Ogilvie et al. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:703 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/703 9. Rose G: The strategy of preventive medicine Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992. 10. Kahn E, Ramsey L, Brownson R, Heath G, Howze E, Powell K, Stone E, Rajab M, Corso P, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services: The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2002, 22:73-107. 11. Owen N, Humpel N, Leslie E, Bauman A, Sallis J: Understanding environmental influences on walking: review and research agenda. Am J Prev Med 2004, 27:67-76. 12. Baranowski T, Anderson C, Carmack C: Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions. How are we doing? How might we do better? Am J Prev Med 1998, 15:266-297. 13. Promoting and creating built or natural environments that encourage and support physical activity. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2008 [http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp? action=byID&o=11917]. 14. Bauman A: The physical environment and physical activity: moving from ecological associations to intervention evidence. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005, 59:535-536. 15. Petticrew M, Cummins S, Ferrell C, Findlay A, Higgins C, Hoy C, Kearns A, Sparks L: Natural experiments: an underused tool for public health? Public Health 2005, 119:751-757. 16. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M: Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance London: Medical Research Council; 2008. 17. Ogilvie D, Mitchell R, Mutrie N, Petticrew M, Platt S: Personal and environmental correlates of active travel and physical activity in a deprived urban population. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008, 5:43. 18. Ogilvie D, Mitchell R, Mutrie N, Petticrew M, Platt S: Shoe leather epidemiology: active travel and transport infrastructure in the urban landscape. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:43. 19. Ogilvie D, Bull F, Powell J, Cooper A, Brand C, Mutrie N, Preston J, Rutter H, on behalf of the iConnect consortium: An applied ecological framework for evaluating infrastructure to promote walking and cycling: the iConnect study. Am J Public Health . 20. Giles-Corti B, Knuiman M, Timperio A, Van Niel K, Pikora T, Bull F, Shilton T, Bulsara M: Evaluation of the implementation of a state government community design policy aimed at increasing local walking: design issues and baseline results from RESIDE, Perth Western Australia. Prev Med 2008, 46:46-54. 21. Foresight : Tackling obesities: future choices London: Government Office for Science; 2007. 22. Ogilvie D, Egan M, Hamilton V, Petticrew M: Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: systematic review. BMJ 2004, 329:763-766. 23. Heath G, Brownson R, Kruger J, Miles R, Powell K, Ramsey L, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services: The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies and practices to increase physical activity: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health 2006, 3:S55-S76. 24. Ogilvie D, Foster C, Rothnie H, Cavill N, Hamilton V, Fitzsimons C, Mutrie N, on behalf of the Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration (SPARColl): Interventions to promote walking: systematic review. BMJ 2007, 334:1204-1207. 25. Pucher J, Dill J, Handy S: Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: an international review. Prev Med 2009, 50(Suppl 1): S106-125. 26. Yang L, McMinn A, Sahlqvist S, Griffin S, Ogilvie D: Interventions to promote cycling: systematic review. BMJ 2010, 341:c5293. 27. Besser L, Dannenberg A: Walking to public transit: steps to help meet physical activity recommendations. Am J Prev Med 2005, 29:273-280. 28. Villanueva K, Giles-Corti B, McCormack G: Achieving 10,000 steps: a comparison of public transport users and drivers in a University setting. Prev Med 2008, 47:338-341. 29. Wener R, Evans G: A morning stroll: levels of physical activity in car and mass transit commuting. Environ Behav 2007, 39:62-74. 30. MacDonald J, Stokes R, Cohen D, Kofner A, Ridgeway G: The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity. Am J Prev Med 2010, 39:105-112. 31. Sloman L, Cavill N, Cope A, Müller L, Kennedy A: Analysis and synthesis of evidence on the effects of investment in six Cycling Demonstration Towns London: Department for Transport and Cycling England; 2009. Page 12 of 13 32. 