alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: intelligence brief on T1078.004
Matching passage: T1078.004 Cloud Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Valid accounts in cloud environments may allow adversaries to perform actions to achieve Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application. Cloud Accounts can exist solely in the cloud; alternatively, they may be hybrid-joined between on-premises systems and the cloud through syncing or federation with other identity sources such as Windows Active Directory.(Citation: AWS Identity Federation)(Citation: Google Federating GC)(Citation: Microsoft Deploying AD Federation) Service or user accounts may be targeted by adversaries through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or various other means to gain access to the environment. Federated or synced accounts may be a pathway for the adversary to affect both on-premises systems and cloud environments - for example, by leveraging shared credentials to log onto [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021). High privileged cloud accounts, whether federated, synced, or cloud-only, may also allow pivoting to on-premises environments by leveraging SaaS-based [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) to run commands on hybrid-joined devices. An adversary may create long lasting [Additional Cloud Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001) on a compromised cloud account to maintain persistence in the environment. Such credentials may also be used to bypass security controls such as multi-factor authentication. Cloud accounts may also be able to assume [Temporary Elevated Cloud Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005) or other privileges through various means within the environment. Misconfigurations in role assignments or role assumption policies may allow an adversar
Near-miss passage: T1078.002 Domain Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a domain account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.(Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover users, administrators, and services.(Citation: Microsoft AD Accounts) Adversaries may compromise domain accounts, some with a high level of privileges, through various means such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or password reuse, allowing access to privileged resources of the domain.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7414
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7414. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the GDS component in IBM InfoSphere Master Data Management - Collaborative Edition 9.1, 10.1, 11.0 before 11.0.0.0 IF11, 11.3 before 11.3.0.0 IF7, and 11.4 before 11.4.0.4 IF1 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2068. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the MAGMI (aka Magento Mass Importer) plugin for Magento Server allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) profile parameter to web/magmi.php or (2) QUERY_STRING to web/magmi_import_run.php.
Query: actor TTPs: Exploitation of Remote Services
Matching passage: T1210 Exploitation of Remote Services. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system. An adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046) or other Discovery methods looking for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities, or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources. There are several well-known vulnerabilities that exist in common services such as SMB(Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities) and RDP(Citation: NVD CVE-2017-0176) as well as applications that may be used within internal networks such as MySQL(Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662) and web server services.(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169)(Citation: Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021) Additionally, there have been a number of vulnerabilities in VMware vCenter installations, which may enable threat actors to move laterally from the compromised vCenter server to virtual machines or even to ESXi hypervisors.(Citation: Broadcom VMSA-2024-0019) Depending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well.
Near-miss passage: T1051 Shared Webroot. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: **This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.** Adversaries may add malicious content to an internally accessible website through an open network file share that contains the website's webroot or Web content directory (Citation: Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016) (Citation: Apache Server 2018) and then browse to that content with a Web browser to cause the server to execute the malicious content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the Web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges, depending on how the Web server is configured. This mechanism of shared access and remote execution could be used for lateral movement to the system running the Web server. For example, a Web server running PHP with an open network share could allow an adversary to upload a remote access tool and PHP script to execute the RAT on the system running the Web server when a specific page is visited. (Citation: Webroot PHP 2011)
Query: describe CVE-2015-4994
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4994. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. Buffer overflow in IBM Domino 8.5.1 through 8.5.3 before 8.5.3 FP6 IF10 and 9.x before 9.0.1 FP4 IF3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (SMTP daemon crash) via a crafted GIF image, aka SPRs KLYH9ZDKRE and KLYH9ZTLEZ, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5040.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3166. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. The snprintf implementation in PostgreSQL before 9.0.20, 9.1.x before 9.1.16, 9.2.x before 9.2.11, 9.3.x before 9.3.7, and 9.4.x before 9.4.2 does not properly handle system-call errors, which allows attackers to obtain sensitive information or have other unspecified impact via unknown vectors, as demonstrated by an out-of-memory error.
