Journal of Aging Research 3 Table 1: Snap-shot of the relevant studies∗ investigating the relationship of aerobic exercise and BMD of various skeletal sites. Bone measurements (BMD/BMC) DXA (Lunar DPX-L) (GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI) and McCue Ultrasonics (Winchester, UK) Results Regular brisk walking for 1 year increased BMD signiﬁcantly at calcaneus and almost signiﬁcantly at the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women compared to controls DXA (XR-26 Mark II machine, Norland Corp., WI) Femoral neck BMD was signiﬁcantly increased in postmenopausal women on treadmill compared to controls Authors (reference) Design/subjects Brook-Wavell et al. 1997 [20] 78 sedentary women were assigned to either brisk walking (n = 38) for 1 year or controls (n = 40) 43 postmenopausal Chinese women were assigned to either treadmill walking or Chien et al. 2000 [21] stepping exercise (n = 23) for 6-month and nonexercise controls (n = 21) for 2 years [E2b2r]ahim et al. 1997 r9a8npdoosmtmlyeanlolopcaautseadl twoobmriesnk wwearlkeing (n = 49) or placebo group (n = 48) 33 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 12 controls Hatori et al. 1993 [8] (n = 12), moderate intensity walking (n = 9), and high-intensity walking group (n = 12) for 7 months I[l2i3ch]-Ernst et al. 2002 f7po7rreospeladnsettrwpChaaylkusiicncaagsliaanctwivoitmyeanndwperaestaasnsedssed I2l0ic0h8 a[n24d]Brownbill (c9so7lmopwop,saftramesdte,nroeorgpabarrudissinkal)gwthoemwenalkwienrge pace 35 postmenopausal women were Iwamoto et al. 2002 assigned to either brisk walking and [25] gymnastic training (n = 15) or controls (n = 20) for 1 years Premenopausal runners (n = 10) and postmenopausal women (n = 9) runners Kirk et al. 1989 [26] and matched premenopausal sedentary controls (n = 10) and postmenopausal sedentary controls (n = 9) 1KD9ra9aw4lls[ao2nn7d-]Hughes a2hws3iass7letkoshisrneeicagdaltblhypyaqCrutaiecusitcpiaoastniianonnaiwrineomoofuectnduowrroeerrnet and 136 women were assigned to either AEX Lord et al. 1996 [28] with strength training (n = 66) or control group (n = 70) for 42 weeks Runners (n = 28) and nonrunner Lane et al. 1998 [29] controls (n = 27) were followed for 9 years 55 postmenopausal women were Martin and assigned to control (n = 19), 30-minute Notelovitz 1993 [30] AEX (n = 20), or 45-minute AEX (n = 16) for 12 months [M31ic]hel et al. 1992 cyEoeldanretsrrorlusn(nne=rs 1(4n)=w1er4e)faonlldowmeadtcfhoerd5 63 older people with chronic strokes were randomly assigned to exercise Pang et al. 2005 [32] (n = 32) with ﬁtness and mobility exercise program and control (n = 31) with a seated upper extremity program DXA (Lunar DPX) (GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI) DXA (QDR-1000) (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA) DXA (Lunar DPX-MD) (GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI) DXA (Lunar DPX-MD) (GE Medical Systems, Madison, WI) DXA (XR-26 or XR-36) (Norland, Fort Atkinson, WI) QCT QCT DXA Brisk walking for 2 years had less femoral neck BMD loss than placebo groups 7-month high-intensity walking attenuated bone loss at the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women Hip bone mass increased in subjects walking at a brisk or fast pace A signiﬁcantly higher femoral neck BMD/BMC at a brisk walking pace than a slow walking pace One year of brisk walking combined with gymnastic training signiﬁcantly increased the spine BMD Postmenopausal runners tended to have lower lumbar spine BMD than premenopausal women runners and age-matched controls Women who walked more than 7.5 miles/week had higher whole body, leg, and trunk BMD than those who walked less than 1 mile/week Runners lost less bone in the spine than controls Moderate AEX did not improve lumbar or forearm BMD Running reduced age-related bone loss both in women and men over 50 years of age DXA (Lunar DPX) (Lunar Corp., Madison, WI) DXA (Lunar DPX) (Lunar Corp., Madison, WI) There was no diﬀerence in BMD at diﬀerent sites QCT (Quantitative GE 9800 CT) DXA (QDR 4500) (Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA) Exercise group maintained the femoral neck BMD, while a signiﬁcant reduction in BMD was observed in controls