Curr Diab Rep (2011) 11:434–444 50. Berman DM, Willman MA, Han D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance allogeneic islet engraftment in nonhuman primates. Diabetes. 2010;59(10):2558–68. 51. Capila I, Linhardt RJ. Heparin–protein interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2002;41:390–412. 52. Cabric S, Sanchez J, Lundgren T, et al. Islet surface heparinization prevents the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction in islet transplantation. Diabetes. 2007;56(8):2008–15. 53. •• Cabric S, Sanchez J, Johansson U, et al. Anchoring of vascular endothelial growth factor to surface-immobilized heparin on pancreatic islets: implications for stimulating islet angiogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010;16(3):961–70. This paper showed the immobiliziation of heparin and VEGF-A to islets allowing adhesion of endothelial cells and unaffected insulin release. 54. Rajangam K, Behanna HA, Hui MJ, et al. Heparin binding nanostructures to promote growth of blood vessels. Nano Lett. 2006;6(9):2086–90. 55. Stendahl JC, Wang L-J, Chow LW, et al. Growth factor delivery from self-assembling nanofibers to facilitate islet transplantation. Transplantation. 2008;86(3):478–81. 56. Chow LW, Wang L-J, Kaufman DB, et al. Self-assembling nanostructures to deliver angiogenic factors to pancreatic islets. Biomaterials. 2010;31(24):6154–61. 57. Freudenberg U, Hermann A, Welzel PB, et al. A star-PEG-heparin hydrogel platform to aid cell replacement therapies for neurode- generative diseases. Biomaterials. 2009;30(28):5049–60. 58. Sodergard A, Stolt M. Properties of lactic acid based polymers and their correlation with composition. Prog Polym Sci. 2002;27:1123–63. 59. Dufour JM, Rajotte RV, Zimmerman M, et al. Development of an ectopic site for islet transplantation, using biodegradable scaffolds. Tissue Eng. 2005;11(9/10):1323–31. 60. Blomeier H, Zhang X, Rives C, et al. Polymer scaffolds as synthetic microenvironments for extrahepatic islet transplantation. Transplantation. 2006;82(4):452–9. 61. • Kin T, O'Neil JJ, Pawlick R, et al. The use of an approved biodegradable polymer scaffold as a solid support system for improvement of islet engraftment. Artif Organs. 2008;32(12):990– 93. Using a Food and Drug–approved synthetic absorable implant laden with autogenic islets, the authors show the improvement in glycemia of pancreatectomized dogs. 62. Yang X-D, Li H-M, Chen M, et al. Enhanced insulin production from murine islet beta cells incubated on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyhexanoate). J Biomed Mater Res. 2009;92A(2):548–55. 63. Kloxin AM, Kloxin CJ, Bowman CN, et al. Mechanical properties of cellularly responsive hydrogels and their experimental deter- mination. Adv Mater. 2010;22(31):3484–94. 64. Ito M, Taguchi T. Enhanced insulin secretion of physically crosslinked pancreatic β-cells by using a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative with oleyl groups. Acta Biomater. 2009;5(8):2945–52. 65. Totani T, Teramura Y, Iwata H. Immobilization of urokinase on the islet surface by amphiphilic poly(vinyl alcohol) that carries alkyl side chains. Biomaterials. 2008;29(19):2878–83. 66. Shimizu H, Ohashi K, Utoh R, et al. Bioengineering of a functional sheet of islet cells for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Biomaterials. 2009;30(30):5943–9. 67. Williams SJ, Wang Q, MacGregor RR, et al. Adhesion of pancreatic beta cells to biopolymer films. Biopolymers. 2009;91 (8):676–85. 68. • Mei Y, Hollister-Lock J, Bogatyrev SR, et al. A high throughput micro-array system of polymer surfaces for the manipulation of primary pancreatic islet cells. Biomaterials. 2010;31(34):8989–95. An elegant high-throughput system is reported to study polymer surfaces for islet cell attachment. 69. Scharp DW, Mason NS, Sparks RE. Islet immuno-isolation: the use of hybrid artificial organs to prevent islet tissue rejection. World J Surg. 1984;8:221–9. 