Nanoscale Res Lett (2009) 4:70–77 Considering the TNF-a level, we can infer that the decrease of viability is caused from proliferation inhibition of SMC by DMSA-MNPs. However, the viability of SMC has not shown obviously statistical difference when incubated with three types of MNPs at the same concentration (0.1 mg/mL) and incu- bation time (24 h), which demonstrates that the properties of MNPs (used in the experiments) hardly have effect on the viability of SMC. The data are shown in Fig. 9c. Conclusions The work has focused on the effect of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles on SMCs. The magnetic nanoparticles (DMSA-MNPs APTS-MNPs, and GLU-MNPs) have the same crystal structure, magnetic properties, and size dis- tribution. Cellular uptake of MNPs displays the dose, the incubation time, and surface property dependent patterns. Through the thin section TEM images, we observe that DMSA-MNPs are incorporated into the lysosome of SMC. 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