Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Table 3: Pre- and Post-training intraobserver TEM, %TEM, and AB of the measurement. TEM Observer 1 %TEM TEM Observer 2 %TEM AB TEM Observer 3 %TEM TEM Observer 4 %TEM TEM Observer 5 %TEM AB 0.4 0.22 −0.13 0.46 0.77 −0.12 0.43 −0.05 2.5 −0.08 −0.7 −0.7 −0.95 −0.55 −0.86 −0.8 0.98 −0.01 1.81 −0.52 −0.28 −0.84 1.46 0.15 −2.37 −1.4 0.96 0.51 0.59 0.5 0.42 0.41 0.54 0.22 0.66 0.34 0.79 0.17 0.89 0.3 1.67 0.5 2.01 0.38 1.5 1.11 0.74 0.48 1.74 0.82 3.19 0.44 2.82 1.49 1.91 1.6 1.42 1.38 1.92 0.77 2.37 1.26 1.35 0.29 2.38 0.79 1.73 0.51 2.2 0.41 1.86 1.35 0.91 0.59 2 0.94 3.43 0.47 AB 0.72 0.23 1.62 0.71 0.92 0.23 1.22 0.32 −0.78 −0.1 −1.12 −0.54 0.21 0.17 1.18 0.43 2.2 0.58 1.21 −0.42 0.58 0 −0.99 −0.1 −1.16 −0.32 1.61 0.3 0.83 0.43 0.67 0.43 0.59 0.5 0.59 0.16 0.49 0.15 0.6 0.32 1.06 0.57 1.17 0.47 1.12 0.75 1.17 0.53 1.15 0.76 2.06 0.33 2.54 1.85 2.11 1.52 2.18 0.77 2.78 1.42 3.62 1.2 0.27 0.44 1.04 0.93 1.42 0.66 1.16 0.54 3.81 1.01 1.62 0.83 1.12 0.48 1.68 0.57 AB 2.67 0.36 2.47 0.6 1.99 0.36 2.81 0.35 −1.03 0.32 −1.54 −0.08 0.18 0.02 2.99 −0.65 3.6 0.82 2.31 0.27 1.91 0.15 2.58 1.23 2.63 0.05 0.69 0.27 2.03 0.46 0.98 0.36 0.47 0.26 0.91 0.38 0.57 0.17 1.03 0.28 2.02 0.45 1.31 0.63 2.37 0.57 0.94 0.47 0.73 0.61 1.65 0.35 1.97 0.79 6.26 1.42 3.39 1.22 1.64 0.87 2.85 1.37 0.97 0.3 2.69 0.74 2.1 0.46 1.44 0.67 2.96 0.7 1.14 0.57 0.87 0.71 1.8 0.38 −0.55 0.07 0.02 −0.37 1.2 0.1 0.59 0.03 −4.67 −0.41 −1.39 −0.63 −0.66 0.1 1.67 1.03 2.55 0.7 1.98 0.6 0.03 0.23 1.55 0.79 −0.12 0.05 1.32 0.39 0.82 0.33 1.02 0.24 0.55 0.29 1.41 0.24 0.52 0.31 0.81 0.37 1.47 1.02 1.19 0.51 1.03 0.45 1.29 0.65 1.04 0.95 1.2 0.93 3.87 1.15 2.51 1.05 3.48 0.8 1.9 0.98 5.71 0.9 0.9 0.54 2.1 0.98 1.49 1.03 1.28 0.55 1.28 0.54 1.56 0.78 1.24 1.1 1.27 0.99 Location IW CW Pre Post Pre Post RW Pre Post WW Pre Post PW FC NC AC CC RC Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post WC Pre Post PC Pre Post HC Pre Post WHR Pre Post 0.81 0.63 0.63 0.48 0.61 0.23 0.74 0.41 1.02 0.32 0.16 0.25 0.39 0.35 1.34 0.65 1.04 0.5 3.04 0.83 1.3 0.68 0.94 0.41 1.5 0.53 0.02 2.12 −0.01 0.02 2.4 0.001 0.02 2.18 0.02 0.03 3.1 0.02 0.02 0.01 1.05 0.001 0.006 0.7 0.002 0.007 0.77 0.004 0.006 0.7 0.003 0.007 TEM: technical error of measurement, AB: mean diﬀerence between measurement of observer and that of the instructor. −0.002 0.004 0.01 0.009 and 0.98% posttraining (RC), 1.47% pretraining and 0.87% posttraining (WC), 2.08% pretraining and 1.33% posttrain- ing (PC), and 2.43% pretraining and 0.88% posttraining (HC) (Table 4). Decreased %TEMs means that observer’s performance is improved after the training session. 3.3. Intraobserver Repeatability and Interobserver Reliability. Intra- and inte-robserver reliabilities were integrated into % total TEM values, which was compared to assess total reliability of the measurement. The % total TEM values of the 5-width measurements were 5.65% pretraining and 1.53% posttraining (IW), 5.53% pretraining and 2.18% posttraining (CW), 3.60% pretrain- ing and 1.62% posttraining (RW), 4.32% pretraining and 1.78% posttraining (WW), and 10.18% pretraining and 1.96% posttraining (PW). 4.98 0.88 2.74 1.36 2.32 1.47 2.11 1.72 1.99 0.58 0.82 0.27 1.54 0.86 1.09 0.58 1.28 0.5 1.36 0.91 1.42 0.64 1.35 0.87 2.24 0.35 2.39 0.81 AB 2.17 0.42 1.99 0.68 1.25 0.44 1.38 0.53 −2.31 0.4 −1.85 −0.44 −1.28 −0.28 −0.22 0.35 1.68 0.95 0.35 0.44 −0.26 −0.19 0.86 −0.8 −0.11 −0.58 0.25 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.34 0.24 0.17 0.21 0.22 0.2 0.23 0.24 0.3 0.28 0.48 0.57 0.55 0.46 0.45 0.48 0.35 0.56 0.74 0.83 0.53 0.49 5 Instructor TEM %TEM 0.72 1.05 1.2 0.81 1.12 0.8 0.57 0.72 0.81 0.74 0.4 0.42 0.8 0.76 0.49 0.58 0.59 0.49 0.55 0.59 0.42 0.68 0.86 0.96 0.58 0.53 0.76 1.05