alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: risk of The SIP implementation in Cisco IOS 15.5(3)M on Cisco Unified Border Element (CUBE) devices allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted SIP messages, aka Bug I
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6343. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 5.0. The SIP implementation in Cisco IOS 15.5(3)M on Cisco Unified Border Element (CUBE) devices allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted SIP messages, aka Bug ID CSCuv79202.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8959. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 6.5. coders/dds.c in ImageMagick before 6.9.0-4 Beta allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption) via a crafted DDS file.
Query: risk of Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 SP1 and SharePoint Foundation 2013 SP1 allow remote authenticated users to bypass intended Access Control Policy restrictions and conduct cross-sit
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6117. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Microsoft SharePoint Server 2013 SP1 and SharePoint Foundation 2013 SP1 allow remote authenticated users to bypass intended Access Control Policy restrictions and conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks by modifying a webpart, aka "Microsoft SharePoint Security Feature Bypass," a different vulnerability than CVE-2016-0011.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4657. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Mailbird 2.0.16.0 and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via an e-mail message body with a crafted URL.
Query: playbook for alert: SIEM correlation: execution activity consistent with Deploy Container
Matching passage: Playbook for T1610 Deploy Container. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1610. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: execution. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may deploy a container into an environment to facilitate execution or evade defenses. In some cases, adversaries may deploy a new container to execute processes associated with a particular image or deployment, such as processes that execute or download malware. In others, an adversary may deploy a new container configured without network rules, user limitations, etc. to bypass existin
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1574.001 DLL. Different response path focused on stealth, execution.
Query: detection rule: Detects threat actors proxy executing code and bypassing application controls by leveraging wmic and the `/FORMAT` argum
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects threat actors proxy executing code and bypassing application controls by leveraging wmic and the `/FORMAT` argum. Logsource: windows / image_load. Rule: title: WMIC Loading Scripting Libraries id: 06ce37c2-61ab-4f05-9ff5-b1a96d18ae32 related: - id: 8d63dadf-b91b-4187-87b6-34a1114577ea type: similar - id: 05c36dd6-79d6-4a9a-97da-3db20298ab2d type: similar status: test description: 'Detects threat actors proxy executing code and bypassing application controls by leveraging wmic and the `/FORMAT` argument switch to download and execute an XSL file (i.e js, vbs, etc). It could be an indicator of SquiblyTwo technique, which uses Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to execute malicious code. ' references: - https://securitydatasets.com/notebooks/atomic/windows/defense_evasion/SDWIN-201017061100.html - https://twitter.com/dez_/status/986614411711442944 - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Wmic/ author: Roberto Rodriguez (Cyb3rWard0g), OTR (Open Threat Research) date: 2020-10-17 modified: 2022-10-13 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1220 logsource: category: image_load product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \wmic.exe ImageLoaded|endswith: - \jscript.dll - \vbscript.dll condition: selection falsepositives: - The command wmic os get lastbootuptime loads vbscript.dll - The command wmic os get locale loads vbscript.dll - Since the ImageLoad event doesn't have enough information in this case. It's better to look at the recent process creation events that spawned the WMIC process and investigate the command line and parent/child processes to get more insights - The command `wmic ntevent` loads vbscript.dll level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects updates of the GuardDuty list of trusted IPs, perhaps to disable security alerts against malicious IPs.. Logsource: aws / cloudtrail. Rule: title: AWS GuardDuty Important Change id: 6e61ee20-ce00-4f8d-8aee-bedd8216f7e3 status: test description: Detects updates of the GuardDuty list of trusted IPs, perhaps to disable security alerts against malicious IPs. references: - https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/pacu/blob/866376cd711666c775bbfcde0524c817f2c5b181/pacu/modules/guardduty__whitelist_ip/main.py#L9 author: faloker date: 2020-02-11 modified: 2022-10-09 tags: - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685 logsource: product: aws service: cloudtrail detection: selection_source: eventSource: guardduty.amazonaws.com eventName: CreateIPSet condition: selection_source falsepositives: - Valid change in the GuardDuty (e.g. to ignore internal scanners) level: high
Query: vulnerability: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in unspecified administration pages in the Imagefield Info module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.2 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users with 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4385. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in unspecified administration pages in the Imagefield Info module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.2 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users with the "Administer image styles" permission to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5613. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in October CMS build 271 and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via vectors involving a file title, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5612.
