alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-3298
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3298. CWE: CWE-347. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Yubico ykneo-openpgp before 1.0.10 has a typo in which an invalid PIN can be used. When first powered up, a signature will be issued even though the PIN has not been validated.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7336. CWE: CWE-347. CVSS: 7.5. MITRE is populating this ID because it was assigned prior to Lenovo becoming a CNA. A vulnerability was reported (fixed and publicly disclosed in 2015) in Lenovo System Update version 5.07.0008 and prior that could allow the signature check of an update to be bypassed.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-9116
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9116. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile and Snapdragon Mobile MDM9625, SD 425, SD 430, SD 450, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 810, SD 820, and SD 820A, in a QTEE syscall handler, an untrusted pointer dereference can occur.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4646. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. (1) unsquash-1.c, (2) unsquash-2.c, (3) unsquash-3.c, and (4) unsquash-4.c in Squashfs and sasquatch allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via a crafted input.
Query: risk of A vulnerability was found in KYUUBl school-register. It has been classified as critical. This affects an unknown part of the file src/DBManager.java. The manipulation leads to sql 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-10047. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. A vulnerability was found in KYUUBl school-register. It has been classified as critical. This affects an unknown part of the file src/DBManager.java. The manipulation leads to sql injection. The patch is named 1cf7e01b878aee923f2b22cc2535c71a680e4c30. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218355.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2242. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in Webshop hun 1.062S allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) termid or (2) nyelv_id parameter to index.php.
Query: Sigma YAML for windows / registry_event
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects NetNTLM downgrade attack. Logsource: windows / registry_event. Rule: title: NetNTLM Downgrade Attack - Registry id: d67572a0-e2ec-45d6-b8db-c100d14b8ef2 status: test description: Detects NetNTLM downgrade attack references: - https://web.archive.org/web/20171113231705/https://www.optiv.com/blog/post-exploitation-using-netntlm-downgrade-attacks - https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/wiki/page.aspx?spid=NSrpcservers author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), wagga, Nasreddine Bencherchali (Splunk STRT) date: 2018-03-20 modified: 2024-12-03 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685 - attack.t1112 logsource: product: windows category: registry_event detection: selection_regkey: TargetObject|contains|all: - SYSTEM\ - ControlSet - \Control\Lsa selection_value_lmcompatibilitylevel: TargetObject|endswith: \lmcompatibilitylevel Details: - DWORD (0x00000000) - DWORD (0x00000001) - DWORD (0x00000002) selection_value_ntlmminclientsec: TargetObject|endswith: \NtlmMinClientSec Details: - DWORD (0x00000000) - DWORD (0x00000010) - DWORD (0x00000020) - DWORD (0x00000030) selection_value_restrictsendingntlmtraffic: TargetObject|endswith: \RestrictSendingNTLMTraffic condition: selection_regkey and 1 of selection_value_* falsepositives: - Services or tools that set the values to more restrictive values level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of a binary from the Linux shared memory directory /dev/shm. This directory is a tmpfs mount backe. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: Process Execution From Shared Memory Directory id: 5cd16c8f-44a6-4654-81e7-a84d6db507d4 status: experimental description: 'Detects the execution of a binary from the Linux shared memory directory /dev/shm. This directory is a tmpfs mount backed entirely by RAM and is abused by attackers for fileless malware staging because files written there never touch physical disk and may evade disk-based detection. ' references: - https://www.sysdig.com/blog/containers-read-only-fileless-malware - https://unfinished.bike/fun-with-the-new-bpfdoor-2023 - https://asiapacificdefencereporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Final-CRWD-2023-Threat-Hunting-Report.pdf - https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/how-to-hunt-for-decisivearchitect-and-justforfun-implant/ - https://www.linkedin.com/posts/avradeep_malware-apt-infostealer-activity-7373203959697719296-JR-7 - https://www.stormshield.com/news/orbit-analysis-of-a-linux-dedicated-malware/ author: Stan Beukers date: 2026-06-20 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.execution - attack.t1027.011 logsource: category: process_creation product: linux detection: selection: Image|startswith: /dev/shm/ condition: selection falsepositives: - Unlikely in production environments; some container runtimes or IPC frameworks may use /dev/shm for inter-process communication but should not spawn executables. level: high
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-1950
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1950. CWE: CWE-255. CVSS: 4.599999904632568. IBM PowerVC Standard Edition 1.2.2.1 through 1.2.2.2 does not require authentication for access to the Python interpreter with nova credentials, which allows KVM guest OS users to discover certain PowerVC credentials and bypass intended access restrictions via unspecified Python code.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6742. CWE: CWE-255. CVSS: 6.5. Basware Banking (Maksuliikenne) before 8.90.07.X uses a hardcoded password for the ANCO account, which allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions by leveraging knowledge of this password. NOTE: this identifier was SPLIT from CVE-2015-0942 per ADT2 and ADT3 due to different vulnerability types and different affected versions.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-1715
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1715. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Silverlight 5 before 5.1.40416.00 allows remote attackers to bypass intended integrity-level restrictions via a crafted Silverlight application, aka "Microsoft Silverlight Out of Browser Application Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3283. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. OpenAFS before 1.6.13 allows remote attackers to spoof bos commands via unspecified vectors.
