alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: intelligence brief on T1036.009
Matching passage: T1036.009 Break Process Trees. Tactics: stealth. Description: An adversary may attempt to evade process tree-based analysis by modifying executed malware's parent process ID (PPID). If endpoint protection software leverages the “parent-child" relationship for detection, breaking this relationship could result in the adversary’s behavior not being associated with previous process tree activity. On Unix-based systems breaking this process tree is common practice for administrators to execute software using scripts and programs.(Citation: 3OHA double-fork 2022) On Linux systems, adversaries may execute a series of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls to alter malware's process tree. For example, adversaries can execute their payload without any arguments, call the `fork()` API call twice, then have the parent process exit. This creates a grandchild process with no parent process that is immediately adopted by the `init` system process (PID 1), which successfully disconnects the execution of the adversary's payload from its previous process tree. Another example is using the “daemon” syscall to detach from the current parent process and run in the background.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022)
Near-miss passage: T1036.001 Invalid Code Signature. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to mimic features of valid code signatures to increase the chance of deceiving a user, analyst, or tool. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. Adversaries can copy the metadata and signature information from a signed program, then use it as a template for an unsigned program. Files with invalid code signatures will fail digital signature validation checks, but they may appear more legitimate to users and security tools may improperly handle these files.(Citation: Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017) Unlike [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), this activity will not result in a valid signature.
Query: indicators of Delay Execution
Matching passage: T1678 Delay Execution. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may employ various time-based methods to evade detection and analysis. These techniques often exploit system clocks, delays, or timing mechanisms to obscure malicious activity, blend in with benign activity, and avoid scrutiny. Adversaries can perform this behavior within virtualization/sandbox environments or natively on host systems. Adversaries may utilize programmatic `sleep` commands or native system scheduling functionality, for example [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053). Benign commands or other operations may also be used to delay malware execution or ensure prior commands have had time to execute properly. Loops or otherwise needless repetitions of commands, such as `ping`, may be used to delay malware execution and potentially exceed time thresholds of automated analysis environments.(Citation: Revil Independence Day)(Citation: Netskope Nitol) Another variation, commonly referred to as API hammering, involves making various calls to Native API functions in order to delay execution (while also potentially overloading analysis environments with junk data).(Citation: Joe Sec Nymaim)(Citation: Joe Sec Trickbot)
Near-miss passage: T1535 Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may create cloud instances in unused geographic service regions in order to evade detection. Access is usually obtained through compromising accounts used to manage cloud infrastructure. Cloud service providers often provide infrastructure throughout the world in order to improve performance, provide redundancy, and allow customers to meet compliance requirements. Oftentimes, a customer will only use a subset of the available regions and may not actively monitor other regions. If an adversary creates resources in an unused region, they may be able to operate undetected. A variation on this behavior takes advantage of differences in functionality across cloud regions. An adversary could utilize regions which do not support advanced detection services in order to avoid detection of their activity. An example of adversary use of unused AWS regions is to mine cryptocurrency through [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496), which can cost organizations substantial amounts of money over time depending on the processing power used.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)
Query: vulnerability: Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.324 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.267 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.559 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.233, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8644. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.324 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.267 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.559 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.233, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.233, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.233 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code by leveraging an unspecified "type confusion."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2628. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 6u95, 7u80, and 8u45, and Java SE Embedded 7u75 and 8u33 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via vectors related to CORBA.
Query: describe CVE-2015-6677
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6677. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.241 and 19.x before 19.0.0.185 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.521 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.190, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.190, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 19.0.0.190 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5575, CVE-2015-5577, CVE-2015-5578, CVE-2015-5580, CVE-2015-5582, and CVE-2015-5588.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5792. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple iOS before 9 and iTunes before 12.3, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-09-16-1 and APPLE-SA-2015-09-16-3.
Query: risk of PCRE before 8.38 mishandles the /(?:|a|){100}x/ pattern and related patterns, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite recursion) or possibly have unspe
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8389. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. PCRE before 8.38 mishandles the /(?:|a|){100}x/ pattern and related patterns, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite recursion) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted regular expression, as demonstrated by a JavaScript RegExp object encountered by Konqueror.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7034. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The Apple iWork application before 2.6 for iOS and Apple Pages before 5.6 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted Pages document.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-9136
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9136. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9640, MDM9650, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 425, SD 430, SD 450, SD 600, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 808, SD 810, SD 820, SD 835, and SDX20, in pre-auth request, Host driver uses FT IEs sent by the supplicant. A buffer overflow may occur if FT IEs sent by the supplicant are larger than the expected value.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2023. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Buffer overflow in IBM i Access 7.1 on Windows allows local users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors.
