alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-0471
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0471. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.400000095367432. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Sun Solaris 10 and 11.2 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors related to libelfsign.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0329. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.269 and 14.x through 16.x before 16.0.0.305 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.442 on Linux allows attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0314, CVE-2015-0316, CVE-2015-0318, CVE-2015-0321, and CVE-2015-0330.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-8672
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8672. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. The presentation transmission permission management mechanism in Huawei TE30, TE40, TE50, and TE60 multimedia video conferencing endpoints with software before V100R001C10SPC100 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (wired presentation outage) via unspecified vectors involving a wireless presentation.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9166. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 7.5. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear IPQ4019, MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9650, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 430, SD 450, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 617, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 808, SD 810, SD 820, SD 820A, SD 835, SD 845, and SD 850, DRM provisioning mechanisms used in QSEE applications have a feature to prevent further provisioning. This is done by creating an SFS file called 'finalize_prov_flag.data' at the end of provisioning. When this feature is enabled, provisioning calls check for the existence of the file in order to decide whether to do provisioning or not. Current implementation allows provisioning without sufficient checks.
Query: risk of WebKit, as used in Apple iOS before 9.1, Safari before 9.0.1, and iTunes before 12.3.1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corru
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5930. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple iOS before 9.1, Safari before 9.0.1, and iTunes before 12.3.1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-10-21-1, APPLE-SA-2015-10-21-3, and APPLE-SA-2015-10-21-5.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7221. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Buffer overflow in the nsDeque::GrowCapacity function in xpcom/glue/nsDeque.cpp in Mozilla Firefox before 43.0 might allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact by triggering a deque size change.
Query: describe CVE-2015-3278
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3278. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. The cipherstring parsing code in nss_compat_ossl while in multi-keyword mode does not match the expected set of ciphers for a given cipher combination, which allows attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0600. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.0. The mobility extension on Cisco Unified IP 9900 phones with firmware 9.4(.1) and earlier allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (logoff) via crafted packets, aka Bug ID CSCuq12139.
Query: exploit Untrusted search path vulnerability in the client in Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) through 8.1 in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 allows local users to gain 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2473. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Untrusted search path vulnerability in the client in Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) through 8.1 in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 allows local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse DLL in the current working directory, as demonstrated by a directory that contains a .rdp file, aka "Remote Desktop Protocol DLL Planting Remote Code Execution Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0314. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.269 and 14.x through 16.x before 16.0.0.305 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.442 on Linux allows attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0316, CVE-2015-0318, CVE-2015-0321, CVE-2015-0329, and CVE-2015-0330.
Query: adversary uses Publish/Subscribe Protocols
Matching passage: T1071.005 Publish/Subscribe Protocols. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may communicate using publish/subscribe (pub/sub) application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. Protocols such as <code>MQTT</code>, <code>XMPP</code>, <code>AMQP</code>, and <code>STOMP</code> use a publish/subscribe design, with message distribution managed by a centralized broker.(Citation: wailing crab sub/pub)(Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix) Publishers categorize their messages by topics, while subscribers receive messages according to their subscribed topics.(Citation: wailing crab sub/pub) An adversary may abuse publish/subscribe protocols to communicate with systems under their control from behind a message broker while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.
Near-miss passage: T1071.001 Web Protocols. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. Protocols such as HTTP/S(Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda) and WebSocket(Citation: Brazking-Websockets) that carry web traffic may be very common in environments. HTTP/S packets have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.
Query: describe CVE-2015-8946
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8946. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 3.299999952316284. ecryptfs-setup-swap in eCryptfs before 111 does not prevent the unencrypted swap partition from activating during boot when using GPT partitioning and certain versions of systemd, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3182. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.5. epan/dissectors/packet-dec-dnart.c in the DECnet NSP/RT dissector in Wireshark 1.10.12 through 1.10.14 mishandles a certain strdup return value, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via a crafted packet.