Query: describe CVE-2015-6142
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6142. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 and Microsoft Edge allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Microsoft Browser Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6140, CVE-2015-6143, CVE-2015-6153, CVE-2015-6158, CVE-2015-6159, and CVE-2015-6160.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0826. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The nsTransformedTextRun::SetCapitalization function in Mozilla Firefox before 36.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read of heap memory) via a crafted Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) token sequence that triggers a restyle or reflow operation.
Query: exploit Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 6u95, 7u80, and 8u45; JRockit R28.3.6; and Java SE Embedded 7u75 and 8u33 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality via vectors 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2625. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 2.5999999046325684. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 6u95, 7u80, and 8u45; JRockit R28.3.6; and Java SE Embedded 7u75 and 8u33 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality via vectors related to JSSE.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8420. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.204, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.204, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.204 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8048, CVE-2015-8049, CVE-2015-8050, CVE-2015-8055, CVE-2015-8056, CVE-2015-8057, CVE-2015-8058, CVE-2015-8059, CVE-2015-8061, CVE-2015-8062, CVE-2015-8063, CVE-2015-8064, CVE-2015-8065, CVE-2015-8066, CVE-2015-8067, CVE-2015-8068, CVE-2015-8069, CVE-2015-8070, CVE-2015-8071, CVE-2015-8401, CVE-2015-8402, CVE-2015-8403, CVE-2015-8404, CVE-2015-8405, CVE-2015-8406, CVE-2015-8410, CVE-2015-8411, CVE-2015-8412, CVE-2015-8413, CVE-2015-8414, CVE-2015-8421, CVE-2015-8422, CVE-2015-8423, CVE-2015-8424, CVE-2015-8425, CVE-2015-8426, CVE-2015-8427, CVE-2015-8428, CVE-2015-8429, CVE-2015-8430, CVE-2015-8431, CVE-2015-8432, CVE-2015-8433, CVE-2015-8434, CVE-2015-8435, CVE-2015-8436, CVE-2015-8437, CVE-2015-8441, CVE-2015-8442, CVE-2015-8447, CVE-2015-8448, CVE-2015-8449, CVE-2015-8450, CVE-2015-8452, and CVE-2015-8454.
Query: risk of FontParser in Apple iOS before 8.4 and OS X before 10.10.4 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font fil
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3694. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. FontParser in Apple iOS before 8.4 and OS X before 10.10.4 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3719.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6156. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6148.
Query: exploit Heap-based buffer overflow in SPICE before 0.12.6 allows guest OS users to read and write to arbitrary memory locations on the host via guest QXL commands related to surface creati
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5261. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.099999904632568. Heap-based buffer overflow in SPICE before 0.12.6 allows guest OS users to read and write to arbitrary memory locations on the host via guest QXL commands related to surface creation.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2401. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1767 and CVE-2015-2408.
Query: threat report mentioning Automated Exfiltration
Matching passage: T1020 Automated Exfiltration. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection.(Citation: ESET Gamaredon June 2020) When automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).
Near-miss passage: T1020.001 Traffic Duplication. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may leverage traffic mirroring in order to automate data exfiltration over compromised infrastructure. Traffic mirroring is a native feature for some devices, often used for network analysis. For example, devices may be configured to forward network traffic to one or more destinations for analysis by a network analyzer or other monitoring device. (Citation: Cisco Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: Juniper Traffic Mirroring) Adversaries may abuse traffic mirroring to mirror or redirect network traffic through other infrastructure they control. Malicious modifications to network devices to enable traffic redirection may be possible through [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) or [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) Many cloud-based environments also support traffic mirroring. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP) Adversaries may use traffic duplication in conjunction with [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) depending on the goals and objectives of the adversary.
