alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: Outbound C2 pattern associated with Execution Guardrails
Matching passage: T1480 Execution Guardrails. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary’s campaign.(Citation: FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails) Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include specific network share names, attached physical devices, files, joined Active Directory (AD) domains, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: FireEye Outlook Dec 2019) Guardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match. Adversaries may identify and block certain user-agents to evade defenses and narrow the scope of their attack to victims and platforms on which it will be most effective. A user-agent self-identifies data such as a user's software application, operating system, vendor, and version. Adversaries may check user-agents for operating system identification and then only serve malware for the exploitable software while ignoring all other operating systems.(Citation: Trellix-Qakbot)
Near-miss passage: T1480.002 Mutual Exclusion. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may constrain execution or actions based on the presence of a mutex associated with malware. A mutex is a locking mechanism used to synchronize access to a resource. Only one thread or process can acquire a mutex at a given time.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes) While local mutexes only exist within a given process, allowing multiple threads to synchronize access to a resource, system mutexes can be used to synchronize the activities of multiple processes.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes) By creating a unique system mutex associated with a particular malware, adversaries can verify whether or not a system has already been compromised.(Citation: Sans Mutexes 2012) In Linux environments, malware may instead attempt to acquire a lock on a mutex file. If the malware is able to acquire the lock, it continues to execute; if it fails, it exits to avoid creating a second instance of itself.(Citation: Intezer RedXOR 2021)(Citation: Deep Instinct BPFDoor 2023) Mutex names may be hard-coded or dynamically generated using a predictable algorithm.(Citation: ICS Mutexes 2015)
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0602
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0602. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The mobility extension on Cisco Unified IP 9900 phones with firmware 9.4(.1) and earlier allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by sniffing the network, aka Bug ID CSCuq12117.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7761. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. Mail in Apple OS X before 10.11 does not properly recognize user preferences, which allows attackers to obtain sensitive information via an unspecified action during the printing of an e-mail message, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-7760.
Query: risk of Integer underflow in the png_check_keyword function in pngwutil.c in libpng 0.90 through 0.99, 1.0.x before 1.0.66, 1.1.x and 1.2.x before 1.2.56, 1.3.x and 1.4.x before 1.4.19, an
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8540. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Integer underflow in the png_check_keyword function in pngwutil.c in libpng 0.90 through 0.99, 1.0.x before 1.0.66, 1.1.x and 1.2.x before 1.2.56, 1.3.x and 1.4.x before 1.4.19, and 1.5.x before 1.5.26 allows remote attackers to have unspecified impact via a space character as a keyword in a PNG image, which triggers an out-of-bounds read.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1474. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 10.0. Multiple integer overflows in the GraphicBuffer::unflatten function in platform/frameworks/native/libs/ui/GraphicBuffer.cpp in Android through 5.0 allow attackers to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via vectors that trigger a large number of (1) file descriptors or (2) integer values.
Query: vulnerability: IOFireWireFamily in Apple OS X before 10.10.5 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerabil
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3771. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. IOFireWireFamily in Apple OS X before 10.10.5 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3769 and CVE-2015-3772.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9206. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 617, SD 650/52, SD 808, and SD 810, during XML encoding of a message in the Playready module, a buffer overread may occur if the message passed is large.
Query: vulnerability: The NSSCipherSuite option with ciphersuites enabled in mod_nss before 1.0.12 allows remote attackers to bypass application restrictions.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5244. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. The NSSCipherSuite option with ciphersuites enabled in mod_nss before 1.0.12 allows remote attackers to bypass application restrictions.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1974. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 6.5. The web administration tool in IBM Tivoli Security Directory Server 6.0 before iFix 75, 6.1 before iFix 68, 6.2 before iFix 44, 6.3 before iFix 37, 6.3.1 before iFix 11, and 6.4 before iFix 2 allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended command restrictions via unspecified vectors.
