alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: vulnerability: Hyper-V in Microsoft Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and Windows 10 improperly processes ACL settings, which allows local users to bypass intended network-traffic restrictions
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2534. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 1.899999976158142. Hyper-V in Microsoft Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and Windows 10 improperly processes ACL settings, which allows local users to bypass intended network-traffic restrictions via a crafted application, aka "Hyper-V Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4034. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 7.900000095367432. The createFromParcel method in the com.absolute.android.persistence.MethodSpec class in Samsung Galaxy S5s allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary files via a crafted Parcelable object in a serialized MethodSpec object.
Query: describe CVE-2015-9099
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9099. CWE: CWE-125. CVSS: 5.5. The lame_init_params function in lame.c in libmp3lame.a in LAME 3.99.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid read and application crash) via a crafted audio file with a negative sample rate.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5327. CWE: CWE-125. CVSS: 6.5. Out-of-bounds memory read in the x509_decode_time function in x509_cert_parser.c in Linux kernels 4.3-rc1 and after.
Query: risk of Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.252 and 19.x before 19.0.0.207 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.535 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.213, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.213, 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7628. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.252 and 19.x before 19.0.0.207 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.535 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.213, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.213, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 19.0.0.213 allow remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy and obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5865. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. IOGraphics in Apple OS X before 10.11 allows attackers to obtain sensitive kernel memory-layout information via a crafted app.
Query: risk of The debugging interfaces in the kernel in Apple OS X before 10.11 allow local users to obtain sensitive memory-layout information via unspecified vectors.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5870. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The debugging interfaces in the kernel in Apple OS X before 10.11 allow local users to obtain sensitive memory-layout information via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1907. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.0. The Administration and Reporting Tool in IBM Rational License Key Server (RLKS) 8.1.4 before 8.1.4.7 allows remote authenticated users to read cookies via unspecified vectors.
Query: rule covering Detects potential credential dumping via Windows Error Reporting LSASS Shtinkering technique which uses the Windows Erro
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects potential credential dumping via Windows Error Reporting LSASS Shtinkering technique which uses the Windows Erro. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Credential Dumping Via WER id: 9a4ccd1a-3526-4d99-b980-9f9c5d3a6ff3 status: test description: Detects potential credential dumping via Windows Error Reporting LSASS Shtinkering technique which uses the Windows Error Reporting to dump lsass references: - https://github.com/deepinstinct/Lsass-Shtinkering - https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2030/DEF%20CON%2030%20presentations/Asaf%20Gilboa%20-%20LSASS%20Shtinkering%20Abusing%20Windows%20Error%20Reporting%20to%20Dump%20LSASS.pdf author: '@pbssubhash , Nasreddine Bencherchali' date: 2022-12-08 modified: 2022-12-09 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1003.001 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \Werfault.exe - OriginalFileName: WerFault.exe selection_cli: ParentUser|contains: - AUTHORI - AUTORI User|contains: - AUTHORI - AUTORI CommandLine|contains|all: - ' -u -p ' - ' -ip ' - ' -s ' filter_lsass: ParentImage: C:\Windows\System32\lsass.exe condition: all of selection_* and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - Windows Error Reporting might produce similar behavior. In that case, check the PID associated with the "-p" parameter in the CommandLine. level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects DLL sideloading of VMGuestLib.dll by the WmiApSrv service.. Logsource: windows / image_load. Rule: title: VMGuestLib DLL Sideload id: 70e8e9b4-6a93-4cb7-8cde-da69502e7aff status: test description: Detects DLL sideloading of VMGuestLib.dll by the WmiApSrv service. references: - https://decoded.avast.io/martinchlumecky/png-steganography/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-12-01 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1574.001 logsource: category: image_load product: windows detection: selection: ImageLoaded|contains|all: - \VMware\VMware Tools\vmStatsProvider\win32 - \vmGuestLib.dll Image|endswith: \Windows\System32\wbem\WmiApSrv.exe filter: Signed: 'true' condition: selection and not filter falsepositives: - FP could occur if the legitimate version of vmGuestLib already exists on the system level: medium
Query: CWE for Use of Uninitialized Variable
Matching passage: CWE-457 Use of Uninitialized Variable. The code uses a variable that has not been initialized, leading to unpredictable or unintended results.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1192 Improper Identifier for IP Block used in System-On-Chip (SOC). The System-on-Chip (SoC) does not have unique, immutable identifiers for each of its components.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-4137
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4137. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. SQL injection vulnerability in related.php in Milw0rm Clone Script 1.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the program parameter.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4724. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. SQL injection vulnerability in Concrete5 5.7.3.1.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-2379
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2379. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Word 2007 SP3, Office 2010 SP2, Word 2010 SP2, Word 2013 SP1, Word 2013 RT SP1, Office for Mac 2011, and Word Viewer allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted Office document, aka "Microsoft Office Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4060. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Heap-based buffer overflow in the TermProxy (WLTermProxyService.exe) service in Wavelink ConnectPro allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a large HTTP header.