Query: describe CVE-2015-9059
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9059. CWE: CWE-77. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. picocom before 2.0 has a command injection vulnerability in the 'send and receive file' command because the command line is executed by /bin/sh unsafely.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2051. CWE: CWE-77. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. The D-Link DIR-645 Wired/Wireless Router Rev. Ax with firmware 1.04b12 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a GetDeviceSettings action to the HNAP interface.
Query: secure coding against Not Using Password Aging
Matching passage: CWE-262 Not Using Password Aging. The product does not have a mechanism in place for managing password aging.
Near-miss passage: CWE-165 Improper Neutralization of Multiple Internal Special Elements. The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple internal special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.
Query: alert when Detects juniper BGP missing MD5 digest. Which may be indicative of brute force attacks to manipulate routing.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects juniper BGP missing MD5 digest. Which may be indicative of brute force attacks to manipulate routing.. Logsource: juniper / bgp. Rule: title: Juniper BGP Missing MD5 id: a7c0ae48-8df8-42bf-91bd-2ea57e2f9d43 status: test description: Detects juniper BGP missing MD5 digest. Which may be indicative of brute force attacks to manipulate routing. references: - https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-03/bh-us-03-convery-franz-v3.pdf author: Tim Brown date: 2023-01-09 modified: 2023-01-23 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.persistence - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.credential-access - attack.collection - attack.stealth - attack.t1078 - attack.t1110 - attack.t1557 logsource: product: juniper service: bgp definition: 'Requirements: juniper bgp logs need to be enabled and ingested' detection: keywords_bgp_juniper: '|all': - :179 - missing MD5 digest condition: keywords_bgp_juniper falsepositives: - Unlikely. Except due to misconfigurations level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects scheduled task creations that have suspicious action command and folder combinations. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Schtasks From Suspicious Folders id: 8a8379b8-780b-4dbf-b1e9-31c8d112fefb status: test description: Detects scheduled task creations that have suspicious action command and folder combinations references: - https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/lazarus-dream-job-chemical author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-04-15 modified: 2022-11-18 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.execution - attack.t1053.005 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \schtasks.exe - OriginalFileName: schtasks.exe selection_create: CommandLine|contains: ' /create ' selection_command: CommandLine|contains: - powershell - pwsh - 'cmd /c ' - 'cmd /k ' - 'cmd /r ' - 'cmd.exe /c ' - 'cmd.exe /k ' - 'cmd.exe /r ' selection_all_folders: CommandLine|contains: - C:\ProgramData\ - '%ProgramData%' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: risk of The web interface in Cisco FireSIGHT Management Center 5.3.1.4 allows remote attackers to delete arbitrary system policies via modified parameters in a POST request, aka Bug ID CSC
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4302. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 6.400000095367432. The web interface in Cisco FireSIGHT Management Center 5.3.1.4 allows remote attackers to delete arbitrary system policies via modified parameters in a POST request, aka Bug ID CSCuu25390.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0820. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 2.5999999046325684. Mozilla Firefox before 36.0 does not properly restrict transitions of JavaScript objects from a non-extensible state to an extensible state, which allows remote attackers to bypass a Caja Compiler sandbox protection mechanism or a Secure EcmaScript sandbox protection mechanism via a crafted web site.
Query: rule covering Detects when an application is modified or deleted.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when an application is modified or deleted.. Logsource: okta / okta. Rule: title: Okta Application Modified or Deleted id: 7899144b-e416-4c28-b0b5-ab8f9e0a541d status: test description: Detects when an application is modified or deleted. references: - https://developer.okta.com/docs/reference/api/system-log/ - https://developer.okta.com/docs/reference/api/event-types/ author: Austin Songer @austinsonger date: 2021-09-12 modified: 2026-04-27 tags: - attack.impact logsource: product: okta service: okta detection: selection: eventType: - application.lifecycle.update - application.lifecycle.delete condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by application. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: New Custom Shim Database Created id: ee63c85c-6d51-4d12-ad09-04e25877a947 status: test description: 'Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by application shims. The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. ' references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1546.011/T1546.011.md#atomic-test-2---new-shim-database-files-created-in-the-default-shim-database-directory - https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fin7-shim-databases-persistence - https://liberty-shell.com/sec/2020/02/25/shim-persistence/ - https://andreafortuna.org/2018/11/12/process-injection-and-persistence-using-application-shimming/ author: frack113, Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2021-12-29 modified: 2023-12-06 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.t1547.009 logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: TargetFilename|contains: - :\Windows\apppatch\Custom\ - :\Windows\apppatch\CustomSDB\ condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate custom SHIM installations will also trigger this rule level: medium regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/file/file_event/file_event_win_creation_new_shim_database/info.yml
Query: Sigma YAML for macos / process_creation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the enumeration of other remote systems.. Logsource: macos / process_creation. Rule: title: Macos Remote System Discovery id: 10227522-8429-47e6-a301-f2b2d014e7ad status: test description: Detects the enumeration of other remote systems. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1018/T1018.md author: Alejandro Ortuno, oscd.community date: 2020-10-22 modified: 2021-11-27 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1018 logsource: category: process_creation product: macos detection: selection_1: Image|endswith: /arp CommandLine|contains: -a selection_2: Image|endswith: /ping CommandLine|contains: - ' 10.' - ' 192.168.' - ' 172.16.' - ' 172.17.' - ' 172.18.' - ' 172.19.' - ' 172.20.' - ' 172.21.' - ' 172.22.' - ' 172.23.' - ' 172.24.' - ' 172.25.' - ' 172.26.' - ' 172.27.' - ' 172.28.' - ' 172.29.' - ' 172.30.' - ' 172.31.' - ' 127.' - ' 169.254.' condition: 1 of selection* falsepositives: - Legitimate administration activities level: informational
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects POST requests to the F5 BIG-IP iControl Rest API "bash" endpoint, which allows the execution of commands on the. Logsource: webserver. Rule: title: F5 BIG-IP iControl Rest API Command Execution - Webserver id: 85254a62-22be-4239-b79c-2ec17e566c37 related: - id: b59c98c6-95e8-4d65-93ee-f594dfb96b17 type: similar status: test description: Detects POST requests to the F5 BIG-IP iControl Rest API "bash" endpoint, which allows the execution of commands on the BIG-IP references: - https://f5-sdk.readthedocs.io/en/latest/apidoc/f5.bigip.tm.util.html#module-f5.bigip.tm.util.bash - https://community.f5.com/t5/technical-forum/icontrolrest-11-5-execute-bash-command/td-p/203029 - https://community.f5.com/t5/technical-forum/running-bash-commands-via-rest-api/td-p/272516 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems), Thurein Oo date: 2023-11-08 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1190 - attack.initial-access logsource: category: webserver detection: selection: cs-method: POST cs-uri-query|endswith: /mgmt/tm/util/bash condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate usage of the BIG IP REST API to execute command for administration purposes level: medium
Query: describe CVE-2015-8346
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8346. CWE: CWE-199. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. app/views/timelog/_form.html.erb in Redmine before 2.6.8, 3.0.x before 3.0.6, and 3.1.x before 3.1.2 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information about subjects of issues by viewing the time logging form.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0016. CWE: CWE-22. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Directory traversal vulnerability in the TS WebProxy (aka TSWbPrxy) component in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, and Windows RT Gold and 8.1 allows remote attackers to gain privileges via a crafted pathname in an executable file, as demonstrated by a transition from Low Integrity to Medium Integrity, aka "Directory Traversal Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability."
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-1062
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1062. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 5.0. MobileStorageMounter in Apple iOS before 8.2 and Apple TV before 7.1 does not delete invalid disk-image folders, which allows attackers to create folders in arbitrary filesystem locations via a crafted app.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0621. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Cisco TelePresence MCU devices with software 4.5(1.45) allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (device reload) via an unspecified series of TCP packets, aka Bug ID CSCur50347.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7768
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7768. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. Buffer overflow in Konica Minolta FTP Utility 1.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long CWD command.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3744. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple iOS before 8.4.1 and Safari before 6.2.8, 7.x before 7.1.8, and 8.x before 8.0.8, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-08-13-1 and APPLE-SA-2015-08-13-3.