Modulation of Human DCs by a Lactobacillus Strain Figure 1. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production in DCs after exposure to L. paracasei, Salmonella or both. Dendritic cells (DCs) were incubated with the probiotic L. paracasei CNCM I-4034 (Prob) or its cell-free supernatant (CFS), Salmonella (S.typhi), or both. E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 20 ng/ml) was used as a positive control. Negative-control cultures contained unstimulated DCs. IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12(p40) and IL-12(p70) production was measured. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. *p,0.05 compared to controls; #p,0.05 compared to S.typhi. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043197.g001 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 3 August 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 8 | e43197