2 2.1. Exercise and Human Psychophysiological Responses. Reg- ular exercise is eﬀective in preventing or ameliorating the metabolic and psychological comorbidities induced by chronic stress. These beneﬁts are attributed to a main eﬀect of exercise in reducing the sensitivity to stress and also subsidiary actions inﬂuencing metabolic functions and, especially, insulin sensitivity and the partitioning of fuels toward oxidation rather than storage [10]. According to a physiological mechanism, Jin [11] illus- trated that TC training could increase noradrenaline excre- tion in urine, decrease salivary cortisol levels, and raise heart rate, leading to a less general mood disturbance with feelings of more vigour and less tension, anger, fatigue, confusion, state anxiety, and depression. A following study suggested that, whilst enhancing vigour, Tai Chi could reduce mental and emotional stress, reduce salivary cortisol levels, and improve mood states, although the author admitted that this could be due to the high expectancy level of people practicing Tai Chi [12]. A study of adolescent females with mild depression suggested that regular exercise alleviates the depressive state and reduces the excretion of stress hormones for example urine cortisol and epinephrine [13]. Exercise also reduces oxidative stress and improves neuroendocrine autoregulation, which can counter stress- related neuronal degeneration [14]. TC exercise has been associated with signiﬁcantly decreased sympathetic nervous system activity [15]. TC practitioners’ psychological tensions may be alleviated by production of the regulatory T cell mediators transforming growth factor beta and interleukin 10 under speciﬁc antigen stimulation, which may improve mucosal defence leading to a lower risk of autoimmune and inﬂammatory disorders in adults [16, 17]. With regard to the underlying physiological eﬀect of TC, autoregulatory signaling pathways may play a signiﬁcant role; such pathways are represented in the brain by limbic reward and motivation circuitries [18]. These ﬁndings suggest that regular exercise training has beneﬁcial antidepressant and anxiolytic eﬀects, and these are associated with a decrease in the neuroendocrine response to stress. Physical exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus, which can play an important protective role against hippocampal degeneration which is associated with chronic stress [19]. The hippocam- pus is a target of stress hormones and can be particularly vulnerable to neuronal degeneration [20]. Increasing evi- dence suggests that moderate exercise could increase pro- liferation of hippocampal neurons and provide a balancing force against age-related neuronal loss, consequently slowing the decline in hippocampal volume. Davidson et al. [21] proposed an active role of the hippocampus in emotional responding. They hypothesized that individuals habitually failing to regulate their aﬀective responses in a context- sensitive fashion might have a functional impairment of the hippocampus. Thus, larger hippocampal volumes may account for exercise practitioners’ singular abilities and habits to cultivate positive emotions, retain emotional sta- bility, and engage in mindful behavior. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine An anterior excise study was performed by The National Aeronautics and Space Administration-United States Public Health Service Health Evaluation and Enhancement Pro- gram (NASA-USPHS) [22]. They found that improvement in physical ﬁtness level was related positively to the sub- jective reports of less strain and tension, better health, and promoted stamina as well as more positive work attitudes. A latest review focused on examining the eﬀect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients, following scrutinizing forty English-language articles in scholarly journals involving sedentary adults with a chronic illness, calculating the Hedges d eﬀect sizes from studies of 2914 patients and extracting information regarding potential moderator variables, and adopting random eﬀects models to estimate sampling error and population variance for all analyses scientiﬁcally concludes that exercise training reduces anxiety symptoms among sedentary patients who have a chronic illness. The study results also provide clinicians with solid evidence to recommend exercise training to patients as a means for reducing anxiety symptoms with minimal risk of adverse events [23]. In conclusion, exercise improves physiological function of human being, including metabolic level, neurons prolif- eration, and neuroendocrine autoregulation, which beneﬁt psychological performance directly or indirectly, such as positive emotion, emotional stability, stress tolerance, and anxious relief. 3. Mind-Body Movements from China 3.1. TC. In the past, the term TC has been used in connection with philosophy, religion, literature, art, medicine, and even astronomy [24]. The modern use of TC refers to a standardized series of movements practice by approximately two hundreds and ﬁfty millions people worldwide [25]. While undoubtedly practiced prior to the earliest written references, TC has been reported to have been invented by a Taoist priest named Chang San Feng in the 15th Century [26]. Other historical references credit Wangting Chen a martial art master from the Chen village for inventing TC in the mid-1600s [27–29]. As a branch of martial arts, TC has been practiced for much longer than 400 years and its origin cannot be attributed to a single individual. TC has evolved into its current form that combines distinct and identiﬁable movements designed to promote physical and psychological well-being. As such, TC is becoming a more accepted method of exercise to promote a healthy lifestyle. In the West, TC is classiﬁed in the category of alternative medicine. Naturally, as TC gains expanded acceptance in the West, it has become the focus of increased attention by scientiﬁc investigator and health care professionals. 3.2. Qigong. Qigong and TC are the two most popular Chinese medical exercises which have been practiced for many hundreds of years. The two movement forms combine gentle, mind-body, and therapeutic movements and are therefore suitable for people of diﬀerent ages with various health conditions. There is growing evidence to suggest that