Lail et al. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:148 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/148 Page 4 of 7 Table 1 Demographic profile and summer and winter neighbourhood walking behaviour among all respondents (n = 428), owners (n = 151) and non-owners (n = 313) All respondents % (n) Non-Owners % (n) Dog-Owners % (n) p-value Sex Male Female Marital status Single Married Income <$60000 $60000 -119999 ≥$120000 Education High school or less Technical college/school University (undergraduate) University (graduate) Type of residence Detached/semi-detached Other Ethnicity White Non-white Neighbourhood walking for recreation Consistent participator (NRW in winter and summer) Summer participator (NRW in the summer only) Winter participator (NRW in the winter only) Consistent non-participator (no NRW in winter and summer) Neighbourhood walking for transportation Consistent participator (NTW in winter and summer) Summer participator (NTW in the summer only) Winter participator (NTW in the winter only) Consistent non-participator (no NTW in winter and summer) *Significant difference between dog owners and non-owners (p < .05). 35.1 (150) 64.9 (278) 33.4 (143) 66.6 (285) 34.3 (147) 33.9 (145) 31.8 (136) 25.6 (110) 25.5 (109) 33.6 (144) 15.2 (65) 74.5 (319) 25.5 (109) 89.9 (385) 10.1 (43) 65.1 (279) 8.9 (38) 10.5 (45) 15.4 (66) 43.7(187) 11.9 (51) 12.8 (55) 24.8 (135) 37.1 (116) 62.9 (197) 76.2 (109) 71.6 (204) 38.3 (120) 33.9 (106) 27.8 (87) 26.5 (83) 25.2 (79) 31.9 (100) 16.3 (51) 68.4 (214) 31.6 (99) 87.9 (275) 12.1 (38) 58.8 (184) 12.1 (38) 10.5 (33) 18.5 (58) 47.0 (147) 11.8 (37) 11.8 (37) 29.4 (92) 29.6 (34) 70.4 (81) 23.8 (34) 28.4 (81) 23.3 (27) 33.9 (39) 42.6 (49) 23.5 (27) 26.1 (30) 38.3 (44) 12.2 (14) 91.3 (105) 8.7 (10) 95.7 (110) 4.3 (5) 82.6 (95) 0 (0) 10.4 (12) 7.0 (8) 34.8 (40) 12.2 (14) 15.6 (18) 37.4 (43) .150 .307 .004* .520 .001* .017* .001* .001* .974 .003* .024* .920 .294 .114 NRW in the summer and winter (Table 1). Respondents who participated in NRW in the summer only (i.e., no NWR reported in winter) were non-owners. Adjusting for demographic characteristics, we found that dog- owners were at least 3 times more likely than non-owners to be consistent participators (i.e., in winter and summer) in NRW (OR = 3.28; 95%CI = 1.86, 5.79) (Table 3). Dog- owners were, in addition, less likely than non-owners to be inconsistent participators in NWR (OR = 0.35; 95%CI = 0.16, 0.79) (Table 3). Among all respondents, 43.7% participated in NTW in both winter and summer, 11.9% participated in NTW in the summer only, 12.8% partici- pated in NTW in the winter only, and 24.8% reported no participation in NTW in summer and winter. Moreover,