Query: describe CVE-2015-8317
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8317. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 5.0. The xmlParseXMLDecl function in parser.c in libxml2 before 2.9.3 allows context-dependent attackers to obtain sensitive information via an (1) unterminated encoding value or (2) incomplete XML declaration in XML data, which triggers an out-of-bounds heap read.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7005. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple iOS before 9.1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-10-21-1.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-2805
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2805. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in sec/content/sec_asa_users_local_db_add.html in the management web interface in Alcatel-Lucent OmniSwitch 6450, 6250, 6850E, 9000E, 6400, 6855, 6900, 10K, and 6860 with firmware 6.4.5.R02, 6.4.6.R01, 6.6.4.R01, 6.6.5.R02, 7.3.2.R01, 7.3.3.R01, 7.3.4.R01, and 8.1.1.R01 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that create users via a crafted request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5338. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in the lesson module in Moodle through 2.6.11, 2.7.x before 2.7.11, 2.8.x before 2.8.9, and 2.9.x before 2.9.3 allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users for requests to (1) mod/lesson/mediafile.php or (2) mod/lesson/view.php.
Query: detection engineering for Cloud Accounts
Matching passage: T1585.003 Cloud Accounts. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create accounts with cloud providers that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, MEGA, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Establishing cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud) Creating [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003) may also require adversaries to establish [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002) to register with the cloud provider.
Near-miss passage: T1585 Establish Accounts. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create and cultivate accounts with services that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can create accounts that can be used to build a persona to further operations. Persona development consists of the development of public information, presence, history and appropriate affiliations. This development could be applied to social media, website, or other publicly available information that could be referenced and scrutinized for legitimacy over the course of an operation using that persona or identity.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. These personas may be fictitious or impersonate real people. The persona may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, GitHub, Docker Hub, etc.). Establishing a persona may require development of additional documentation to make them seem real. This could include filling out profile information, developing social networks, or incorporating photos.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) Establishing accounts can also include the creation of accounts with email providers, which may be directly leveraged for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) In addition, establishing accounts may allow adversaries to abuse free services, such as registering for trial periods to [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) for malicious purposes.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)
Query: EDR alert: possible Services File Permissions Weakness (T1574.010)
Matching passage: T1574.010 Services File Permissions Weakness. Tactics: stealth, execution. Description: Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions of Windows services to replace the binary that is executed upon service start. These service processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM. Adversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.
Near-miss passage: T1574 Hijack Execution Flow. Tactics: stealth, execution. Description: Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run programs. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence, since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. Adversaries may also use these mechanisms to elevate privileges or evade defenses, such as application control or other restrictions on execution. There are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution, including by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs/resources, such as file directories and in the case of Windows the Registry, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.
Query: alert when Detect the use of "sc.exe" to change the startup type of a service to "disabled" or "demand"
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detect the use of "sc.exe" to change the startup type of a service to "disabled" or "demand". Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Service StartupType Change Via Sc.EXE id: 85c312b7-f44d-4a51-a024-d671c40b49fc status: test description: Detect the use of "sc.exe" to change the startup type of a service to "disabled" or "demand" references: - https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/38283b775552da8981452941ea74191aa0d203edd3f61fb2dee7b0aea3514955 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-08-01 modified: 2023-03-04 tags: - attack.execution - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \sc.exe - OriginalFileName: sc.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - ' config ' - start CommandLine|contains: - disabled - demand condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - False positives may occur with troubleshooting scripts level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious connections from Microsoft Sync Center to non-private IPs.. Logsource: windows / network_connection. Rule: title: Microsoft Sync Center Suspicious Network Connections id: 9f2cc74d-78af-4eb2-bb64-9cd1d292b87b status: test description: Detects suspicious connections from Microsoft Sync Center to non-private IPs. references: - https://redcanary.com/blog/intelligence-insights-november-2021/ author: elhoim date: 2022-04-28 modified: 2024-03-12 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.stealth - attack.t1055 - attack.t1218 - attack.execution logsource: product: windows category: network_connection detection: selection: Image|endswith: \mobsync.exe filter_main_local_ranges: DestinationIp|cidr: - 127.0.0.0/8 - 10.0.0.0/8 - 172.16.0.0/12 - 192.168.0.0/16 - 169.254.0.0/16 - ::1/128 - fe80::/10 - fc00::/7 condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: explain CWE-382
Matching passage: CWE-382 J2EE Bad Practices: Use of System.exit(). A J2EE application uses System.exit(), which also shuts down its container.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1426 Improper Validation of Generative AI Output. The product invokes a generative AI/ML component whose behaviors and outputs cannot be directly controlled, but the product does not validate or insufficiently validates the outputs to ensure that they align with the intended security, content, or privacy policy.
