Case Reports in Medicine Cryptosporidium parvum,” The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 16–22, 2003. [22] S. Rivera, W. Briggs, D. Qian, and F. R. Sattler, “Levels of HIV RNA are quantitatively related to prior weight loss in HIV- associated wasting,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deﬁciency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 411– 418, 1998. [23] R. H. Lyles, A. M. Tang, E. Smit et al., “Virologic, immuno- logic, and immune activation markers as predictors of HIV- associated weight loss prior to AIDS,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deﬁciency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 386–394, 1999. [24] C. M. Shikuma, V. G. Valcour, S. Ratto-Kim et al., “HIV- associated wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a syndrome of residual HIV infection in monocytes and macrophages?” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1846–1848, 2005. [25] D. Waters, J. Danska, K. Hardy et al., “Recombinant human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and combi- nation therapy in AIDS-associated wasting: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 125, no. 11, pp. 865–872, 1996. [26] N. N. Singh and F. P. Thomas, “HIV associated myopathies,” February 2010, http://emedicine.medscape.com/. [27] F. Visnegarwala, S. S. Raghavan, C. M. Mullin et al., “Sex dif- ferences in the associations of HIV disease characteristics and body composition in antiretroviral-naive persons,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 850–856, 2005. [28] S. Bhasin, T. W. Storer, M. Javanbakht et al., “Testosterone replacement and resistance exercise in HIV-infected men with weight loss and low testosterone levels,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 283, no. 6, pp. 763–770, 2000. [29] S. Grinspoon, “Mechanisms and treatment of androgen deﬁciency in HIV disease,” Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 332–336, 2000. [30] S. Grinspoon, C. Corcoran, K. Miller et al., “Body composition and endocrine function in women with acquired immunode- ﬁciency syndrome wasting,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1332–1337, 1997. [31] D. W. Spence, M. L. A. Galantino, K. A. Mossberg, and S. O. Zimmerman, “Progressive resistance exercise: eﬀect on muscle function and anthropometry of a select AIDS population,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 644–648, 1990. [32] G. Kaplan, S. Thomas, D. S. Fierer et al., “Thalidomide for the treatment of AIDS-associated wasting,” AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol. 16, no. 14, pp. 1345–1355, 2000. [33] C. Hawkins and R. L. Murphy, “Management of antiretroviral failure and resistance in developing countries,” Current Opin- ion in HIV and AIDS, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 538–544, 2009. 5