Therapeutic Endoscopy of the Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic System: A Vietnamese Experience, Anh L. CONCLUSIONS Surgery remains the mainstay of cholelithiasis treatment in Viet Nam. Recurrent common duct stones or bile duct stones postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy may, in most cases, be treated by ERCP techniques. Ascaris in the bile ducts is a medical emergency that may be successfully managed by endoscopic means. As more experience is gained with ERCP, surgery may play a sec- ondary roll in the management of bile duct Ascaris infesta- tion. In Viet Nam, ERCP is demonstrating its benefits of decreas- ing medical costs, decreasing recovery time, shortening hospital stay and decreasing morbidity in selected cases of biliary tract disease.15 References: 1. Slivka A, Carr-Lock DL. Endoscopic management of gallstone disease. In Braasch JW, Tompkins RK, eds. Surgical Disease of the Biliary Tract and Pancreas. St Louis: Mosby; 1994:184-195. 2. Neuhaus B, Hogemann B. Technical aspects and atlas. In Neuhaus B, ed. Diagnostic and Therapeutic ERCP. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1992:5-61. 3. Silverstein FE, Tytgat GJ. Endoscopic retrograde cholan- giopancreatography and sphinceterotomy. In Silverstein FE, Tytgat GJ, eds. Atlas of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. New York: Gower Medical Pub.; 1991:9-1-9.19. 4. Stevenson GW. Management of biliary obstruction. In Bennett JR, Hunt RH, eds. Therapeutic Endoscopy and Radiology of the Gut. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1990:283-287. 5. Safrany H, Stenzel M. Endoscopic papillotomy and stone removal. In Bennett JR, Hunt RH, eds. Therapeutic Endoscopy and Radiology of the Gut. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1990:218-233. 6. Raijman I, Haber GB. Endoscopic management of large bile duct stones. In Barkin JS, O'Phelan CA, eds. Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy. New York: Raven Press; 1994:329-335. 7. Ponsky JL. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In Ponsky JL, ed. Atlas of Surgical Endoscopy. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1992:93-163. 8. Seigel JH. Endoscopic decompression of the biliary tree. In Silvis SE, ed. Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. New York: Igaku-Shoin; 1985:241-265. 9. Seigel JH. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In Seigel JH, ed. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: Technique, Diagnosis and Therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1992:3-409. 10. Cunningham JT. Indications and techniques for nasobiliary stenting. In Barkin JS, O'Phelan CA, eds. Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy. New York: Raven Press; 1994:253-257. 11. Geenen JE, Venu RP. Endoscopic management of biliary tract obstruction. In Geenen JE, ed. Techniques in Therapeutic Endoscopy. New York: Gower Medical Pub.; 1992:8.2-8.28. 12. Sung JJY, Leung JWC. Therapeutic endoscopy of the hepa- tobiliary and pancreatic system. Ninth International Workshop on Therapeutic Endoscopy. 1994:101-138. 13- Binmoeller KF, Soehendra N. Diagnosis and therapeutic endoscopic advances in pancreatic and ampullary neoplasms. In Braasch JW, Tompkins RK, eds. Surgical Disease of the Biliary Tract and Pancreas: Multidisciplinary Management. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994:528-538. 14. MacMathuna P, White P, Clarke E, Lennon J, Crowe J. Endoscopic sphincterotomy: a novel and safe alternative to papil- lotomy in the management of bile duct stones. J Gastrointest Endoscop. 1995;4l:87-88. 15. Brianfennerty M. Endoscopic sedation. In Bayless TM, ed. Current Therapy in Gastroenterology and Liver Disease. St Louis: Mosby; 1994:11-15. 16. Lipsett PA, Pitt HA. Acute cholangitis. In Darzi A, ed. Techniques in the Management of Gallstone Disease. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1995:125-135. 17. Cotton PB, Lehman G. Endoscopic sphincterotomy compli- cations and their management: an attempt at consensus. / Gastrointest Endoscop. 1991:384-393. 18. Khusro QE, Lehman GA. Endoscopic management of bile duct obstruction and sphincter of Oddie dysfunction. In Bayless TM, ed. Current Therapy in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994:625-639. 19. Venu RP,Geenen JE. Endoscopic sphincterotomy. In Geenen JE, ed. Techniques in Therapeutic Endoscopy. New York: Gower Medical Pub.; 1992:7.2-7.26. 20. Kozarek RA. Pancreatitis: endoscopic therapy. In Bayless TM, ed. Current Therapy in Gastroenterology and Liver Disease. St Louis: Mosby; 1994:642-647. 21. Hermann RE. Choledocholithiasis. In Bayless TM, ed. Current Therapy in Gastroenterology and Liver Disease. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994:610-613. 22. Sydney Chung SC. Endoscopic approaches to common bile duct stones. In Darzi A, ed. Techniques in the Management of Gallstone Disease. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1995:172-185. 23. Silvis SE, Vennes JA. Endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy. In Silvis SE, ed. Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. New York: Igaku-Shoin; 1985:198-240. 24. Classen M. Endoscopic papillotomy. In Lamsback W, ed. Gastroenterologic Endoscop. Philadelphia: Sivak; 1987:639. 348 JSLS (1997)1:345-348