Query: rule covering Detects when a user is added to a privileged role.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when a user is added to a privileged role.. Logsource: azure / auditlogs. Rule: title: User Added To Privilege Role id: 49a268a4-72f4-4e38-8a7b-885be690c5b5 status: test description: Detects when a user is added to a privileged role. references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/architecture/security-operations-privileged-identity-management#azure-ad-roles-assignment author: Mark Morowczynski '@markmorow', Yochana Henderson, '@Yochana-H' date: 2022-08-06 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.initial-access - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.stealth - attack.t1078.004 logsource: product: azure service: auditlogs detection: selection: properties.message: - Add eligible member (permanent) - Add eligible member (eligible) condition: selection falsepositives: - Legtimate administrator actions of adding members from a role level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of 'auditctl' with the '-D' command line parameter, which deletes all configured audit rules and w. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: Audit Rules Deleted Via Auditctl id: bed26dea-4525-47f4-b24a-76e30e44ffb0 status: experimental description: 'Detects the execution of ''auditctl'' with the ''-D'' command line parameter, which deletes all configured audit rules and watches on Linux systems. This technique is commonly used by attackers to disable audit logging and cover their tracks by removing monitoring capabilities. Removal of audit rules can significantly impair detection of malicious activities on the affected system. ' references: - https://www.atomicredteam.io/atomic-red-team/atomics/T1562.012 - https://linux.die.net/man/8/auditct author: Mohamed LAKRI date: 2025-10-17 tags: - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685.004 logsource: product: linux category: process_creation detection: selection: Image|endswith: /auditctl CommandLine|re: -D condition: selection falsepositives: - An administrator troubleshooting. Investigate all attempts. level: high
Query: vulnerability: The Thycotic Password Manager Secret Server application through 2.3 for iOS does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof s
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4094. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 5.800000190734863. The Thycotic Password Manager Secret Server application through 2.3 for iOS does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5619. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 5.900000095367432. Logstash 1.4.x before 1.4.5 and 1.5.x before 1.5.4 with Lumberjack output or the Logstash forwarder does not validate SSL/TLS certificates from the Logstash server, which might allow attackers to obtain sensitive information via a man-in-the-middle attack.
Query: risk of Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale 7.1.0 before 7.1.0.3 and 7.1.1 before 7.1.1.1 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web scri
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2031. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale 7.1.0 before 7.1.0.3 and 7.1.1 before 7.1.1.1 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8010. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Classic-UI with the CSV export link and pagination feature in Icinga before 1.14 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the query string to cgi-bin/status.cgi.
Query: risk of Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Memory Corr
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2492. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2486, CVE-2015-2487, CVE-2015-2490, CVE-2015-2494, CVE-2015-2498, and CVE-2015-2499.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1333. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 4.900000095367432. Memory leak in the __key_link_end function in security/keys/keyring.c in the Linux kernel before 4.1.4 allows local users to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via many add_key system calls that refer to existing keys.
Query: what is T1531
Matching passage: T1531 Account Access Removal. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: changed credentials, revoked permissions for SaaS platforms such as Sharepoint) to remove access to accounts.(Citation: Obsidian Security SaaS Ransomware June 2023) Adversaries may also subsequently log off and/or perform a [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529) to set malicious changes into place.(Citation: CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019)(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019) In Windows, [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, <code>Set-LocalUser</code> and <code>Set-ADAccountPassword</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets may be used by adversaries to modify user accounts. Accounts could also be disabled by Group Policy. In Linux, the <code>passwd</code> utility may be used to change passwords. On ESXi servers, accounts can be removed or modified via esxcli (`system account set`, `system account remove`). Adversaries who use ransomware or similar attacks may first perform this and other Impact behaviors, such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491), in order to impede incident response/recovery before completing the [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) objective.
Near-miss passage: T1499.003 Application Exhaustion Flood. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may target resource intensive features of applications to cause a denial of service (DoS), denying availability to those applications. For example, specific features in web applications may be highly resource intensive. Repeated requests to those features may be able to exhaust system resources and deny access to the application or the server itself.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)
Query: rule covering Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer s
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer s. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Powershell Suspicious Win32_PnPEntity id: b26647de-4feb-4283-af6b-6117661283c5 status: test description: Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1120/T1120.md author: frack113 date: 2021-08-23 modified: 2022-12-25 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1120 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection: ScriptBlockText|contains: Win32_PnPEntity condition: selection falsepositives: - Admin script level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of the SharpDPAPI tool based on CommandLine flags and PE metadata. SharpDPAPI is a C# port of some. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: HackTool - SharpDPAPI Execution id: c7d33b50-f690-4b51-8cfb-0fb912a31e57 status: test description: 'Detects the execution of the SharpDPAPI tool based on CommandLine flags and PE metadata. SharpDPAPI is a C# port of some DPAPI functionality from the Mimikatz project. ' references: - https://github.com/GhostPack/SharpDPAPI author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2024-06-26 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.stealth - attack.t1134.001 - attack.t1134.003 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \SharpDPAPI.exe - OriginalFileName: SharpDPAPI.exe selection_other_cli: CommandLine|contains: - ' backupkey ' - ' blob ' - ' certificates ' - ' credentials ' - ' keepass ' - ' masterkeys ' - ' rdg ' - ' vaults ' selection_other_options_guid: CommandLine|contains|all: - ' {' - '}:' selection_other_options_flags: CommandLine|contains: - ' /file:' - ' /machine' - ' /mkfile:' - ' /password:' - ' /pvk:' - ' /server:' - ' /target:' - ' /unprotect' condition: selection_img or (selection_other_cli and 1 of selection_other_options_*) falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-9014
