not recorded. Study participation may also have inﬂuenced treatment patterns because exam results were reported to the participants. Despite these limitations, our ﬁndings provide new information about sex and sex-speciﬁc race/ethnicity differences in cardiovascular risk factor treatment and control among individuals with diabetes in a contemporary multi- ethnic cohort with diverse sources of insurance. In conclusion, we found that among subjects with diabetes in MESA, women had unfavorable cardiovascular risk fac- tor proﬁles compared with men at base- line exam; however, these differences diminished over time. African American and Hispanic women had less favorable proﬁles than NHW women. Acknowledgments — This research was sup- ported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) contracts N01-HC-95159 through N01-HC-95169 and General Medi- cine Training Grant D55HP05154-01-00 (Health Services Research Administration [HRSA]). G.J.W. has received support from the HRSA through a postdoctoral research training grant. R.G.B. has received support from NHLBI and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. O.C. has received support from HRSA, NHLBI, and the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A.G.B. has received support from NHLBI and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. S.S. has received support from NHLBI, NIA, HRSA, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Ser- vices (CMS), and the American Cancer Society. No potential conﬂicts of interest relevant to this article were reported. References 1. Saaddine JB, Engelgau MM, Beckles GL, Gregg EW, Thompson TJ, Narayan KM. Improvements in diabetes processes of care and intermediate outcomes: United States, 1988 –2002. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:465– 474 2. Saydah SH, Fradkin J, Cowie CC. Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes. JAMA 2004;291:335–342 3. Wexler DJ, Grant RW, Meigs JB, Nathan DM, Cagliero E. Sex disparities in treat- ment of cardiac risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:514 –520 4. Ferrara A, Williamson DF, Karter AJ, Thompson TJ, Kim C. Sex differences in quality of health care related to ischemic heart disease prevention in patients with diabetes: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study, 2000 –2001. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2974 – 2986 5. Tseng CL, Sambamoorthi U, Rajan M, Ti- wari A, Frayne S, Findley P, Pogach L. Are there gender differences in diabetes care among elderly Medicare enrolled veter- ans? J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:S47–S53 6. Bertoni AG, Clark JM, Feeney P, Yanovski SZ, Bantle J, Montgomery B, Safford MM, Herman WH, Haffner S. Suboptimal con- trol of glycemia, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol in overweight adults with dia- betes: the Look AHEAD Study. J Diabetes Complications 2008;22:1–9 7. Brown AF, Gregg EW, Stevens MR, Karter AJ, Weinberger M, Safford MM, Gary TL, Caputo DA, Kim C, Beckles GL. Race, eth- nicity, socioeconomic position, and qual- ity of care for adults with diabetes enrolled in managed care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes Winston and Associates (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care 2005;28: 2864 –2870 8. Bonds DE, Zaccaro DJ, Karter AJ, Selby JV, Saad M, Goff DC. Ethnic and racial differences in diabetes care: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabe- tes Care 2003;26:1040 –1046 9. Harris MI. Racial and ethnic differences in health care access and health outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001;24:454 – 459 10. Correa-de-Araujo R, McDermontt K, Moy E. Gender differences across racial and ethnic groups in the quality of care for diabetes. Womens Health Issues 2006;16: 56 – 65 11. Trivedi AN, Zaslavsky AM, Schneider EC, Ayanian JZ. Trends in the quality of care and racial disparities in Medicare man- aged care. N Engl J Med 2005;353:692– 700 12. Chou AF, Brown AF, Jensen RE, Shih S, Pawlson G, Hudson-Scholle S. Gender and racial disparities in the management of diabetes mellitus among Medicare pa- tients. Womens Health Issues 2007;17: 150 –161 13. Adams AS, Zhang F, Mah C, Grant RW, Kleinman K, Meigs JB, Ross-Degnan D. Race differences in long-term diabetes management in an HMO. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2844 –2849 14. Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Detrano R, Diez Roux AV, Folsom AR, Greenland P, Jacob DR, JR, Kronmal R, Liu K, Nelson JC, O’Leary D, Saad MF, Shea S, Szklo M, Tracy RP. Multi-ethnic study of athero- sclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epi- demiol 2002;156:871– 881 15. Harris MI, Eastman RC, Cowie CC, Flegal KM, Eberhardt MS. Racial and ethnic dif- ferences in glycemic control of adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22: 403– 408 DIABETES CARE, VOLUME 32, NUMBER 8, AUGUST 2009 1469