Journal of Aging Research Aging, which have collected a rich dataset spanning multiple biological and psychosocial levels over several years, thus providing an exceptional design for longitudinal evaluation of the biological-psychosocial interactions for a large cohort of elderly individuals [135]. Future smaller-scale (i.e., inter- vention trials and animal-based models) integrative research initiatives should build from the strengths and experience of this and other such longitudinal endeavours [136]. 8. Conclusions In conclusion, as a rejoinder to the question “What are the pathways that impact individuals rate of aging?”, we ought to answer that there are surely several diﬀerent pathways to healthy aging. These pathways must depend not on sin- gular factors acting independently, but on interactive forces among multiple levels of function operating in synergy [108], including biological, behavioural, psychosocial and spiritual factors [108]. Identifying the developmental nature of “pathways to aging” is an interdisciplinary task inviting researchers in aging to join forces to discover and reﬁne our comprehension of the intersections between our respective disciplines. Biomedical scientists need to appreciate the complexity of biological-psychosocial interactions involved in health processes; and psychosocial researchers need to appreciate the underlying biological factors susceptible to modulate individual responses to psychosocial challenges. This can be achieved, along with the ensuing collaborative interdisciplinary successes in research, by deﬁning and empirically testing potential intersection points among bio- logical and psychosocial disciplines. A deeper understanding of these intersections, and of the ensuing mind-body cross- talk [92], will enhance our appreciation of the multiple interacting facets that collectively determine optimal and suboptimal rates of aging for individuals. 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