types of modifications like methylation and mainly glycosylation which include fucosylation and hexosylation, that are common to b-tubulin [54]. Such multiple isoforms of tubulin caused by PTMs were common in Leishmania and Trypanosoma [49,50]. As a result in a proteomic study with T. brucei 84 gel spots were predicted to match with b-tubulin [50]. Leishmania HSP70 are known to potentiate a Thl-type response and can act as an adjuvant when coconstruced with DNA vaccine [55]. Although immunization with L. major HSP70 failed to induce protective responses in CL [46], this antigen produce a Th1-type immune response, and was identified as a probable vaccine candidate for canine VL [56]. The microbial HSP70s have acquired special significance in immunity since they have been shown to be potent activators of the innate immune system via toll like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 signalling [57]. 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