van Leeuwen et al. All individuals Dioxins CC –0.021 p-Value 0.723 PCBs CC 0.021 p-Value 0.704 HCB CC –0.017 p-Value 0.762 p,p´-DDE CC 0.022 p-Value 0.701 Cd (blood) CC 0.058 p-Value 0.302 Cd (urine) CC 0.023 p-Value 0.676 Pb CC 0.042 p-Value 0.455 t,t-MA CC –0.158 p-Value 0.007* 1-OH-pyrene CC –0.012 p-Value 0.825 COMET (median) CC 0.096 p-Value 0.148 Cells with MN CC –0.001 p-Value 0.984 MN ‰ a CC –0.027 p-Value 0.669 8-OH-dG CC 0.033 p-Value 0.554 PSA CC –0.115 p-Value 0.146 p53 CC –0.022 p-Value 0.719 CEA CC 0.113 p-Value 0.07 Females only Dioxins CC –0.055 p-Value 0.510 PCBs CC –0.065 p-Value 0.413 HCB CC –0.099 p-Value 0.213 p,p´-DDE CC –0.050 p-Value 0.532 Cd (blood) CC 0.060 p-Value 0.452 Cd (urine) CC –0.062 p-Value 0.439 Pb CC –0.045 p-Value 0.575 t,t-MA CC –0.164 p-Value 0.045* 1524 0.053 0.345 0.083 0.141 0.049 0.38 –0.07 0.215 0.029 0.604 0.005 0.923 –0.019 0.744 0.134 0.016* 0.102 0.123 0.093 0.144 0.075 0.235 –0.008 0.884 –0.039 0.625 –0.044 0.459 –0.107 0.085 –0.154 0.066 0.008 0.920 0.122 0.124 0.042 0.598 –0.032 0.688 –0.015 0.849 –0.045 0.572 0.023 0.782 0.127 0.023* 0.116 0.039* 0.137 0.014* 0.113 0.045* 0.118 0.034* 0.013 0.819 –0.056 0.341 –0.012 0.837 0.019 0.774 –0.017 0.785 –0.032 0.616 0.071 0.209 –0.063 0.429 –0.067 0.263 –0.015 0.815 –0.086 0.307 0.028 0.730 0.002 0.978 0.028 0.723 0.083 0.300 0.005 0.952 –0.065 0.415 –0.055 0.508 Abbreviations: HCB, hexachlorobenzene; MN ‰, number of micronuclei per 1,000 binucleated cells. *p < 0.05. –0.058 0.323 –0.008 0.898 0.119 0.043* –0.069 0.242 0.068 0.248 0.124 0.027* –0.063 0.265 –0.006 0.918 0.145 0.010* 0.079 0.161 0.101 0.072 0.131 0.019* –0.057 0.307 –0.021 0.718 0.041 0.461 0.095 0.151 –0.036 0.567 –0.037 0.558 0.055 0.327 –0.111 0.164 –0.105 0.08 –0.097 0.121 –0.067 0.426 0.050 0.531 –0.044 0.584 0.037 0.648 0.092 0.251 0.014 0.863 –0.132 0.098 –0.019 0.815 0.136 0.021* 0.076 0.177 0.046 0.41 0 0.996 0.051 0.363 –0.045 0.424 –0.016 0.782 –0.004 0.946 0.052 0.431 –0.017 0.788 –0.009 0.891 0.013 0.811 0.019 0.808 –0.084 0.161 –0.108 0.082 0.056 0.508 0.013 0.874 –0.079 0.325 –0.163 0.040* –0.015 0.854 –0.011 0.886 –0.099 0.216 0.093 0.259 0.089 0.111 0.046 0.416 0.03 0.599 0.05 0.371 0.103 0.066 –0.105 0.061 –0.056 0.334 0.003 0.962 0.104 0.117 0.071 0.261 0.048 0.452 0.086 0.127 0.002 0.983 –0.125 0.037* 0.018 0.771 0.051 0.542 –0.042 0.596 –0.038 0.633 –0.092 0.249 –0.030 0.704 –0.073 0.361 0.143 0.125 0.010* 0.026* 0.045 0.424 0.104 0.063 0.086 0.127 0.175 0.002* 0.072 –0.035 0.201 0.534 0.071 –0.085 0.207 0.13 –0.037 0.509 0.003 0.961 0.051 –0.086 0.379 0.14 0.147 –0.021 0.008* 0.706 0.049 0.464 0.115 0.082 –0.002 –0.008 0.981 0.905 –0.022 –0.011 0.731 0.859 0.011 0.839 0.031 0.579 0.073 –0.008 0.358 0.924 0.02 0.734 –0.065 0.279 –0.106 –0.018 0.09 0.779 –0.129 –0.007 0.124 0.931 0.145 –0.015 0.068 0.854 0.017 0.831 0.099 0.214 0.077 0.334 0.041 0.611 0.074 0.354 0.084 0.294 0.070 –0.098 0.378 0.220 –0.178 0.025* –0.009 –0.074 0.910 0.354 –0.061 0.458 0.036 –0.074 0.662 0.371 Table 6. Correlation coefﬁcients (CCs) of the correlations of any of the gene expressions with blood or urinary measures of biomarkers of exposure, markers of early biological effect, or tumor markers, regardless of regions of residence, among current nonsmokers (never-smokers and former smokers combined) for all individuals, female participants only, and male participants only. CYP1B1 ATF4 MAPK14 SOD2 CXCL1 DGAT2 TIGD3 PINK1 CYP1B1 ATF4 MAPK14 SOD2 CXCL1 DGAT2 TIGD3 PINK1 Females only 1-OH-pyrene CC –0.033 p-Value 0.682 COMET (median) CC 0.150 p-Value 0.106 Cells with MN CC 0.085 p-Value 0.341 MN ‰ CC 0.081 p-Value 0.364 8-OH-dG CC –0.004 p-Value 0.960 p53 CC –0.042 p-Value 0.625 CEA CC 0.180 p-Value 0.041* Males only Dioxins CC 0.012 p-Value 0.889 PCBs CC 0.089 p-Value 0.262 HCB CC 0.156 p-Value 0.049* p,p´-DDE CC 0.109 p-Value 0.170 Cd (blood) CC 0.114 p-Value 0.152 Cd (urine) CC 0.198 p-Value 0.012* Pb CC 0.110 p-Value 0.168 t,t-MA CC –0.115 p-Value 0.166 1-OH-pyrene CC 0.038 p-Value 0.633 COMET (median) CC 0.039 p-Value 0.684 Cells with MN CC 0.003 p-Value 0.973 MN ‰ CC –0.048 p-Value 0.602 8-OH-dG CC 0.105 p-Value 0.185 PSA CC –0.115 p-Value 0.146 p53 CC –0.031 p-Value 0.846 CEA CC 0.016 p-Value 0.859 0.147 0.065 0.041 0.662 0.065 0.464 0.038 0.670 0.061 0.447 –0.106 0.214 –0.119 0.178 0.029 0.729 0.092 0.247 0.081 0.310 0.061 0.444 –0.091 0.255 0.093 0.240 0.049 0.537 –0.041 0.625 0.135 0.089 0.174 0.068 0.165 0.068 0.157 0.083 –0.069 0.383 –0.039 0.625 0.172 0.281 –0.106 0.235 –0.069 0.387 0.085 0.358 –0.143 0.109 –0.138 0.122 0.04 0.621 –0.111 0.191 –0.059 0.507 0.067 0.424 0.228 0.004* 0.225 0.004* 0.236 0.003* 0.133 0.094 0.224 0.004* 0.092 0.247 –0.060 0.470 0.029 0.712 –0.055 0.566 0.095 0.298 0.053 0.560 0.098 0.216 –0.063 0.429 0.020 0.900 0.039 0.665 –0.066 0.411 0.138 0.136 –0.230 0.009* –0.216 0.015* 0.044 0.583 –0.129 0.128 –0.186 0.034* 0.054 0.523 0.258 0.001* 0.124 0.118 0.193 0.015* 0.067 0.403 0.182 0.022* 0.033 0.680 –0.057 0.495 0.104 0.189 0.044 0.645 0.089 0.326 0.065 0.473 0.040 0.618 –0.111 0.164 –0.097 0.545 0.028 0.754 0.001 0.986 0.124 0.182 –0.153 0.085 –0.147 0.098 –0.017 0.831 –0.059 0.490 –0.008 0.927 0.227 0.006* 0.150 0.058 0.135 0.088 0.028 0.727 –0.015 0.853 0.076 0.337 0.020 0.807 –0.139 0.093 –0.026 0.745 –0.037 0.702 0.117 0.198 0.128 0.158 0.031 0.696 0.019 0.808 –0.169 0.290 –0.230 0.009* –0.144 0.071 0.255 0.005* –0.084 0.347 –0.098 0.271 0.022 0.782 –0.153 0.071 0.031 0.730 0.181 0.030* 0.213 0.007* 0.062 0.438 0.117 0.141 0.075 0.346 0.205 0.009* –0.035 0.665 –0.082 0.321 0.089 0.265 –0.038 0.692 0.156 0.085 0.116 0.202 0.126 0.112 0.002 0.983 –0.122 0.448 0.018 0.838 0.146 –0.041 0.066 0.605 –0.002 –0.141 0.977 0.096 –0.094 –0.097 0.286 0.271 0.106 0.252 –0.118 0.185 –0.124 0.165 0.109 0.175 –0.011 0.895 0.146 0.065 0.058 0.469 0.105 0.185 0.061 0.440 –0.061 0.443 0.144 0.069 –0.017 0.860 0.140 0.123 0.100 0.271 –0.092 0.245 –0.109 0.497 –0.123 0.166 0.134 0.147 0.009 0.921 0.017 0.851 0.054 0.504 0.138 0.098 0.233 0.003* 0.245 0.002* 0.287 0.000* 0.009 0.910 0.051 0.522 0.029 0.712 0.101 0.293 0.081 0.374 0.069 0.449 0.048 0.544 0.101 0.530 0.041 0.643 0.060 –0.064 0.452 0.426 0.058 –0.055 0.485 0.512 0.073 –0.008 0.358 0.924 VOLUME 116 | NUMBER 11 | November 2008 • Environmental Health Perspectives