Query: common weakness: Use of a Cryptographic Primitive with a Risky Implementation
Matching passage: CWE-1240 Use of a Cryptographic Primitive with a Risky Implementation. To fulfill the need for a cryptographic primitive, the product implements a cryptographic algorithm using a non-standard, unproven, or disallowed/non-compliant cryptographic implementation.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1190 DMA Device Enabled Too Early in Boot Phase. The product enables a Direct Memory Access (DMA) capable device before the security configuration settings are established, which allows an attacker to extract data from or gain privileges on the product.
Query: describe CVE-2015-2494
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2494. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 through 11 and Microsoft Edge allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2486, CVE-2015-2487, CVE-2015-2490, CVE-2015-2492, CVE-2015-2498, and CVE-2015-2499.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3633. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 5.0. Foxit Reader, Enterprise Reader, and PhantomPDF before 7.1.5 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and crash) via vectors related to digital signatures.
Query: weakness Improper Handling of Insufficient Permissions or Privileges
Matching passage: CWE-280 Improper Handling of Insufficient Permissions or Privileges. The product does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to access resources or functionality as specified by their permissions. This may cause it to follow unexpected code paths that may leave the product in an invalid state.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1072 Data Resource Access without Use of Connection Pooling. The product accesses a data resource through a database without using a connection pooling capability.
Query: explain CWE-1073
Matching passage: CWE-1073 Non-SQL Invokable Control Element with Excessive Number of Data Resource Accesses. The product contains a client with a function or method that contains a large number of data accesses/queries that are sent through a data manager, i.e., does not use efficient database capabilities.
Near-miss passage: CWE-790 Improper Filtering of Special Elements. The product receives data from an upstream component, but does not filter or incorrectly filters special elements before sending it to a downstream component.
Query: detect Detects applications or users re-enabling old TLS versions by setting the "Enabled" value to "1" for the "Protocols" reg in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects applications or users re-enabling old TLS versions by setting the "Enabled" value to "1" for the "Protocols" reg. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: Old TLS1.0/TLS1.1 Protocol Version Enabled id: 439957a7-ad86-4a8f-9705-a28131c6821b status: test description: Detects applications or users re-enabling old TLS versions by setting the "Enabled" value to "1" for the "Protocols" registry key. references: - https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-it-pro-blog/tls-1-0-and-tls-1-1-soon-to-be-disabled-in-windows/ba-p/3887947 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-09-05 tags: - attack.stealth logsource: category: registry_set product: windows detection: selection: TargetObject|contains: - \Control\SecurityProviders\SCHANNEL\Protocols\TLS 1.0\ - \Control\SecurityProviders\SCHANNEL\Protocols\TLS 1.1\ TargetObject|endswith: \Enabled Details: DWORD (0x00000001) condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate enabling of the old tls versions due to incompatibility level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Monitor and alert for changes to the device registration policy.. Logsource: azure / auditlogs. Rule: title: Changes to Device Registration Policy id: 9494bff8-959f-4440-bbce-fb87a208d517 status: test description: Monitor and alert for changes to the device registration policy. references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/architecture/security-operations-devices#device-registrations-and-joins-outside-policy author: Michael Epping, '@mepples21' date: 2022-06-28 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1484 logsource: product: azure service: auditlogs detection: selection: Category: Policy ActivityDisplayName: Set device registration policies condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: Sigma rule for Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Clip.exe in Scripts
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Clip.exe in Scripts. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Invoke-Obfuscation Via Use Clip - Powershell id: db92dd33-a3ad-49cf-8c2c-608c3e30ace0 status: test description: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Clip.exe in Scripts references: - https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/issues/1009 author: Nikita Nazarov, oscd.community date: 2020-10-09 modified: 2024-04-15 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection_4104: ScriptBlockText|re: (?i)echo.*clip.*&&.