2001 Census: Standard Area Statistics (England and Wales). [http://www. neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination]. 33. Facts and figures for the full TfW Survey 2009. [http://www.tfw.org.uk/ documents/SurveyResults2009.pdf]. 34. Health profiles. [http://www.apho.org.uk/default.aspx? QN=P_HEALTH_PROFILES]. 35. The Busway. [http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/transport/thebusway]. 36. Orchard Park (previously Arbury Park). [http://www.scambs.gov.uk/ communityandliving/newcommunities/majordevelopments/orchardpark]. 37. Keeping Cambridge moving: Addenbrooke’s access road. [http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/transport/projects/cambridge/ addenbrookesaccessroad]. 38. Cambridge. [http://www.dft.gov.uk/cyclingengland/cycling-cities-towns/ cambridge/]. 39. Wareham N, Jakes R, Rennie K, Mitchell J, Hennings S, Day N: Validity and repeatability of the EPIC-Norfolk physical activity questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol 2002, 31:168-174. 40. Besson H, Brage S, Jakes R, Ekelund U, Wareham N: Estimating physical activity energy expenditure, sedentary time, and physical activity intensity by self-report in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:106-114. 41. Shannon T, Giles-Corti B, Pikora T, Bulsara M, Shilton T, Bull F: Active commuting in a university setting: assessing commuting habits and potential for modal change. Transport Policy 2006, 13:240-253. 42. Stratford N, Simmonds N, Nicolaas G, Costigan P: National Travel Survey 2002 London: Department for Transport; 2003. 43. Ogilvie D, Mitchell R, Mutrie N, Petticrew M, Platt S: Perceived characteristics of the environment associated with active travel: development and testing of a new scale. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008, 5:32. 44. Titze S, Stronegger W, Janschitz S, Oja P: Environmental, social, and personal correlates of cycling for transportation in a student population. J Phys Act Health 2007, 4:66-79. 45. Wahlgren L, Stigell E, Schantz P: The active commuting route environment scale (ACRES): development and evaluation. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:58. 46. Bamberg S, Ajzen I, Schmidt P: Choice of travel mode in the Theory of Planned Behavior: the roles of past behavior, habit, and reasoned action. Basic Appl Soc Psychol 2003, 25:175-187. 47. Verplanken B, Orbell S: Reflections on past behavior: a Self-Report Index of Habit Strength. J Appl Soc Psychol 2003, 33:1313-1330. 48. Ferrie J, Kivimäki M, Head J, Shipley M, Vahtera J, Marmot M: A comparison of self-reported sickness absence with absences recorded in employers’ registers: evidence from the Whitehall II study. Occup Environ Med 2005, 62:74-79. 49. Ware J, Kosinski M, Dewey J, Gandek B: How to score and interpret single- item health status measures: a manual for users of the SF-8 (TM) Health Survey Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated; 2001. 50. Ekelund U, Sepp H, Brage S, Becker W, Jakes R, Hennings M, Wareham N: Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Swedish adults. Public Health Nutr 2006, 9:258-265. 51. Van Sluijs E, Skidmore P, Mwanza K, Jones A, Callaghan A, Ekelund U, Harrison F, Harvey I, Panter J, Wareham N, Cassidy A, Griffin S: Physical activity and dietary behaviour in a population-based sample of British 10-year old children: the SPEEDY study (Sport, Physical activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people). BMC Public Health 2008, 8:388. 52. Brage S, Brage N, Franks S, Ekelund U, Wareham N: Reliability and validity of the combined heart rate and movement sensor Actiheart. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59:561-570. 53. Fenland study. [http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/Research/Studies/Fenland]. 54. Jones A, Coombes E, Griffin S, van Sluijs E: Environmental supportiveness for physical activity in English schoolchildren: a study using Global Positioning Systems. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009, 6:42. 55. Brage S, Ekelund E, Brage N, Hennings M, Froberg K, Franks P, Wareham N: Hierarchy of individual calibration levels for heart rate and accelerometry to measure physical activity. J Appl Physiol 2007, 103:682-692. 56. Wang C, Redwood-Jones Y: Photovoice ethics: perspectives from Flint Photovoice. Health Educ Behav 2001, 28:560-572.