BMC Public Health 2006, 6:109 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/109 32. Hargreaves JR, Glynn JR: Educational attainment and HIV-1 infection in developing countries: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2002, 7(6):489-498. 33. Walque D, Nakiyingi-Miiro JS, Busingye J, Whitworth JA: Changing association between schooling levels and HIV-1 infection over 11 years in a rural population cohort in south-west Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2005, 10(10):993-1001. 34. Laga M, Nzila N, Goeman J: The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa. Aids 1991, 5(Suppl 1):S55-63. 35. Corbett EL, Steketee RW, ter Kuile FO, Latif AS, Kamali A, Hayes RJ: HIV-1/AIDS and the control of other infectious diseases in Africa. Lancet 2002, 359(9324):2177-2187. 36. Wald ALK: Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta- analysis. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:45-52. 37. Obasi A, Mosha F, Quigley M, Sekirassa Z, Gibbs T, Munguti K, Todd J, Grosskurth H, Mayaud P, Changalucha J, Brown D, Mabey D, Hayes R: Antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 as a marker of sexual risk behavior in rural Tanzania. J Infect Dis 1999, 179(1):16-24. 38. Mayaud P, Mosha F, Todd J, Balira R, Mgara J, West B, Rusizoka M, Mwijarubi E, Gabone R, Gavyole A, Grosskurth H, Hayes R, Mabey D: Improved treatment services significantly reduce the preva- lence of sexually transmitted diseases in rural Tanzania: results of a randomized controlled trial. Aids 1997, 11(15):1873-1880. 39. Grosskurth H, Gray R, Hayes R, Mabey D, Wawer M: Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1 prevention: under- standing the implications of the Mwanza and Rakai trials. Lancet 2000, 355(9219):1981-1987. 40. Nnko S, Boerma JT, Urassa M, Mwaluko G, Zaba B: Secretive females or swaggering males? An assessment of the quality of sexual partnership reporting in rural Tanzania. Soc Sci Med 2004, 59(2):299-310. 41. Saphonn V, Hor LB, Ly SP, Chhuon S, Saidel T, Detels R: How well do antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees represent the general population? A comparison of HIV prevalence from ANC sen- tinel surveillance sites with a population-based survey of women aged 15–49 in Cambodia. Int J Epidemiol 2002, 31(2):449-455. 42. Kaestle CE, Halpern CT, Miller WC, Ford CA: Young age at first sexual intercourse and sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 161(8):774-780. 43. Pettifor AE, van der Straten A, Dunbar MS, Shiboski SC, Padian NS: Early age of first sex: a risk factor for HIV infection among women in Zimbabwe. Aids 2004, 18(10):1435-1442. 44. Mwaluko G, Urassa M, Isingo R, Zaba B, Boerma JT: Trends in HIV and sexual behaviour in a longitudinal study in a rural popu- lation in Tanzania, 1994–2000. Aids 2003, 17(18):2645-2651. Pre-publication history The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/109/pre pub Publish with Bio Med Central and every scientist can read your work free of charge "BioMed Central will be the most significant development for disseminating the results of biomedical research in our lifetime." Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UK Your research papers will be: available free of charge to the entire biomedical community peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central yours — you keep the copyright Submit your manuscript here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp BioMedcentral Page 9 of 9 (page number not for citation purposes)