Jaiban et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:45 http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/7/1/45 Page 3 of 5 Figure 2 SEM micrographs of BNZT ceramics. The samples were sintered at 950°C; (a) x = 0.3, (b) x = 0.4, (c) x = 0.5, and (d) x = 0.6. Table 1 Lattice parameters and grain size of BNZT ceramics x (hkl) 2θobs 2θcal Lattice parameters 0.3 (042) 56.13 56.10 a = 5.6893 Å b = 8.0434 Å c = 5.6553 Å a = 90° 0.4 (300) 56.51 56.52 a = 3.9875 Å; a = 89.9247° 0.5 (300) 56.61 56.60 a = 3.9835 Å; a = 89.8975° 0.6 (300) 56.97 56.97 a = 3.9602 Å; a = 89.8713° Grain size (μm) 5.65 ± 1.63 5.55 ± 1.84 5.07 ± 1.57 3.76 ± 1.24 x, amount of Ti4+; 2θobs, observed reflection angle; 2θcal, calculated reflection angle. 0.5 mole fraction and decreased sharply for the Bi0.5Na0.5Zr0.4Ti0.6O3 specimen. The mentioned analysis suggested that Ti addition also affected the microstructure of BNZT materials. Furthermore, in Figure 2a, a weak trace of secondary phases was observed for the sintered specimen with the Bi0.5Na0.5Zr0.7Ti0.3O3 composition. EDX analysis of the light-gray secondary phase was not performed since its volume was too small for the analysis to be reliable. However, in a dark-gray area, the phase was found to be ZrO2. It was expected that evaporation of Na and Bi might occur which often resulted in a formation of