Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6 1646 than they were decades earlier, people continue to be exposed. Children, adolescents, non-Hispanic Blacks, low income people, and people living in households headed by someone with low education remain particularly vulnerable. Acknowledgements This research was funded by grant from the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI) and was conducted as part of the FAMRI Bland Lane Center of Excellence on Second Hand Smoke at the University of California, San Francisco. Additional funding was obtained from the California Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program. We thank our colleagues at the UCSF FAMRI Center and the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education for their encouragement and for many helpful suggestions. We particularly appreciate the thoughtful comments from Mark Eisner, Neal Benowitz, and Stan Glantz. We also thank Dave Burns for his advice and assistance. References 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the Surgeon General; U.S. D.H.H.S., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Smoking and Health: Washington, D.C., U.S., 2006. 2. California Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant; California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment: Sacramento, CA, U.S., 2005. 3. Hackshaw, A.; Law, M.; Wald, N. The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. Br. Med. J. 1997, 315, 980-999. 4. Jinot, J.; Bayard, S. Respiratory health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Rev. Environ. Health 1996, 11, 89-100. 5. Mannino, D.M.; Moorman, J.E.; Kingsley, B.; Rose, D.; Repace, J. Health effects related to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2001, 155, 36- 41. 6. Barnoya, J.; Glantz, S.A. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking. Circulation 2005, 111, 2684-2698. 7. Thun, M.; Henley, J.; Apicella, L. Epidemiologic studies of fatal and nontatal cardiovascular disease and secondhand smoke exposure from spousal smoking. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 841-846. 8. Steenland, K. Risk assessment for heart disease and workplace secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmokers. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 859-863. 9. Pirkle, J.L.; Flegal, K.M.; Bernert, J.T.; Brody, D.J.; Etzel, R.A.; Maurer, K.R. Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1991. JAMA 1996, 275, 1233-1240.