alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: threat report mentioning Valid Accounts
Matching passage: T1078 Valid Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of existing accounts as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Compromised credentials may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access, network devices, and remote desktop.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW) Compromised credentials may also grant an adversary increased privilege to specific systems or access to restricted areas of the network. Adversaries may choose not to use malware or tools in conjunction with the legitimate access those credentials provide to make it harder to detect their presence. In some cases, adversaries may abuse inactive accounts: for example, those belonging to individuals who are no longer part of an organization. Using these accounts may allow the adversary to evade detection, as the original account user will not be present to identify any anomalous activity taking place on their account.(Citation: CISA MFA PrintNightmare) The overlap of permissions for local, domain, and cloud accounts across a network of systems is of concern because the adversary may be able to pivot across accounts and systems to reach a high level of access (i.e., domain or enterprise administrator) to bypass access controls set within the enterprise.(Citation: TechNet Credential Theft)
Near-miss passage: T1078.003 Local Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a local account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. Local Accounts may also be abused to elevate privileges and harvest credentials through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Password reuse may allow the abuse of local accounts across a set of machines on a network for the purposes of Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement.
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by System Network Connections Discovery
Matching passage: T1049 System Network Connections Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. An adversary who gains access to a system that is part of a cloud-based environment may map out Virtual Private Clouds or Virtual Networks in order to determine what systems and services are connected. The actions performed are likely the same types of discovery techniques depending on the operating system, but the resulting information may include details about the networked cloud environment relevant to the adversary's goals. Cloud providers may have different ways in which their virtual networks operate.(Citation: Amazon AWS VPC Guide)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview)(Citation: Google VPC Overview) Similarly, adversaries who gain access to network devices may also perform similar discovery activities to gather information about connected systems and services. Utilities and commands that acquire this information include [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104), "net use," and "net session" with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). In Mac and Linux, [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104) and <code>lsof</code> can be used to list current connections. <code>who -a</code> and <code>w</code> can be used to show which users are currently logged in, similar to "net session". Additionally, built-in features native to network devices and [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) may be used (e.g. <code>show ip sockets</code>, <code>show tcp brief</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, the command `esxi network ip connection list` can be used to list active network connections.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)
Near-miss passage: T1010 Application Window Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of open application windows. Window listings could convey information about how the system is used.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021) For example, information about application windows could be used identify potential data to collect as well as identifying security tooling ([Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) to evade.(Citation: ESET Grandoreiro April 2020) Adversaries typically abuse system features for this type of enumeration. For example, they may gather information through native system features such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) commands and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.
Query: weakness Improper Initialization
Matching passage: CWE-665 Improper Initialization. The product does not initialize or incorrectly initializes a resource, which might leave the resource in an unexpected state when it is accessed or used.
Near-miss passage: CWE-710 Improper Adherence to Coding Standards. The product does not follow certain coding rules for development, which can lead to resultant weaknesses or increase the severity of the associated vulnerabilities.
Query: intelligence brief on T1071.004
Matching passage: T1071.004 DNS. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may communicate using the Domain Name System (DNS) application layer protocol to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. The DNS protocol serves an administrative function in computer networking and thus may be very common in environments. DNS traffic may also be allowed even before network authentication is completed. DNS packets contain many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Often known as DNS tunneling, adversaries may abuse DNS to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: PAN DNS Tunneling)(Citation: Medium DnsTunneling) DNS beaconing may be used to send commands to remote systems via DNS queries. A DNS beacon is created by tunneling DNS traffic (i.e. [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572)). The commands may be embedded into different DNS records, for example, TXT or A records.(Citation: OilRig Uses Updated BONDUPDATER to Target Middle Eastern Government) DNS beacons may be difficult to detect because the beacons infrequently communicate with infected devices.(Citation: DNS Beacons) Infrequent communication conceals the malicious DNS traffic with normal DNS traffic.
