Fawcett et al. BMC Genomics 2011, 12:311 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/311 coverage. The Sub-species comparison data set exhibited similar validation rates (~40%) to the resequenced data sets, which may be explained by the fact that this data set contained many more SNPs than the other non-resequenced data sets. The smaller data sets (MamuSNP, ENCODE, dbSNP, and all e-genotyping data sets) all displayed significantly lower validation rates (~10%) due both to these data sets being generated using both Chinese and Indian origin animals rather than only Indian animals and to the small number of SNPs in each of these sets. Additional file 2: Figure S2, Additional file 2. Sanger read coverage for validated SNPs. All SNPs that were found in common between r1766, r02120, and 17573 (306,782, Figure 1B) were tested for Sanger read coverage using the 17573 Sanger data by looking for the same location and allele SNP call in the Sanger output (red bars). Average genome-wide Sanger read coverage was 5.2X. We analyzed an identical number of randomly selected SNPs that were detected in only two of the three resequenced animals (blue bars) to test if there were differences in the distribution of read coverage for the two SNP data sets. The distributions are indistinguishable, however, and the proportions of tested SNPs exhibiting 11+ read coverage are not statistically different (3.8% for SNPs in all three animals, 3.6% for SNPs detected in only two animals). Additional file 3: Table S1, Additional file 3. SOLiD sequencing statistics. When using our new SOLiD data or prior data from the literature, our validation procedure only validated two alleles for any location, regardless of the data sets being compared. However, for some SNPs, neither of the two validated alleles matched the published reference allele. Some (8) of these are likely due to Indian-origin vs. Chinese-origin differences. For the vast majority, however, there are two possibilities, each of which explains an undefinable proportion of these SNPs: (1) a proportion of the reference allele (Sanger) calls are wrong, and (2) a small proportion of the apparent three allele SNPs represent true SNPs with three valid alleles in Indian-origin rhesus macaques. Additional file 4: Figure S3, Additional file 4. dbSNP concordance of e-genotype. One human sample of SOLiD data (26X coverage) from the 1000 Genomes pilot data was analyzed for the ~1 million SNPs identified in the project for that sample. Color coding for the bars as well as the lines is as follows: good homozygous calls (blue), heterozygotes called as homozygotes (yellow), homozygotes called as the wrong homozygote (grey), good heterozygote calls (green), and erroneously called heterozygotes (red). The total miscall rate was ~2.6%. Excluding very high and very low coverage errors (shown outside of dotted lines, due to bad heterozygous SNP calls from repetitive regions or coverage too low to detect heterozygotes, respectively) the miscall rate was determined to be 1.6%. Overall probe coverage was reduced to 8.2X due to the extremely stringent requirement of exact matching of probes for the full 31 bp probe length. Percentages of homozygous or heterozygous calls that fit into each category of good or error calls were linearly graphed relative to probe coverage, indicating that errors were much more likely at very high and very low probe coverage, while good calls were most likely in intermediate coverage ranges. Additional file 5: Table S2, Additional file 5. Part 1 of dbSNP ss numbers for validated rhesus macaque SNPs. The first part of six of a table listing of all of the ss numbers from submission of the validated rhesus macaque SNPs to dbSNP. The ss numbers are not contiguous throughout the full set of 3,038,166 SNPs. Additional file 6: Table S2, Additional file 6. Part 2 of dbSNP ss numbers for validated rhesus macaque SNPs. The second part of six of a table listing of all of the ss numbers from submission of the validated rhesus macaque SNPs to dbSNP. The ss numbers are not contiguous throughout the full set of 3,038,166 SNPs. Additional file 7: Table S2, Additional file 7. Part 3 of dbSNP ss numbers for validated rhesus macaque SNPs. The third part of six of a table listing of all of the ss numbers from submission of the validated rhesus macaque SNPs to dbSNP. The ss numbers are not contiguous throughout the full set of 3,038,166 SNPs. Additional file 8: Table S2, Additional file 8. Part 4 of dbSNP ss numbers for validated rhesus macaque SNPs. The fourth part of six of Page 12 of 13 a table listing of all of the ss numbers from submission of the validated rhesus macaque SNPs to dbSNP. The ss numbers are not contiguous throughout the full set of 3,038,166 SNPs. Additional file 9: Table S2, Additional file 9. Part 5 of dbSNP ss numbers for validated rhesus macaque SNPs. The fifth part of six of a table listing of all of the ss numbers from submission of the validated rhesus macaque SNPs to dbSNP. The ss numbers are not contiguous throughout the full set of 3,038,166 SNPs. Additional file 10: Table S2, Additional file 10. Part 6 of dbSNP ss numbers for validated rhesus macaque SNPs. The sixth part of six of a table listing of all of the ss numbers from submission of the validated rhesus macaque SNPs to dbSNP. The ss numbers are not contiguous throughout the full set of 3,038,166 SNPs. Acknowledgements We thank Snekalatha Raveendran for data and file management, and the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center for blood samples from the two non-reference study animals. The reference animal (17573) blood sample was provided by the Southwest National Primate Research Center. Matthew Bainbridge provided a java tool that facilitated SNP annotation from Ensembl. Funding Statement This work was supported by the NIH grant 2 U54 HG003273 to the Human Genome Sequencing Center (RG), NCRR grant NIH-R24-RR15383 (JR), and internal funding from Baylor College of Medicine (JR). Genboree system development has been supported by the NIH grants U01 DA025956 and R01 HG004009 (AM). Colony management was facilitated by the NIH grants 5RO1-MH081884 (NK), 5RO1-MH046729 (NK), and 5P50-MH84051 (NK, PI: Richie Davidson). Author details 1Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. 2Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. 3Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA. 4Department of Psychiatry, the HealthEmotions Research Institution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA. 5Department of Psychology, Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA. Authors’ contributions JR, GLF and RG contributed to project conception. GLF, FY, JGR, DMM, AM, DAW, KCW, RG and JR contributed to experimental design and approach. Software tools were created by: GLF (perl comparison tool pipeline), DRD and JGR (e-genotype), FY (AtlasSNP), RAH and AM (Genboree), YR (SNPdetector). Experiments were performed by GLF, MR, DRD, DC, and RAH. Data was analyzed by: GLF, MR, DRD, DC, YR. Resources to generate data were provided by: DMM and RG (library and sequencing resources), YR and DAW (initial list of reference animal heterozygotes), SS and NHK (rhesus DNA), JR (rhesus DNA). The manuscript was prepared by GLF and JR. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 7 January 2011 Accepted: 13 June 2011 Published: 13 June 2011 References 1. Capitanio JP: Individual differences in emotionality: social temperament and health. Am J Primatol 2010. 2. Kinnally EL, Capitanio JP, Leibel R, Deng L, LeDuc C, Haghighi F, Mann JJ: Epigenetic regulation of serotonin transporter expression and behavior in infant rhesus macaques. Genes Brain Behav 2010, 9(6):575-582. 3. Barr CS, Newman TK, Becker ML, Parker CC, Champoux M, Lesch KP, Goldman D, Suomi SJ, Higley JD: The utility of the non-human primate: