Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6 3059 2.3. Comparison with Participants in Treatment Settings: Recruitment Criteria and Facilities The ASI-J was administered to 111 drug abusers in treatment settings to examine its reliability and validity [19]. These participants were recruited at three hospitals and two recovery facilities between January 2002 and September 2004. Of the 111 drug abusers, 55 were included in the present study using the following criteria: at least 18 years old, male Japanese with a history of methamphetamine abuse, diagnosed as a drug abuser or drug dependent based on DSM-IV criteria, and an inpatient or outpatient at a Japanese mental hospital or recovery center or a person who was recovering from stimulant abuse and working in a recovery center. Patients in the acute phase of psychosis were excluded. The numbers of participants from each facility were 23 (six inpatients, 17 outpatients, 0 recovering) from Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital in Tokyo, 10 (one inpatient, nine outpatients, 0 recovering) from the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Musashi Hospital in Kodaira, two (one inpatient, one outpatient, 0 recovering) from Fukko-kai Tarumi Hospital in Kobe, 17 (eight inpatients, three outpatients, six recovering) from Self Support Services in Tokyo, and three (three inpatients, 0 outpatient, 0 recovering) from GAIA in Naha. Inpatients were asked about their status during the 30 days prior to their admission to the substance treatment facility. Outpatients and recovering patients were simply asked about their status during the 30 days prior to the ASI interview. 2.4. Statistical Analysis Significant differences between two ASI datasets were examined using the 2 test for categorical data and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test for continuous data. We used the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test because ASI data include many nonparametric variables and zero values [21]. The associations between continuous variables were analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 3. Results 3.1. Characteristics of Participants Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the two groups (i.e., inmates and patients). No significant differences were found in age between the two groups. Inmates had significantly lower education levels than patients. The majority of inmates had been married and had held a full-time job during the past three years. Half of the inmates lived with a sexual partner. In contrast, less than half of the patients had ever married or had a full-time job. Only one-fifth of the patients had ever lived with a sexual partner. The inmates more frequently had a history of juvenile delinquency and had more criminal charges of illicit drug use that resulted in conviction than patients. Crimes other than illicit drug use were more common among inmates than patients. Inmates had less access to mental health service, were given less medication for psychological problems, and received less psychiatric or drug treatment than patients.