Laschak et al. BMC Cancer 2012, 12:130 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/12/130 30. Schneider CC, Hessenauer A, Montenarh M, Götz C: p53 is dispensable for the induction of apoptosis after inhibition of protein konase CK2. Prostate 2010, 70:126-134. 31. Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR: Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15 N]nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 1982, 126:131-138. 32. Mosmann T: Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 1983, 65:55-63. 33. Park JG, Kramer BS, Steinberg SM, Carmichael J, Collins JM, Minna JD, Gazdar AF: Chemosensitivity testing of human colorectal carcinoma cell lines using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay. Cancer Res 1987, 47:5875-5879. 34. Mazur W, Gonciarz M, Kajdy M, Mazurek U, Jurzak M, Wilczok T, Gonciarz Z: Blood serum glutathione alpha s-transferase (alpha GST) activity during antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Med Sci Monit 2003, 9(Suppl 3):44-48. 35. Habdous M, Vincent-Viry M, Visvikis S, Siest G: Rapid spectrophotometric method for serum glutathione S-transferases activity. Clin Chim Acta 2002, 326:131-142. 36. Kröncke KD, Carlberg C: Inactivation of zinc finger transcription factors provides a mechanism for a gene regulatory role of nitric oxide. FASEB J 2000, 14:166-173. 37. Wiedenmann J, Ivanchenko S, Oswald F, Schmitt F, Röcker C, Salih A, Spindler K-D, Nienhaus GU: EosFP, a fluorescent marker protein with UV- inducible green-to-red fluorescence conversion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:15905-15910. 38. Tepper CG, Boucher DL, Ryan PE, Ma AH, Xia L, Lee LF, Pretlow TG, Kung HJ: Characterization of a novel androgen receptor mutation in a relapsed CWR22 prostate cancer xenograft and cell line. Cancer Res 2002, 62:6606-6614. 39. Tan J, Sharief Y, Hamil KG, Gregory CW, Zang DY, Sar M, Gumerlock PH, DeVere White RW, Pretlow TG, Harris SE, Wilson EM, Mohler JL, French FS: Dehydroepiandrosterone activates mutant androgen receptors expressed in the androgen-dependent human prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 and LNCaP cells. Mol Endocrinol 1997, 11:450-459. 40. Wang G, Wang J, Sadar MD: Crosstalk between the androgen receptor and beta-catenin in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008, 68:9918-9927. 41. Yang X, Chen MW, Terry S, Vacherot F, Bemis DL, Capodice J, Kitajewski J, de la Taille A, Benson MC, Guo Y, Buttyan R: Complex regulation of human androgen receptor expression by Wnt signaling in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2006, 25:3436-3444. 42. Prévotat L, Filomenko R, Solary E, Jeannin JF, Bettaieb A: Nitric oxide- induced down-regulation of beta-catenin in colon cancer cells by a proteasome-independent specific pathway. Gastroenterology 2006, 131:1142-1152. 43. Nath N, Vassell R, Chattopadhyay M, Kogan M, Kashfi K: Nitro-aspirin inhibits MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth: effects on COX-2 expression and Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF-4 signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2009, 78:1298-1304. 44. Nath N, Chattopadhyay M, Pospishil L, Cieciura LZ, Goswami S, Kodela R, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Kashfi K: JS-K, a nitric oxide-releasing prodrug, modulates β-catenin/TCF signaling in leukemic Jurkat cells: evidence of an S-nitrosylated mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2010, 80:1641-1649. 45. Wang P, Henning SM, Heber D: Limitations of MTT and MTS-based assays for measurement of antiproliferative activity of green tea polyphenols. PLoS One 2010, 5:e10202. 46. Tiedge M, Lortz S, Munday R, Lenzen S: Protection against the co- operative toxicity of nitric oxide and oxygen free radicals by overexpression of antioxidant enzymes in bioengineered insulin- producing RINm5F cells. Diabetologia 1999, 42:849-855. 47. Royle JS, Ross JA, Ansell I, Bollina P, Tulloch DN, Habib FK: Nitric oxide donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell systems and human prostatic stroma via caspase-3. J Urol 2004, 172:338-344. 48. Watson PA, Chen YF, Balbas MD, Wongvipat J, Socci ND, Viale A, Kim K, Sawyers CL: Constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer require full-length androgen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:16759-16765. Page 10 of 10 49. Spindler K-D, Laschak M, Cronauer MV: Nitric oxide - a tool to block nuclear receptors. In Nuclear Receptors. Edited by: Bates MK, Kerr RM. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc; 2011:87-102. 50. Garbán HJ, Márquez-Garbán DC, Pietras RJ, Ignarro LJ: Rapid nitric oxide- mediated S-nitrosylation of estrogen receptor: regulation of estrogen- dependent gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:2632-2636. 51. Siemens DR, Heaton JP, Adams MA, Kawakami J, Graham CH: Phase II study of nitric oxide donor for men with increasing prostate-specific antigen level after surgery or radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Urology 2009, 74:878-883. 52. Bico P, Chen CY, Jones M, Erhardt J, Dirr H: Class pi glutathione S- transferase: Meisenheimer complex formation. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994, 33:887-892. 53. Cronauer MV, Braun S, Tremmel Ch, Kröncke KD, Spindler-Barth M: Nuclear localization and DNA binding of ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2007, 65:125-133. Pre-publication history The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/12/130/prepub doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-130 Cite this article as: Laschak et al.: JS-K, a glutathione/glutathione S- transferase-activated nitric oxide releasing prodrug inhibits androgen receptor and WNT-signaling in prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2012 12:130. Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take full advantage of: • Convenient online submission • Thorough peer review • No space constraints or color ﬁgure charges • Immediate publication on acceptance • Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar • Research which is freely available for redistribution Submit your manuscript at www.biomedcentral.com/submit