28 Baichoo N, Helmann JD. Recognition of DNA by Fur: a reinterpretation of the Fur box consensus sequence. J Bacteriol 2002; 184: 5826–5832. 29 Carpenter BM, Gancz H, Gonzalez-Nieves RP, et al. A single nucleotide change affects fur-dependent regulation of sodB in H. pylori. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5369. 30 Choi SS, Chivers PT, Berg DE. Point mutations in Helicobacter pylori’s fur regulatory gene that alter resistance to metronidazole, a prodrug activated by chemical reduction. PLoS One 2011; 6: e18236. 31 Tsugawa H, Suzuki H, Satoh K, et al. Two amino acids mutation of ferric uptake regulator determines Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14: 15–23. 32 Perez-Reyes E, Kalyanaraman B, Mason RP. The reductive metabolism of metronidazole and ronidazole by aerobic liver microsomes. Mol Pharmacol 1980; 17: 239–244. 33 Rao DN, Mason RP. Generation of nitro radical anions of some 5-nitrofurans, 2- and 5-nitroimidazoles by norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. A possible mechanism for neurotoxicity caused by nitroheterocyclic drugs. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 11731–11736. 34 Esposito L, Seydel A, Aiello R, et al. The crystal structure of the superoxide dismutase from Helicobacter pylori reveals a structured C-terminal extension. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1784: 1601–1606. 35 Suzuki M, Miura S, Suematsu M, et al. Helicobacter pylori-associated ammonia production enhances neutrophil-dependent gastric mucosal cell injury. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: G719–G725. 36 Suzuki H, Mori M, Suzuki M, Sakurai K, Miura S, Ishii H. Extensive DNA damage induced by monochloramine in gastric cells. Cancer Lett 1997; 115: 243–248. 37 Suzuki H, Seto K, Mori M, Suzuki M, Miura S, Ishii H. Monochloramine induced DNA fragmentation in gastric cell line MKN45. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: G712–G716. 38 Shibayama K, Kamachi K, Nagata N, et al. A novel apoptosis-inducing protein from Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 2003; 47: 443–451. 39 Shibayama K, Wachino J, Arakawa Y, Saidijam M, Rutherford NG, Henderson PJ. Metabolism of glutamine and glutathione via gamma- glutamyltranspeptidase and glutamate transport in Helicobacter pylori: possible significance in the pathophysiology of the organism. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64: 396–406. 40 Flahou B, Haesebrouck F, Chiers K, et al. Gastric epithelial cell death caused by Helicobacter suis and Helicobacter pylori γ-glutamyl transpeptidase is mainly glutathione degradation-dependent. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13: 1933– 1955. 41 Goode HF, Webster NR. Free radicals and antioxidants in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 1770–1776. 42 Albuszies G, Brückner UB. Antioxidant therapy in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1632–1636. 43 Calatayud S, García-Zaragozá E, Hernández C, et al. Downregulation of nNOS and synthesis of PGs associated with endotoxin-induced delay in gastric emptying. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283: G1360– G1367. 44 de Winter BY, van Nassauw L, de Man JG. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of septic ileus in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005; 17: 251– 261. 45 Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Horiguchi K, et al. Delayed gastric emptying and disruption of the interstitial cells of Cajal network after gastric ischaemia and reperfusion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22: 585–593, e126. 46 Wautier MP, Chappey O, Corda S, Stern DM, Schmidt AM, Wautier JL. Activation of NADPH oxidase by AGE links oxidant stress to altered gene expression via RAGE. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280: E685–E694. 47 Hink U, Li H, Mollnau H, Oelze M, et al. Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Circ Res 2001; 88: E14–E22. 48 Guzik TJ, West NE, Black E, et al. Vascular superoxide production by NAD(P)H oxidase: association with endothelial dysfunction and clinical risk factors. Circ Res 2000; 86: E85–E90. 49 Choi KM, Gibbons SJ, Nguyen TV, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 protects interstitial cells of Cajal from oxidative stress and reverses diabetic gastro- paresis. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 2055–2064, 2064 e1-2. 50 Horowitz M, Maddern GJ, Chatterton BE, Collins PJ, Harding PE, Shearman DJ. Changes in gastric emptying rates with age. Clin Sci (Lond) 1984; 67: 213–218. 51 Phillips RJ, Powley TL. As the gut ages: timetables for aging of innervation vary by organ in the Fischer 344 rat. J Comp Neurol 2001; 434: 358–377. 52 Cowen T, Johnson RJ, Soubeyre V, Santer RM. Restricted diet rescues rat enteric motor neurons from age related cell death. Gut 2000; 47: 653–660. 53 Qiu X, Brown K, Hirschey MD, Verdin E, Chen D. Calorie restriction reduces oxidative stress by SIRT3-mediated SOD2 activation. Cell Metab 2010; 12: 662–667. 54 Izbeki F, Asuzu DT, Lorincz A, et al. Loss of Kitlow progenitors, reduced stem cell factor and high oxidative stress underlie gastric dysfunction in progeric mice. J Physiol 2010; 588: 3101–3117. H. Suzuki et al. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. | January 2012 | vol. 50 | no. 1 | 39 ©2012 JCBN