Query: how to detect Python Startup Hooks
Matching passage: T1546.018 Python Startup Hooks. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may achieve persistence by leveraging Python’s startup mechanisms, including path configuration (`.pth`) files and the `sitecustomize.py` or `usercustomize.py` modules. These files are automatically processed during the initialization of the Python interpreter, allowing for the execution of arbitrary code whenever Python is invoked.(Citation: Volexity GlobalProtect CVE 2024) Path configuration files are designed to extend Python’s module search paths through the use of import statements. If a `.pth` file is placed in Python's `site-packages` or `dist-packages` directories, any lines beginning with `import` will be executed automatically on Python invocation.(Citation: DFIR Python Persistence 2025) Similarly, if `sitecustomize.py` or `usercustomize.py` is present in the Python path, these files will be imported during interpreter startup, and any code they contain will be executed.(Citation: Python Site Configuration Hook) Adversaries may abuse these mechanisms to establish persistence on systems where Python is widely used (e.g., for automation or scripting in production environments).
Near-miss passage: T1546.006 LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition. Tactics: privilege escalation, persistence. Description: Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by the execution of tainted binaries. Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long as adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) There are tools available to perform these changes. Adversaries may modify Mach-O binary headers to load and execute malicious dylibs every time the binary is executed. Although any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified, this can be remediated by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn’t checked at load time.(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)
Query: what is T1552
Matching passage: T1552 Unsecured Credentials. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials. These credentials can be stored and/or misplaced in many locations on a system, including plaintext files (e.g. [Shell History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003)), operating system or application-specific repositories (e.g. [Credentials in Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002)), or other specialized files/artifacts (e.g. [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004)).(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)
Near-miss passage: T1552.004 Private Keys. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures.(Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto) Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:&#92;Users&#92;(username)&#92;.ssh&#92;</code> on Windows. Adversary tools may also search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates.(Citation: Kaspersky Careto)(Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia) When a device is registered to Entra ID, a device key and a transport key are generated and used to verify the device’s identity.(Citation: Microsoft Primary Refresh Token) An adversary with access to the device may be able to export the keys in order to impersonate the device.(Citation: AADInternals Azure AD Device Identities) On network devices, private keys may be exported via [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `crypto pki export`.(Citation: cisco_deploy_rsa_keys) Some private keys require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line. These private keys can be used to authenticate to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email.
Query: playbook for alert: Outbound C2 pattern associated with Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol
Matching passage: Playbook for T1048 Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1048. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: exfiltration. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. Alternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or any other network protocol not being used as the main command and control channel. Adversaries may also opt to e
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1048.002 Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol. Different response path focused on exfiltration.
Query: Encoded PowerShell / command-line abuse matching Local Accounts
Matching passage: T1078.003 Local Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a local account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. Local Accounts may also be abused to elevate privileges and harvest credentials through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Password reuse may allow the abuse of local accounts across a set of machines on a network for the purposes of Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement.
Near-miss passage: T1078.001 Default Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a default account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Default accounts are those that are built-into an OS, such as the Guest or Administrator accounts on Windows systems. Default accounts also include default factory/provider set accounts on other types of systems, software, or devices, including the root user account in AWS, the root user account in ESXi, and the default service account in Kubernetes.(Citation: Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019)(Citation: AWS Root User)(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes) Default accounts are not limited to client machines; rather, they also include accounts that are preset for equipment such as network devices and computer applications, whether they are internal, open source, or commercial. Appliances that come preset with a username and password combination pose a serious threat to organizations that do not change it post installation, as they are easy targets for an adversary. Similarly, adversaries may also utilize publicly disclosed or stolen [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) or credential materials to legitimately connect to remote environments via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021).(Citation: Metasploit SSH Module) Default accounts may be created on a system after initial setup by connecting or integrating it with another application. For example, when an ESXi server is connected to a vCenter server, a default privileged account called `vpxuser` is created on the ESXi server. If a threat actor is able to compromise this account’s credentials (for example, via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212) on the vCenter host), they will then have access to the ESXi server.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)(Citation: Pentera vCenter Information Disclosure)
Query: exploit Integer overflow in the gs_heap_alloc_bytes function in base/gsmalloc.c in Ghostscript 9.15 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted P
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3228. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Integer overflow in the gs_heap_alloc_bytes function in base/gsmalloc.c in Ghostscript 9.15 and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted Postscript (ps) file, as demonstrated by using the ps2pdf command, which triggers an out-of-bounds read or write.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3809. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The dissect_lbmr_pser function in epan/dissectors/packet-lbmr.c in the LBMR dissector in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.5 does not properly track the current offset, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a crafted packet.
