alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: vulnerability: The remote-support feature on Cisco Web Security Virtual Appliance (WSAv), Email Security Virtual Appliance (ESAv), and Security Management Virtual Appliance (SMAv) devices before 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4216. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The remote-support feature on Cisco Web Security Virtual Appliance (WSAv), Email Security Virtual Appliance (ESAv), and Security Management Virtual Appliance (SMAv) devices before 2015-06-25 uses the same default SSH root authorized key across different customers' installations, which makes it easier for remote attackers to bypass authentication by leveraging knowledge of a private key from another installation, aka Bug IDs CSCuu95988, CSCuu95994, and CSCuu96630.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8601. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The Chat Room module 7.x-2.x before 7.x-2.2 for Drupal does not properly check permissions when setting up a websocket for chat messages, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and read messages from arbitrary Chat Rooms via unspecified vectors.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects usage of winget to add a new insecure (http) download source. Winget will not allow the addition of insecure sou
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects usage of winget to add a new insecure (http) download source. Winget will not allow the addition of insecure sou. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Add Insecure Download Source To Winget id: 81a0ecb5-0a41-4ba1-b2ba-c944eb92bfa2 related: - id: 05ebafc8-7aa2-4bcd-a269-2aec93f9e842 type: similar - id: c15a46a0-07d4-4c87-b4b6-89207835a83b type: similar status: test description: 'Detects usage of winget to add a new insecure (http) download source. Winget will not allow the addition of insecure sources, hence this could indicate potential suspicious activity (or typos) ' references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/winget/source - https://github.com/nasbench/Misc-Research/tree/b9596e8109dcdb16ec353f316678927e507a5b8d/LOLBINs/Winget author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-04-17 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \winget.exe - OriginalFileName: winget.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - 'source ' - 'add ' - http:// condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - False positives might occur if the users are unaware of such control checks level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious user agent strings user by hack tools in proxy logs. Logsource: proxy. Rule: title: Hack Tool User Agent id: c42a3073-30fb-48ae-8c99-c23ada84b103 status: test description: Detects suspicious user agent strings user by hack tools in proxy logs references: - https://github.com/fastly/waf_testbed/blob/8bfc406551f3045e418cbaad7596cff8da331dfc/templates/default/scanners-user-agents.data.erb - http://rules.emergingthreats.net/open/snort-2.9.0/rules/emerging-user_agents.rules author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2017-07-08 modified: 2022-07-07 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.t1190 - attack.credential-access - attack.t1110 logsource: category: proxy detection: selection: c-useragent|contains: - (hydra) - ' arachni/' - ' BFAC ' - ' brutus ' - ' cgichk ' - core-project/1.0 - ' crimscanner/' - datacha0s - dirbuster - domino hunter - dotdotpwn - FHScan Core - floodgate - get-minimal - gootkit auto-rooter scanner - grendel-scan - ' inspath ' - internet ninja - jaascois - ' zmeu ' - masscan - ' metis ' - morfeus fucking scanner - n-stealth - nsauditor - pmafind - security scan - springenwerk - teh forest lobster - toata dragostea - ' vega/' - voideye - webshag - webvulnscan - ' whcc/' - ' Havij' - absinthe - bsqlbf - mysqloit - pangolin - sql power injector - sqlmap - sqlninja - uil2pn - ruler - Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; pt-PT; rv:1.9.1.2) Gecko/20090729 Firefox/3.5.2 (.NET CLR 3.5.30729) condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: describe CVE-2015-1481
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1481. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 6.5. Ansible Tower (aka Ansible UI) before 2.0.5 allows remote organization administrators to gain privileges by creating a superuser account.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4103. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 4.900000095367432. Xen 3.3.x through 4.5.x does not properly restrict write access to the host MSI message data field, which allows local x86 HVM guest administrators to cause a denial of service (host interrupt handling confusion) via vectors related to qemu and accessing spanning multiple fields.
