1836 J Neurol (2012) 259:1832–1839 Fig. 1 Mean pattern glare scores, from the pattern glare test, for stroke and control participants. Statistically signiﬁcant elevation of pattern glare scores were found for the stroke subjects when considering the mid-SF grating, and most notably, the mid-high difference variable Table 4 Results from the pattern glare test detailing mean pattern glare scores for stroke and control participants, with the exclusion of subject 2 from the stroke group Spatial frequency Score (mean ± SD) Score (mean ± SD) Mid-SF Mid-high difference High-SF 2.74 ± 1.73 2.16 ± 1.30 0.58 ± 0.77 Stroke (n = 19) 1.65 ± 1.35 0.10 ± 1.12 1.55 ± 1.39 Control (n = 20) Fig. 2 Mean pattern glare scores, from the pattern glare test, for stroke and control participants, with the exclusion of stroke subject 2 in the stroke group were slightly younger than the females (mean 70.90, SD 11.34 years), (unpaired t test: t = 1.165, df = 17, p = 0.260). The data were found to follow a normal distribution for the males when viewing the mid-SF pattern (p = 0.842), and for the mid-high difference vari- able (p = 0.491), as well as for the high-SF grating (p = 0.265). The data were also found to be normally distributed for the females on the mid-SF grating 123 Table 5 Results from the pattern glare test detailing mean pattern glare scores for gender comparison within the stroke group Spatial frequency Score (mean ± SD) Score (mean ± SD) Mid-SF Mid-high difference High-SF 2.66 ± 1.73 2.00 ± 1.11 0.66 ± 0.87 Male (n = 9) 2.80 ± 1.81 2.30 ± 1.49 0.50 ± 0.71 Female (n = 10) Fig. 3 Mean pattern glare scores from the pattern glare test for male and female stroke participants. Results showed no statistically signiﬁcant difference between the gender types for any of the measures (p = 0.874), the mid-high difference variable (p = 0.904), and the high-SF pattern (p = 0.149). The results (see Table 5; Fig. 3), revealed a marginally higher pattern glare score for the females compared to the males when viewing the mid-SF grating (unpaired t test: t = -0.163, df = 17, p = 0.872). The females also dem- onstrated a higher mid-high difference variable score than the males, (unpaired t test: t = -0.491, df = 17, p = 0.630). Conversely, the males recorded a higher score when viewing the high-SF pattern (unpaired t test: t = -0.462, df = 17, p = 0.650). As pattern glare has a known association with migraine [13], the data were examined with the respective migraine sufferers in each group removed from the analysis. These groups were found to be age-matched for the stroke group (mean 68.35, SD 12.29 years) and the control group (mean 60.29, SD 14.18 years; unpaired t test: t = 1.770, df = 32, p = 0.086). The data for the stroke group with the migraine sufferers removed, were found to be normally distributed for the mid-SF pattern (p = 0.644), the mid- high difference variable (p = 0.518) and the high-SF grating (p = 0.056); this was also the case for the control group for the mid-SF pattern (p = 0.687), the mid-high difference variable (p = 0.671), and the high-SF grating (p = 0.165).