Dovepress Cognitive impairment associated with slower physical test results Table 4 Multiple ordinal regression of cognitive impairment, with controls, intermediates, and cases as the dependent variable, and separate physical performance testsa, adjusted for confounders Notes: aMultiple ordinal regression with controls, intermediates, and cases (highest category) as dependent variable; badjusted for age, sex, education, drinking habits, physical activity during the past year, anemia, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure with symptoms, and osteoarthritis of the hip/knee; conly the results from subjects not needing walking aids to perform the test were included in the analysis. Abbreviations: P, probability; OR, odds ratio; CI, 95% confidence interval; TUG, Timed Up and Go; WS, walking speed; OLS, one-leg standing, eyes open. and right legs), WS, and walking 2 × 15 m at the higher speed were also significantly different between the controls and intermediates. The test that showed a tendency to dif- ferentiate among all three groups was walking 2 × 15 m at higher speed (Table 5). OLS was more impaired in cases and intermediates, who showed poorer performance in the OLS test than did the controls (Table 4). An inability to stand on one leg for 10 seconds was associated with increased risk of being a case, compared to those able to stand for 30 seconds or longer. Table 5 An adjusted general linear modelb between separate performance tests and cognitive impairment for cases, controls, and intermediates Controls/intermediates vs cases B P n 1970 1964 1931 1960 1958 1891 1887 1888 1887 1877 – – 1874 – – Estimate -0.049 -0.046 0.033 0.024 0.102 -0.204 -0.678 0.006 0.051 0.376 0.487 0.192 0.578 0.295 0.409 0.794 0.183 0.721 0.228 -0.614 -0.344 -0.454 -0.367 0.055 0.023 -0.931 -0.519 0.002 0.541 0.005 0.433 0.013 0.222 ,0.001 0.004 0.002 0.266 ,0.001 0.063 Physical performance testb Step test, right leg (n) Step test, left leg (n) Chair stands (s) TUG self-selected speedc (s) TUG fast speedc (s) Self-selected WSc (m/s) Fast WSc (m/s) Time, 2 × 15 m, self-selected speedc (s) Time, 2 × 15 m, fast speedc (s) OLS ,10s, right leg OLS ,20s, right leg OLS ,30s, right leg OLS ,10s, left leg OLS ,20s, left leg OLS ,30s, left leg Physical performance testa Step test, right leg (n) Controls Intermediates Step test, left leg (n) Controls Intermediates Chair stands (s) Controls Intermediates TUG fast speedc (s) Controls Intermediates Fast WSc (m/s) Controls Intermediates Time, 2 × 15 m, fast speedc (s) Controls Intermediates Notes: aAdjusted for age, sex, education, drinking habits, physical activity during the past year, anemia, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure with symptoms, and osteoarthritis of the hip/knee; bthe case group was the reference; conly the results from subjects not needing walking aids to perform the test were included in the analysis. Abbreviations: B, estimate; P, probability; Pd, P-value for comparison between intermediates and controls; OR, odds ratio; CI, 95% confidence interval; TUG, timed up and go; WS, walking speed; OLS, one-leg standing, eyes open. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2012:7 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Dovepress 201 P ,0.001 ,0.001 0.009 0.216 ,0.001 0.416 ,0.001 0.621 ,0.001 0.006 0.002 0.321 ,0.001 0.060 0.031 95% CI 0.28–1.31 -0.40–0.77 0.22–1.22 -0.34–0.80 -1.10 to -0.13 -0.90–0.21 -0.67 to -0.24 -0.62 to -0.12 0.02–0.09 -0.02–0.06 -1.41 to -0.45 -1.07–0.03 OR 0.95 0.96 1.03 1.02 1.11 0.82 0.51 1.01 1.05 1.46 1.63 1.21 1.78 1.34 1.51 95% CI 0.93–0.98 0.93–0.98 1.01–1.06 0.99–1.06 1.05–1.17 0.50–1.33 0.35–0.73 0.98–1.03 1.03–1.08 1.11–1.91 1.20–2.21 0.83–1.77 1.34–2.37 0.99–1.82 1.04–2.19 Intermediates vs controls Pd 95% CI 0.006 -1.05 to -0.18 0.023 -0.92 to -0.07 0.195 -0.14–0.68 0.360 -0.10–0.27 0.036 -0.06 to -0.00 0.047 0.01–0.82