References 1. Hollmann M, Heinemann S (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 17: 31–108. 2. Contractor A, Swanson G, Heinemann SF (2001) Kainate receptors are involved in short- and long-term plasticity at mossy fiber synapses in the hippocampus. Neuron 29: 209–216. 3. Chittajallu R, Vignes M, Dev KK, Barnes JM, Collingridge GL, et al. (1996) Regulation of glutamate release by presynaptic kainate receptors in the hippocampus. Nature 379: 78–81. 4. Mulle C, Sailer A, Swanson GT, Brana C, O’Gorman S, et al. (2000) Subunit composition of kainate receptors in hippocampal interneurons. Neuron 28: 475–484. 5. Bortolotto ZA, Nistico R, More JC, Jane DE, Collingridge GL (2005) Kainate receptors and mossy fiber LTP. Neurotoxicology 26: 769–777. 6. Laje G, Paddock S, Manji H, Rush AJ, Wilson AF, et al. (2007) Genetic markers of suicidal ideation emerging during citalopram treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1530–1538. 7. Paddock S, Laje G, Charney D, Rush AJ, Wilson AF, et al. (2007) Association of GRIK4 with outcome of antidepressant treatment in the STAR*D cohort. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1181–1188. 8. Schiffer HH, Heinemann SF (2007) Association of the human kainate receptor GluR7 gene (GRIK3) with recurrent major depressive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144: 20–26. 9. Beneyto M, Kristiansen LV, Oni-Orisan A, McCullumsmith RE, Meador- Woodruff JH (2007) Abnormal glutamate receptor expression in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 32: 1888–1902. 10. Blackwood DH, Pickard BJ, Thomson PA, Evans KL, Porteous DJ, et al. (2007) Are some genetic risk factors common to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression? Evidence from DISC1, GRIK4 and NRG1. Neurotox Res 11: 73–83. 11. Clark AS, Cotman CW (1992) Adrenal hormone effects on hippocampal excitatory amino acid binding. Brain Res 585: 161–168. 12. Watanabe Y, Weiland NG, McEwen BS (1995) Effects of adrenal steroid manipulations and repeated restraint stress on dynorphin mRNA levels and excitatory amino acid receptor binding in hippocampus. Brain Res 680: 217–225. 13. Joels M, Bosma A, Hendriksen H, Diegenbach P, Kamphuis W (1996) Corticosteroid actions on the expression of kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in rat hippocampus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 37: 15–20. 14. Strutz-Seebohm N, Seebohm G, Shumilina E, Mack AF, Wagner HJ, et al. (2005) Glucocorticoid adrenal steroids and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase isoforms in the regulation of GluR6 expression. J Physiol 565: 391–401. 15. Wisden W, Seeburg PH (1993) A complex mosaic of high-affinity kainate receptors in rat brain. J Neurosci 13: 3582–3598. 16. Sloviter RS, Valiquette G, Abrams GM, Ronk EC, Sollas AL, et al. (1989) Selective loss of hippocampal granule cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy. Science 243: 535–538. 17. Woolley CS, Gould E, Sakai RR, Spencer RL, McEwen BS (1991) Effects of aldosterone or RU28362 treatment on adrenalectomy-induced cell death in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. Brain Res 554: 312–315. 18. Gould E, McEwen BS (1993) Neuronal birth and death. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3: 676–682. 19. Nishi M, Tanaka M, Matsuda K, Sunaguchi M, Kawata M (2004) Visualization of glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor interactions in living cells with GFP-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Neurosci 24: 4918–4927. 20. Darstein M, Petralia RS, Swanson GT, Wenthold RJ, Heinemann SF (2003) Distribution of kainate receptor subunits at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. J Neurosci 23: 8013–8019. 21. Schmitz D, Mellor J, Nicoll RA (2001) Presynaptic kainate receptor mediation of frequency facilitation at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Science 291: 1972–1976. KAR, Stress & Steroids 22. Lauri SE, Delany C, VR JC, Bortolotto ZA, Ornstein PL, et al. (2001) Synaptic activation of a presynaptic kainate receptor facilitates AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission at hippocampal mossy fibre synapses. Neuropharmacology 41: 907–915. 23. Kullmann DM (2001) Presynaptic kainate receptors in the hippocampus: slowly emerging from obscurity. Neuron 32: 561–564. 24. Lowy MT, Gault L, Yamamoto BK (1993) Adrenalectomy attenuates stress- induced elevations in extracellular glutamate concentrations in the hippocam- pus. J Neurochem 61: 1957–1960. 25. Raudensky J, Yamamoto BK (2007) Effects of chronic unpredictable stress and methamphetamine on hippocampal glutamate function. Brain Res 1135: 129–135. 26. Nadler JV, Perry BW, Cotman CW (1978) Intraventricular kainic acid preferentially destroys hippocampal pyramidal cells. Nature 271: 676–677. 27. Nadler JV, Cuthbertson GJ (1980) Kainic acid neurotoxicity toward hippocam- pal formation: dependence on specific excitatory pathways. Brain Res 195: 47–56. 28. de Montigny C, Weiss M, Ouellette J (1987) Reduced excitatory effect of kainic acid on rat CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons following destruction of the mossy projection with colchicine. Exp Brain Res 65: 605–613. 29. Han F, Ozawa H, Matsuda K, Nishi M, Kawata M (2005) Colocalization of mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neurosci Res 51: 371–381. 30. Van Eekelen JA, Jiang W, De Kloet ER, Bohn MC (1988) Distribution of the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 21: 88–94. 31. Lupien SJ, McEwen BS (1997) The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human model studies. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 24: 1–27. 32. Luine VN, Spencer RL, McEwen BS (1993) Effects of chronic corticosterone ingestion on spatial memory performance and hippocampal serotonergic function. Brain Res 616: 65–70. 33. Watanabe Y, Gould E, McEwen BS (1992) Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 588: 341–345. 34. Munck A, Naray-Fejes-Toth A (1994) Glucocorticoids and stress: permissive and suppressive actions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 746: 115–130; discussion 131–113. 35. Autry AE, Grillo CA, Piroli GG, Rothstein JD, McEwen BS, et al. (2006) Glucocorticoid regulation of GLT-1 glutamate transporter isoform expression in the rat hippocampus. Neuroendocrinology 83: 371–379. 36. Reagan LP, Gorovits N, Hoskin EK, Alves SE, Katz EB, et al. (2001) Localization and regulation of GLUTx1 glucose transporter in the hippocampus of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 2820–2825. 37. McEwen BS (1999) Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci 22: 105–122. 38. Calabrese EJ (2008) Neuroscience and hormesis: overview and general findings. Crit Rev Toxicol 38: 249–252. 39. Magarinos AM, Orchinik M, McEwen BS (1998) Morphological changes in the hippocampal CA3 region induced by non-invasive glucocorticoid administra- tion: a paradox. Brain Res 809: 314–318. 40. Hunter RG, Bellani R, Bloss E, Costa A, Romeo RD, et al. (2007) Regulation of CART mRNA by stress and corticosteroids in the hippocampus and amygdala. Brain Res 1152: 234–240. 41. Wullner U, Standaert DG, Testa CM, Penney JB, Young AB (1997) Differential expression of kainate receptors in the basal ganglia of the developing and adult rat brain. Brain Res 768: 215–223. 42. Hunter RG, Jones D, Vicentic A, Hue G, Rye D, et al. (2006) Regulation of CART mRNA in the rat nucleus accumbens via D3 dopamine receptors. Neuropharmacology. 43. Paxinos G, Watson C (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. New York: Academic Press. 44. Frye CA, McCormick CM (2000) Androgens are neuroprotective in the dentate gyrus of adrenalectomized female rats. Stress 3: 185–194. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 7 January 2009 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | e4328