References 1. Inoue T, Node K (2009) Molecular basis of restenosis and novel issues of drug- eluting stents. Circ J 73: 615–621. 2. Gong KW, Zhu GY, Wang LH, Tang CS (1996) Effect of active oxygen species on intimal proliferation in rat aorta after arterial injury. J Vasc Res 33: 42–46. 3. Ferguson HE, Thatcher TH, Olsen KC, Garcia-Bates TM, Baglole CJ, et al. (2006) Differential induction of apoptosis by cigarette smoke extract in primary human lung fibroblast strains: implications for emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291: L19–29. 4. Sundaresan M, Yu ZX, Ferrans VJ, Irani K, Finkel T (1995) Requirement for generation of H2O2 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction. Science 270: 296–299. 5. Berruyer C, Martin FM, Castellano R, Macone A, Malergue F, et al. (2004) Vanin- 12/2 mice exhibit a glutathione-mediated tissue resistance to oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 24: 7214–7224. 6. Hayes JD, McLellan LI (1999) Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 31: 273–300. 7. Brenner C (2002) Catalysis in the nitrilase superfamily. Curr Opin Struct Biol 12: 775–82. 8. Martin F, Malergue F, Pitari G, Philippe JM, Philips S, et al. (2001) Vanin genes are clustered (human 6q22–24 and mouse 10A2B1) and encode isoforms of pantetheinase ectoenzymes. Immunogenetics 53: 296–306. 9. Pouyet L, Roisin-Bouffay C, Cle´ment A, Millet V, Garcia S, et al. (2010) Epithelial Vanin-1 controls inflammation-driven carcinogenesis in the colitis- associated colon cancer model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16: 96–104. 10. Pitari G, Malergue F, Martin F, Philippe JM, Massucci MT, et al. (2000) Pantetheinase activity of membrane-bound Vanin-1: lack of free cysteamine in tissues of Vanin-1 deficient mice. FEBS Lett 483: 149–154. 11. Saghaei F, Karimi I, Jouyban A, Samini M (2010) Effects of captopril on the cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in the rat. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 12. Kaskow BJ, Michael Proffit J, Blangero J, Moses EK, Abraham LJ (2012). Diverse biological activities of the vascular non-inflammatory molecules - the Vanin pantetheinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 417: 653–658. 13. Garat CV, Fankell D, Erickson PF, Reusch JE, Bauer NN, et al. (2006) Platelet derived growth factor BB induces nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of CREB via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.Mol Cell Biol 26: 4934–4948. 14. Rothman A, Wolner B, Button D, Taylor P (1994) Immediate-early gene expression in response to hypertrophic and proliferative stimuli in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 269: 6399–6404. 15. Zhang B, Lo C, Shen L, Sood R, Jones C, et al. (2011) The role of Vanin-1 and oxidative stress-related pathways in distinguishing acute and chronic pediatric ITP. Blood 117: 4569–4579. 16. Berry C, Brosnan MJ, Fennell J, Hamilton CA, Dominiczak AF (2001) Oxidative stress and vascular damage in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 10: 247–255. 17. Doenhoff MJ, Stanley RG, Griffiths K, Jackson CL (2002) An anti-atherogenic effect of Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice associated with a parasite- induced lowering of blood total cholesterol. Parasitology 125: 415–421. 18. Berruyer C, Pouyet L, Millet V, Martin FM, LeGoffic A, et al. (2006) Vanin-1 licenses inflammatory mediator production by gut epithelial cells and controls colitis by antagonizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity. J Exp Med 203: 2817–2827. 19. Law RE, Goetz S, Xi XP, Jackson S, Kawano Y, et al. (2000) Expression and function of PPAR-c in rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 101: 1311–1318. 20. Hsueh WA, Jackson S, Law RE (2001) Control of Vascular Cell Proliferation and Migration by PPAR-gamma: A new approach to the macrovascular complications of diabetes. Diabetes Care 24: 392–397. 21. Feng W, Xing D, Hua P, Zhang Y, Chen YF (2010) The transcription factor ETS-1 mediates proinflammatory responses and neointima formation in carotid artery endoluminal vascular injury. Hypertension 55: 1381–1388. 22. Hultgardh-Nilsson A, Cercek B, Wang JW, Naito S, Lovdahl C (1996) Regulated expression of the ets-1 transcription factor in vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. Circ Res 78: 589–595. Vanin-1 in Vascular Remodeling Disease 23. Goetze S, Kintscher U, Kaneshiro K, Meehan WP, Collins A, et al. (2001) TNFalpha induces expression of transcription factors c-fos, Egr-1, and Ets-1 in vascular lesions through extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2. Atheroscle- rosis 159: 93–101. 