Physical activity Weight - men (kg) Weight - women (kg) Diabetic retinopathy Age-related macular degeneration Cataract Other retinopathy Eye pressure (mmHg) Sedentary Non-sedentary Microaneurysms only Further retinopathy < 80 80- < 90 ≥ 90 < 70 70-< 80 ≥ 80 None No Yes No Yes No Yes < 16 16- < 20 ≥ 20 323 893 200 196 255 200 157 231 1186 14 38 1087 154 889 337 1129 112 369 592 151 -0.39 -0.19 -0.24 -0.18 -0.16 -0.39 -0.29 -0.21 -0.23 -0.54 -0.38 -0.18 -0.67 -0.14 -0.51 -0.23 -0.29 -0.25 -0.22 -0.28 -0.0364 -0.0227 -0.0172 -0.0204 -0.0130 -0.0485 -0.0208 -0.0319 -0.0243 0.0174 -0.1164 -0.1000 -0.0145 -0.0698 -0.0239 -0.0370 -0.0215 -0.0234 -0.0441 -0.0170 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 0.90 (0.67-1.00) < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.0004 0.32 0.58 0.87 0.64 0.18 0.93 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 0.80 (0.67-1.00) 0.031 0.045 1.00 (0.70-1.00) 0.90 (0.67-1.00) de Fine Olivarius et al. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:80 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/80 Page 6 of 13 Table 1 Average changes in visual acuity during the first 6 years after diabetes diagnosis according to baseline patient characteristics (Continued) Visual acuity is given as logMAR and decimal acuity. Estimates of logMAR are from a mixed model using all available measurements of visual acuity which come from the best seeing eye in all cases. p values are from Wald tests. Median values (interquartile range) of decimal acuity are from the first and the last eye examination. aTesting whether the mean of the level of visual acuity at diabetes diagnosis is different for the two or three levels of the stratification variable. bTesting whether the mean yearly change of visual acuity after diabetes diagnosis is different for the two or three levels of the stratification variable, given the level of the visual acuity at diabetes diagnosis. This test focuses on differences in slope between the linear curves describing changes in visual acuity. cHbA1c measured within 90 days of diabetes diagnosis. Reference range: 5.4-7.4. (1.5%) of 1241 patients. 13 had normal visual acuity and 5 had impaired vision. Change in visual acuity Among the 807 surviving and re-examined patients, visual acuity generally deteriorated (Table 3). The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of blindness and moderate visual impairment was 2.4 (1.3-3.4) % and 6.7 (5.0-8.4) %, respec- tively, 5.6 (5.0-6.3) years (median, IQR) after the first eye examination. The 18 new-blind patients in Table 3 represent an incidence (95% confidence interval) of blind- ness of 40.2 (25.3-63.8) per 10,000 patient-years. Of 18 new-blind patients, 14 were over 70 years. The incidence of moderately impaired vision or worse was 142.3 (110.5- 183.2) per 10,000 patient-years among patients with nor- mal sight at diagnosis. Of the 25 patients in Table 3 with moderate visual impairment at baseline, 14 had normal visual acuity 6 years later. Of these 14 patients, 7 had had a cataract operation since the baseline examination and one had had a retinal laser treatment. < 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.035 0.20 0.80 (0.60-1.00) 0.70 (0.50-1.00) 0.19 0.85 0.64 0.81 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 0.80 (0.67-1.00) 0.008 0.21 0.040 0.068 0.80 (0.67-1.00) 0.70 (0.50-1.00) 0.040 0.012 < 0.0001 0.0005 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 0.80 (0.67-1.00) 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 0.90 (0.67-1.00) 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 1.00 (0.70-1.00) 0.90 (0.67-1.00) 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 0.80 (0.60-1.00) 0.80 (0.63-1.00) 1.00 (0.90-1.00) 0.85 (0.80-1.00) 0.80 (0.63-1.00) 0.60 (0.50-0.80) 0.67 (0.50-0.80) 0.50 (0.40-0.67) 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 0.70 (0.50-0.80) 1.00 (0.70-1.00) 0.60 (0.50-0.80) 0.80 (0.67-1.00) 0.67 (0.50-1.00) 1.00 (0.80-1.00) 1.00 (0.75-1.00) 0.80 (0.67-1.00) 0.80 (0.60-1.00)