Australia New Zealand 57% Maori vs 41% in non- Maori Canada USA No Yes No Yes (in certain provinces only ie. Ontario and Alberta) 55.1 vs 67 for malesc [117] (Recommendations in place but no organised or national program. Primarily opportunistic and some state programmes exist) Christou et al. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:373 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/373 Page 9 of 21 Table 2 Differences between CRC and CRC screening programs in selected industrialised countries with disadvantaged Indigenous populations Country Organised Screening Program CRC Incidence CRC Mortality Screening recommendations/ characteristics Participation by Indigenous groups (per 100 000) Indigenous vs non- Indigenous population 36.6 vs 52.4 [13] for females** 39.9 vs 76.4 [13] for males** 15.5 vs 24.1*[116] Once diagnosed with CRC, Maori are two thirds more likely to die Mortality: Incidence ratio: 33.9 (AI/AN ranged from 17.1-106.2) vs 53.2 (non Hispanic whites) [119,120]^ 37.2 vs 34.8 for femalesc 16.1 vs 18.4 [118]b (per 100 000) Indigenous vs non- Indigenous population 17.9 vs 19.8^^ [115] 8.8 vs 9.8* [116] Relative risk of mortality Opportunistic in Maori is 1.24 after screening only adjusting for age, sex and stage [6] Free once-off iFOBT 17% compared to 39% in For those aged 50, non-Indigenous [115,10] 55 & 65 yrs Kit posted to all in these age groups Currently only a once-off test No program in place yet No data available 30% adherence in general population but no specific data on Indigenous participation [94] FOBT (guaiac) every 2 years For those aged 50-74 yrs. Kit obtained free from health care provider. Information sheet available in Inuit language. Recommendation by professional organisation for either; 17.9 (AI/AN) vs 21.0 (USA all races)a [121] Any CRC screening in last 2 years: Mortality rate ratio: 1.15 Annual FOBT or vs 0.89 (10)a 38.1% AI/AN vs 58.5% non-Hispanic white [122] 5 yearly flexible sigmoidoscopy or combination of the above two, or FOBT: 5.8% (AI/AN) vs 12.6% (white) [120] Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy: