Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extracts can inhibit tumor growth in HCT-116 [75] and MCF-7 cells [76]. A-kinase (PRKA) and anchor protein 8-like (AKAPA8L) gene expression were up-regulated, and phosphatidylinos- itol transfer protein alpha (PITPNA) gene expression was down-regulated after ginsenoside Rg3 treatment in HCT- 116 cells [75]. The inhibition of the MAPK pathway and the up-regulation of Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) expression were determined in the ginseng extract of hot water-extracted American ginseng-treated MCF-7 cells [76]. These genes have anticancer potential and are considered to be involved in anti-tumor mechanism of America ginseng. A comparison of transcriptional proﬁles between mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells before and after artemisinin treatments [83] found that the diﬀerentially expressed genes were most associated with the nitric oxide, cAMP, and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways. They suggested that the tumor regulation function of artemisinin might arise from its eﬀect on nitric oxide biosynthesis. Nitric oxide has been proved that it can suppress tumorigenesis [102]. In another study, Hara et al. examined eight benzodixolo- quinolizine alkaloids extracted from Coptidis rhizome and assessed the strength of their antiproliferative activity in eight human pancreatic cancer cell lines [77]. These results indicated that berberine is the major compound behind boosting the anti-proliferative response. However, the anti- tumor eﬀect of berberine isolated from C. rhizome was poorer than that of whole C. rhizome, suggesting other components of the fungus are to some degree responsible as well [78]. MCF-7 cells treated with Coptidis extracts also displayed increased activation of anti-tumor pathways. Two critical anti-tumor cytokines were identiﬁed—interferon-β and tumor necrosis factor-α—and Coptidis extracts were also found to induce cell growth arrest and apoptosis [103]. These studies suggest that C. rhizome or Coptidis extracts are able to inhibit cell proliferation by reducing tumor cell growth and promoting apoptosis. 5.6. Angiogenesis. Some Chinese herbs have been reported to promote angiogenesis. Ginseng refers to both Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae), which contain similar components. Rg1, a P. ginseng extract, can promote angiogenesis by modulating cytoskeletal-related genes and enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activ- ities in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) [82]. Chan et al. also illustrated that Rg1-induced down- regulation of miR-214 led to an increase in the expression of eNOS in HUVEC through miRNA microarray analysis [104]. Taken together, the ﬁndings suggest that Rg1, the major component ginosenoside from P. ginseng, can promote angiogenesis in HUVEC. 5.7. Cardiovascular Disease. Salvia miltiorrhiza is widely used for human cardiovascular disorders in Asia, but the cellular mechanism by which it attenuates the growth of aortic smooth muscle under oxidative stress remains unclear. Salvianolic acid (SAL) or tanshinone (TAN) puriﬁed from S. miltiorrhiza was used to treat acute myocardial infarction 7 in Wistar rats [85]. SAL decreases the gene expression of apoptosis-related genes at in a later period after ischemia, for example, BCL2 modifying factor (Bmf). TAN decreases the gene expression of intracellular calcium pathways-related genes at an early stage after ischemic injury, for example, voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha 1 (CACNA1). Intracellular calcium and apoptosis pathways have been reported to be associated with ischemic cardiac injury and repair [105, 106]. These results suggest that SAL and TAN could be used to prevent injury and involved in after injury repair of acute myocardial infarction. 5.8. Neuronal Diseases. Su et al. compared gene expression proﬁles of H2O2-exposed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells following treatment with paeonol, which is extracted from Paeonia suﬀruticosa [20, 84]. They identiﬁed that the extract up-regulated the mature T-cell gene set and found that paeonol was able to reduce H2O2-induced NF-κB activ- ity. These data indicate that paeonol might have antioxidative related properties and could be used to treat neurodegenera- tive diseases, for example, Alzheimer’s disease [107]. 6. Proteomic Studies of Chinese Herbs in Diseases Compared with studies investigating Chinese herbs using genomic analysis, proteomic analytic studies have been per- formed far less and on fewer herbs. Tumors and convulsive disorders are the major subjects of analysis by proteomic technologies to date. The Chinese herbs used for these conditions and related references are documented in Table 2. 6.1. Antitumor Activity. HepG2 liver cancer cells were treated with oridonin extracted from Isodon rubescens and analyzed by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-MS [79]. Proteomic data showed that expression levels of heat shock 70 kDa protein 1, Sti1h, and hnRNP-E1 were altered after treatment; these proteins are associated with apoptosis pathways. An extract from Franquet (Cucurbitaceae), tubeimoside-1 (TBMS1), has also been used as an anticancer treatment [108]. Xu et al. found 15 proteins diﬀerentially expressed between TBMS-treated or -untreated HeLa cells through MALDI-TOF-MS analysis [80]. These proteins were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress-induced cell death pathways and participated in TBMS1-induced cytotoxicity [80]. The major component of Rhizoma paridis, Rhizoma paridis total saponin (RPTS), is responsible for the antitumor eﬀects of this herb. Using MALDI-TOF-MS, Cheng et al. identiﬁed 15 proteins altered in HepG2 cells diﬀerentially expressed between RPTS-treated or untreated HepG2 cells, with most of them implicated in tumor initiation, pro- motion, and progression [81]. These results suggest that proteomic approaches could be useful tools to elucidate pharmacological mechanisms responsible for anti-cancer drug activities. Moreover, Hung et al. found that S. miltiorrhiza aqueous extract (SMAE) inhibited the proliferation of rat aortic