and are not relevant to CRC. The current data and those from other studies from this and other laboratories show that the changes due to RS consumption are consistent with improved bowel health. A previous short-term study with HAW in rats showed higher large bowel SCFA levels and the current data suggest that this new RS source HAW offers beneﬁts similar to HAMS and HAMSB. Acknowledgments The authors thank Ben Scherer, Emma Watson, Debbie Davies, and Corinna Bennett for assistance during the animal study and Thu Ho for laboratory assistance with the rat gene expression arrays. 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