Al-Maskari et al. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:679 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/679 Table 3 Treatment Profile of DM Patients attending PHC and Hospital Clinics in the UAE during 2004 (N = 150) Table 4 Cardiovascular Risk and Treatment Profile of DM Patients in the UAE during 2004 (N = 150) Percent Variable Page 6 of 10 Percent Variable Annual Patients’ Visits to PHC or DM Clinics 1-2 visits 3-6 visits 7 - 11 visits 12 or more visits Laboratory tests HbA1c Fasting blood sugar Fasting lipid profile Renal function test Urine analysis Urine microscopy Microalbuminuria 24 Hour collection for proteins and creatinine clearance Hospitalization due to DM complications in the past year Never 113 1 time 22 2-3 times 11 4-5 times 4 ER visits due to DM in the past year Never 1 time 2-5 times More than 5 times Don’t know N 25 55 39 18 72 136 103 104 55 94 73 43 81 29 30 8 2 17% 37% 26% 12% 50% 91% 69% 69% 37% 63% 49% 29% 76.6% 14.6% 7.3% 2.6% 54% 19.3% 20% 5.4% 1.3% considered here are probably correlated, we carried out analysis of covariance to identify which factors are inde- pendently associated with (natural logarithm of) costs. Possible sampling bias was corrected for by including the frequency of clinic attendance as an additional co-vari- able. Table (7) shows the results of this analysis. Variables not significantly correlated with the dependent variable were removed sequentially (i.e. backward selection) until only (marginally) significant variables remained in the model. Interestingly, type of diabetes (1 or 2) was not included as it was not significantly associated with costs after adjustment for treatment with insulin. Surprisingly, unlike a history of myocardial infarction which was asso- ciated with an exp (0.72) = 2.05 fold increase in costs, a history of stroke was not associated with significantly increased medical costs. Dyslipidemia Presence of dyslipidemia (High Cholesterol) Use of lipid lowering agents Hypertension Use of antihypertensive agents Foot Complications Prevalence of symptomatic neuropathy Prevalence of leg or foot ulcer Amputation Coronary artery disease ECG examination Heart Disease Heart Attack Heart Operation Cerebro-vascular disease Prevalence of Stroke Observation and treatment at hospital ward Treatment with physiotherapy Duration of treatment for stroke at hospital ward 1 week or less 2 weeks or more Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence of Retinopathy Patients undergone visual acuity test Patients had eye pressure measurement Patients undergone retinal imaging Patients undergone laser treatment Patients undergone operation for cataract extraction Diabetic Nephropathy Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy Prevalence of chronic renal failure Patients with chronic renal failure who had undergone hemodialysis Patients with chronic renal failure who had undergone kidney transplantation Self reported general assessment of Health Status poor health good health 53.3% 44% 54% 81.3% 35.3% 11.3% 69% 60% 28% 15% 8% 90% 9.1% 27% 73% 58% 42% 46% 40% 16.7% 20.7% 34% 13.6% 71% 29% 61% 39%