confirmed to be myelinated tissue on histopathological sec- tions (LFB), corresponding to strata lacunosum and radia- tum (most clearly seen in Fig. 4). In summary, the PROPELLER sequence provided fast imaging with excellent contrast in patients who did not move overtly during the scan, negating the inevitable sub- tle movements in even the most cooperative subjects. More detailed in vivo studies of the hippocampal formation, looking for changes including more subtle abnormalities such as end folium sclerosis or different types of HS, and the neocortex are now possible and may not only in- crease the diagnostic yield of MRI in epilepsy but also in conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the financial support of the Wellcome Trust project grant number 066185 and we are grateful to the Big Lottery Fund, Wolfson Trust, and National Society for Epilepsy for supporting the 3T MRI scanner at NSE. We confirm that we have read the Journal’s position on issues involved in ethical pub- lication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guide- lines. This study was carried out as part of the UCL-UCLH Com- prehensive Biomedical Research Centre. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this study. REFERENCES Blumcke I, Pauli E, Clusmann H, Schramm J, Becker A, Elger C, Mer- schhemke M, Meencke HJ, Lehmann T, von Deimling A, Scheiwe C, Zentner J, Volk B, Romstock J, Stefan H, Hildebrandt M. (2007) A new clinico-pathological classification system for mesial temporal sclerosis. Acta Neuropathologica 113:235–244. Bruton CJ. (1988) The neuropathology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 39 PROPELLER MRI of Hippocampal Sclerosis Eriksson SH, Free SL, Thom M, Harkness W, Sisodiya SM, Dun- can JS. (2005) Reliable registration of preoperative MRI with histopathology after temporal lobe resections. Epilepsia 46:1646– 1653. Fatterpekar GM, Naidich TP, Delman BN, Aguinaldo JG, Gultekin SH, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Drayer BP, Fayad ZA. (2002) Cy- toarchitecture of the human cerebral cortex: MR microscopy of excised specimens at 9.4 Tesla. Am J Neuroradiol 23:1313– 1321. Forbes KPN, Pipe JG, Bird CR, Heiserman JE. (2001) PROPELLER MRI: clinical testing of a novel technique for quantification and compensation of head motion. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:215– 222. Forbes KP, Pipe JG, Karis JP, Farthing V, Heiserman JE. (2003) Brain imaging in the unsedated pediatric patient: comparison of periodi- cally rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction and single-shot fast spin-echo sequences. Am J Neuroradiol 24:794– 798. Houser CR. (1990) Granule cell dispersion in the dentate gyrus of humans with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 535:195– 204. ILAE Commission on Neuroimaging. (1998) Guidelines for neuroimag- ing evaluation of patients with uncontrolled epilepsy considered for surgery. Epilepsia 39:1375–1376. Jackson GD, Berkovic SF, Tress BM, Kalnins RM, Fabinyi GCA, Bladin PF. (1990) Hippocampal sclerosis can be reliably de- tected by magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 40:1869– 1875. Jackson GD, Berkovic SF, Duncan JS, Connelly A. (1993) Optimizing the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis using MR imaging. Am J Neu- roradiol 14:753–762. Pipe JG. (1999) Motion correction with PROPELLER MRI: application to head motion and free-breathing cardiac imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:963–969. Sutula T, Cascino G, Cavazos J, Parada I, Ramirez L. (1989) Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization in the epileptic human temporal lobe. Ann Neurol 26:321–330. van Paesschen W, Revesz T. (1997) Hippocampal sclerosis. In Scaravilli F (Ed) Neuropathology of epilepsy. World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 505–578. Wintersperger BJ, Runge VM, Biswas J, Nelson CB, Stemmer A, Si- monetta AB, Reiser MF, Naul LG, Schoenberg SO. (2006) Brain magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla using BLADE compared with standard rectilinear data sampling. Invest Radiol 41:586– 592. Epilepsia, 49(1):33–39, 2008 doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01277.x