Yin et al. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:612 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/11/612 11. Canedy D: Real medicine or medicine show? Growth of herbal sales raises issues about value. New York Times 1998, 23:C1. 12. Ernst E: The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies. In Ann Intern Med. Volume 136. Ginkgo:, St. John’s Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava; 2002:42-53. 13. Barrett B, Kiefer D, Rabago D: Assessing the risks and benefits of herbal medicine: an overview of scientific evidence. Altern Ther Health Med 1999, 5:40-49. 14. Burger RA, Torres AR, Warren RP, Caldwell VD, Hughes BG: Echinacea- induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Int J Immunopharmacol 1997, 19:371-379. 15. Rudolf B: Chemical, analysis and immunological investigations of Echinacea phytopharmaceuticals. Immunomodulatory Agents from Plants 1999, 41-88. 16. Braunig B, Limburg E, Knick E: Enhancement of resistance in common cold by Echinacea purpurea. Z Phytother 1992, 13:7-13. 17. Bauer V, Jurcic K, Puhlmann J, Wagner V: Immunologic in vivo and in vitro examinations of Echinacea extracts. Arzneim Forsch 1998, 38:276-281. 18. Roesler J, Emmendorffer A, Steinmuller C, Luettig B, Wagner H, Lohmann- Matthes ML: Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the phagocyte system. Int J Immunopharmacol 1991, 13:931-941. 19. Schoop R, Klein P, Suter A, Johnston SL: Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2006, 28:174-183. 20. Shah SA, Sander S, White CM, Rinaldi M, Coleman CI: Evaluation of Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007, 7:473-480. 21. Lockhart DJ, Dong H, Byrne MC, Follettie MT, Gallo MV, Chee MS, Mittmann M, Wang C, Kobayashi M, Horton H, Brown EL: Expression monitoring by hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Nat Biotechnol 1996, 14:1675-1680. 22. Pandey A, Mann M: Proteomics to study genes and genomes. Nature 2000, 405:837-846. 23. Sozzani S, Allavena P, Vecchi A, Mantovani A: The role of chemokines in the regulation of dendritic cell trafficking. J Leukoc Biol 1999, 66(1):1-9. 24. Jakob T, Udey MC: Regulation of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion in Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells by inflammatory mediators that mobilize Langerhans cells in vivo. J Immunol 1998, 160:4067-73. 25. Tang A, Amagai M, Granger LG, Stanley JR, Udey MC: Adhesion of epidermal Langerhans cells to keratinocytes mediated by E-cadherin. Nature 1993, 361:82-85. 26. Kobayashi Y: Langerhans’ cells produce type IV collagenase (MMP-9) following epicutaneous stimulation with haptens. Immunology 1997, 90:496-501. 27. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B: Human Chemokines: an update. Annu Rev Immunol 1997, 15:675-705. 28. Rollins BJ: Chemokines. Blood 1997, 90:909-28. 29. Luster AD: Chemokines-chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:436-45. 30. Boring L, Gosling J, Chensue SW, Kunkel SL, Farese RVJ: Impaired monocyte migration and reduced type 1 (Th1) cytokine responses in C- C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice. J Clin Invest 1997, 100:2552-61. 31. Peters W, Dupuis M, Charo IF: A mechanism for the impaired IFN-gamma production in C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) knockout mice: role of CCR2 in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. J Immunol 2000, 165:7072-77. 32. Shimono A, Behringer RR: Angiomotin regulates visceral endoderm movements during mouse embryogenesis. Current Biology 2003, 13(7):613-7. 33. Carninci P, et al: The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science 2006, 309(5740):1559-63. 34. Banchereau J, Steinman RM: Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998, 392:245-52. 35. Brocker T, Riedinger M, Karjalainen K: Targeted expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules demonstrates that dendritic cells can induce negative but not positive selection of thymocytes in vivo. J Exp Med 1997, 185:541-50. 36. Thompson CB, Allison JP: The emerging role of CTLA-4 as an immune attenuator. Immunity 1997, 7:445-450. 37. Lee KM, Chuang E, Griffin M: Molecular basis of T cell inactivation by CTLA-4. Science 1998, 282:2263-2266. Page 18 of 18 38. Gerke V, Moss SE: Annexins: From Structure to Function. Physiol Rev 2002, 82:331-371. 39. Wong CM, Chun AC, Kok KH, Zhou Y, Fung PC, Kung HF, Jeang KT, Jin DY: Characterisation of human and mouse peroxiredoxin IV: evidence of inhibition by Prx-IV of epidermal growth factor- and p53-induced reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002, 2:507-518. 40. Goel V, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R, Basu TK: Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2002, 2(2-3):381-7. 41. Zhai Z, Solco A, Wu L, Wurtele ES, Kohut ML, Murphy PA, Cunnick JE: Echinacea increases arginase activity and has anti-inflammatory properties in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, indicative of alternative macrophage activation. J Ethnopharmacol 2009, 25; 122(1):76-85. 42. Matthias A, Banbury L, Bone KM, Leach DN, Lehmann RP: Echinacea alkylamides modulate induced immune responses in T-cells. Fitoterapia 2008, 79(1):53-8. 43. Wang SY, Kuo YH, Chang HN, Kang PL, Tsay HS, Lin KF, Yang NS, Shyur LF: Profiling and characterization of antioxidant activities in Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50:1859-1865. 44. Inaba K, Steinman RM, Pack MW, Aya H, Inaba M, Sudo T, Wolpe S, Schuler G: Identification of proliferating dendritic cell precursors in mouse blood. J Exp Med 1992, 176:1693-1702. 45. Pereira SR, Faca VM, Gomes GG, Chammas R, Fontes AM, Covas DT, Greene LJ: Changes in the proteomic profile during differentiation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulated with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor/interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharide. Proteomics 2005, 5:1186-1198. 46. Calvano SE, Xiao W, Richards DR, Felciano RM, Baker HV, Cho RJ, Chen RO, Brownstein BH, Cobb JP, Tschoeke SK, Miller-Graziano C, Moldawer LL, Mindrinos MN, Davis RW, Tompkins RG, Lowry SF: A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans. Nature 2005, 13; 437(7061):1032-7. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-612 Cite this article as: Yin et al.: Stimulatory effect of Echinacea purpurea extract on the trafficking activity of mouse dendritic cells: revealed by genomic and proteomic analyses. BMC Genomics 2010 11:612. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take full advantage of: • Convenient online submission • Thorough peer review • No space constraints or color ﬁgure charges • Immediate publication on acceptance • Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar • Research which is freely available for redistribution Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit