Elliot SJ, Taylor SM, Walter S. 1993. Modelling psychosocial effects of exposure to solid waste facilities. Soc Sci Med 37(6):791–804. Epel E, Blackburn E, Lin J, Dhabhar F, Adler N, Morrow J, et al. 2004. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(49):17312–17315. Evans GW, English K. 2002. The environment of poverty: mul tiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional adjustment. Child Dev 73(4):1238–1248. Evans GW, Jacobs SV. 1981. Air pollution and human behavior. J Soc Issues 37:95–125. Eyles J, Taylor SM, Johnson N. 1993. Worrying about waste: living close to solid waste disposal facilities in southern Ontario. Soc Sci Med 37(6):805–812. Fernald LCH, Burke HM, Gunnar MR. 2008. Salivary cortisol lev els in children of lowincome women with high depressive symptomatology. Dev Psychopathol 20:423–436. Fiedler N, Laumbach R, KellyMcNeil K, Lioy P, Fan Z, Zhang J, et al. 2005. Health effects of a mixture of indoor air vola tile organics, their ozone oxidation products, and stress. Environ Health Perspect 113:1542–1548. Finkelstein M, Jerrett M, DeLuca P, Finkelstein N, Verma D, Chapman K, et al. 2003. Relation between income, air pollution, and mortality: a cohort study. Can Med Assoc J 169(5):397–402. Forsberg B, Stjernberg N, Wall S. 1997. People can detect poor air quality well below guideline concentrations: a preva lence study of annoyance reactions and air pollution from traffic. Occup Environ Med 54(1):44–48. Fugisawa T. 2005. Role of oxygen radicals on bronchial asthma. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 4(4):505–509. Gee G, PayneSturges D. 2004. Environmental health disparities: a framework for integrating psychosocial and environmen tal concepts. Environ Health Perspect 112:1645–1653. Gee GC, Takeuchi DT. 2004. Traffic stress, vehicular bur den, and well being: a multilevel analysis. Soc Sci Med 59(2):405–414. Geronimus A. 1992. The weathering hypothesis and the health of African American women and infants: evidence and speculations. Ethn Dis 2:207–221. Glaser R, KiecoltGlaser JK. 2005. Stressinduced immune dys function: implications for health. Nat Immunol 5:243–251. Goodman E, McEwen BS, Dolan LM, Schafer Kalkoff T, Adler NE. 2005. Social disadvantage and adolescent stress. J Adolesc Health 37:484–492. Gouveia N, Bremner S, Novaes M. 2004. Association between ambient air pollution and birth weight in São Paulo, Brazil. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:11–17. Graves P. 1988. The robustness of hedonic price estimation: urban air quality. Land Econ 64:220–233. Hellhammer DH, Buchtal J, Gutberlet I, Kirschbaum C. 1997. Social hierarchy and adrenocortical reactivity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22:643–650. Hiltermann T, Bruijne Cd, Stolk J, Zwinderman A, Spieksma F, Roemer W, et al. 1997. Effects of photochemical air pol lution and allergen exposure on upper respiratory tract inflammation in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156(6):1765–1772. Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, van den Brandt P. 2002. Association between mortality and indica tors of traffic related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet 360:1203–1209. Hore T, Gibson DE. 1968. Ozone exposure and intelligence tests. Arch Environ Health 17:77–79. Horvath SV, Dahms TE. 1971. Carbon monoxide and human vigilance: a deleterious effect of present urban concentra tions. Arch Environ Health 23:343–347. Hotsenpiller G, Williams J. 1996. Conditioned fear and anal gesia to conspecific odors: benzodiazepine and 5 HT1A agonists. Psychobiology 24(2):118–126. James SA, Van Hoewyk J, Belli RF, Strogatz DS, Williams DR, Raghunathan TE. 2006. Lifecourse socioeconomic posi tion and hypertension in AfricanAmerican men: The Pitt County Study. Am J Public Health 96(5):812–817. Jang A, Yeum C, Son M. 2003. Epidemiologic evidence of a relationship between airway hyperresponsiveness and exposure to polluted air. Allergy 58(7):585–588. Jedrychowski W, Krzyzanowski M. 1989. Ventilatory lung func tion and chronic chest symptoms among the inhabitants of urban areas with various levels of acid aerosols: prospec tive study in Cracow. Environ Health Perspect 79:101–107. Jerrett M, Burnett R, Brook J, Kanaraglou P, Giovis C, Finkelstein J, et al. 2004. Do socioeconomic char acteristics modify the short term association between air pollution and mortality? Evidence from a zonal time series in Hamilton, Canada. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:31–40. Jones JW. 1978. Adverse emotional reactions of nonsmokers to secondary cigarette smoke. Environ Psychol Nonverbal Behav 3:125–127. Kan H, London SJ, Chen G, Zhang Y, Song G, Zhao N, et al. 2008. Season, sex, age, and education as modifiers of the effects of outdoor air pollution on daily mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study. Environ Health Perspect 116:1183–1188. KiecoltGlaser J, McGuire L, Robles T, Glaser R. 2002. Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psycho neuroimmunology. Annu Rev Psychol 53:83–107. Kim CS, Hu SC. 1998. Regional deposition of inhaled particles in human lungs: comparison between men and women. J Appl Physiol 84(6):1834–1844. Kirschbaum C, Prussner JC, Stone AA, Federenko I, Gaab J, Lintz D, et al. 1995. Persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress in a subordinate population of healthy men. Psychosom Med 57:468–474. Kohlhaufl M, Brand P, Scheuch G, Meyer TS, Schulz H, Haussinger K. 1999. Increased fine particle deposition in women with asymptomatic nonspecific airway hyper responsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159(3):902–906. Krewski D, Burnett RT, Goldberg MS, Hoover K, Siemiatycki J, Jerrett M, et al. 2000. Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality. Cambridge, MA:Health Effects Institute. Krieger N. 1990. Gender and racial discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? Soc Sci Med 12:1273–1281. Krieger N. 2005. Stormy weather: race, gene expression, and the science of health disparities. Am J Public Health 95(12):2155–2160. Krieger N, Sidney S. 1996. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults. Am J Public Health 86:1370–1378. Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I, Sparrow D. 2000. Socioeconomic status, hostility, and risk factor clustering in the Normative Aging Study: any help from the concept of allostatic load? Ann Behav Med 21(4):330–338. Kubzansky LD, Wright RJ, Cohen S, Weiss ST, Rosner B, Sparrow D. 2002. Breathing easy: a prospective study of optimism and pulmonary function in the Normative Aging Study. Ann Behav Med 24(4):345–353. Kwate NOA, Valdimarsdottir HB, Guevarra JS, Bovbjerg DH. 2003. Experiences of racist events are associated with negative health consequences for African American women. J Natl Med Assoc 95(6):450–460. Lagerwerff JM. 1963. Prolonged ozone inhalation and its effect on visual parameters. Aerosp Med 34:479–486. Landrine H, Klonoff EA. 1996. The Schedule of Racist Events: a measure of racial discrimination and a study of its nega tive physical and mental health consequences. J Black Psychol 22:144–168. Lanki T, de Hartog JJ, Heinrich J, Hoek G, Janssen NA, Peters A, et al. 2006. Can we identify sources of fine par ticles responsible for exerciseinduced ischemia on days with elevated air pollution? The ULTRA study. Environ Health Perspect 114:655–660. Lauderdale DS. 2006. Birth outcomes for Arabicnamed women in California before and after September 11. Demography 43(1):185–201. Lin M, Chen Y, Villeneuve P, Burnett R, Lemyre L, Hertzman C, et al. 2004. Gaseous air pollutants and asthma hospitaliza tion of children with low household income in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 159(3):294–303. Lin S, Munsie P, Hwang S A, Fitzgerald E, Cayo MR. 2002. Childhood asthma hospitalization and residential exposure to state route traffic. Environ Res 88(A):73–81. Link B, Phelan J. 1995. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav (extra issue):80–94. Link B, Phelan J. 2000. Evaluating the fundamental cause explanation for social disparities in health. In: Handbook of Medical Sociology (Bird C, Conrad P, Freemont A, eds). Upper Saddle River, NJ:PrenticeHall. Lipfert FW. 2004. Air pollution and poverty: Does the sword cut both ways? J Environ Community Health 58:3–5. Luciano D, Lore R. 1975. Aggression and social experience in domesticated rats. J Comp Physiol Psych 88:917–923. Luginaah IN, Fung KY, Gorey KM, Webster G, Wills C. 2005. Association of ambient air pollution with respiratory hospi talization in a government designated “area of concern”: Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 117 | number 9 | September 2009 Stress and air pollution susceptibility the case of Windsor, Ontario. Environ Health Perspect 113:290–296. Lupien SJ, King S, Meaney MJ, McEwen BS. 2000. Child’s stress hormone levels correlate with mother’s socio economic status and depressive state. Biol Psychiatry 48:976–980. Lupien SJ, King S, Meaney MJ, McEwen BS. 2001. Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Dev Psychopathol 13:653–676. Macleod J, Davey Smith G. 2003. Psychosocial factors and public health: a suitable case for treatment? J Epidemiol Community Health 57(8):565–570. Martins M, Fatigati F, Vespoli T, Martins L, Pereira L, Martins M, et al. 2004. Influence of socioeconomic conditions on air pollution adverse health effects in elderly people: an analysis of six regions of São Paulo, Brazil. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:41–46. Mauderly JL, Samet J. 2009. Is there evidence for synergy among air pollutants in causing health effects? Environ Health Perspect 117:1–6. McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliand F, London SJ, Islam T, Gauderman WJ, et al. 2002. Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study. Lancet 359:386–391. McConnell R, Berhane K, Yao L, Jerrett M, Lurmann F, Gilliand FD, et al. 2006. Traffic, susceptibility, and child hood asthma. Environ Health Perspect 114:766–772. McEwen BS. 2006. Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: allostasis and allostatic load. Metabolism 55(10 suppl 2):S20–S23. McEwen BS. 2008. Understanding the potency of stressful early life experiences on brain and body function. Metabolism 57(supp 2):S11–S15. McEwen BS, Seeman TE. 1999. Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress. Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load. Ann NY Acad Sci 896:30–47. Merritt M, Bennett G, Williams R, Sollers J, Thayer J. 2004. Low educational attainment, John Henryism, and cardiovas cular reactivity to and recovery from personally relevant stress. Psychosom Med 66(1):49–55. Messing K, Stellman JM. 2006. Sex, gender, and women’s occu pational health: the importance of considering mechanism. Environ Res 101:146–162. Miller G, Chen E. 2007. Unfavorable socioeconomic conditions in early life presage expression of proinflammatory pheno type in adolescence. Psychosom Med 69(5):402–409. Miller GE, Chen E, Sze E, Marin T, Arevalo JMG, Doll R, et al. 2008. A functional genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: blunted glucocorticoid and increased NFkappaB signaling. Biol Psychiatry 64:266–272. Miller GE, Cohen S, Ritchey AK. 2002. Chronic psychological stress and the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines: a glucocorticoidresistance model. Health Psychol 21:531–541. Moore K, Neugebauer R, Lurrmann F, Hall J, Brajer V, Alcorn S, et al. 2008. Ambient ozone concentrations cause increased hospitalizations for asthma in children: an 18year study in Southern California. Environ Health Perspect 116:1063–1070. MorelloFrosch R, Shenassa ED. 2006. The environmental “risk scape” and social inequality: implications for explaining maternal and child disparities. Environ Health Perspect 114:1150–1153. Muntner S, ed. 1963. The Medical Writings of Moses Maimonides: Teatise on Asthma. Philadelphia, PA:Lippincott. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2004. Ensuring Risk Reduction in Communities with Multiple Stressors: Environmental Justice and Cumulative Risks/ Impacts. New Orleans, LA:Cumulative Risks/Impacts Work Group, National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. Nel A. 2001. The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma: evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress. Curr Opin Pulm Med 7:20–26. O’Neill M, Jerrett M, Kawachi I, Levy J, Cohen A, Gouveia N, et al. 2003. Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing the ory and method. Environ Health Perspect 111:1861–1870. O’Neill M, McMichael A, Schwartz J, Wartenberg D. 2007a. Poverty, environment, and health: the role of environ mental epidemiology and environmental epidemiologists. Epidemiology 18(6):664–668. O’Neill MS, Veves A, Sarnat JA, Zanobetti A, Gold DR, Economides PA, et al. 2007b. Air pollution and inflamma tion in type 2 diabetes: a mechanism for susceptibility. Occup Environ Med 64(3):373–379. 1357