Query: vulnerability: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the "Create download task via file upload" feature in Synology Download Station before 3.5-2962 allows remote attackers to inject arbitr
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6909. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the "Create download task via file upload" feature in Synology Download Station before 3.5-2962 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the name element in the Info dictionary in a torrent file.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9281. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Logon Manager in SAS Web Infrastructure Platform before 9.4M3 allows reflected XSS on the Timeout page.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-1132
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1132. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 10.0. fontd in Apple Type Services (ATS) in Apple OS X before 10.10.3 allows local users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1131, CVE-2015-1133, CVE-2015-1134, and CVE-2015-1135.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8722. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.5. epan/dissectors/packet-sctp.c in the SCTP dissector in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.9 and 2.0.x before 2.0.1 does not validate the frame pointer, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and application crash) via a crafted packet.
Query: risk of Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the web administration frontend in the httpd package in fli4l before 3.10.1 and 4.0 before 2015-01-30 allow remote attackers 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1444. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the web administration frontend in the httpd package in fli4l before 3.10.1 and 4.0 before 2015-01-30 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) conntrack.cgi, (2) index.cgi, (3) log_syslog.cgi, (4) problems.cgi, (5) status.cgi, (6) status_network.cgi, or (7) status_system.cgi script in admin/.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7460. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM Connections 3.0.1.1 and earlier, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 before CR4 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors. IBM X-Force ID: 108356.
Query: Persistence mechanism resembling Web Service
Matching passage: T1102 Web Service. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise.(Citation: Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024) Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. Use of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).
Near-miss passage: T1102.003 One-Way Communication. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response. Popular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.
Query: intelligence brief on T1556.004
Matching passage: T1556.004 Network Device Authentication. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to hard code a password in the operating system, thus bypassing of native authentication mechanisms for local accounts on network devices. [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may include implanted code to the operating system for network devices to provide access for adversaries using a specific password. The modification includes a specific password which is implanted in the operating system image via the patch. Upon authentication attempts, the inserted code will first check to see if the user input is the password. If so, access is granted. Otherwise, the implanted code will pass the credentials on for verification of potentially valid credentials.(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)
Near-miss passage: T1556.006 Multi-Factor Authentication. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may disable or modify multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms to enable persistent access to compromised accounts. Once adversaries have gained access to a network by either compromising an account lacking MFA or by employing an MFA bypass method such as [Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1621), adversaries may leverage their access to modify or completely disable MFA defenses. This can be accomplished by abusing legitimate features, such as excluding users from Azure AD Conditional Access Policies, registering a new yet vulnerable/adversary-controlled MFA method, or by manually patching MFA programs and configuration files to bypass expected functionality.(Citation: Mandiant APT42)(Citation: Azure AD Conditional Access Exclusions) For example, modifying the Windows hosts file (`C:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts`) to redirect MFA calls to localhost instead of an MFA server may cause the MFA process to fail. If a "fail open" policy is in place, any otherwise successful authentication attempt may be granted access without enforcing MFA. (Citation: Russians Exploit Default MFA Protocol - CISA March 2022) Depending on the scope, goals, and privileges of the adversary, MFA defenses may be disabled for individual accounts or for all accounts tied to a larger group, such as all domain accounts in a victim's network environment.(Citation: Russians Exploit Default MFA Protocol - CISA March 2022)
Query: risk of Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 and 9 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explore
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2388. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 and 9 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1738.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5225. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Buffer overflow in the vnc_refresh_server_surface function in the VNC display driver in QEMU before 2.4.0.1 allows guest users to cause a denial of service (heap memory corruption and process crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code on the host via unspecified vectors, related to refreshing the server display surface.
Query: vulnerability: Siemens SIMATIC HMI Comfort Panels before WinCC (TIA Portal) 13 SP1 Upd2 and SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Advanced before WinCC (TIA Portal) 13 SP1 Upd2 allow man-in-the-middle attackers 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2822. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Siemens SIMATIC HMI Comfort Panels before WinCC (TIA Portal) 13 SP1 Upd2 and SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Advanced before WinCC (TIA Portal) 13 SP1 Upd2 allow man-in-the-middle attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted packets on TCP port 102.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9268. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Nullsoft Scriptable Install System (NSIS) before 2.49 has unsafe implicit linking against Version.dll. In other words, there is no protection mechanism in which a wrapper function resolves the dependency at an appropriate time during runtime.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-0919
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0919. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in the administrative backend in Sefrengo before 1.6.1 allow remote administrators to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) idcat or (2) idclient parameter to backend/main.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0782. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. SQL injection vulnerability in the ScheduleQuery method of the schedule class in Novell ZENworks Configuration Management (ZCM) allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors.
