Holden et al. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:96 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/96 Co-morbid conditions Men were asked if they had ever been told by a doctor that they had the following illnesses: high blood pressure ever requiring treatment (hypertensive disease), angina or heart attack (cardiovascular disease), stroke (cerebro- vascular disease), or diabetes ever requiring treatment. Only men who reported a diagnosed prostate problem were asked if they had undertaken surgery to treat the prostate problem. Depressive symptomatology was reported when men gave a positive response to the question ‘In the last 12 months, have you been depressed enough to interfere with daily living?’ Medications All men were asked if they are currently taking tablets for high blood pressure and/or high cholesterol and whether they had ever taken medication for depression. Data analysis Descriptive analyses have been reported previously [4]. All analyses were done using data weighted according to age and state of residence, based on the 2001 census age distribution of Australian men [18]. Binary logistic Page 3 of 9 regression was used to explore associations between each health outcome (ED, LUTS, PD and pAD) and each lifestyle factor, co-morbid condition and medica- tion used, controlling for age in the first instance. For ED analyses, the moderate and severe categories were combined. Moderate and severe categories of LUTS were also combined (IPSS scores 8-35) for logistic regression. Lifestyle factors included waist circumference groups, BMI categories, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and physical activity. Co-morbid conditions included cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertensive disease, diabetes requiring treatment, depressive symptomatology and prostate surgery. Medi- cations included use of medications for depression, high blood pressure and/or high cholesterol. Further logistic regression analyses were performed to assess independent associations of lifestyle factors, co- morbid conditions and medication use with each health outcome, controlling for age as well as all lifestyle vari- ables, co-morbid conditions and medication use (fully adjusted models). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are presented in the results. Due to Table 1 Age-adjusted associations of lifestyle factors with male reproductive health problems: OR (95% CI) Number of men in each categorya ED 21.3% (1012/4753a) LUTS PD pAD 16% (811/4986) 14% (677/4993) 31% (1172/3756) 2470 939 952 111 1652 2282 885 630 4002 359 912 2321 1769 1166 2075 1749 0.7 (0.6-0.9)* 1.0 (referent) 1.3 (1.0-1.6) 2.4 (1.3-4.3)* 1.0 (referent) 1.1 (0.9-1.3) 1.8 (1.4-2.2)** 1.0 (referent) 0.7 (0.6-0.9)* 1.1 (0.8-1.6) 1.3 (1.0-1.6) 1.2 (1.0-1.4) 1.0 (referent) 1.5 (1.2-1.8)** 1.1 (0.9-1.3) 1.0 (referent) 0.9 (0.7-1.1) 1.0 (referent) 1.1 (0.9-1.3) 0.8 (0.5-1.3) 1.0 (referent) 0.9 (0.8-1.1) 1.2 (0.9-1.4) 1.0 (referent) 0.7 (0.6-0.9)* 0.9 (0.6-1.3) 1.1 (0.9-1.4) 1.0 (0.9-1.2) 1.0 (referent) 1.1 (0.9-1.4) 1.0 (0.8-1.1) 1.0 (referent) 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 1.0 (referent) 1.1 (0.9-1.4) 0.6 (0.4-1.0) 1.0 (referent) 0.9 (0.7-1.0) 0.8 (0.6-1.0) 1.0 (referent) 1.0 (0.8-1.3) 0.7 (0.4-1.0) 0.6 (0.4-0.8)* 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 1.0 (referent) 0.8 (0.6-1.0) 1.0 (0.8-1.2) 1.0 (referent) 0.7 (0.6-0.9)** 1.0 (referent) 1.2 (1.0-1.5) 2.1 (1.2-3.8) 1.0 (referent) 1.2 (1.0-1.4) 1.8 (1.5-2.3)** 1.0 (referent) 0.9 (0.7-1.1) 1.4 (1.0-1.9) 1.3 (1.1-1.7)* 1.3 (1.1-1.5)* 1.0 (referent) 1.3 (1.1-1.6)* 1.1 (0.9-1.3) 1.0 (referent) Characteristic Prevalence of condition Waist circumference (cm) Small (<94) Medium (94.0-101.9) Large (≥ 102) BMI (kg/m2) Underweight (<20) Acceptable (20.0-24.9) Overweight (25.0-29.9) Obese (≥ 30) Alcohol consumption Abstainer† Low risk drinker‡ Risky or high risk drinker§ Cigarette smoking Current smoker|| Former smoker¶ Never smoked Physical Activity Sedentary§§ Insufficient activity†† Sufficient activity‡‡ a Note: numbers included in each analysis differ slightly from those presented here due to missing data. * p < 0.01 ** p < 0.001 † Do not consume alcohol; ‡ Drink up to 6 standard drinks on any one day, no more than three days a week; § Risky drinkers (7 to 10 standard drinks on any one day) and high risk drinkers (11 or more standard drinks on any one day) ||Currently smoke, daily, weekly or less often than weekly; ¶ Do not smoke now but have smoked at least 100 cigarettes or equivalent tobacco over a lifetime §§ No participation in physical activity; †† Some physical activity reported but not meeting ‘sufficient’ criteria; ‡‡ At least five separate sessions of vigorous- intensity activity