17. Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein RW, Greenwood BM, Targett GA (2000) Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 94: 472–476. 18. Sinden RE, Smalley ME (1979) Gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: the cell-cycle. Parasitology 79: 277–296. 19. Hayward RE, Tiwari B, Piper KP, Baruch DI, Day KP (1999) Virulence and transmission success of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 4563–4568. 20. Rogers NJ, Hall BS, Obiero J, Targett GA, Sutherland CJ (2000) A model for sequestration of the transmission stages of Plasmodium falciparum: adhesion of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes to human bone marrow cells. Infect Immun 68: 3455–3462. 21. Smalley ME, Abdalla S, Brown J (1980) The distribution of Plasmodiumfalci- parum in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of Gambian children. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75: 103–105. 22. Sutherland CJ, Drakeley CJ, Obisike U, Coleman R, Jawara M, et al. (2003) The addition of artesunate to chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gambian children delays, but does not prevent treatment failure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 19–25. 23. Drakeley CJ, Jawara M, Targett GA, Walraven G, Obisike U, et al. (2004) Addition of artesunate to chloroquine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gambian children causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health 9: 53–61. 24. Sutherland CJ, Ord R, Dunyo S, Jawara M, Drakeley CJ, et al. (2005) Reduction of malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes with a six-dose regimen of Co-artemether. PLoS Med 2(4): e92. 25. Hallett RL, Dunyo S, Ord R, Jawara M, Pinder M, et al. (2006) Treatment of malaria in Gambian children with chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimeth- amine favours survival and transmission to mosquitoes of multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Clin Trials 1(3): e15. 26. Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, et al. (2001) Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis 183: 1254–1259. 27. van der Kolk M, de Vlas SJ, Saul A, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Eling WM, et al. (2005) Evaluation of the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) for the determination of malaria transmission-reducing activity using empirical data. Parasitology 130: 13–22. 28. Trager W, Jensen JB (1976) Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 193: 673–675. 29. Miltenyi S, Muller W, Weichel W, Radbruch A (1990) High gradient magnetic cell separation with MACS. Cytometry 11: 231–238. 30. Muhia DK, Swales CA, Deng W, Kelly JM, Baker DA (2001) The gametocyte- activating factor xanthurenic acid stimulates an increase in membrane- associated guanylyl cyclase activity in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 42: 553–560. Gametocyte Surface Antigens 31. Fivelman QL, McRobert L, Sharp S, Taylor CJ, Saeed M, et al. (2007) Improved synchronous production of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in vitro. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 154: 119–123. 32. Gupta SK, Schulman S, Vanderberg JP (1985) Stage-dependent toxicity of N- acetyl-glucosamine to Plasmodium falciparum. J Protozool 32: 91–95. 33. Ponnudurai T, Lensen AH, Meis JF, Meuwissen JH (1986) Synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes using an automated suspension culture system. Parasitology 93: 263–274. 34. McRobert L, Preiser P, Sharp S, Jarra W, Kaviratne M, et al. (2004) Distinct trafficking and localization of STEVOR proteins in three stages of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. Infect Immun 72: 6597–6602. 35. Staalsoe T, Giha HA, Dodoo D, Theander TG, Hviid L (1999) Detection of antibodies to variant antigens on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes by flow cytometry. Cytometry 35: 329–336. 36. Billker O, Miller AJ, Sinden RE (2000) Determination of mosquito bloodmeal pH in situ by ion-selective microelectrode measurement: implications for the regulation of malarial gametogenesis. Parasitology 120: 547–551. 37. Sharp S, Lavstsen T, Fivelman QL, Saeed M, McRobert L, et al. (2006) Programmed Transcription of the var Gene Family, but Not of stevor, in Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes. Eukaryot Cell 5: 1206–1214. 38. Drakeley CJ, Bousema JT, Akim NI, Teelen K, Roeffen W, et al. (2006) Transmission-reducing immunity is inversely related to age in Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers. Parasite Immunol. 28: 185–190. 39. Day KP, Hayward RE, Smith D, Culvenor JG (1998) CD36-dependent adhesion and knob expression of the transmission stages of Plasmodium falciparum is stage-specific. Mol.Biochem. Parasitol. 93: 167–177. 40. Sutherland CJ, Alloueche A, Curtis J, Drakeley CJ, Ord R, et al. (2002) Gambian children successfully treated with chloroquine can harbour and transmit Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes carrying resistance genes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 578–585. 41. Dunyo S, Milligan P, Edwards T, Sutherland C, Targett G, et al. (2006) Gametocytaemia after Drug Treatment of Asymptomatic Plasmodium falci- parum. PLoS Clin Trials 1(4): e20. 42. van Schaijk BC, van Dijk MR, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, van Gemert GJ, van Dooren MW, et al. (2006) Pfs47, paralog of the male fertility factor Pfs48/45, is a female specific surface protein in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 149: 216–222. 43. Delrieu I, Waller CC, Mota MM, Grainger M, Langhorne J, et al. (2002) PSLAP, a protein with multiple adhesive motifs, is expressed in Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 121: 11–20. 44. Staalsoe T, Nielsen MA, Vestergaard LS, Jensen ATR, Theander TG, et al. (2003) In vitro selection of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 for expression of variant surface antigens associated with severe malaria in African children. Parasite Immunol. 25: 421–427. PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 8 May 2008 | Volume 3 | Issue 5 | e2280