References 1. Blankertz B, Curio G, Mu¨ller KR (2002) ‘‘Classifying single trial EEG: Towards brain computer interfacing,’’ in Advances in Neural Inf. Proc. Systems (NIPS 01) Diettrich TG, Becker S, Ghahramani Z, eds 14: 157–164. 2. Blankertz B, Dornhege G, Krauledat M, Mu¨ller KR, Curio G (2007) ‘‘The non- invasive Berlin Brain-Computer Interface: Fast acquisition of effective performance in untrained subjects,’’ NeuroImage 372: 539–550. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.051. 3. Blankertz B, Losch F, Krauledat M, Dornhege G, Curio G, et al. (2008) ‘‘The Berlin Brain-Computer Interface: Accurate performance from first-session in BCI-naive subjects,’’ IEEE Trans Biomed Eng;in press. 4. Popescu F, Fazli S, Badower Y, Blankertz B, Mu¨ller KR (2007) ‘‘Single trial classification of motor imagination using 6 dry EEG electrodes,’’ PLoS ONE 27, [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000637. 5. Krauledat M, Schro¨der M, Blankertz B, Mu¨ ller KR (2007) ‘‘Reducing calibration time for brain-computer interfaces: A clustering approach,’’ in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19 BScho¨lkopf, JPlatt, THoffman, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp 753–760. 6. Jasper H, Andrews H (1938) ‘‘Normal differentiation of occipital and precentral regions in man,’’ Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago) 39: 96–115. 7. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva F (1999) ‘‘Event-related EEG/MEG synchro- nization and desynchronization: basic principles,’’ Clin Neurophysiol 11011: 1842–1857. 8. Pfurtscheller G, Brunner C, Schlo¨gl A, Lopes da Silva F (2006) ‘‘Mu rhythm (de)synchronization and EEG single-trial classification of different motor imagery tasks,’’ NeuroImage 311: 153–159. 9. Neuper C, Pfurtscheller G (2001) ‘‘Evidence for distinct beta resonance frequencies in human EEG related to specific sensorimotor cortical areas,’’ Clin Neurophysiol 112: 2084–2097. 10. Blankertz B, Tomioka R, Lemm S, Kawanabe M, Mu¨ ller KR (2008) ‘‘Optimizing spatial filters for robust EEG single-trial analysis,’’ IEEE Signal Proc Magazine 251: 41–56. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ MSP.2008.4408441. 11. Fukunaga K (1990) Introduction to statistical pattern recognition, 2nd ed. Boston: Academic Press. 12. Koles ZJ (1991) ‘‘The quantitative extraction and topographic mapping of the abnormal components in the clinical EEG,’’ Electroencephalogr Clin Neuro- physiol 796: 440–447. 13. Lemm S, Blankertz B, Curio G, Mu¨ller KR (2005) ‘‘Spatio-spectral filters for improving classification of single trial EEG,’’ IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 529: 1541–1548. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2005. 851521. 14. Dornhege G, Blankertz B, Krauledat M, Losch F, Curio G, et al. (2006) ‘‘Optimizing spatio-temporal filters for improving brain-computer interfacing,’’ in Advances in Neural Inf. Proc. Systems (NIPS 05), vol. 18. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp 315–322. 15. Mu¨ ller KR, Blankertz B (2006) ‘‘Toward noninvasive brain-computer interfaces,’’ IEEE Signal Proc Magazine 235: 125–128. Towards Zero Training 16. Blankertz B, Krauledat M, Dornhege G, Williamson J, Murray-Smith R, et al. (2007) ‘‘A note on brain actuated spelling with the Berlin Brain-Computer Interface,’’ in Universal Access in HCI, Part II, HCII 2007, ser. LNCS CStephanidis, ed. vol. 4555. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. pp 759–768. 17. Krauledat M, Shenoy P, Blankertz B, Rao RPN, Mu¨ller KR (2007) ‘‘Adaptation in CSP-based BCI systems,’’ in Toward Brain-Computer Interfacing Dornhege G, Milla´n Jdel R, Hinterberger T, McFarland D, Mu¨ller KR, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp 305–309. 18. Shenoy P, Krauledat M, Blankertz B, Rao RPN, Mu¨ ller KR (2006) ‘‘Towards adaptive classification for BCI,’’ J Neural Eng 31: R13–R23. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/3/1/R02. 19. Sugiyama M, Krauledat M, Mu¨ller KR (2007) ‘‘Covariate shift adaptation by importance weighted cross validation,’’ Journal of Machine Learning Research 8: 1027–1061. 20. Harmeling S, Dornhege G, Tax D, Meinecke FC, Mu¨ ller KR (2006) ‘‘From outliers to prototypes: ordering data,’’ Neurocomputing 6913–15: 1608–1618. 21. Meinecke FC, Harmeling S, Mu¨ller KR (2005) ‘‘Inlier-based ICA with an application to super-imposed images,’’ Int J of Imaging Systems and Technology. 22. Mu¨ller KR, Mika S, Ra¨tsch G, Tsuda K, Scho¨lkopf B (2001) ‘‘An introduction to kernel-based learning algorithms,’’ IEEE Neural Networks 122: 181–201. 23. Mu¨ller KR, Anderson CW, Birch GE (2003) ‘‘Linear and non-linear methods for brain-computer interfaces,’’ IEEE Trans Neural Sys Rehab Eng 112: 165–169. 24. Duda RO, Hart PE, Stork DG (2001) Pattern Classification, 2nd ed Wiley & Sons. 25. Krauledat M, Losch F, Curio G (2006) ‘‘Brain state differences between calibration and application session influence BCI classification accuracy,’’ in Proceedings of the 3rd International Brain-Computer Interface Workshop and Training Course 2006, Verlag der Technischen Universita¨t Graz,. pp 60–61. 26. Dornhege G, Blankertz B, Krauledat M, Losch F, Curio G, et al. (2006) ‘‘Combined optimization of spatial and temporal filters for improving brain- computer interfacing,’’ IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 5311: 2274–2281. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2006.883649. 27. Birbaumer N, Ghanayim N, Hinterberger T, Iversen I, et al. (1999) ‘‘A spelling device for the paralysed,’’ Nature 398: 297–298. 28. Vidaurre C, Schlo¨gl A, Cabeza R, Scherer R, Pfurtscheller G (2006) ‘‘A fully on- line adaptive BCI,’’ IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 536: 1214–1219. 29. Blankertz B, Dornhege G, Krauledat M, Mu¨ ller KR, et al. (2006) ‘‘The Berlin Brain-Computer Interface: EEG-based communication without subject train- ing,’’ IEEE Trans Neural Sys Rehab Eng 142: 147–152. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2006.875557. 30. Blankertz B, Dornhege G, Lemm S, Krauledat M, Curio G, et al. (2006) ‘‘The Berlin Brain-Computer Interface: Machine learning based detection of user specific brain states,’’ J Universal Computer Sci 126: 581–607. 31. Dornhege G, Milla´n Jdel R, Hinterberger T, McFarland D, Mu¨ller KR (2007) Toward Brain-Computer Interfacing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 12 August 2008 | Volume 3 | Issue 8 | e2967