Query: secure coding against Reliance on a Single Factor in a Security Decision
Matching passage: CWE-654 Reliance on a Single Factor in a Security Decision. A protection mechanism relies exclusively, or to a large extent, on the evaluation of a single condition or the integrity of a single object or entity in order to make a decision about granting access to restricted resources or functionality.
Near-miss passage: CWE-203 Observable Discrepancy. The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7683
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7683. CWE: CWE-22. CVSS: 4.0. Absolute path traversal vulnerability in Font.php in the Font plugin before 7.5.1 for WordPress allows remote administrators to read arbitrary files via a full pathname in the url parameter to AjaxProxy.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8358. CWE: CWE-22. CVSS: 9.0. Directory traversal vulnerability in the bitrix.mpbuilder module before 1.0.12 for Bitrix allows remote administrators to include and execute arbitrary local files via a .. (dot dot) in the element name of the "work" array parameter to admin/bitrix.mpbuilder_step2.php.
Query: explain CWE-836
Matching passage: CWE-836 Use of Password Hash Instead of Password for Authentication. The product records password hashes in a data store, receives a hash of a password from a client, and compares the supplied hash to the hash obtained from the data store.
Near-miss passage: CWE-784 Reliance on Cookies without Validation and Integrity Checking in a Security Decision. The product uses a protection mechanism that relies on the existence or values of a cookie, but it does not properly ensure that the cookie is valid for the associated user.
Query: explain CWE-59
Matching passage: CWE-59 Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following'). The product attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.
Near-miss passage: CWE-280 Improper Handling of Insufficient Permissions or Privileges. The product does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to access resources or functionality as specified by their permissions. This may cause it to follow unexpected code paths that may leave the product in an invalid state.
Query: describe CVE-2015-0151
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0151. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in D-Link DIR-815 devices with firmware before 2.07.B01 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users for requests that insert XSS sequences.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1581. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in the Mobile Domain plugin 1.5.2 for WordPress allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that (1) change plugin settings or conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via the (2) domain, (3) text, (4) font, (5) fontcolor, (6) color, or (7) padding parameter in an add-domain action in the mobile-domain page to wp-admin/options-general.php.
Query: CWE for Improper Neutralization of Null Byte or NUL Character
Matching passage: CWE-158 Improper Neutralization of Null Byte or NUL Character. The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes NUL characters or null bytes when they are sent to a downstream component.
Near-miss passage: CWE-32 Path Traversal: '...' (Triple Dot). The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '...' (triple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects the usage of "reg.exe" in order to query reconnaissance information from the registry. Adversaries may interact
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the usage of "reg.exe" in order to query reconnaissance information from the registry. Adversaries may interact. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Configuration And Service Reconnaissance Via Reg.EXE id: 970007b7-ce32-49d0-a4a4-fbef016950bd status: test description: Detects the usage of "reg.exe" in order to query reconnaissance information from the registry. Adversaries may interact with the Windows registry to gather information about credentials, the system, configuration, and installed software. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1012/T1012.md author: Timur Zinniatullin, oscd.community date: 2019-10-21 modified: 2023-02-05 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1012 - attack.t1007 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \reg.exe - OriginalFileName: reg.exe selection_flag: CommandLine|contains: query selection_key: CommandLine|contains: - currentVersion\windows - winlogon\ - currentVersion\shellServiceObjectDelayLoad - currentVersion\run - currentVersion\policies\explorer\run - currentcontrolset\services condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Discord level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the installation of a Callout DLL via CalloutDlls and CalloutEnabled parameter in Registry, which can be used to. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: DHCP Callout DLL Installation id: 9d3436ef-9476-4c43-acca-90ce06bdf33a status: test description: Detects the installation of a Callout DLL via CalloutDlls and CalloutEnabled parameter in Registry, which can be used to execute code in context of the DHCP server (restart required) references: - https://blog.3or.de/mimilib-dhcp-server-callout-dll-injection.html - https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc726884(v=ws.10).aspx - https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/library/windows/desktop/aa363389(v=vs.85).aspx author: Dimitrios Slamaris date: 2017-05-15 modified: 2023-08-17 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1574.001 - attack.t1112 logsource: category: registry_set product: windows detection: selection: TargetObject|endswith: - \Services\DHCPServer\Parameters\CalloutDlls - \Services\DHCPServer\Parameters\CalloutEnabled condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high