Volume 28, Number 10, October 2006 Parasitic worms and inﬂammatory diseases 33 Baxter AG et al. Mycobacteria precipitate an SLE-like syndrome in diabetes-prone NOD mice. Immunology 1994; 83: 227–231. 34 Bras A & Aguas AP. Diabetes-prone NOD mice are resistant to Mycobacterium avium and the infection prevents autoimmune disease. Immunology 1996; 89: 20–25. 35 Zaccone P et al. Salmonella typhimurium infection halts development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34: 3246–3256. 36 Wilberz S et al. Persistent MHV (mouse hepatitis virus) infection reduces the incidence of diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 2–5. 37 Maizels RM & Yazdanbakhsh M. Immune regulation by helminth parasites: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3: 733–744. 38 Maizels RM et al. Helminth parasites – masters of regulation. Immunol Rev 2004; 201: 89–116. 39 van Die I et al. The dendritic cell-speciﬁc C-type lectin DC-SIGN is a receptor for Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens and recognizes the glycan antigen Lewis x. Glycobiology 2003; 13: 471– 478. 40 van Kooyk Y & Geijtenbeek TB. DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3: 697–709. 41 Hernandez HJ, Wang Y & Stadecker MJ. In infection with Schistosoma mansoni, B cells are required for T helper type 2 cell responses but not for granuloma formation. J Immunol 1997; 158: 4832– 4837. 42 Wilson MS et al. Suppression of allergic airway inﬂammation by helminth-induced regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1199–1212. 43 Okano M et al. Lacto--fucopentaose III found on Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens functions as adjuvant for proteins by inducing Th2-type response. J Immunol 2001; 167: 442– 450. 44 Hesse M et al. The pathogenesis of schistosomiasis is controlled by cooperating IL-10-producing innate effector and regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2004; 172: 3157–3166. 45 McKee AS & Pearce EJ. CD25+CD4+ cells contribute to Th2 polarization during helminth infection by suppressing Th1 response development. J Immunol 2004; 173: 1224 –1231. 46 Duez C, Gosset P & Tonnel AB. Dendritic cells and toll-like receptors in allergy and asthma. Eur J Dermatol 2006; 16: 12– 16. 47 Thomas PG et al. A helminth glycan induces APC maturation via alternative NF-kappa B activation independent of I kappa B alpha degradation. J Immunol 2005; 175: 2082–2090. 48 Kane CM et al. Helminth antigens modulate TLR-initiated dendritic cell activation. J Immunol 2004; 173: 7454 –7461. 49 Herbert DR et al. Alternative macrophage activation is essential for survival during schistosomiasis and downmodulates T helper 1 responses and immunopathology. Immunity 2004; 20: 623–635. 50 Kronenberg M. Toward an understanding of NKT cell biology: progress and paradoxes. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23: 877–900. 51 Faveeuw C et al. Antigen presentation by CD1d contributes to the ampliﬁcation of Th2 responses to Schistosoma mansoni gly- coconjugates in mice. J Immunol 2002; 169: 906 –912. 52 Pearce EJ et al. Th2 response polarization during infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Immunol Rev 2004; 201: 117–126. 53 Freeman CM et al. CCR8 is expressed by antigen-elicited, IL- 10-producing CD4+CD25+ T cells, which regulate Th2-mediated granuloma formation in mice. J Immunol 2005; 174: 1962–1970. 54 Jenkins SJ & Mountford AP. Dendritic cells activated with products released by schistosome larvae drive Th2-type immune responses, which can be inhibited by manipulation of CD40 cos- timulation. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 395– 402. 55 Taylor MD et al. Removal of regulatory T cell activity reverses hyporesponsiveness and leads to ﬁlarial parasite clearance in vivo. J Immunol 2005; 174: 4924 – 4933. 56 Belkaid Y et al. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leish- mania major persistence and immunity. Nature 2002; 420: 502– 507. 57 La Flamme AC, Ruddenklau K & Backstrom BT. Schisto- somiasis decreases central nervous system inﬂammation and alters the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalo- myelitis. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 4996 –5004. 58 Nagayama Y et al. Schistosoma mansoni and alpha- galactosylceramide: prophylactic effect of Th1 immune suppres- sion in a mouse model of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Immunol 2004; 173: 2167–2173. 59 Sewell D et al. Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by helminth ova immunization. Int Immunol 2003; 15: 59–69. 60 Elliott DE et al. Exposure to schistosome eggs protects mice from TNBS-induced colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284: G385–G391. 61 Khan WI et al. Intestinal nematode infection ameliorates experimental colitis in mice. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 5931– 5937. 62 Summers RW et al. Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly effective in the treatment of inﬂammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2034 –2041. 63 Elliott DE et al. Heligmosomoides polygyrus inhibits established colitis in IL-10-deﬁcient mice. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34: 2690–2698. 64 McInnes IB et al. A novel therapeutic approach targeting articular inﬂammation using the ﬁlarial nematode-derived phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein ES-62. J Immunol 2003; 171: 2127–2133. 65 Weinstock JV, Summers RW & Elliott DE. Role of helminths in regulating mucosal inﬂammation. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2005; 27: 249–271. 66 Summers RW et al. Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 825–832. 67 Mayer L. A novel approach to the treatment of ulcerative colitis: is it kosher? Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 1117–1119. 68 Croese J et al. A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn’s patients and reservoir donors. Gut 2006; 55: 136–137. 69 Borkow G & Bentwich Z. Eradication of helminthic infections may be essential for successful vaccination against HIV and tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78: 1368–1369. 70 McElroy MD et al. Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni is associated with decreased HIV-speciﬁc cytolysis and increased IL-10 production. J Immunol 2005; 174: 5119–5123. 71 Bentwich Z. Concurrent infections that rise the HIV viral load. J HIV Ther 2003; 8: 72–75. 72 Braschi S et al. The tegument surface membranes of the human blood parasite Schistosoma mansoni: A proteomic analysis after differential extraction. Proteomics 2006; 6: 1471–1482. 73 Wilson RA et al. From genomes to vaccines via the proteome. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99 (5 Suppl. 1): 45–50. © 2006 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Parasite Immunology, 28, 515–523 523