6. Coiret G, Matifat F, Hague F, Ouadid-Ahidouch H (2005) 17-beta-estradiol activates maxi-K channels through a non-genomic pathway in human breast cancer cells. FEBS Lett 579: 2995–3000. 7. Simoncini T, Genazzani AR (2003) Non-genomic actions of sex steroid hormones. Eur J Endocrinol 148: 281–292. 8. Yamakawa K, Arita J (2004) Cross-talk between the estrogen receptor-, protein kinase A-, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of lactotroph proliferation in primary culture. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 88: 123–130. 9. Marquez DC, Pietras RJ (2001) Membrane-associated binding sites for estrogen contribute to growth regulation of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 20: 5420–5430. 10. Yu X, Filardo EJ, Shaikh ZA (2010) The membrane estrogen receptor GPR30 mediates cadmium-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 245: 83–90. 11. Yeung DK, Leung SW, Xu YC, Vanhoutte PM, Man RY (2006) Puerarin, an isoflavonoid derived from Radix puerariae, potentiates endothelium-indepen- dent relaxation via the cyclic AMP pathway in porcine coronary artery. Eur J Pharmacol 552: 105–111. 12. Zhang S, Ji G, Liu J (2006) Reversal of chemical-induced liver fibrosis in Wistar rats by puerarin. J Nutr Biochem 17: 485–491. 13. Bo J, Ming BY, Gang LZ, Lei C, Jia AL (2005) Protection by puerarin against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells mediated by inhibiting mitochon- drial dysfunction and caspase-3-like activation. Neurosci Res 53: 183–188. 14. Wong R, Rabie B (2007) Effect of puerarin on bone formation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15: 894–899. 15. Chen Y, Chen C, Shi S, Han J, Wang J, et al. (2011) Endometriotic implants regress in rat models treated with puerarin by decreasing estradiol level. Reprod Sci 18: 886–891. 16. Fu XD, Cui YH, Lin GP, Wang TH (2007) Non-genomic effects of 17beta- estradiol in activation of the ERK1/ERK2 pathway induces cell proliferation through upregulation of cyclin D1 expression in bovine artery endothelial cells. Gynecol Endocrinol 23: 131–137. 17. Sales KJ, Jabbour HN (2003) Cyclooxygenase enzymes and prostaglandins in pathology of the endometrium. Reproduction 126: 559–567. 18. Bulun SE, Zeitoun KM, Takayama K, Sasano H (2000) Estrogen biosynthesis in endometriosis: molecular basis and clinical relevance. J Mol Endocrinol 25: 35– 42. 19. Rice VM (2002) Conventional medical therapies for endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 955: 343–352; discussion 389–393, 396–406. 20. Valle RF, Sciarra JJ (2003) Endometriosis: treatment strategies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 997: 229–239. 21. Dold KM, Greenlee WF (1990) Filtration assay for quantitation of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) specific binding to whole cells in culture. Anal Biochem 184: 67–73. 22. Klinge CM (2001) Estrogen receptor interaction with estrogen response elements. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 2905–2919. Puerarin Suppresses Proliferation of ESCs 23. Thomas P, Pang Y, Filardo EJ, Dong J (2005) Identity of an estrogen membrane receptor coupled to a G protein in human breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 146: 624–632. 24. Improta-Brears T, Whorton AR, Codazzi F, York JD, Meyer T, et al. (1999) Estrogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase requires mobilization of intracellular calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 4686–4691. 25. Chaban VV, Lakhter AJ, Micevych P (2004) A membrane estrogen receptor mediates intracellular calcium release in astrocytes. Endocrinology 145: 3788– 3795. 26. Aronica SM, Kraus WL, Katzenellenbogen BS (1994) Estrogen action via the cAMP signaling pathway: stimulation of adenylate cyclase and cAMP-regulated gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 8517–8521. 27. Le Mellay V, Grosse B, Lieberherr M (1997) Phospholipase C beta and membrane action of calcitriol and estradiol. J Biol Chem 272: 11902–11907. 28. Migliaccio A, Di Domenico M, Castoria G, de Falco A, Bontempo P, et al. (1996) Tyrosine kinase/p21ras/MAP-kinase pathway activation by estradiol- receptor complex in MCF-7 cells. EMBO J 15: 1292–1300. 29. Suzuki T, Yu HP, Hsieh YC, Choudhry MA, Bland KI, et al. (2008) Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediates non-genomic pathway of estrogen on T cell cytokine production following trauma-hemorrhage. Cytokine 42: 32–38. 30. Zhang L, Li X, Zhao L, Zhang G, Wang J, et al. (2009) Nongenomic effect of estrogen on the MAPK signaling pathway and calcium influx in endometrial carcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 106: 553–562. 31. Kow LM, Pfaff DW (2004) The membrane actions of estrogens can potentiate their lordosis behavior-facilitating genomic actions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 12354–12357. 32. Chang L, Karin M (2001) Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades. Nature 410: 37–40. 33. Johnson GL, Lapadat R (2002) Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases. Science 298: 1911–1912. 34. Zhai B, Yang H, Mancini A, He Q, Antoniou J, et al. (2010) Leukotriene B(4) BLT receptor signaling regulates the level and stability of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA through restricted activation of Ras/Raf/ERK/p42 AUF1 pathway. J Biol Chem 285: 23568–23580. 35. Kwintkiewicz J, Cai Z, Stocco C (2007) Follicle-stimulating hormone-induced activation of Gata4 contributes in the up-regulation of Cyp19 expression in rat granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 21: 933–947. 36. Bergqvist A (2000) A comparative study of the acceptability and effect of goserelin and nafarelin on endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 14: 425–432. 37. Thin TH, Wang L, Kim E, Collins LL, Basavappa R, et al. (2003) Isolation and characterization of androgen receptor mutant, AR(M749L), with hypersensitiv- ity to 17-beta estradiol treatment. J Biol Chem 278: 7699–7708. 38. Chen S, Zheng J, Hao Q, Yang S, Wang J, et al. (2010) p53-insensitive PUMA down-regulation is essential in the early phase of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. J Hepatol 52: 864–871. PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 7 September 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 9 | e45529