8 as Klatsky and Udaltsova [5] found that the excess mortality seen in nondrinkers is not related to CVD. This study attempted to account for any “sick quitters” (former drinkers who stopped due to an adverse health condition) through in-depth baseline assessments to rule out underlying disease and adjustment for confounders. In asymptomatic men, especially with risk factors for CVD, exercise testing has been shown to be a valid predictor of future CVD mortality [58] beyond reported risk factors [59]. In addition, we examined if the risk association varied by levels of these risk factors (health status, age, BMI, and ﬁtness status). 5. Conclusion We found a trend towards reduction in risk of all-cause mortality with self-reported alcohol consumption and a reduction in risk of CVD mortality with one to six drinks per week, when adjusting for several potential confounders in a large sample of men. The amount of alcohol consumption associated with a reduced risk of CVD mortality was less than the current public health recommendations of 1-2 drinks per day. A lack of consensus on the amount and type of alcohol for protective eﬀects and other potential harmful consequences of alcohol abuse calls for caution when making public health recommendations for alcohol consumption. Acknowledgments This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants nos. AG06945, HL62508, and DK088195, and in part by an unrestricted research grant from The Coca- Cola Company. E. K. Howie’s participation in this research was supported in part by research training grant no. T32- GM081740 from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences. J. R. H e´bert was supported by an Established Investigator Award in Cancer Prevention and Control from the Cancer Training Branch of the National Cancer Institute (K05 CA136975). References [1] L. Arriola, P. 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