relatively large variation of % total TEM in CW. Concerning the posttraining 5-width measurements, % total TEMs were within 2.18% and the most reliable variable was IW, followed by RW, WW, PW, and CW. With respect to the 8-circumference measurements, % total TEMs were within 1.58%, FC was the most reliable, followed by CC, HC, WC, AC, RC, NC, and PC. The 8-circumferences measurements are recommended over the 5-width ones for