*(Clipboard|i`?n`?v`?o`?k`?e`?) condition: selection_4104 falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects when the Notepad++ updater (gup.exe) makes DNS queries to domains that are not part of the known legitimate upda. Logsource: windows / dns_query. Rule: title: Notepad++ Updater DNS Query to Uncommon Domains id: 2074e137-1b73-4e2d-88ba-5a3407dbdce0 status: experimental description: 'Detects when the Notepad++ updater (gup.exe) makes DNS queries to domains that are not part of the known legitimate update infrastructure. This could indicate potential exploitation of the updater mechanism or suspicious network activity that warrants further investigation. ' references: - https://notepad-plus-plus.org/news/v889-released/ - https://www.heise.de/en/news/Notepad-updater-installed-malware-11109726.html - https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/tr-chrysalis-backdoor-dive-into-lotus-blossoms-toolkit/ - https://www.validin.com/blog/exploring_notepad_plus_plus_network_indicators/ - https://securelist.com/notepad-supply-chain-attack/118708/ author: Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel (Nextron Systems) date: 2026-02-02 modified: 2026-03-16 tags: - attack.collection - attack.credential-access - attack.t1195.002 - attack.initial-access - attack.t1557 logsource: category: dns_query product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \gup.exe filter_main_notepad_legit_domain: QueryName: notepad-plus-plus.org filter_optional_sourceforge_legit_domain: QueryName|endswith: .sourceforge.net filter_optional_github_legit_domain: - QueryName|endswith: .githubusercontent.com - QueryName: github.com filter_optional_google_storage_legit_domain: QueryName|endswith: .googleapis.com filter_optional_uncommon_domains: QueryName|endswith: - .azurewebsites.net - block.opendns.com - gateway.zscalerthree.net condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Some legitimate network misconfigurations or proxy issues causing unexpected DNS queries. - Other legitimate query to official domains not listed in the filter, needing tuning. level: medium
Query: Suspicious Process Discovery execution detected on endpoint
Matching passage: T1057 Process Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on systems within the network. Administrator or otherwise elevated access may provide better process details. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. In Windows environments, adversaries could obtain details on running processes using the [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) utility via [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or <code>Get-Process</code> via [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Information about processes can also be extracted from the output of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls such as <code>CreateToolhelp32Snapshot</code>. In Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the <code>ps</code> command. Adversaries may also opt to enumerate processes via `/proc`. ESXi also supports use of the `ps` command, as well as `esxcli system process list`.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021) On network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show processes` can be used to display current running processes.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: show_processes_cisco_cmd)
Near-miss passage: T1087.002 Domain Account. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of domain accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which domain accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior such as targeting specific accounts which possess particular privileges. Commands such as <code>net user /domain</code> and <code>net group /domain</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> on macOS, and <code>ldapsearch</code> on Linux can list domain users and groups. [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets including <code>Get-ADUser</code> and <code>Get-ADGroupMember</code> may enumerate members of Active Directory groups.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)
Query: common weakness: Unprotected Transport of Credentials
Matching passage: CWE-523 Unprotected Transport of Credentials. Login pages do not use adequate measures to protect the user name and password while they are in transit from the client to the server.
Near-miss passage: CWE-363 Race Condition Enabling Link Following. The product checks the status of a file or directory before accessing it, which produces a race condition in which the file can be replaced with a link before the access is performed, causing the product to access the wrong file.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-6369
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6369. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 4.900000095367432. The USB driver in Cisco Firepower Extensible Operating System 1.1(1.160) on Firepower 9000 devices allows physically proximate attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted USB device that triggers invalid USB commands, aka Bug ID CSCux10531.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1787. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 2.5999999046325684. The ssl3_get_client_key_exchange function in s3_srvr.c in OpenSSL 1.0.2 before 1.0.2a, when client authentication and an ephemeral Diffie-Hellman ciphersuite are enabled, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (daemon crash) via a ClientKeyExchange message with a length of zero.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7659
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7659. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.261 and 19.x before 19.0.0.245 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.548 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.241, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.241, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 19.0.0.241 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code by leveraging an unspecified "type confusion" in the NetConnection object implementation.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2049. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.0. Unrestricted file upload vulnerability in D-Link DCS-931L with firmware 1.04 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code by uploading a file with an executable extension.
