Ishaque et al. BMC Public Health 2011, 11(Suppl 3):S3 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/S3/S3 disease and adverse pregnancy outcome. Br Dent J 2004, 197(5):251-258, discussion 247. 45. Newnham JP, Newnham IA, Ball CM, Wright M, Pennell CE, Swain J, Doherty DA: Treatment of periodontal disease during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2009, 114(6):1239-1248. 46. Ndibazza J, Muhangi L, Akishule D, Kiggundu M, Ameke C, Oweka J, Kizindo R, Duong T, Kleinschmidt I, Muwanga M, et al: Effects of deworming during pregnancy on maternal and perinatal outcomes in Entebbe, Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 50(4):531-540. 47. Ndyomugyenyi R, Kabatereine N, Olsen A, Magnussen P: Efficacy of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination for treatment of soil-transmitted helminths in pregnancy and adverse events: a randomized open label controlled intervention trial in Masindi district, western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 79(6):856-863. 48. Elliott AM, Namujju PB, Mawa PA, Quigley MA, Nampijja M, Nkurunziza PM, Belisle JT, Muwanga M, Whitworth JA: A randomised controlled trial of the effects of albendazole in pregnancy on maternal responses to mycobacterial antigens and infant responses to Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunisation [ISRCTN32849447]. BMC Infect Dis 2005, 5:115. 49. Larocque R, Casapia M, Gotuzzo E, MacLean JD, Soto JC, Rahme E, Gyorkos TW: A double-blind randomized controlled trial of antenatal mebendazole to reduce low birthweight in a hookworm-endemic area of Peru. Trop Med Int Health 2006, 11(10):1485-1495. 50. Nimri LF, Elnasser Z, Batchoun R: Polymicrobial infections in children with diarrhoea in a rural area of Jordan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2004, 42(2):255-259. 51. Dayan GH, Zimmerman L, Shteinke L, Kasymbekova K, Uzicanin A, Strebel P, Reef S: Investigation of a rubella outbreak in Kyrgyzstan in 2001: implications for an integrated approach to measles elimination and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome. J Infect Dis 2003, 187(Suppl 1):S235-240. 52. Howard J, Hall B, Brennan LE, Arbuckle S, Craig ME, Graf N, Rawlinson W: Utility of newborn screening cards for detecting CMV infection in cases of stillbirth. J Clin Virol 2009, 44(3):215-218. 53. Syridou G, Spanakis N, Konstantinidou A, Piperaki ET, Kafetzis D, Patsouris E, Antsaklis A, Tsakris A: Detection of cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and herpes simplex viruses in cases of intrauterine fetal death: association with pathological findings. J Med Virol 2008, 80(10):1776-1782. 54. Benirschke K, Robb JA: Infectious causes of fetal death. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1987, 30(2):284-294. 55. Watson-Jones D, Gumodoka B, Weiss H, Changalucha J, Todd J, Mugeye K, Buve A, Kanga Z, Ndeki L, Rusizoka M, et al: Syphilis in pregnancy in Tanzania. II. The effectiveness of antenatal syphilis screening and single- dose benzathine penicillin treatment for the prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Infect Dis 2002, 186(7):948-957. 56. Folgosa E, Gonzalez C, Osman NB, Hagerstrand I, Bergstrom S, Ljungh A: A case control study of chorioamniotic infection and histological chorioamnionitis in stillbirth. APMIS 1997, 105(4):329-336. 57. Sethi S, Sharma K, Dhaliwal LK, Banga SS, Sharma M: Declining trends in syphilis prevalence among antenatal women in northern India: a 10-year analysis from a tertiary healthcare centre. Sex Transm Infect 2007, 83(7):592. 58. Gamble C, Ekwaru JP, ter Kuile FO: Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 2:CD003755. 59. Garner P, Gulmezoglu AM: Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 4:CD000169. 60. ter Kuile FO, van Eijk AM, Filler SJ: Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. JAMA 2007, 297(23):2603-2616. 61. Eisele TP, Larsen D, Steketee RW: Protective efficacy of interventions for preventing malaria mortality in children in Plasmodium falciparum endemic areas. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39(Suppl 1):i88-101. 62. van Geertruyden JP, Thomas F, Erhart A, D’Alessandro U: The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 71(2 Suppl):35-40. 63. Moodley J, Wennberg JL: HIV in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005, 17(2):117-121. 