Maher BMC Public Health 2010, 10:394 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/394 Page 4 of 11 Table 1: Specific interventions to address HIV and tuberculosis grouped under the main stratagems for epidemic control Stratagem Prevention of primary infection behavioural modification environmental modification Drug prophylaxis pre-exposure pre- and post-exposure post-exposure HIV Tuberculosis decreased risk exposure, e.g. safe sex and decreased sex partners [25] and safe injecting drug use [26] decreased risk of occupational exposure through safe handling and disposal of sharps education, e.g. cough hygiene [27] environmental measures to decrease nosocomial transmission [27,28] (particularly important where HIV prevalence is high) pre-exposure prophylaxis (under evaluation) [36] isoniazid preventive treatment for infants born to mothers with tuberculosis [37] prevention of mother to child transmission [38] post-exposure prophylaxis [39] isoniazid preventive treatment for people with latent M. tuberculosis infection or for people at high risk of recurrent tuberculosis [40] prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of people with symptomatic HIV-related disease [42] prompt diagnosis and effective treatment of people with symptomatic pulmonary disease [23] proposal for prompt diagnosis among asymptomatic individuals either through an individual seeking a test for HIV after an at-risk exposure or through regular universal testing [43] efforts aimed at decreasing diagnostic delay through community education, improved access to care, and improved quality of clinical care [44] no vaccine yet available Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination [45] protect site of infection vaginal microbicides (under evaluation) [29] face masks (NN95 specification) [27] Modification of risk factors for infection promote decreased substance abuse decreased alcohol [30] and drugs [30] decreased alcohol [31] and smoking [32] detect and treat conditions associated with increased risk modify personal biological characteristic male circumcision [35] treatment of sexually transmitted infections [33] detection and management of diabetes [34] Decreased transmission by treatment of infected individuals (treatment as prevention) [41] Vaccination to prevent progression from infection to disease