120 M. Bechir et al. OPEN ACCESS This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. REFERENCES Bechir M, Schelling E, Hamit M, Tanner M, Zinsstag J (2011) Parasitic infections, anemia and malnutrition among rural-set- tled and mobile pastoralist mothers and their children in Chad. EcoHealth . doi:10.1007/s10393-011-0727-5 Becquey E, Martin-Prevel Y (2010) Micronutrient adequacy of women’s diet in urban Burkina Faso is low. Journal of Nutrition 140(11):2079S–2085S Benn C, Aaby P, Nielsen J, Binka F, Ross D (2009) Does vitamin A supplementation interact with routine vaccinations? An analysis of the Ghana Vitamin A Supplementation Trial American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90:629–639 Bishara R, Dunn M, Merko S, Darling P (2008) Nutrient com- position of hindmilk produced by mothers of very low birth weight infants born at less than 28 weeks’ gestation. Journal of Human Lactation 24:159–167 Borel E, Etard J (1988) Vitamin A deﬁciency in a rural population of Mauritania and absence of a correlation with urinary schis- tosomiasis. Acta Tropica 45:379–385 Bruce C (2003) Guide de Mesure des Indicateurs Anthropom´etri- ques. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assis- tance, pp 104 Chacko T, Sivan Y (2008) Vitamin A Prophylaxis and Anemia Control Programs: Ground realities at community level in Ta- mil Nadu. Sight & Life Magazine 3:28–36 Craft N (2001) Innovative approaches to vitamin A assessment. Journal of Nutrition 131:1626S–1630S Demissie T, Ali A, Mekonnen Y, Haider J, Umeta M (2009) Demographic and health related risk factors of subclinical vitamin A deﬁciency in Ethiopia. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 27(5):666–673 FAO and WHO (2001) Human vitamin and mineral requirement, Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation Bangkok, Thailand. Food and Nutrition Division FAO Rome. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1998) Le lait et les produits laitiers dans la nutrition humaine. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Golvan Y, Ambroise-Thomas P (1984) Les nouvelles techniques en parasitologie et immunoparasitologie, Paris: Flammarion Haug A, Høstmark A, Harstad O (2007) Bovine milk in human nutrition-a review. Lipids in Health and Disease 6:25 Insel P, Turner R, Ross D (2004) Discovering Nutrition, 2nd ed., Boston: Jones and Bartlett Kawashima C, Kida K, Schweigert F, Miyamoto A (2009) Rela- tionship between plasma beta-carotene concentrations during the peripartum period and ovulation in the ﬁrst follicular wave postpartum in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science 111:105–111 Kraemer K, Waelti M, de Pee S, Moench-Pfanner R, Hathcock J, Bloem M, Semba R (2008) Are low tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin A undermining effective food fortiﬁcation efforts? Nutrition Reviews 66:517–525 Lamy L (1980) Protozoaires et helminthes parasites, recherche et identiﬁcation au laboratoire, 3rd ed., Paris: Maloine S.A. Editeur Lartey A (2008) Maternal and child nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and interventions. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67:105–108 Maida J, Mathers K, Alley C (2008) Pediatric ophthalmology in the developing world. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 19:403–408 McLaren D (2008) Multiple micronutrients and ‘‘hidden hunger’’. Sight and Life Magazine 3:6–12 McLaren D, Frigg M (2001) Sight and life manual on vitamin A deﬁciency disorders (VADD), 2nd ed., Basel: Task Force Sight and Life McLaren D, Frigg M (2002) Guide pratique sur la vitamine A dans la sante´ et la maladie, Basel: Sight and Life Murphy M, Douglass J, Johnson R, Spence L (2008) Drinking ﬂavored or plain milk is positively associated with nutrient in- take and is not associated with adverse effects on weight status in US children and adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108:631–639 Rice A, Burns J (2010) Moving from efﬁcacy to effectiveness: red palm oil’s role in preventing vitamin A deﬁciency. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 29(3 Suppl):302S–313S Schmeits B, Okolo S, VanderJagt D, Huang Y, Chuang L, Mata J, Tsin A, Glew R (1999) Content of lipid nutrients in the milk of Fulani women. Journal of Human Lactation 15:113–120 Traore´ L, Banou A, Sacko D, Malvy D, Sche´mann J (1998) Les strate´gies de lutte contre les de´ﬁcits en vitamine A. Cahiers Sante´ 8:158–162 United Nations Children’s Fund (1998) Inte´gration de la supple´- mentation en vitamine A et de la vaccination : politique et re´percussions programmatiques, New York: United Nations Children’s Fund Weibel D, Schelling E, Bonfoh B, Utzinger J, Hattendorf J, Ab- doulaye M, Madjiade T, Zinsstag J (2008) Demographic and health surveillance of mobile pastoralists in Chad: integration of biometric ﬁngerprint identiﬁcation into a geographical infor- mation system. Geospat Health 3:113–124 West C, Eilander A (2001) Bioefﬁcacy of carotenoids. Sight and Life Magazine 2:6–10 World Health Organization (1996) Indicators for assessing vitamin A deﬁciency and their application in monitoring and evaluating intervention programmes, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization World Health Organization (2009) Global prevalence of vitamin A deﬁciency in populations at risk 1995–2005. WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deﬁciency. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Wuehler S, Hess S, Brown K (2011) Accelerating improvements in nutritional and health status of young children in the Sahel region of Sub-Saharan Africa: review of international guidelines on infant and young child feeding and nutrition. Maternal and Child Nutrition 1:6–34 Wyss K, Bechir M, Schelling E, Daugla D, Zinsstag J (2004) Quels types de services de sante´ pour les populations nomades? Ap- prentissages des activitie´s de recherche et d’action au Tchad Medecine Tropicale 64:493–496