linear fit [15]. All values are given as means 6 standard error of the mean (SEM). Mean values were compared between genotypes using either unpaired Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney (MW) test as appropriate. Supporting Information Table S1 Oligonucleotides name and sequence used in this study. (DOCX) References 1. Ropers HH (2008) Genetics of intellectual disability. Curr Opin Genet Dev 18: 241–250. 2. Takai Y, Sasaki T, Matozaki T (2001) Small GTP-binding proteins. Physiol Rev 81: 153–208. 3. D’Adamo P, Menegon A, Lo Nigro C, Grasso M, Gulisano M, et al. (1998) Mutations in GDI1 are responsible for X-linked non-specific mental retardation. Nat Genet 19: 134–139. 4. Giannandrea M, Bianchi V, Mignogna ML, Sirri A, Carrabino S, et al. (2010) Mutations in the small GTPase gene RAB39B are responsible for X-linked mental retardation associated with autism, epilepsy, and macrocephaly. Am J Hum Genet 86: 185–195. 5. D’Adamo P, Welzl H, Papadimitriou S, Raffaele di Barletta M, Tiveron C, et al. (2002) Deletion of the mental retardation gene Gdi1 impairs associative memory and alters social behavior in mice. Hum Mol Genet 11: 2567–2580. 6. Bianchi V, Farisello P, Baldelli P, Meskenaite V, Milanese M, et al. (2009) Cognitive impairment in Gdi1-deficient mice is associated with altered synaptic vesicle pools and short-term synaptic plasticity, and can be corrected by appropriate learning training. Hum Mol Genet 18: 105–117. 7. Pavlos NJ, Gronborg M, Riedel D, Chua JJ, Boyken J, et al. (2010) Quantitative analysis of synaptic vesicle Rabs uncovers distinct yet overlapping roles for Rab3a and Rab27b in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 30: 13441–13453. 8. Minichiello L, Korte M, Wolfer D, Kuhn R, Unsicker K, et al. (1999) Essential role for TrkB receptors in hippocampus-mediated learning. Neuron 24: 401–414. 9. Ehrlich I, Humeau Y, Grenier F, Ciocchi S, Herry C, et al. (2009) Amygdala inhibitory circuits and the control of fear memory. Neuron 62: 757–771. Conditional Gdi1 Deletion on Synaptic Function Acknowledgments We thank L. Wrabetz for helpful discussions, comments and critical reading of the manuscript, and R. Cassinari for graphic support. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: PD FG YH. Performed the experiments: PD VB FG YH LM. Analyzed the data: PD VB FG YH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PD DT YH. Wrote the paper: PD YH. 10. Bissiere S, Humeau Y, Luthi A (2003) Dopamine gates LTP induction in lateral amygdala by suppressing feedforward inhibition. Nature neuroscience 6: 587–592. 11. LeDoux JE, Sakaguchi A, Iwata J, Reis DJ (1985) Auditory emotional memories: establishment by projections from the medial geniculate nucleus to the posterior neostriatum and/or dorsal amygdala. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 444: 463–464. 12. Humeau Y, Herry C, Kemp N, Shaban H, Fourcaudot E, et al. (2005) Dendritic spine heterogeneity determines afferent-specific Hebbian plasticity in the amygdala. Neuron 45: 119–131. 13. Humeau Y, Shaban H, Bissiere S, Luthi A (2003) Presynaptic induction of heterosynaptic associative plasticity in the mammalian brain. Nature 426: 841–845. 14. Zucker RS, Regehr WG (2002) Short-term synaptic plasticity. Annual review of physiology 64: 355–405. 15. Schneggenburger R, Sakaba T, Neher E (2002) Vesicle pools and short-term synaptic depression: lessons from a large synapse. Trends in neurosciences 25: 206–212. 16. Fourcaudot E, Gambino F, Casassus G, Poulain B, Humeau Y, et al. (2009) L- type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels mediate expression of presynaptic LTP in amygdala. Nature neuroscience 12: 1093–1095. 17. Tsvetkov E, Carlezon WA, Benes FM, Kandel ER, Bolshakov VY (2002) Fear conditioning occludes LTP-induced presynaptic enhancement of synaptic transmission in the cortical pathway to the lateral amygdala. Neuron 34: 289–300. 18. Humeau Y, Doussau F, Popoff MR, Benfenati F, Poulain B (2007) Fast changes in the functional status of release sites during short-term plasticity: involvement of a frequency-dependent bypass of Rac at Aplysia synapses. The Journal of physiology 583: 983–1004. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 12 January 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 1 | e29763