264 References Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: Of importance Of major importance 1. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–78. 2. Lewis GF, Rader DJ. New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ Res. 2005;96:1221–32. 3. Yasuda T, Ishida T, Rader DJ. Update on the role of endothelial lipase in high-density lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport, and atherosclerosis. Circ J. 2010;74:2263–70. 4. Santamarina-Fojo S, Gonzalez-Navarro H, Freeman L, et al. Hepatic lipase, lipoprotein metabolism, and atherogenesis. Arte- rioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:1750–4. 5. Jin W, Marchadier D, Rader DJ. Lipases and HDL metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13:174–8. 6. Brown RJ, Lagor WR, Sankaranaravanan S, et al. Impact of combined deficiency of hepatic lipase and endothelial lipase on the metabolism of both high-density lipoproteins and apolipopro- tein B-containing lipoproteins. Circ Res. 2010;107:357–64. This is the first article determining the role of hepatic lipase and endothelial lipase knockout and hepatic lipase/endothelial lipase double-knockout on macrophage-to-feces reverse cholesterol transport. 7. Ruel IL, Couture P, Cohn JS, et al. Evidence that hepatic lipase deficiency in humans is not associated with proatherogenic changes in HDL composition and metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:1528–37. 8. Johannsen TH, Kamstrup PR, Andersen RV, et al. Hepatic lipase, genetically elevated high-density lipoprotein, and risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:1264–73. 9. Isaacs A, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Njajou OT, et al. The −514C- >T hepatic lipase promoter region polymorphism and plasma lipids: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3858–63. 10. Amigo L, Mardones P, Ferrada C, et al. Biliary lipid secretion, bile acid metabolism, and gallstone formation are not impaired in hepatic lipase-deficient mice. Hepatology. 2003;38:726–34. 11. Barcat D, Amadio A, Palos-Pinto A, et al. Combined hyperlipid- emia/ hyperalphalipoproteinemia associated with premature spon- taneous atherosclerosis in mice lacking hepatic lipase and low density lipoprotein receptor. Atherosclerosis. 2006;188:347–55. 12. Dichek HL, Qian K, Agrawal N. The bridging function of hepatic lipase clears plasma cholesterol in LDL receptor-deficient “apoB- 48-only” and “apoB-100-only” mice. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:551– 60. 13. Freeman L, Amar MJ, Shamburek R, et al. Lipolytic and ligand- binding functions of hepatic lipase protect against atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Lipid Res. 2007;48:104–13. 14. Qian K, Agrawal N, Dichek HL. Reduced atherosclerosis in chow-fed mice expressing high levels of a catalytically inactive human hepatic lipase. Atherosclerosis. 2007;195:66–74. 15. Mezdour H, Jones R, Dengremont C, et al. Hepatic lipase deficiency increases plasma cholesterol but reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:13570–5. 16. Karackattu SL, Trigatti B, Krieger M. Hepatic lipase deficiency delays atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac dys- Curr Atheroscler Rep (2011) 13:257–265 function and extends lifespan in SR-BI/apolipoprotein E double knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:548–54. 17. Nong Z, Gonzalez-Navarro H, Amar M, et al. Hepatic lipase expression in macrophages contributes to atherosclerosis in apoE- deficient and LCAT-transgenic mice. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:367–78. 18. Hime NJ, Black AS, Bulgrien JJ, Curtiss LK. Leukocyte-derived hepatic lipase increases HDL and decreases en face aortic atherosclerosis in LDLr−/− mice expressing CETP. J Lipid Res. 2008;49:2113–23. 19. Hegele RA, Little JA, Vezina C, et al. Hepatic lipase deficiency. Clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic characteristics. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993;13:720–8. 20. Dugi KA, Brandauer K, Schmidt N, et al. Low hepatic lipase activity is a novel risk factor for coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2001;104:3057–62. 21. Fan YM, Lehtimaki T, Rontu R, et al. The hepatic lipase gene C- 480T polymorphism in the development of early coronary atherosclerosis: the Helsinki Sudden Death Study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007;37:472–7. 22. Andersen RV, Wittrup HH, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, et al. Hepatic lipase mutations, elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased risk of ischemic heart disease: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1972–82. 23. Ji J, Herbison CE, Mamotte CD, et al. Hepatic lipase gene −514C/ T polymorphism and premature coronary heart disease. J Cardiovasc Risk. 2002;9:105–13. 24. Shohet RV, Vega GL, Anwar A, et al. Hepatic lipase (LIPC) promoter polymorphism in men with coronary artery disease. Allele frequency and effects on hepatic lipase activity and plasma HDL-C concentrations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:1975–8. 25. Rundek T, Elkind MS, Pittman J, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness is associated with allelic variants of stromelysin-1, interleukin-6, and hepatic lipase genes: the Northern Manhattan Prospective Cohort Study. Stroke. 2002;33:1420–3. 26. Hirata K, Dichek HL, Cioffi JA, et al. Cloning of a unique lipase from endothelial cells extends the lipase gene family. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:14170–5. 27. Jaye M, Lynch KJ, Krawiec J, et al. A novel endothelial-derived lipase that modulates HDL metabolism. Nat Genet. 1999;21: 424– 8. 28. Nijstad N, Wiersma H, Gautier T, et al. Scavenger receptor BI- mediated selective uptake is required for the remodeling of high density lipoprotein by endothelial lipase. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:6093–100. This is a comprehensive study including HDL kinetics to demonstrate the complex interaction between EL, HDL, and the SR-BI. 29. Maugeais C, Tietge UJF, Broedl UC, et al. Dose-dependent acceleration of high-density lipoprotein catabolism by endothelial lipase. Circulation. 2003;108:2121–6. 30. Wiersma H, Gatti A, Nijstad N, et al. Hepatic SR-BI, not endothelial lipase, expression determines biliary cholesterol secretion in mice. J Lipid Res. 2009;50:1571–80. 31. Badellino KO, Wolfe ML, Reilly MP, Rader DJ. Endothelial lipase concentrations are increased in metabolic syndrome and associated with coronary atherosclerosis. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e22. 32. Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Yanagi H, Endo K, et al. Relationship between serum HDL-C levels and common genetic variants of the endothelial lipase gene in Japanese school-aged children. Hum Genet. 2003;113:311–5. 33. Mank-Seymour AR, Durham KL, Thompson JF, et al. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the endothelial lipase (LIPG) gene and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1636:40–6. 34. Edmondson AC, Brown RJ, Kathiresan S, et al. Loss-of-function variants in endothelial lipase are a cause of elevated HDL cholesterol