Near-miss passage: T1071.003 Mail Protocols. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with electronic mail delivery to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. Protocols such as SMTP/S, POP3/S, and IMAP that carry electronic mail may be very common in environments. Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the email messages themselves. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: FireEye APT28)
Query: Persistence mechanism resembling Rogue Domain Controller
Matching passage: T1207 Rogue Domain Controller. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may register a rogue Domain Controller to enable manipulation of Active Directory data. DCShadow may be used to create a rogue Domain Controller (DC). DCShadow is a method of manipulating Active Directory (AD) data, including objects and schemas, by registering (or reusing an inactive registration) and simulating the behavior of a DC. (Citation: DCShadow Blog) Once registered, a rogue DC may be able to inject and replicate changes into AD infrastructure for any domain object, including credentials and keys. Registering a rogue DC involves creating a new server and nTDSDSA objects in the Configuration partition of the AD schema, which requires Administrator privileges (either Domain or local to the DC) or the KRBTGT hash. (Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide) This technique may bypass system logging and security monitors such as security information and event management (SIEM) products (since actions taken on a rogue DC may not be reported to these sensors). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) The technique may also be used to alter and delete replication and other associated metadata to obstruct forensic analysis. Adversaries may also utilize this technique to perform [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005) and/or manipulate AD objects (such as accounts, access control lists, schemas) to establish backdoors for Persistence. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)
Near-miss passage: T1600.002 Disable Crypto Hardware. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries disable a network device’s dedicated hardware encryption, which may enable them to leverage weaknesses in software encryption in order to reduce the effort involved in collecting, manipulating, and exfiltrating transmitted data. Many network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls, perform encryption on network traffic to secure transmission across networks. Often, these devices are equipped with special, dedicated encryption hardware to greatly increase the speed of the encryption process as well as to prevent malicious tampering. When an adversary takes control of such a device, they may disable the dedicated hardware, for example, through use of [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), forcing the use of software to perform encryption on general processors. This is typically used in conjunction with attacks to weaken the strength of the cipher in software (e.g., [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001)). (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)
Query: risk of The XFS implementation in the Linux kernel before 3.15 improperly uses an old size value during remote attribute replacement, which allows local users to cause a denial of service 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0274. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. The XFS implementation in the Linux kernel before 3.15 improperly uses an old size value during remote attribute replacement, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (transaction overrun and data corruption) or possibly gain privileges by leveraging XFS filesystem access.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1759. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack SP3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted Office document, aka "Microsoft Office Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
Query: Sigma YAML for macos / process_creation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects attempts to create and add an account to the admin group via "sysadminctl". Logsource: macos / process_creation. Rule: title: User Added To Admin Group Via Sysadminctl id: 652c098d-dc11-4ba6-8566-c20e89042f2b related: - id: 0c1ffcf9-efa9-436e-ab68-23a9496ebf5b type: obsolete status: test description: Detects attempts to create and add an account to the admin group via "sysadminctl" references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1078.003/T1078.003.md#atomic-test-3---create-local-account-with-admin-privileges-using-sysadminctl-utility---macos - https://ss64.com/osx/sysadminctl.html author: Sohan G (D4rkCiph3r) date: 2023-03-19 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.initial-access - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.stealth - attack.t1078.003 logsource: category: process_creation product: macos detection: selection: Image|endswith: /sysadminctl CommandLine|contains|all: - ' -addUser ' - ' -admin ' condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate administration activities level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the creation of diagcab file, which could be caused by some legitimate installer or is a sign of exploitation (r. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: Creation of a Diagcab id: 3d0ed417-3d94-4963-a562-4a92c940656a status: test description: Detects the creation of diagcab file, which could be caused by some legitimate installer or is a sign of exploitation (review the filename and its location) references: - https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1533879688141086720.html author: frack113 date: 2022-06-08 tags: - attack.resource-development logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: TargetFilename|endswith: .diagcab condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate microsoft diagcab level: medium
Query: risk of Unspecified vulnerability in HP Easy Deploy, as distributed standalone and in HP Easy Tools before 3.0.1.1650, on HP Thin Client t5540, t5740, and t5740e devices and HP Flexible Th
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2113. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Unspecified vulnerability in HP Easy Deploy, as distributed standalone and in HP Easy Tools before 3.0.1.1650, on HP Thin Client t5540, t5740, and t5740e devices and HP Flexible Thin Client t510, t520, t610, t620, and t820 devices allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4837. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.599999904632568. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Sun Solaris 11.2 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors related to Utility/Security.
Query: describe CVE-2015-6743
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6743. CWE: CWE-255. CVSS: 6.5. Basware Banking (Maksuliikenne) 8.90.07.X uses a hardcoded password for an unspecified account, which allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions by leveraging knowledge of this password. NOTE: this identifier was SPLIT from CVE-2015-0942 per ADT2 and ADT3 due to different vulnerability types and different affected versions.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2874. CWE: CWE-255. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Seagate GoFlex Satellite, Seagate Wireless Mobile Storage, Seagate Wireless Plus Mobile Storage, and LaCie FUEL devices with firmware before 3.4.1.105 have a default password of root for the root account, which allows remote attackers to obtain administrative access via a TELNET session.
Query: exploit The IP stack in multiple Huawei Campus series switch models allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (reboot) via a crafted ICMP request message.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3913. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. The IP stack in multiple Huawei Campus series switch models allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (reboot) via a crafted ICMP request message.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8735. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.5. The get_value function in epan/dissectors/packet-btatt.c in the Bluetooth Attribute (aka BT ATT) dissector in Wireshark 2.0.x before 2.0.1 uses an incorrect integer data type, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid write operation and application crash) via a crafted packet.
Query: vulnerability: In all Android releases from CAF using the Linux kernel, time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions exist in several TZ APIs.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9022. CWE: CWE-362. CVSS: 7.0. In all Android releases from CAF using the Linux kernel, time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions exist in several TZ APIs.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4481. CWE: CWE-362. CVSS: 3.299999952316284. Race condition in the Mozilla Maintenance Service in Mozilla Firefox before 40.0 and Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.2 on Windows allows local users to write to arbitrary files and consequently gain privileges via vectors involving a hard link to a log file during an update.