64. Brocklehurst P, French R: The association between maternal HIV infection and perinatal outcome: a systematic review of the literature and meta- analysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998, 105(8):836-848. Page 11 of 12 65. Chi BH, Wang L, Read JS, Taha TE, Sinkala M, Brown ER, Valentine M, Martinson F, Goldenberg RL: Predictors of stillbirth in sub-saharan Africa. Obstet Gynecol 2007, 110(5):989-997. 66. Volmink J, Siegfried NL, van der LMerwe, Brocklehurst P: Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 1:CD003510. 67. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Ket-Aim S: Systematic review of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapies for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007, 32(3):293-311. 68. McDonald HM, Brocklehurst P, Gordon A: Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 1:CD000262. 69. Menezes EV, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Haws RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA: Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2009, 9(Suppl 1):S4. 70. Di Mario S, Say L, Lincetto O: Risk factors for stillbirth in developing countries: a systematic review of the literature. Sex Transm Dis 2007, 34(7 Suppl):S11-21. 71. McClure EM, Nalubamba-Phiri M, Goldenberg RL: Stillbirth in developing countries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006, 94(2):82-90. 72. Goldenberg RL, McClure EM, Saleem S, Reddy UM: Infection-related stillbirths. Lancet 2010, 375(9724):1482-1490. 73. Schmid GP, Stoner BP, Hawkes S, Broutet N: The need and plan for global elimination of congenital syphilis. Sex Transm Dis 2007, 34(7 Suppl):S5-10. 74. Walker GJ, Walker DG: Congenital syphilis: a continuing but neglected problem. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007, 12(3):198-206. 75. Myer L, Wilkinson D, Lombard C, Zuma K, Rotchford K, Karim SS: Impact of on-site testing for maternal syphilis on treatment delays, treatment rates, and perinatal mortality in rural South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. Sex Transm Infect 2003, 79(3):208-213. 76. Rydzak CE, Goldie SJ: Cost-effectiveness of rapid point-of-care prenatal syphilis screening in sub-Saharan Africa. Sex Transm Dis 2008, 35(9):775-784. 77. Schwarz NG, Adegnika AA, Breitling LP, Gabor J, Agnandji ST, Newman RD, Lell B, Issifou S, Yazdanbakhsh M, Luty AJ, et al: Placental malaria increases malaria risk in the first 30 months of life. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(8):1017-1025. 78. Dorman EK, Shulman CE, Kingdom J, Bulmer JN, Mwendwa J, Peshu N, Marsh K: Impaired uteroplacental blood flow in pregnancies complicated by falciparum malaria. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002, 19(2):165-170. 79. Newman RD, Hailemariam A, Jimma D, Degifie A, Kebede D, Rietveld AE, Nahlen BL, Barnwell JW, Steketee RW, Parise ME: Burden of malaria during pregnancy in areas of stable and unstable transmission in Ethiopia during a nonepidemic year. J Infect Dis 2003, 187(11):1765-1772. 80. Oladapo OT, Adekanle DA, Durojaiye BO: Maternal risk factors associated with fetal death during antenatal care in low-resource tertiary hospitals. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007, 47(5):383-388. 81. UNAIDS/WHO: AIDS epidemic update. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); 2005. 82. Kupka R, Kassaye T, Saathoff E, Hertzmark E, Msamanga GI, Fawzi WW: Predictors of stillbirth among HIV-infected Tanzanian women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009, 88(5):584-592. 83. Hay PE, Morgan DJ, Ison CA, Bhide SA, Romney M, McKenzie P, Pearson J, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D: A longitudinal study of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994, 101(12):1048-1053. 84. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA, Krohn MA, Gibbs RS, Martin DH, Cotch MF, Edelman R, Pastorek JG 2nd, Rao AV, et al: Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995, 333(26):1737-1742. 85. Kurki T, Hallman M, Zilliacus R, Teramo K, Ylikorkala O: Premature rupture of the membranes: effect of penicillin prophylaxis and long-term outcome of the children. Am J Perinatol 1992, 9(1):11-16. 86. McGregor JA, French JI, Seo K: Antimicrobial therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991, 165(3):632-640. 87. Whalley P: Bacteriuria of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967, 97(5):723-738.