DeStephens, Arizona Department of Public Health; Arthur Davidson, Denver Health and Hospital Authority; Aaron Roome, Connecticut Department of Public Health; James Welch, Delaware Department of Public Health; Rebecca Grigg and Pam Lowell, Florida Department of Health; Jeffrey Lenox and Alan Fann, Emory University School of Medicine; Marcia Wolverton, Houston Department of Health and Human Services; Fran Eury, Illinois Department of Public Health; Jeni Mulqueen, Anthony Merriweather, and Gail Hansen, Kansas Department of Health and Environment; Amy Rock Wohl and Denise Johnston, Los Angeles County Department of Health; Ellen Caldeira, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Eve Mokotoff, Sha Juan Colbert, and Shanell McGoy, Michigan Department of Community Health; Richard Danila and Don Stiepan, Minnesota Department of Public Health; Sally D’Errico, New Jersey Department of Health; Mack Sewell, New Mexico Department References 1. Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, Frederick T, Bertolli J, et al. (2000) Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 30 Suppl 1: S5–14. 2. Hay JW, Osmond DH, Jacobson MA (1988) Projecting the medical costs of AIDS and ARC in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1: 466–485. 3. Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, Walzer PD, Hanson DL, et al. (2004) Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1713–1720. 4. Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, La Voie L (1988) Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. JAMA 259: 1185–1189. 5. CDC (1990) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 1989. 6. CDC (1993) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 1992. 7. Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK (2002) Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons–2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 51: 1–52. 8. US Department of Health and Human Services (2000) Healthy People 2010: understanding and improving health. 2nd ed. 2000. 9. Teshale EH, Hanson DL, Wolfe MI, Brooks JT, Kaplan JE, et al. (2007) Reasons for lack of appropriate receipt of primary Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis among HIV-infected persons receiving treatment in the United States: 1994–2003. Clin Infect Dis 44: 879–883. 10. Kaplan JE, Parham DL, Soto-Torres L, van Dyck K, Greaves JA, et al. (1999) Adherence to guidelines for antiretroviral therapy and for preventing opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents in Ryan White-funded facilities in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 21: 228–235. 11. Lundberg BE, Davidson AJ, Burman WJ (2000) Epidemiology of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an era of effective prophylaxis: the relative contribution of non-adherence and drug failure. AIDS 14: 2559–2566. 12. Eldred LJ, Wu AW, Chaisson RE, Moore RD (1998) Adherence to antiretroviral and pneumocystis prophylaxis in HIV disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 18: 117–125. 13. Buehler JW, Diaz T, Hersh BS, Chu SY (1996) The supplement to HIV-AIDS Surveillance project: an approach for monitoring HIV risk behaviors. Public Health Rep 111 Suppl 1: 133–137. 14. Maisto SA, Saitz R (2003) Alcohol use disorders: screening and diagnosis. Am J Addict 12 Suppl 1: S12–25. 15. Agresti A (2002) Categorical Data Analysis. (Second edition). Hoboken, New Jersey: ohn Wiley and Sons, Inc. 16. Ammassari A, Antinori A, Aloisi MS, Trotta MP, Murri R, et al. (2004) Depressive symptoms, neurocognitive impairment, and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons. Psychosomatics 45: 394–402. 17. Arnsten JH, Demas PA, Grant RW, Gourevitch MN, Farzadegan H, et al. (2002) Impact of active drug use on antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users. J Gen Intern Med 17: 377–381. PCP Prophylaxis Nonadherence of Public Health; Kathleen Brady, Philadelphia Department of Public Health; Terri Stephens, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control; Sharon Melville and Sylvia Odem, Texas Department of Health; and Maria Courogen, Washington State Depart- ment of Health. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Author Contributions Analyzed the data: JH ACV GVN PSS. Contributed reagents/materials/ analysis tools: JH ACV GVN PSS ADM LH. Wrote the paper: JH. 18. Berg KM, Demas PA, Howard AA, Schoenbaum EE, Gourevitch MN, et al. (2004) Gender differences in factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy. J Gen Intern Med 19: 1111–1117. 19. Howard AA, Arnsten JH, Lo Y, Vlahov D, Rich JD, et al. (2002) A prospective study of adherence and viral load in a large multi-center cohort of HIV-infected women. AIDS 16: 2175–2182. 20. Lafeuillade A (2001) Factors affecting adherence and convenience in antiretroviral therapy. Int J STD AIDS 12 Suppl 4: 18–24. 21. Martini M, Recchia E, Nasta P, Castanotto D, Chiaffarino F, et al. (2004) Illicit drug use: can it predict adherence to antiretroviral therapy? Eur J Epidemiol 19: 585–587. 22. Moss AR, Hahn JA, Perry S, Charlebois ED, Guzman D, et al. (2004) Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in the homeless population in San Francisco: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 39: 1190–1198. 23. Sullivan PS, Campsmith ML, Nakamura GV, Begley EB, Schulden J, et al. (2007) Patient and regimen characteristics associated with self-reported nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE 2: e552. 24. Carrieri MP, Leport C, Protopopescu C, Cassuto JP, Bouvet E, et al. (2006) Factors associated with nonadherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a 5- year follow-up analysis with correction for the bias induced by missing data in the treatment maintenance phase. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 41: 477–485. 25. Gordillo V, del Amo J, Soriano V, Gonzalez-Lahoz J (1999) Sociodemographic and psychological variables influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13: 1763–1769. 26. Starace F, Ammassari A, Trotta MP, Murri R, De Longis P, et al. (2002) Depression is a risk factor for suboptimal adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31 Suppl 3: S136–139. 27. Samet JH, Libman H, Steger KA, Dhawan RK, Chen J, et al. (1992) Compliance with zidovudine therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, type 1: a cross-sectional study in a municipal hospital clinic. Am J Med 92: 495–502. 28. Haynes RB, Taylor DW, Sackett DL, Gibson ES, Bernholz CD, et al. (1980) Can simple clinical measurements detect patient noncompliance? Hypertension 2: 757–764. 29. Sumartojo E (1993) When tuberculosis treatment fails. A social behavioral account of patient adherence. Am Rev Respir Dis 147: 1311–1320. 30. Sackett DL (1979) Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 32: 51–63. 31. Murri R, Ammassari A, Trotta MP, De Luca A, Melzi S, et al. (2004) Patient- reported and physician-estimated adherence to HAART: social and clinic center-related factors are associated with discordance. J Gen Intern Med 19: 1104–1110. 32. Altice FL, Mostashari F, Friedland GH (2001) Trust and the acceptance of and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 28: 47–58. 33. Holmes WC, Pace JL (2002) HIV-seropositive individuals’ optimistic beliefs about prognosis and relation to medication and safe sex adherence. J Gen Intern Med 17: 677–683. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 7 March 2009 | Volume 4 | Issue 3 | e5002