Query: rule covering Identifies modification of ld.so.preload for shared object injection. This technique is used by attackers to load arbitr
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Identifies modification of ld.so.preload for shared object injection. This technique is used by attackers to load arbitr. Logsource: linux / auditd. Rule: title: Modification of ld.so.preload id: 4b3cb710-5e83-4715-8c45-8b2b5b3e5751 status: test description: Identifies modification of ld.so.preload for shared object injection. This technique is used by attackers to load arbitrary code into processes. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1574.006/T1574.006.md - https://eqllib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/analytics/fd9b987a-1101-4ed3-bda6-a70300eaf57e.html author: E.M. Anhaus (originally from Atomic Blue Detections, Tony Lambert), oscd.community date: 2019-10-24 modified: 2021-11-27 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1574.006 logsource: product: linux service: auditd detection: selection: type: PATH name: /etc/ld.so.preload condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects uncommon "conhost" child processes. This could be a sign of "conhost" usage as a LOLBIN or potential process inj. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Uncommon Child Process Of Conhost.EXE id: 7dc2dedd-7603-461a-bc13-15803d132355 related: - id: dfa03a09-8b92-4d83-8e74-f72839b1c407 type: similar status: test description: Detects uncommon "conhost" child processes. This could be a sign of "conhost" usage as a LOLBIN or potential process injection activity. references: - http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2020/05/25/how-to-con-your-host/ author: omkar72 date: 2020-10-25 modified: 2023-12-11 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1202 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: ParentImage|endswith: \conhost.exe filter_main_conhost: Image|endswith: :\Windows\System32\conhost.exe filter_main_null: Image: null filter_main_empty: Image: '' filter_optional_provider: Provider_Name: SystemTraceProvider-Process condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: risk of IBM PowerVC Standard Edition 1.2.2.1 through 1.2.2.2 does not require authentication for access to the Python interpreter with nova credentials, which allows KVM guest OS users to 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1950. CWE: CWE-255. CVSS: 4.599999904632568. IBM PowerVC Standard Edition 1.2.2.1 through 1.2.2.2 does not require authentication for access to the Python interpreter with nova credentials, which allows KVM guest OS users to discover certain PowerVC credentials and bypass intended access restrictions via unspecified Python code.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6742. CWE: CWE-255. CVSS: 6.5. Basware Banking (Maksuliikenne) before 8.90.07.X uses a hardcoded password for the ANCO account, which allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions by leveraging knowledge of this password. NOTE: this identifier was SPLIT from CVE-2015-0942 per ADT2 and ADT3 due to different vulnerability types and different affected versions.
Query: risk of Incomplete blacklist vulnerability in marked 0.3.2 and earlier for Node.js allows remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via a vbscript tag in a link.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1370. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Incomplete blacklist vulnerability in marked 0.3.2 and earlier for Node.js allows remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via a vbscript tag in a link.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4743. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Applications DBA component in Oracle E-Business Suite 12.2.3 allows remote authenticated users to affect confidentiality via unknown vectors related to AD Utilities.
Query: indicators of Network Device Firewall
Matching passage: T1686.002 Network Device Firewall. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may disable network device-based firewall mechanisms entirely or add, delete, or modify particular rules in order to bypass controls limiting network usage. Adversaries may obtain access to devices such as routers, switches, or other perimeter/network devices and change access control lists (ACLs), security zones, or policy rules to permit otherwise blocked traffic. For example, adversaries may add new network firewall rules to allow access to all internal network subnets without restrictions. Allowing access to internal network subsets may enable unrestricted inbound/outbound connectivity or open paths for command and control and lateral movement. Adversaries may obtain access to network device management interfaces via [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or by exploiting vulnerabilities. In some cases, threat actors may target firewalls and other network infrastructure that are exposed to the internet by leveraging weaknesses in public-facing applications ([Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).(Citation: CVE-2024-55591 Detail) Adversaries may also modify host networking configurations that indirectly manipulate system firewalls, such as adjusting interface bandwidth or network connection request thresholds.
Near-miss passage: T1686 Disable or Modify System Firewall. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may disable or modify host-based or network firewalls to impair defensive mechanisms and enable further action. Once an adversary has gathered sufficient privileges, they can tamper with firewall services, policies, or rule sets to remove restrictions on inbound or outbound traffic. For example, this may include turning off firewall profiles, altering existing rules to permit previously blocked ports or protocols, or adding new rules that create covert communication paths (e.g., adding a new firewall rule for a well-known protocol (such as RDP) using a non-traditional and potentially less securitized port.(Citation: change_rdp_port_conti) Adversaries may disable or modify firewalls using different behaviors, depending on the platform. For example, in ESXi, firewall rules may be modified directly via the esxcli (e.g., via esxcli network firewall set) or via the vCenter user interface.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Firewall)(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)