4 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hexane DCM EA MeTH BHT Figure 1: DPPH absorption inhibition (%) of EI extracts isolated with methanol, EA, hexane and DCM. Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3. Table 2: Paper disk diﬀusion of EI extracts eﬀects on bacterial growth. Bacterial strains Diameter of inhibition (mm) EI extracts MRSA PA SC BS Hexane 13 ± 0.9 11 ± 0.8 − − DCM 7 ± 0.4 − − − EA 10 ± 0.7 12 ± 0.5 11 ± 0.7 − MeTH − − − − Streptomycin (10 µg/disc) 20 ± 1.5 20 ± 1.3 23 ± 1.5 23 ± 1.0 The screening of the extracts antibacterial eﬀect was carried out by deter- mining the zone of inhibition using paper disc (6 mm in diameter, Whatman No. 1) diﬀusion method (n = 2). MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; SC, Salmonella choleraesuis and BS, Bacillus subtilis. Streptomycin showed 20, 20, 23 and 23 mm inhibition towards MRSA, PA, SC and BS, respectively. extract showed a broad spectrum activity, compared with the positive control (Streptomycin) against all tested bacteria except for B. subtilis, which showed resistance to all extracts of EI. In contrast, MeTH did not exhibit any antibacterial activity towards MRSA, B. subtilis B29, P. aeruginosa 60690 and S. choleraesuis. The positive control, Streptomycin, had shown zones of inhibition of 20 ± 1.5, 20 ± 1.3, 23 ± 1.5 and 23 ± 1.0 mm in MRSA, P. aeruginosa, S. choleraesuis and B. subtilis, respectively. 3.3. Anti-Tumor Eﬀects of EI Extract. The cytotoxic eﬀects of the extracts of EI on MCF-7, HT-29 and CEM-SS cancer cell lines were examined in this study by MTT. A dose- response curve for the percentages of viability cells (0–100%) was plotted against concentrations of 0.469–60 µg/ml of the extracts. The four extracts did not produce any cytotoxic eﬀects on MCF-7, HT-29 and CEM-SS cancer cell lines (>30 µg/ml) when compared with the control RPMI 1640 and DMSO. 4. Discussion Interest in ﬁnding naturally occurring antioxidants for use in foods or medicinal materials to replace synthetic antioxidants has been increased considerably. Restrictions Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine on the use of synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and BHT are being imposed due to their carcinogenicity [24]; therefore, a need for identifying alternative natural and safe sources of antioxidants, especially of plant origin, has increased in recent years [25]. In this study, the hexane, DCM, EA and MeTH of EI were assayed for their antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-cancer properties using TPCs and DPPH, disc diﬀusion method and MTT cytotoxicity assay tests. The extraction procedure used was cold maceration, in which the solvents used were in the order of increasing polarity. The therapeutic beneﬁt of medicinal plants is usu- ally contributed to their antioxidant properties [26–28]. Phenolic compounds possess diverse biological activities such as anti-inﬂammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti- atherosclerotic activities. These activities might be related to their antioxidant activity [29]. Other studies showed that there were signiﬁcant correlations between phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of medicinal plants under investigations [30, 31]. In this respect, a part of our study was determining TPC in diﬀerent extracts obtained from EI. Our results revealed that there is a strong and signiﬁcant correlation between TPC and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the EI extracts. As a result, the MeTH of EI was showed to have the highest TPC when compared with DCM, hexane and EA extracts. Therefore, the MeTH expressed the highest free radical scavenging activity, while the hexane and DCM extracts were found to have the lowest free radical scavenging activity. However, the antioxidant properties of the MeTH mostly attributed to the phenolic composition, in contrast to the other fractions in which they showed to have less amount of phenolic content as well as less free radical scavenging activities. On the other hand, the lower antioxidant activity of DCM with higher TPC compared with EA may be explained by the less polar components of this fraction than the EA. These ﬁndings are in agreement with previous investigation of medicinal plants where they showed that the DPPH scavenging activity of the MeTH was found to be higher than that of hexane and DCM extracts, suggesting that the hydrogen-donating compounds are more likely to be present in polar solvents [32]. In addition to screening the antioxidant properties, we have also investigated the antibacterial activities of diﬀerent extracts from EI (Table 2). Studies on antibacterial activities of medicinal plants are currently undergoing rapid progress but using diﬀerent screening methods. In this respect, the disc diﬀusion method is the ﬁrst method of choice due to its simplicity and capability of analyzing large number of samples. In addition, several previous publications had exploited the disc diﬀusion method to determine antibacte- rial activity [33, 34]. Results of the present study indicated that hexane extract is the good bactericidal fraction of EI towards the tested bacterial strains, MRSA, B. subtilis B29, P. aeruginosa 60690 and S. choleraesuis, while EA extract was the next in potency as the antibacterial agent. However, the results of antibacterial activities of EI extracts indicated that MeTH did not exhibit any antibacterial activity. Hence, hexane extract will be the best target for further research for the development of antibacterial agents.