Query: indicators of Firmware Corruption
Matching passage: T1495 Firmware Corruption. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may overwrite or corrupt the flash memory contents of system BIOS or other firmware in devices attached to a system in order to render them inoperable or unable to boot, thus denying the availability to use the devices and/or the system.(Citation: Symantec Chernobyl W95.CIH) Firmware is software that is loaded and executed from non-volatile memory on hardware devices in order to initialize and manage device functionality. These devices may include the motherboard, hard drive, or video cards. In general, adversaries may manipulate, overwrite, or corrupt firmware in order to deny the use of the system or devices. For example, corruption of firmware responsible for loading the operating system for network devices may render the network devices inoperable.(Citation: dhs_threat_to_net_devices)(Citation: cisa_malware_orgs_ukraine) Depending on the device, this attack may also result in [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485).
Near-miss passage: T1498.002 Reflection Amplification. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by reflecting a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This type of Network DoS takes advantage of a third-party server intermediary that hosts and will respond to a given spoofed source IP address. This third-party server is commonly termed a reflector. An adversary accomplishes a reflection attack by sending packets to reflectors with the spoofed address of the victim. Similar to Direct Network Floods, more than one system may be used to conduct the attack, or a botnet may be used. Likewise, one or more reflectors may be used to focus traffic on the target.(Citation: Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017) This Network DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network. Reflection attacks often take advantage of protocols with larger responses than requests in order to amplify their traffic, commonly known as a Reflection Amplification attack. Adversaries may be able to generate an increase in volume of attack traffic that is several orders of magnitude greater than the requests sent to the amplifiers. The extent of this increase will depending upon many variables, such as the protocol in question, the technique used, and the amplifying servers that actually produce the amplification in attack volume. Two prominent protocols that have enabled Reflection Amplification Floods are DNS(Citation: Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS) and NTP(Citation: Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS), though the use of several others in the wild have been documented.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) In particular, the memcache protocol showed itself to be a powerful protocol, with amplification sizes up to 51,200 times the requesting packet.(Citation: Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018)
Query: detection engineering for Break Process Trees
Matching passage: T1036.009 Break Process Trees. Tactics: stealth. Description: An adversary may attempt to evade process tree-based analysis by modifying executed malware's parent process ID (PPID). If endpoint protection software leverages the “parent-child" relationship for detection, breaking this relationship could result in the adversary’s behavior not being associated with previous process tree activity. On Unix-based systems breaking this process tree is common practice for administrators to execute software using scripts and programs.(Citation: 3OHA double-fork 2022) On Linux systems, adversaries may execute a series of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls to alter malware's process tree. For example, adversaries can execute their payload without any arguments, call the `fork()` API call twice, then have the parent process exit. This creates a grandchild process with no parent process that is immediately adopted by the `init` system process (PID 1), which successfully disconnects the execution of the adversary's payload from its previous process tree. Another example is using the “daemon” syscall to detach from the current parent process and run in the background.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022)
Near-miss passage: T1036.012 Browser Fingerprint. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to blend in with legitimate traffic by spoofing browser and system attributes like operating system, system language, platform, user-agent string, resolution, time zone, etc. The HTTP User-Agent request header is a string that lets servers and network peers identify the application, operating system, vendor, and/or version of the requesting user agent.(Citation: Mozilla User Agent) Adversaries may gather this information through [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) or by users navigating to adversary-controlled websites, and then use that information to craft their web traffic to evade defenses.(Citation: Gummy Browsers Targeted Browser Spoofing against State-of-the-Art Fingerprinting Techniques)