Query: risk of The QCMS implementation in Mozilla Firefox before 37.0 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information from process heap memory or cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0811. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.400000095367432. The QCMS implementation in Mozilla Firefox before 37.0 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information from process heap memory or cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via an image that is improperly handled during transformation.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6674. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Buffer underflow vulnerability in the Debian inspircd package before 2.0.5-1+deb7u1 for wheezy and before 2.0.16-1 for jessie and sid. NOTE: This issue exists as an additional issue from an incomplete fix of CVE-2012-1836.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6070
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6070. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6066, CVE-2015-6071, CVE-2015-6074, CVE-2015-6076, and CVE-2015-6087.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3088. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Heap-based buffer overflow in Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.289 and 14.x through 17.x before 17.0.0.188 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.460 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 17.0.0.172, Adobe AIR SDK before 17.0.0.172, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 17.0.0.172 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-8126
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8126. CWE: CWE-120. CVSS: 7.5. Multiple buffer overflows in the (1) png_set_PLTE and (2) png_get_PLTE functions in libpng before 1.0.64, 1.1.x and 1.2.x before 1.2.54, 1.3.x and 1.4.x before 1.4.17, 1.5.x before 1.5.24, and 1.6.x before 1.6.19 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a small bit-depth value in an IHDR (aka image header) chunk in a PNG image.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7854. CWE: CWE-120. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Buffer overflow in the password management functionality in NTP 4.2.x before 4.2.8p4, and 4.3.x before 4.3.77 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (daemon crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted key file.
Query: Lateral movement indicators for Network Device Authentication
Matching passage: T1556.004 Network Device Authentication. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to hard code a password in the operating system, thus bypassing of native authentication mechanisms for local accounts on network devices. [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may include implanted code to the operating system for network devices to provide access for adversaries using a specific password. The modification includes a specific password which is implanted in the operating system image via the patch. Upon authentication attempts, the inserted code will first check to see if the user input is the password. If so, access is granted. Otherwise, the implanted code will pass the credentials on for verification of potentially valid credentials.(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)
Near-miss passage: T1556.005 Reversible Encryption. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: An adversary may abuse Active Directory authentication encryption properties to gain access to credentials on Windows systems. The <code>AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption</code> property specifies whether reversible password encryption for an account is enabled or disabled. By default this property is disabled (instead storing user credentials as the output of one-way hashing functions) and should not be enabled unless legacy or other software require it.(Citation: store_pwd_rev_enc) If the property is enabled and/or a user changes their password after it is enabled, an adversary may be able to obtain the plaintext of passwords created/changed after the property was enabled. To decrypt the passwords, an adversary needs four components: 1. Encrypted password (<code>G$RADIUSCHAP</code>) from the Active Directory user-structure <code>userParameters</code> 2. 16 byte randomly-generated value (<code>G$RADIUSCHAPKEY</code>) also from <code>userParameters</code> 3. Global LSA secret (<code>G$MSRADIUSCHAPKEY</code>) 4. Static key hardcoded in the Remote Access Subauthentication DLL (<code>RASSFM.DLL</code>) With this information, an adversary may be able to reproduce the encryption key and subsequently decrypt the encrypted password value.(Citation: how_pwd_rev_enc_1)(Citation: how_pwd_rev_enc_2) An adversary may set this property at various scopes through Local Group Policy Editor, user properties, Fine-Grained Password Policy (FGPP), or via the ActiveDirectory [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module. For example, an adversary may implement and apply a FGPP to users or groups if the Domain Functional Level is set to "Windows Server 2008" or higher.(Citation: dump_pwd_dcsync) In PowerShell, an adversary may make associated changes to user settings using commands similar to <code>Set-ADUser -AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption $true</code>.
Query: common weakness: Obsolete Feature in UI
Matching passage: CWE-448 Obsolete Feature in UI. A UI function is obsolete and the product does not warn the user.
Near-miss passage: CWE-207 Observable Behavioral Discrepancy With Equivalent Products. The product operates in an environment in which its existence or specific identity should not be known, but it behaves differently than other products with equivalent functionality, in a way that is observable to an attacker.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-8538
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8538. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 6.5. dwarf_leb.c in libdwarf allows attackers to cause a denial of service (SIGSEGV).
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4276. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 6.5. Cisco WebEx Meetings Server 2.5MR1 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via a crafted command parameter, aka Bug ID CSCus56138.