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9014. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. An elevation of privilege vulnerability in Qualcomm closed source components. Product: Android. Versions: Android kernel. Android ID: A-36393750.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2694. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 5.800000190734863. The kdcpreauth modules in MIT Kerberos 5 (aka krb5) 1.12.x and 1.13.x before 1.13.2 do not properly track whether a client's request has been validated, which allows remote attackers to bypass an intended preauthentication requirement by providing (1) zero bytes of data or (2) an arbitrary realm name, related to plugins/preauth/otp/main.c and plugins/preauth/pkinit/pkinit_srv.c.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-10080
Matching passage: CVE-2015-10080. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. A vulnerability was found in NREL api-umbrella-web 0.7.1. It has been classified as problematic. This affects an unknown part of the component Admin Data Table Handler. The manipulation leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. Upgrading to version 0.8.0 is able to address this issue. The patch is named f53a9fb87e10c457f0f3dd4f2af24d3b2f21b3ca. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The associated identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-221487.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9297. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. The events-manager plugin before 5.6 for WordPress has XSS.
Query: exploit The File Bookmark component in Apple OS X before 10.11.2 allows attackers to bypass a sandbox protection mechanism for app scoped bookmarks via a crafted pathname.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7071. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 10.0. The File Bookmark component in Apple OS X before 10.11.2 allows attackers to bypass a sandbox protection mechanism for app scoped bookmarks via a crafted pathname.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1375. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.5. pixabay-images.php in the Pixabay Images plugin before 2.4 for WordPress does not properly restrict access to the upload functionality, which allows remote attackers to write to arbitrary files.
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Remote Data Staging
Matching passage: T1074.002 Remote Data Staging. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may stage data collected from multiple systems in a central location or directory on one system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location. In cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020) By staging data on one system prior to Exfiltration, adversaries can minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.
Near-miss passage: T1074.001 Local Data Staging. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory on the local system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location. Adversaries may also stage collected data in various available formats/locations of a system, including local storage databases/repositories or the Windows Registry.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021)
Query: threat report mentioning Digital Certificates
Matching passage: T1587.003 Digital Certificates. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner. In the case of self-signing, digital certificates will lack the element of trust associated with the signature of a third-party certificate authority (CA). Adversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)). After creating a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.
Near-miss passage: T1587.002 Code Signing Certificates. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create self-signed code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Code signing provides a level of authenticity for a program from the developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with.(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) Users and/or security tools may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is. Prior to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may develop self-signed code signing certificates for use in operations.
Query: risk of The Intel Graphics Driver component in Apple OS X before 10.11 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a dif
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5830. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. The Intel Graphics Driver component in Apple OS X before 10.11 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5877.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6609. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. libutils in Android before 5.1.1 LMY48X and 6.0 before 2015-11-01 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted audio file, aka internal bug 22953624.
Query: vulnerability: Unspecified vulnerability in HP KeyView before 10.23.0.1 and 10.24.x before 10.24.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unknown vectors, aka ZDI-CAN-2876.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5417. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Unspecified vulnerability in HP KeyView before 10.23.0.1 and 10.24.x before 10.24.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unknown vectors, aka ZDI-CAN-2876.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4845. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Application Object Library component in Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10.2, 12.0.6, 12.1.3, 12.2.3, and 12.2.4 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality via vectors related to Java APIs - AOL/J. NOTE: the previous information is from the October 2015 CPU. Oracle has not commented on third-party claims that this issue allows remote attackers to enumerate database users via a series of requests to Aoljtest.js.
Query: describe CVE-2015-8987
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8987. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack vulnerability in non-Mac OS agents in McAfee (now Intel Security) Agent (MA) 4.8.0 patch 2 and earlier allows attackers to make a McAfee Agent talk with another, possibly rogue, ePO server via McAfee Agent migration to another ePO server.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8845. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 5.5. The tm_reclaim_thread function in arch/powerpc/kernel/process.c in the Linux kernel before 4.4.1 on powerpc platforms does not ensure that TM suspend mode exists before proceeding with a tm_reclaim call, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (TM Bad Thing exception and panic) via a crafted application.