Query: vulnerability: The grub2 package before 2.02-0.29 in Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 7, when used on UEFI systems, allows local users to bypass intended Secure Boot restrictions and execute non-v
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5281. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 2.5999999046325684. The grub2 package before 2.02-0.29 in Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 7, when used on UEFI systems, allows local users to bypass intended Secure Boot restrictions and execute non-verified code via a crafted (1) multiboot or (2) multiboot2 module in the configuration file or physically proximate attackers to bypass intended Secure Boot restrictions and execute non-verified code via the (3) boot menu.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0528. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. The RPC daemon in EMC Isilon OneFS 6.5.x and 7.0.x before 7.0.2.13, 7.1.0 before 7.1.0.6, 7.1.1 before 7.1.1.2, and 7.2.0 before 7.2.0.1 allows local users to gain privileges by leveraging an ability to modify system files.
Query: vulnerability: Heap-based buffer overflow in the PCNET controller in QEMU allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending a packet with TXSTATUS_STARTPACKET set and then a crafted pa
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3209. CWE: CWE-787. CVSS: 7.5. Heap-based buffer overflow in the PCNET controller in QEMU allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending a packet with TXSTATUS_STARTPACKET set and then a crafted packet with TXSTATUS_DEVICEOWNS set.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5105. CWE: CWE-787. CVSS: 10.0. Heap-based buffer overflow in Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.15 and 11.x before 11.0.12, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 2015.006.30060, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous before 2015.008.20082 on Windows and OS X allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5096 and CVE-2015-5098.
Query: vulnerability: ImageIO in Apple iOS before 8.4.1 and OS X before 10.10.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) v
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5758. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. ImageIO in Apple iOS before 8.4.1 and OS X before 10.10.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted TIFF image.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7986. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. The index server (hdbindexserver) in SAP HANA 1.00.095 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via an HTTP request, aka SAP Security Note 2197428.
Query: vulnerability: Multiple unspecified vulnerabilities in the browser engine in Mozilla Firefox before 39.0, Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.1, and Thunderbird before 38.1 allow remote attackers to cause
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2725. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Multiple unspecified vulnerabilities in the browser engine in Mozilla Firefox before 39.0, Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.1, and Thunderbird before 38.1 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8330. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The PCo agent in SAP Plant Connectivity (PCo) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and agent crash) via crafted xMII requests, aka SAP Security Note 2238619.
Query: vulnerability: The svn_repos_trace_node_locations function in Apache Subversion before 1.7.21 and 1.8.x before 1.8.14, when path-based authorization is used, allows remote authenticated users to 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3187. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.0. The svn_repos_trace_node_locations function in Apache Subversion before 1.7.21 and 1.8.x before 1.8.14, when path-based authorization is used, allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive path information by reading the history of a node that has been moved from a hidden path.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0519. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The InputAccel Database (IADB) installation process in EMC Captiva Capture 7.0 before patch 25 and 7.1 before patch 13 places a cleartext InputAccel (IA) SQL password in a DAL log file, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information by reading a file.
Query: Sigma rule for Look for the encrypted cpassword value within Group Policy Preference files on the Domain Controller. This value can be
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Look for the encrypted cpassword value within Group Policy Preference files on the Domain Controller. This value can be. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Findstr GPP Passwords id: 91a2c315-9ee6-4052-a853-6f6a8238f90d status: test description: Look for the encrypted cpassword value within Group Policy Preference files on the Domain Controller. This value can be decrypted with gpp-decrypt. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1552.006/T1552.006.md#atomic-test-1---gpp-passwords-findstr author: frack113 date: 2021-12-27 modified: 2023-11-11 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1552.006 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: - \find.exe - \findstr.exe - OriginalFileName: - FIND.EXE - FINDSTR.EXE selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - cpassword - \sysvol\ - .xml condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_findstr_gpp_passwords/info.yml simulation: - type: atomic-red-team name: GPP Passwords (findstr) technique: T1552.006 atomic_guid: 870fe8fb-5e23-4f5f-b89d-dd7fe26f3b5f
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects when a built-in utility is used to decode and decrypt a payload after a macOS disk image (DMG) is executed. Malw. Logsource: macos / process_creation. Rule: title: Payload Decoded and Decrypted via Built-in Utilities id: 234dc5df-40b5-49d1-bf53-0d44ce778eca status: test description: Detects when a built-in utility is used to decode and decrypt a payload after a macOS disk image (DMG) is executed. Malware authors may attempt to evade detection and trick users into executing malicious code by encoding and encrypting their payload and placing it in a disk image file. This behavior is consistent with adware or malware families such as Bundlore and Shlayer. references: - https://github.com/elastic/protections-artifacts/commit/746086721fd385d9f5c6647cada1788db4aea95f#diff-5d42c3d772e04f1e8d0eb60f5233bc79def1ea73105a2d8822f44164f77ef823 author: Tim Rauch (rule), Elastic (idea) date: 2022-10-17 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1059 - attack.t1204 - attack.execution - attack.t1140 - attack.s0482 - attack.s0402 logsource: category: process_creation product: macos detection: selection: Image|endswith: /openssl CommandLine|contains|all: - /Volumes/ - enc - -base64 - ' -d ' condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-8939
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8939. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. drivers/video/msm/mdp4_util.c in the Qualcomm components in Android before 2016-08-05 on Nexus 7 (2013) devices does not validate r stages, g stages, or b stages data, which allows attackers to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka Android internal bug 28398884 and Qualcomm internal bug CR779021.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7966. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. SafeNet Authentication Service Windows Logon Agent uses a weak ACL for unspecified installation directories and executable modules, which allows local users to gain privileges by modifying an executable module, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-7965.
