Generation Gender Male Premating Period (days) Body weight (g) Female Premating 6 Dose (mg/ kg/day) Body weight gain (g) Gestation Lactation Gestation Gestation Lactation 0 70 0 70 7 14 20 21 70 70 7 14 20 21 540.0±47.2 560.1±56.6 534.3±46.4 (n = 26) (n = 26) (n = 26) 152.2 ± 8.5 152.5 ± 6.9 151.0 ± 6.9 303.9±35.6 298.3±21.5 289.2±22.4 (n = 26) (n = 26) (n = 26) 337.9±28.8 333.9±21.3 323.3±22.7 371.0±29.5 364.0±23.3 355.4±23.8 443.0±36.4 440.2±25.4 434.7±26.7 (n = 25) (n = 24) (n = 22) 355.0±24.2 345.8±20.4 345.3±21.7 (n = 24) (n = 23) (n = 21) 2000 195.5 ± 6.2 539.3 ± 41.2 (n = 26) 151.2 ± 6.8 283.0 ± 19.1∗ (n = 26) 318.5 ± 21∗ 349.3 ± 23.4∗ 428.9 ± 23.6 (n = 22) 343.0 ± 19.5 (n = 22) 343.8 ± 40.0 131.9 ± 16.5∗ 20.4 ± 2.4∗∗ 22.8 ± 2.3∗∗ Table 3: Body weight and food consumption in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats during the two-generation reproductive toxicity study. F0 F1 0 200 1000 0 200 1000 2000 195.9 ± 6.6 196.5 ± 5.7 196.2 ± 6.3 59.6 ± 4.9# 59.7 ± 5.0 59.4 ± 5.7 57.1±5.1 Journal of Toxicology 445.5 ± 34.9 (n = 22) 252.9 ± 17.1 (n = 22) 334.7 ± 20.7∗ 367.6 ± 22.9∗ 437.3 ± 34.9∗∗ (n = 21) 355.8 ± 14.8 (n = 19) 388.4 ± 32.1 198.1 ± 16.9 −5.5 ± 23.0 21.4 ± 2.1∗∗ 23.7 ± 2.6∗∗ 451.8±35.1 461.±32.1 442.8±37.8 (n = 23) 55.4 ± 6.0 (n = 23) 57.0 ± 5.8 (n = 21) 57.6 ± 4.8 54.8±5.5 266.6±22.9 270.0±26.8 263.2±21.0 (n = 24) (n = 23) (n = 20) 358.9±32.3 367.1±34.9 352.6±29.6 395.4±34.4 400.9±35.5 383.4±29.6 474.9±40.5 473.3±39.1 453.9±38.9 (n = 18) (n = 19) (n = 19) 365.3±25.6 370.8±28.0 368.0±22.8 (n = 18) (n = 17) (n = 18) 392.3±34.1 401.8±30.2 383.4±34.1 −17.4 ± 25.4 31.3 ± 1.8 20.6 ± 1.5 26.3 ± 2.8 26.3 ± 2.5 67.9 ± 5.3 −7.7 ± 23.4 29.0 ± 1.8 28.9±1.9 19.2 ± 1.3 117.1.5∗∗± 24.7 ± 2.6 25.8 ± 2.1 26.4±2.6 64.1 ± 6.4 65.7±9.2 0–7 33.2 ± 7.1 31.3 ± 5.5 29.6 ± 8.9 30.7±7.9 36.8 ± 7.7 34.6 ± 8.7 32.1 ± 9.3 33.3±7.9 61.7 ± 8.0 6112.5.4± 66.2 ± 0–14 66.3 ± 12.7 61.4 ± 8.8 73.2 ± 8.4 68.4 ± 12.1 62.8±10.7∗ 11.8 141.0 ± 133.3 ± 136.0 ± 0–20 138.3±22.3 137.6±16.4 141.0±11.0 152.8±13.0 140.8±24.5 18.5 20.8∗∗ 26.5 Lactation 0–21 1.6 ± 20.3 −2.4 ± 20.2 6.8 ± 20.8 3.4±13.9 −20.3 ± 20.5 Male Premating Food con- Female Premating sumption (g) 22.6 ± 1.7 22.1 ± 1.9 20.7 ± 2.1∗∗ 24.4 ± 1.9 24.3 ± 2.9 22.6 ± 3.1 Male Premating 0–70 344.1±45.1 363.6±54.4 338.1±43.7 Female Premating 0–70 151.7±31.1 145.9±20.4 138.2±19.3 211.2±20.8 213.0±25.0 205.4±19.3 Mean ± standard deviation; signiﬁcantly diﬀerent from control: ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01; # the start of dosing for the F0 groups was at six weeks of age. The start of dosing for the F1 group was on day 21 postparturition, to maintain SE5-OH ingestion via lactation; n: number of male and female rats per dose group. published data by the USDA [30] indicate that daidzein, genistein, and glycitein are constituents in a wide variety of legumes, prepared foods, spices, teas, and of course, soy- based foods, including infant formula, tofu, tempeh, cheese, beverages, noodles, sauces, chips, and meat substitutes. In unfermented food products, the glycosylated forms (i.e., daidzin, genistin, glycitin, and their derivatives) are more abundant than the aglycone forms. The widespread historical exposure to soy isoﬂavones in the diet, without adverse human health eﬀects, and the overall body of available scientiﬁc evidence, is a compelling evidence of their safety. While average Japanese isoﬂavone intake has been estimated at 50 mg/day, western consumption is approximated at 5 mg/day [31, 32]. 26.2 ± 1.9 19.0 ± 1.7 24.8 ± 2.4 26.0 ± 2.4 68.4 ± 8.5 26.9 ± 1.8 25.4 ± 1.6 25.1±1.8 30.5 ± 2.0 106.9.3∗∗± 20.3 ± 2.1 18.5 ± 1.6 17.6 ± 1.2∗ 24.2 ± 2.2 23.1 ± 2.0∗ 26.3 ± 2.2 25.7 ± 2.6 68.8 ± 3.7 26.0 ± 2.2 25.1±2.1 27.7 ± 2.1 69.4 ± 4.0 67.4±5.4 67.2 ± 6.6