Gender differences in health and illness elderly who live and eat alone. J Aging Health 1992;4:564-78. 34. Davis MA, Randall E, Forthofer RN, Lee ES Margen S. Living arrangements and dietary patterns of old- er adults in the United States. J Geront 1985;40:434- 42. 35. DeVault M. Feeding the family: the social organi- zation of caring and gendered work. Chicago: Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 2000:39. 36. Quandt SA, McDonald J, Arcury TA, Bell RA, Vitolins MZ. Nutritional self-management of el- derly widows in rural communities. Gerontologist 2000;40:86-96. 37. Locher JL, Ritchie CS, Roth DL, Baker PS, Bod- ner EV, Allmann RM. Social isolation, support, and capital and nutritional risk in an older sample: ethnic and gender differences. Soc Sci Med 2005;60:747- 61. 38. Pearson V. Goods on which one loses: women and mental health in China. Soc Sci Med 1995;41:1159- 73. 39. Rickwood DJ, Braithwaite VA. Social-psychologi- cal factors affecting health-seeking for emotional problems. Soc Sci Med 1994;39:563-72. 40. Pillay AL, Kriel AJ. Mental health problems in wom- en attending district-level services in South Africa. Soc Sci Med 2006;63:587-92. 41. Kim I, Muntaner C, Khang Y, Paek D, Cho S. The re- lationship between nonstandard working and men- tal health in a representative sample of the South Korean population. Soc Sci Med 2006;566-74. 59 46. Popay J, Bartley M, Owen C. Gender inequalities in health: social position, affective disorders and minor physical morbidity. Soc Sci Med 1993;36:21-32. 47. Miller MA, Gender-based differences in the toxicity of pharmaceuticals–the Food and Drug Administra- tion’s perspective. Int J Toxicol 2001;20:149-52. 48. What doctors don’t know about women. A special report. Washington Post 1992 Dec 6. 49. Dennerstein L, Feldman S, Murdaugh C, Rossouw J, Tennstedt S. Gender and health issues in age- ing. In: Proceedings of the XVI World Congress of Gerontology: Ageing Beyond 2000: One World One Future. Adelaide: International Association of Ger- ontology, 1977:29-32. 50. South-Paul, JE. Osteoporosis: Part I: Evaluation and assessment. Am Fam Physic 2001:63:897-901. 51. Senanayake P. Women and reproductive health in a graying world. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70:59- 67. 52. Strauss J, Gertler O, Rahman O, Fox K. Gender and life-cycle differentials in the patterns and determi- nants of adult health. J Hum Resour 1993;28:791- 837. 53. Bongaarts J, Zimmer Z. Living arrangements of older adults in the developing world. An analysis of demographic and health survey household surveys. J Gerontol Ser B: Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2002;57: S145-57 54. Lamb V. Gender differences in correlates of dis- ablement among the elderly in Egypt. Soc Sci Med 1997;45:127-36. 42. Fryers T, Melzer D, Jenkins R. Social inequalities and the common mental disorders. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003;38:277-95. 55. Rahman MO. Age and gender variation in the im- pact of household structure on elderly mortality. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:485-91. 43. Muntaner C, Borrell C, Benach J, Pasarin MI, Fer- nandez E. The associations of social class and so- cial stratification with patterns of general and men- tal health in a Spanish population. Intl Epidemiol Assoc 2003;32:950-58. 44. Muntaner C, Eaton WW, Miech R, O’Campo P. So- cioeconomic position and major mental disorders. Epidemiol Rev 2004;26:53-62. 45. Rosenfield S. The effects of women’s employment: personal control and sex differences in mental health. J Health Soc Behav 1989;30:77-91. 56. Arber S, Cooper H. Gender differences in health in later life: the new paradox? Soc Sci Med 1993;48:61- 76. 57. Mills GJ, Harris RP, Norburn JK, Patrick DL, Danis M. Life-sustaining treatments during termi- nal illness: who wants what? J Gen Intern Med 1993;8:361-8. 58. Griffith CH, Wilson JF, Emmett KR, Ramsbottom-Lu- cier M, Rich EC. Knowledge and experience with Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Fam Med 1995;4:780- 4.