Query: alert when Adversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Detected Windows Software Discovery id: e13f668e-7f95-443d-98d2-1816a7648a7b related: - id: 2650dd1a-eb2a-412d-ac36-83f06c4f2282 type: derived status: test description: Adversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or if the compromised system has a version of software that is vulnerable. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1518/T1518.md - https://github.com/harleyQu1nn/AggressorScripts author: Nikita Nazarov, oscd.community date: 2020-10-16 modified: 2022-10-09 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1518 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \reg.exe CommandLine|contains|all: - query - \software\ - /v - svcversion condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate administration activities level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the creation or patching of potential malicious RoleBinding/ClusterRoleBinding.. Logsource: azure / activitylogs. Rule: title: Azure Kubernetes RoleBinding/ClusterRoleBinding Modified and Deleted id: 25cb259b-bbdc-4b87-98b7-90d7c72f8743 status: test description: Detects the creation or patching of potential malicious RoleBinding/ClusterRoleBinding. references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/resource-provider-operations#microsoftkubernetes - https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/23/secure-containerized-environments-with-updated-threat-matrix-for-kubernetes/ - https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/ - https://medium.com/mitre-engenuity/att-ck-for-containers-now-available-4c2359654bf1 author: Austin Songer @austinsonger date: 2021-08-07 modified: 2022-08-23 tags: - attack.impact - attack.credential-access - attack.t1485 - attack.t1496 - attack.t1489 logsource: product: azure service: activitylogs detection: selection: operationName: - MICROSOFT.KUBERNETES/CONNECTEDCLUSTERS/RBAC.AUTHORIZATION.K8S.IO/CLUSTERROLEBINDINGS/WRITE - MICROSOFT.KUBERNETES/CONNECTEDCLUSTERS/RBAC.AUTHORIZATION.K8S.IO/CLUSTERROLEBINDINGS/DELETE - MICROSOFT.KUBERNETES/CONNECTEDCLUSTERS/RBAC.AUTHORIZATION.K8S.IO/ROLEBINDINGS/WRITE - MICROSOFT.KUBERNETES/CONNECTEDCLUSTERS/RBAC.AUTHORIZATION.K8S.IO/ROLEBINDINGS/DELETE condition: selection falsepositives: - RoleBinding/ClusterRoleBinding being modified and deleted may be performed by a system administrator. Verify whether the user identity, user agent, and/or hostname should be making changes in your environment. - RoleBinding/ClusterRoleBinding modification from unfamiliar users should be investigated. If known behavior is causing false positives, it can be exempted from the rule. level: medium
Query: what is T1053.003
Matching passage: T1053.003 Cron. Tactics: execution, persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may abuse the <code>cron</code> utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) The <code>cron</code> utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems. The <code> crontab</code> file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any <code>crontab</code> files are stored in operating system-specific file paths. An adversary may use <code>cron</code> in Linux or Unix environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). In ESXi environments, cron jobs must be created directly via the crontab file (e.g., `/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root`).(Citation: CloudSEK ESXiArgs 2023)
Near-miss passage: T1053.004 Launchd. Tactics: execution, persistence, privilege escalation. Description: This technique is deprecated due to the inaccurate usage. The report cited did not provide technical detail as to how the malware interacted directly with launchd rather than going through known services. Other system services are used to interact with launchd rather than launchd being used by itself. Adversaries may abuse the <code>Launchd</code> daemon to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>launchd</code> daemon, native to macOS, is responsible for loading and maintaining services within the operating system. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). An adversary may use the <code>launchd</code> daemon in macOS environments to schedule new executables to run at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. <code>launchd</code> can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account. Daemons, such as <code>launchd</code>, run with the permissions of the root user account, and will operate regardless of which user account is logged in.
Query: vulnerability: Stack-based buffer overflow in the ValidateMove function in frontend/move.cc in GNU Chess (aka gnuchess) before 6.2.4 might allow context-dependent attackers to execute arbitrary c
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8972. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Stack-based buffer overflow in the ValidateMove function in frontend/move.cc in GNU Chess (aka gnuchess) before 6.2.4 might allow context-dependent attackers to execute arbitrary code via a large input, as demonstrated when in UCI mode.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8792. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. The KaxInternalBlock::ReadData function in libMatroska before 1.4.4 allows context-dependent attackers to obtain sensitive information from process heap memory via crafted EBML lacing, which triggers an invalid memory access.
Query: common weakness: Command Shell in Externally Accessible Directory
Matching passage: CWE-553 Command Shell in Externally Accessible Directory. A possible shell file exists in /cgi-bin/ or other accessible directories. This is extremely dangerous and can be used by an attacker to execute commands on the web server.
Near-miss passage: CWE-7 J2EE Misconfiguration: Missing Custom Error Page. The default error page of a web application should not display sensitive information about the product.