443 70. Scharp DW, Swanson CJ, Olack BJ, et al. Protection of encapsulated human islets implanted without immunosuppression in patients with type I or type II diabetes and in nondiabetic control subjects. Diabetes. 1994;43(9):1167–70. 71. Clark H, Barbari TA, Stump K, et al. Histologic evaluation of the inflammatory response around implanted hollow fiber mem- branes. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;52:183–92. 72. Dulong JL, Legallais C, Darquy S, et al. A novel model of solute transport in a hollow-fiber bioartifical pancreas based on a finite element method. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2002;78(5):576–82. 73. Kawakami Y, Iwata H, Gu Y, et al. Modified subcutaneous tissue with neovascularization is useful as the site for pancreatic islet transplantation. Cell Transplant. 2000;9(5):729–32. 74. de Vos P, de Haan BJ, Wolters GH, et al. Improved biocompat- ibility but limited graft survival after purification of alginate for microencapsulation of pancreatic islets. Diabetologia. 1997;40 (3):262–70. 75. Sakurai T, Satake A, Nagata N, et al. The development of new immunoisolatory devices possessing the ability to induce neo- vascularization. Cell Transplant. 2003;12(5):527–35. 9. 76. Pileggi A, Molano RD, Ricordi C, et al. Reversal of diabetes by pancreatic islet transplantation into a subcutaneous, neovascular- ized device. Transplantation. 2006;81(9):1318–24. 77. •• Ludwig B, Zimerman B, Steffen A, et al. A novel device for islet transplantation providing immune protection and oxygen supply. Horm Metab Res. 2010;42(13):918–22. The authors report an extravascular device in which optimized oxygen levels are delivered to immunoprotected islets in a minipig model. 78. Chick W, Like A, Lauris V. Beta cell culture on synthetic capillaries: an artificial endocrine pancreas. Science. 1975;187 (4179):847–9. 79. Sun AM, Parisius W, Healy GM, et al. The use, in diabetic rats and monkeys, of artificial capillary units containing cultured islets of langerhans (artificial endocrine pancreas). Diabetes. 1977;26 (12):1136–9. 80. Sullivan SJ, Maki T, Borland KM, Mahoney MD, et al. Biohybrid artificial pancreas: long-term implantation studies in diabetic, pancreatectomized dogs. Science. 1991;252:718–21. 81. Maki T, Lodge JP, Carretta M, et al. Treatment of severe diabetes mellitus for more than one year using a vascularized hybrid artificial pancreas. Transplantation. 1993;55(4):713–7. 82. Maki T, Otsu I, O'Neil JJ, et al. Treatment of diabetes by xenogeneic islets without immunosuppression. Use of a vascu- larized bioartificial pancreas. Diabetes. 1996;42(33):342–7. 83. Cronin KJ, Messina A, Knight KR, et al. New murine model of spontaneous autologous tissue engineering, combining an arterio- venous pedicle with matrix materials. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(1):260–9. 84. Hussey AJ, Winardi M, Han XL, et al. Seeding of pancreatic islets into prevascularized tissue engineering chambers. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(12):3823–33. 85. Hussey AJ, Winardi M, Wilson J, et al. Pancreatic islet transplantation using vascularised chambers containing nerve growth factor ameliorates hyperglycaemia in diabetic mice. Cells Tissues Organs. 2010;191(5):382–93. 86. Calafiore R, Luca G, Calvitti M, et al. Cellular support systems for alginate microcapsules containing islets, as composite bio- artificial pancreas. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;944:240–51. 87. Lim F, Sun AM. Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial endo- crine pancreas. Science. 1980;210(4472):908–10. 88. Lum ZP, Tai IT, Krestow M, et al. Prolonged reversal of diabetic state in NOD mice by xenografts of microencapsulated rat islets. Diabetes. 1991;40(11):1511–6. 89. Fan MY, Lum ZP, Fu XW, et al. Reversal of diabetes in BB rats by transplantation of encapsulated pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1990;39(4):519–22.