Query: alert when Detects all variations of obfuscated powershell IEX invocation code generated by Invoke-Obfuscation framework from the f
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects all variations of obfuscated powershell IEX invocation code generated by Invoke-Obfuscation framework from the f. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Invoke-Obfuscation Obfuscated IEX Invocation id: 4bf943c6-5146-4273-98dd-e958fd1e3abf status: test description: Detects all variations of obfuscated powershell IEX invocation code generated by Invoke-Obfuscation framework from the following code block references: - https://github.com/danielbohannon/Invoke-Obfuscation/blob/f20e7f843edd0a3a7716736e9eddfa423395dd26/Out-ObfuscatedStringCommand.ps1#L873-L888 author: Daniel Bohannon (@Mandiant/@FireEye), oscd.community date: 2019-11-08 modified: 2026-03-16 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: - CommandLine|re: \$PSHome\[\s*\d{1,3}\s*\]\s*\+\s*\$PSHome\[ - CommandLine|re: \$ShellId\[\s*\d{1,3}\s*\]\s*\+\s*\$ShellId\[ - CommandLine|re: \$env:Public\[\s*\d{1,3}\s*\]\s*\+\s*\$env:Public\[ - CommandLine|re: \$env:ComSpec\[(?:\s*\d{1,3}\s*,){2} - CommandLine|re: \*mdr\*\W\s*\)\.Name - CommandLine|re: \$VerbosePreference\.ToString\( - CommandLine|re: \[String\]\s*\$VerbosePreference condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects DLL sideloading of VMGuestLib.dll by the WmiApSrv service.. Logsource: windows / image_load. Rule: title: VMGuestLib DLL Sideload id: 70e8e9b4-6a93-4cb7-8cde-da69502e7aff status: test description: Detects DLL sideloading of VMGuestLib.dll by the WmiApSrv service. references: - https://decoded.avast.io/martinchlumecky/png-steganography/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-12-01 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1574.001 logsource: category: image_load product: windows detection: selection: ImageLoaded|contains|all: - \VMware\VMware Tools\vmStatsProvider\win32 - \vmGuestLib.dll Image|endswith: \Windows\System32\wbem\WmiApSrv.exe filter: Signed: 'true' condition: selection and not filter falsepositives: - FP could occur if the legitimate version of vmGuestLib already exists on the system level: medium
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-2578
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2578. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.099999904632568. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Sun Solaris 11.2 allows remote attackers to affect availability via vectors related to Kernel IDMap.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4429. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.302 and 14.x through 18.x before 18.0.0.203 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.481 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.180, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.180, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 18.0.0.180 allow attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference) or possibly have unspecified other impact via unknown vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3126.
Query: detect This rule detects execution of PowerShell scripts located in the "C:\Users\Public" folder in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: This rule detects execution of PowerShell scripts located in the "C:\Users\Public" folder. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Execution of Powershell Script in Public Folder id: fb9d3ff7-7348-46ab-af8c-b55f5fbf39b4 status: test description: This rule detects execution of PowerShell scripts located in the "C:\Users\Public" folder references: - https://www.mandiant.com/resources/evolution-of-fin7 author: Max Altgelt (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-04-06 modified: 2022-07-14 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe CommandLine|contains: - -f C:\Users\Public - -f "C:\Users\Public - -f %Public% - -fi C:\Users\Public - -fi "C:\Users\Public - -fi %Public% - -fil C:\Users\Public - -fil "C:\Users\Public - -fil %Public% - -file C:\Users\Public - -file "C:\Users\Public - -file %Public% condition: selection falsepositives: - Unlikely level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious interactive bash as a parent to rather uncommon child processes. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: Interactive Bash Suspicious Children id: ea3ecad2-db86-4a89-ad0b-132a10d2db55 status: test description: Detects suspicious interactive bash as a parent to rather uncommon child processes references: - Internal Research author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-03-14 tags: - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1059.004 - attack.t1036 logsource: product: linux category: process_creation detection: selection: ParentCommandLine: bash -i anomaly1: CommandLine|contains: - '-c import ' - base64 - pty.spawn anomaly2: Image|endswith: - whoami - iptables - /ncat - /nc - /netcat condition: selection and 1 of anomaly* falsepositives: - Legitimate software that uses these patterns level: medium
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-1945
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1945. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.5. Unspecified vulnerability in the Reference Data Management component in IBM InfoSphere Master Data Management 10.1, 11.0, 11.3 before FP3, and 11.4 allows remote authenticated users to gain privileges via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5669. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.5. Techno Project Japan Enisys Gw before 1.4.1 allows remote authenticated users to write to arbitrary files and consequently execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors.
Query: write Sigma for Detects the creation of a "privileged" container, an action which could be indicative of a threat actor mounting a conta
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the creation of a "privileged" container, an action which could be indicative of a threat actor mounting a conta. Logsource: kubernetes / application / audit. Rule: title: Privileged Container Deployed id: c5cd1b20-36bb-488d-8c05-486be3d0cb97 status: test description: 'Detects the creation of a "privileged" container, an action which could be indicative of a threat actor mounting a container breakout attacks. A privileged container is a container that can access the host with all of the root capabilities of the host machine. This allows it to view, interact and modify processes, network operations, IPC calls, the file system, mount points, SELinux configurations etc. as the root user on the host. Various versions of "privileged" containers can be specified, e.g. by setting the securityContext.privileged flag in the resource specification, setting non-standard Linux capabilities, or configuring the hostNetwork/hostPID fields ' references: - https://microsoft.github.io/Threat-Matrix-for-Kubernetes/techniques/Privileged%20container/ - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/guardduty/latest/ug/guardduty_finding-types-kubernetes.html#privilegeescalation-kubernetes-privilegedcontainer - https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/current/kubernetes-pod-created-with-hostnetwork.html - https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/current/kubernetes-container-created-with-excessive-linux-capabilities.html author: Leo Tsaousis (@laripping) date: 2024-03-26 tags: - attack.t1611 - attack.privilege-escalation logsource: category: application product: kubernetes service: audit detection: selection: verb: create objectRef.resource: pods capabilities: '*' condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects unauthorized access attempts to a resource.. Logsource: bitbucket / audit. Rule: title: Bitbucket Unauthorized Access To A Resource id: 7215374a-de4f-4b33-8ba5-70804c9251d3 status: test description: Detects unauthorized access attempts to a resource. references: - https://confluence.atlassian.com/bitbucketserver/audit-log-events-776640423.html author: Muhammad Faisal (@faisalusuf) date: 2024-02-25 tags: - attack.resource-development - attack.t1586 logsource: product: bitbucket service: audit definition: 'Requirements: "Advance" log level is required to receive these audit events.' detection: selection: auditType.category: Security auditType.action: Unauthorized access to a resource condition: selection falsepositives: - Access attempts to non-existent repositories or due to outdated plugins. Usually "Anonymous" user is reported in the "author.name" field in most cases. level: critical
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-9370
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9370. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Invoices Add-on for iThemes Exchange before 1.4.0 for WordPress has XSS via add_query_arg() and remove_query_arg().
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2536. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Microsoft Lync Server 2013 and Skype for Business Server 2015 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL, aka "Skype for Business Server and Lync Server XSS Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability."
Query: describe CVE-2015-4374
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4374. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Webform module before 6.x-3.23, 7.x-3.x before 7.x-3.23, and 7.x-4.x before 7.x-4.5 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users with certain permissions to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a component name in the recipient (To) address of an email.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6511. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in pfSense before 2.2.3 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the server[] parameter to services_ntpd.php.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-5074
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5074. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. Incomplete blacklist vulnerability in the FileUploadsFilter class in protected/components/filters/FileUploadsFilter.php in X2Engine X2CRM before 5.0.9 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary PHP code by uploading a file with a .pht extension.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8734. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.5. The dissect_nwp function in epan/dissectors/packet-nwp.c in the NWP dissector in Wireshark 2.0.x before 2.0.1 mishandles the packet type, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via a crafted packet.
Query: exploit The Semper Fi All in One SEO Pack plugin before 2.2.6 for WordPress does not consider the presence of password protection during generation of the Meta Description field, which all
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0902. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The Semper Fi All in One SEO Pack plugin before 2.2.6 for WordPress does not consider the presence of password protection during generation of the Meta Description field, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading HTML source code.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4213. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.0. Cisco NX-OS 1.1(1g) on Nexus 9000 devices allows remote authenticated users to discover cleartext passwords by leveraging the existence of a decryption mechanism, aka Bug ID CSCuu84391.
Query: describe CVE-2015-0467
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0467. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Unspecified vulnerability in the PeopleSoft Enterprise HCM Talent Acquisition Manager component in Oracle PeopleSoft Products 9.1 and 9.2 allows remote attackers to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Security.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4492. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Use-after-free vulnerability in the XMLHttpRequest::Open implementation in Mozilla Firefox before 40.0 and Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.2 might allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a SharedWorker object that makes recursive calls to the open method of an XMLHttpRequest object.
Query: risk of Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in phpLiteAdmin 1.1 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) PATH_INFO, (2) droptable parameter
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6518. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in phpLiteAdmin 1.1 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) PATH_INFO, (2) droptable parameter, or (3) table parameter to phpliteadmin.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1812. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Jenkins before 1.606 and LTS before 1.596.2 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1813.
Query: risk of Multiple heap-based buffer overflows in libeffects in the Audio Policy Service in mediaserver in Android before 5.1.1 LMY48I allow attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3842. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Multiple heap-based buffer overflows in libeffects in the Audio Policy Service in mediaserver in Android before 5.1.1 LMY48I allow attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted application, aka internal bug 21953516.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7017. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. CoreText in Apple iOS before 9.1, OS X before 10.11.1, and iTunes before 12.3.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6975 and CVE-2015-6992.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects when when a mounted share is removed. Adversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in orde
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when when a mounted share is removed. Adversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in orde. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: PowerShell Deleted Mounted Share id: 66a4d409-451b-4151-94f4-a55d559c49b0 status: test description: Detects when when a mounted share is removed. Adversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in order to clean up traces of their operation references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1070.005/T1070.005.md author: oscd.community, @redcanary, Zach Stanford @svch0st date: 2020-10-08 modified: 2025-10-07 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1070.005 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection: ScriptBlockText|contains: - Remove-SmbShare - Remove-FileShare filter_main_module_load: ScriptBlockText|contains|all: - FileShare.cdxml - Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\Export-ModuleMember - ROOT/Microsoft/Windows/Storage/MSFT_FileShare - ObjectModelWrapper - Cmdletization.MethodParameter condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Administrators or Power users may remove their shares via cmd line level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects UTF-8 and UTF-16 Base64 encoded powershell 'Invoke-' calls. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: PowerShell Base64 Encoded Invoke Keyword id: 6385697e-9f1b-40bd-8817-f4a91f40508e related: - id: fd6e2919-3936-40c9-99db-0aa922c356f7 type: obsolete status: test description: Detects UTF-8 and UTF-16 Base64 encoded powershell 'Invoke-' calls references: - https://thedfirreport.com/2022/05/09/seo-poisoning-a-gootloader-story/ author: pH-T (Nextron Systems), Harjot Singh, @cyb3rjy0t date: 2022-05-20 modified: 2023-04-06 tags: - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1059.001 - attack.t1027 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe - OriginalFileName: - PowerShell.EXE - pwsh.dll selection_cli_enc: CommandLine|contains: ' -e' selection_cli_invoke: CommandLine|contains: - SQBuAHYAbwBrAGUALQ - kAbgB2AG8AawBlAC0A - JAG4AdgBvAGsAZQAtA - SW52b2tlL - ludm9rZS - JbnZva2Ut condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high simulation: - type: atomic red team name: Create a Process using WMI Query and an Encoded Command technique: T1047 atomic_guid: 7db7a7f9-9531-4840-9b30-46220135441c regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_powershell_base64_invoke/info.yml
Query: risk of Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.232 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.508 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.199, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.199, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compile
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5544. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.232 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.508 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.199, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.199, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 18.0.0.199 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5545, CVE-2015-5546, CVE-2015-5547, CVE-2015-5548, CVE-2015-5549, CVE-2015-5552, and CVE-2015-5553.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8778. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Integer overflow in the GNU C Library (aka glibc or libc6) before 2.23 allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via the size argument to the __hcreate_r function, which triggers out-of-bounds heap-memory access.
Query: risk of The login function in the RequestController class in Moxa OnCell Central Manager before 2.2 has a hardcoded root password, which allows remote attackers to obtain administrative ac
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6481. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 8.300000190734863. The login function in the RequestController class in Moxa OnCell Central Manager before 2.2 has a hardcoded root password, which allows remote attackers to obtain administrative access via a login session.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4778. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Unspecified vulnerability in the Data Store component in Oracle Berkeley DB 11.2.5.1.29, 11.2.5.2.42, 11.2.5.3.28, and 12.1.6.0.35 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2583, CVE-2015-2624, CVE-2015-2626, CVE-2015-2640, CVE-2015-2654, CVE-2015-2656, CVE-2015-4754, CVE-2015-4764, CVE-2015-4775, CVE-2015-4776, CVE-2015-4777, CVE-2015-4780, CVE-2015-4781, CVE-2015-4782, CVE-2015-4783, CVE-2015-4784, CVE-2015-4785, CVE-2015-4786, CVE-2015-4787, CVE-2015-4789, and CVE-2015-4790.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-2898
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2898. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in Medicomp MEDCIN Engine before 2.22.20153.226 might allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted packet on port 8190, related to (1) the SetGroupSequenceEx na_setgroupsequenceex function, (2) the FormatDate julptostr function, and (3) the UserFindingCodes addtocl function.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3144. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.0. The fix_hostname function in cURL and libcurl 7.37.0 through 7.41.0 does not properly calculate an index, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read or write and crash) or possibly have other unspecified impact via a zero-length host name, as demonstrated by "http://:80" and ":80."