Temporal Analysis of the Honey Bee Microbiome Figure 3. Detection of viruses and microbes in time-course samples from 20 honey bee colonies. (A) Arthropod pathogen microarray detection of viruses: sacbrood virus (SBV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), Israeli acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), deformed virus (DWV) in each colony (5 bees per sample). (B) Incidence of select parasites assessed by end-point PCR from a single time-point each month (each chart n = 20, except January n = 17); the positive sample percentages in each pie-chart are indicated in red. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020656.g003 and kinetoplast) and phylogenetic analysis unambiguously identify this species taxonomically. We have deposited the GADPH sequence (JF423199) for future molecular identification, and genomic sequencing of C. mellificae is underway. In order to specifically monitor Crithidia mellificae, additional oligonucleotides complementary to the C. mellificae rRNA and kinetoplast sequence were designed and included on the APM beginning in October 2009. These additional oligonucleotides PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 7 June 2011 | Volume 6 | Issue 6 | e20656