45. Chuang CH, Carpenter AE, Fuchsova B, Johnson T, de Lanerolle P, et al. (2006) Long-range directional movement of an interphase chromosome site. Curr Biol 16: 825–831. 46. Dundr M, Ospina JK, Sung MH, John S, Upender M, et al. (2007) Actin- dependent intranuclear repositioning of an active gene locus in vivo. J Cell Biol 179: 1095–1103. 47. Zhang Q, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Fang X, Claes A, et al. (2011) A critical role of perinuclear filamentous actin in spatial repositioning and mutually exclusive expression of virulence genes in malaria parasites. Cell Host Microbe 10: 451–463. 48. Volz J, Bartfai R, Petter M, Langer C, Josling GA, et al. (2012) PfSET10 isa Plasmodium falciparum methyltransferase required to maintain the active var gene in a poised state during parasite division. Cell Host Microbe 11: 7–18. 49. Amino R, Giovannini D, Thiberge S, Gueirard P, Boisson B, et al. (2008) Host cell traversal is important for progression of the malaria parasite through the dermis to the liver. Cell Host Microbe 3: 88–96. 50. Mota MM, Hafalla JC, Rodriguez A (2002) Migration through host cells activates Plasmodium sporozoites for infection. Nat Med 8: 1318–1322. 51. Green JL, Martin SR, Fielden J, Ksagoni A, Grainger M, et al. (2006) The MTIP-Myosin A Complex in Blood Stage Malaria Parasites. J Mol Biol 355: 933–941. 52. Jones ML, Kitson EL, Rayner JC (2006) Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion: A conserved myosin associated complex. Mol Biochem Parasitol 147: 74–84. 53. Pinder JC, Fowler RE, Dluzewski AR, Bannister LH, Lavin FM, et al. (1998) Actomyosin motor in the merozoite of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum: implications for red cell invasion. J Cell Sci 111: 1831–1839. 54. Dobrowolski JM, Sibley LD (1996) Toxoplasma invasion of mammalian cells is powered by the actin cytoskeleton of the parasite. Cell 84: 933–939. 55. Field SJ, Pinder JC, Clough B, Dluzewski AR, Wilson RJ, et al. (1993) Actin in the merozoite of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 25: 43–48. 56. Ryning FW, Remington JS (1978) Effect of cytochalasin D on Toxoplasma gondii cell entry. Infect Immun 20: 739–743. 57. Duraisingh MT, Voss TS, Marty AJ, Duffy MF, Good RT, et al. (2005) Heterochromatin silencing and locus repositioning linked to regulation of virulence genes in Plasmodium falciparum. Cell 121: 13–24. 58. Ralph SA, Scheidig-Benatar C, Scherf A (2005) Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum is associated with movement of var loci between subnuclear locations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 5414–5419. 59. Goswami D, Gowrishankar K, Bilgrami S, Ghosh S, Raghupathy R, et al. (2008) Nanoclusters of GPI-anchored proteins are formed by cortical actin-driven activity. Cell 135: 1085–1097. Actin Filaments in Plasmodium Development 60. Sukow C, DeRosier DJ (2003) Order, disorder, and perturbations in actin- aldolase rafts. Biophys J 85: 525–536. 61. Taylor KA, Taylor DW (1994) Formation of two-dimensional complexes of F- actin and crosslinking proteins on lipid monolayers: demonstration of unipolar alpha-actinin-F-actin crosslinking. Biophys J 67: 1976–1983. 62. Sheiner L, Santos JM, Klages N, Parussini F, Jemmely N, et al. (2010) Toxoplasma gondii transmembrane microneme proteins and their modular design. Mol Microbiol. 63. Srinivasan P, Beatty WL, Diouf A, Herrera R, Ambroggio X, et al. (2011) Binding of Plasmodium merozoite proteins RON2 and AMA1 triggers commitment to invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 13275–80. 64. Tyler JS, Boothroyd JC (2011) The C-terminus of Toxoplasma RON2 provides the crucial link between AMA1 and the host-associated invasion complex. PLoS Pathog 7: e1001282. 65. Daher W, Plattner F, Carlier MF, Soldati-Favre D (2010) Concerted action of two formins in gliding motility and host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 6. 66. Sinden RE, Butcher GA, Beetsma AL (2002) Maintenance of the Plasmodium berghei life cycle. Methods Mol Med 72: 25–40. 67. Moon RW, Taylor CJ, Bex C, Schepers R, Goulding D, et al. (2009) A cyclic GMP signalling module that regulates gliding motility in a malaria parasite. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000599. 68. Boyle MJ, Wilson DW, Richards JS, Riglar DT, Tetteh KKA, et al. (2010) Isolation of viable Plasmodium falciparum merozoites to define erythrocyte invasion events and advance vaccine and drug development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 14378–14383. 69. Tonkin CJ, van Dooren GG, Spurck TP, Struck NS, Good RT, et al. (2004) Localization of organellar proteins in Plasmodium falciparum using a novel set of transfection vectors and a new immunofluorescence fixation method. Mol Biochem Parasitol 137: 13–21. 70. Richard D, MacRaild CA, Riglar DT, Chan JA, Foley M, et al. (2010) Interaction between Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 and the rhoptry neck protein complex defines a key step in the erythrocyte invasion process of malaria parasites. J Biol Chem 285: 14815–14822. 71. Yoshida N, Nussenzweig RS, Potocnjak P, Nussenzweig V, Aikawa M (1980) Hybridoma produces protective antibodies directed against the sporozoite stage of malaria parasite. Science 207: 71–73. 72. Spano F, Matsuoka H, Ozawa R, Chinzei Y, Sinden RE (1996) Epitope mapping on the ookinete surface antigen Pbs21 of Plasmodium berghei: identification of the site of binding of transmission-blocking monoclonal antibody 13.1. Parassitologia 38: 559–563. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 14 February 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | e32188