20. Bangari DS, Mittal SK (2004) Porcine adenoviral vectors evade preexisting humoral immunity to adenoviruses and efficiently infect both human and murine cells in culture. Virus Res 105: 127–136. 21. Bangari DS, Shukla S, Mittal SK (2005) Comparative transduction efficiencies of human and nonhuman adenoviral vectors in human, murine, bovine, and porcine cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 327: 960–966. 22. Sharma A, Tandon M, Ahi YS, Bangari DS, Vemulapalli R, et al. (2010) Evaluation of cross-reactive cell-mediated immune responses among human, bovine and porcine adenoviruses. Gene Ther. 23. Reddy PS, Idamakanti N, Hyun BH, Tikoo SK, Babiuk LA (1999) Development of porcine adenovirus-3 as an expression vector. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 3): 563–570. 24. Hannoun C, Megas F, Piercy J (2004) Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Virus Res 103: 133–138. 25. Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (1997) Note for guidance on harmonisation of requirements for influenza vaccines. European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 26. Hoelscher MA, Singh N, Garg S, Jayashankar L, Veguilla V, et al. (2008) A broadly protective vaccine against globally dispersed clade 1 and clade 2 H5N1 influenza viruses. J Infect Dis 197: 1185–1188. 27. Reyes-Sandoval A, Sridhar S, Berthoud T, Moore AC, Harty JT, et al. (2008) Single-dose immunogenicity and protective efficacy of simian adenoviral vectors against Plasmodium berghei. Eur J Immunol 38: 732–741. 28. Liu J, O’Brien KL, Lynch DM, Simmons NL, La Porte A, et al. (2009) Immune control of an SIV challenge by a T-cell-based vaccine in rhesus monkeys. Nature 457: 87–91. 29. Moffatt S, Hays J, HogenEsch H, Mittal SK (2000) Circumvention of vector- specific neutralizing antibody response by alternating use of human and non- human adenoviruses: implications in gene therapy. Virology 272: 159–167. A Porcine Adenovirus Vaccine Vector against H5N1 30. Sharma A, Bangari DS, Tandon M, Hogenesch H, Mittal SK (2010) Evaluation of innate immunity and vector toxicity following inoculation of bovine, porcine or human adenoviral vectors in a mouse model. Virus Res 153: 134–142. 31. Kitphati R, Pooruk P, Lerdsamran H, Poosuwan S, Louisirirotchanakul S, et al. (2009) Kinetics and longevity of antibody response to influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16: 978–981. 32. Schwartz JA, Buonocore L, Roberts A, Suguitan A, Jr., Kobasa D, et al. (2007) Vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing avian influenza H5 HA induce cross-neutralizing antibodies and long-term protection. Virology 366: 166–173. 33. Virelizier JL (1975) Host defenses against influenza virus: the role of anti- hemagglutinin antibody. J Immunol 115: 434–439. 34. Varnavski AN, Zhang Y, Schnell M, Tazelaar J, Louboutin JP, et al. (2002) Preexisting immunity to adenovirus in rhesus monkeys fails to prevent vector- induced toxicity. J Virol 76: 5711–5719. 35. Varnavski AN, Calcedo R, Bove M, Gao G, Wilson JM (2005) Evaluation of toxicity from high-dose systemic administration of recombinant adenovirus vector in vector-naive and pre-immunized mice. Gene Ther 12: 427–436. 36. Ao Z, Patel A, Tran K, He X, Fowke K, et al. (2008) Characterization of a trypsin-dependent avian influenza H5N1-pseudotyped HIV vector system for high throughput screening of inhibitory molecules. Antiviral Res 79: 12–18. 37. Takahashi N, Yoshikura H, Kobayashi I (2003) An Escherichia coli strain, BJ5183, that shows highly efficient conservative (two-progeny) DNA double- strand break repair of restriction breaks. Gene 303: 89–97. 38. Rowe T, Abernathy RA, Hu-Primmer J, Thompson WW, Lu X, et al. (1999) Detection of antibody to avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in human serum by using a combination of serologic assays. J Clin Microbiol 37: 937–943. 39. Reed LJ, Muench H (1938) A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Amer Jour Hyg 27: 493–497. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 11 December 2010 | Volume 5 | Issue 12 | e15301