24. Marx N, Sukhova G, Murphy C, Libby P, Plutzky J (1998) Macrophages in human atheroma contain PPARgamma: differentiation-dependent peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARgamma) expression and reduction of MMP-9 activity through PPARgamma activation in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro. Am J Pathol 153: 17–23. 25. Goetze S, Kintscher U, Kim S, Meehan WP, Kaneshiro K, et al. (2001) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands inhibit nuclear but not cytosolic extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase-regulated steps in vascular smooth muscle cell migration. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 38: 909–921. 26. Drummond GR, Selemidis S, Griendling KK, Sobey CG (2011) Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10: 453–471. 27. Datla SR, Griendling KK (2010) Reactive oxygen species, NADPH oxidases, and hypertension. Hypertension 56: 325–330. 28. Lassegue B, Griendling KK (2010) NADPH oxidases: functions and pathologies in the vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30: 653–661. 29. Shi Y, Niculescu R, Wang D, Patel S, Davenpeck KL, et al. (2001) Increased NAD(P)H oxidase and reactive oxygen species in coronary arteries after balloon injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 739–745. 30. Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M (2000) NAD(P)H oxidase: role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 86: 494–501. 31. Kosower NS, Kosower EM, Wertheim B, Correa WS (1969) Diamide, a new reagent for the intracellular oxidation of glutathione to the disulfide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 37: 593–596. 32. Bhanoori M, Yellaturu CR, Ghosh SK, Hassid A, Jennings LK, et al. (2003) Thiol alkylation inhibits the mitogenic effects of platelet-derived growth factor and renders it proapoptotic via activation of STATs and p53 and induction of expression of caspase1 and p21(waf1/cip1). Oncogene 22: 117–130. 33. Lander HM, Tauras JM, Ogiste JS, Hori O, Moss RA, et al. (1997) Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products triggers a p21(ras)-dependent mitogenactivated protein kinase pathway regulated by oxidant stress. J Biol Chem 272: 17810–17814. 34. Bruemmer D, Law RE (2003) Thiazolidinedione regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Am J Med 115 Suppl 8A: 87S–92S. 35. Chinetti G, Fruchart JC, Staels B (2001) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): nuclear receptors with functions in the vascular wall. Z Kardiol 90 Suppl 3: 125–132. 36. Hattori Y, Akimoto K, Kasai K (2000) The effects of thiazolidinediones on vascular smooth muscle cell activation by angiotensin II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273: 1144–1149. 37. Ciudin A, Hernandez C, Simo R (2012) Update on Cardiovascular Safety of PPARgamma Agonists and Relevance to Medicinal Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology. Curr Top Med Chem 12: 585–604. 38. Johnson KA, Yao W, Lane NE, Naquet P, Terkeltaub RA (2008) Vanin-1 pantetheinase drives increased chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal precur- sors in ank/ank mice. Am J Pathol 172: 440–453. 39. Ray JL, Leach R, Herbert JM, Benson M (2001) Isolation of vascular smooth muscle cells from a single murine aorta. Methods Cell Sci 23: 185–188. 40. Ruan BH, Cole DC, Wu P, Quazi A, Page K, et al. (2010) A fluorescent assay suitable for inhibitor screening and vanin tissue quantification. Anal Biochem 399: 284–292. 41. Miller FJ Jr, Gutterman DD, Rios CD, Heistad DD, Davidson BL (1998) Superoxide production in vascular smooth muscle contributes to oxidative stress and impaired relaxation in atherosclerosis. Circ Res 82: 1298–1305. 42. Galis ZS, Muszynski M, Sukhova GK, Simon-Morrissey E, Unemori EN, et al. (1994) Cytokine-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells synthesize a complement of enzymes required for extracellular matrix digestion. Circ Res 75: 181–189. 43. Gurjar MV, Sharma RV, Bhalla RC (1999) eNOS gene transfer inhibits smooth muscle cell migration and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 2871–2877. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 11 June 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 6 | e39106