Query: risk of Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in qdPM 8.3 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) search[keywords] parameter to index.php/us
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3883. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in qdPM 8.3 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) search[keywords] parameter to index.php/users page; the (2) "Name of application" on index.php/configuration; (3) a new project name on index.php/projects; (4) the task name on index.php/tasks; (5) ticket name on index.php/tickets; (6) discussion name on index.php/discussions; (7) report name on index.php/projectReports; or (8) event name on index.php/scheduler/personal.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2976. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Research Artisan Lite before 1.18 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (1) a crafted HTML document or (2) a crafted URL that is mishandled during access-log analysis.
Query: Sigma YAML for windows / image_load
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the image load of VSS DLL by uncommon executables. Logsource: windows / image_load. Rule: title: Suspicious Volume Shadow Copy Vssapi.dll Load id: 37774c23-25a1-4adb-bb6d-8bb9fd59c0f8 related: - id: 333cdbe8-27bb-4246-bf82-b41a0dca4b70 type: similar - id: 48bfd177-7cf2-412b-ad77-baf923489e82 type: similar status: test description: Detects the image load of VSS DLL by uncommon executables references: - https://github.com/ORCx41/DeleteShadowCopies author: frack113 date: 2022-10-31 modified: 2026-05-18 tags: - attack.impact - attack.t1490 logsource: category: image_load product: windows detection: selection: ImageLoaded|endswith: \vssapi.dll filter_main_windows: - Image: - C:\Windows\explorer.exe - C:\Windows\ImmersiveControlPanel\SystemSettings.exe - Image|startswith: - C:\Windows\System32\ - C:\Windows\SysWOW64\ - C:\Windows\Temp\{ - C:\Windows\WinSxS\ - C:\$WinREAgent\Scratch\ filter_main_program_files: Image|startswith: - C:\Program Files\ - C:\Program Files (x86)\ filter_main_null_image: Image: null filter_optional_programdata_packagecache: Image|startswith: C:\ProgramData\Package Cache\ filter_optional_avira: Image|contains|all: - \temp\is- - \avira_system_speedup.tmp condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects a suspicious Microsoft desktopimgdownldr file creation that stores a file to a suspicious location or contains a. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: Suspicious Desktopimgdownldr Target File id: fc4f4817-0c53-4683-a4ee-b17a64bc1039 status: test description: Detects a suspicious Microsoft desktopimgdownldr file creation that stores a file to a suspicious location or contains a file with a suspicious extension references: - https://labs.sentinelone.com/living-off-windows-land-a-new-native-file-downldr/ - https://twitter.com/SBousseaden/status/1278977301745741825 author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2020-07-03 modified: 2022-06-02 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1105 logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: Image|endswith: \svchost.exe TargetFilename|contains: \Personalization\LockScreenImage\ filter1: TargetFilename|contains: C:\Windows\ filter2: TargetFilename|contains: - .jpg - .jpeg - .png condition: selection and not filter1 and not filter2 falsepositives: - False positives depend on scripts and administrative tools used in the monitored environment level: high
Query: risk of Apple OS X before 10.10.5 does not properly implement authentication, which allows local users to obtain admin privileges via unspecified vectors.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3775. CWE: CWE-287. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Apple OS X before 10.10.5 does not properly implement authentication, which allows local users to obtain admin privileges via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3457. CWE: CWE-287. CVSS: 5.0. Magento Community Edition (CE) 1.9.1.0 and Enterprise Edition (EE) 1.14.1.0 allow remote attackers to bypass authentication via the forwarded parameter.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-3060
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3060. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.14 and 11.x before 11.0.11 on Windows and OS X allow attackers to bypass intended restrictions on JavaScript API execution via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3061, CVE-2015-3062, CVE-2015-3063, CVE-2015-3064, CVE-2015-3065, CVE-2015-3066, CVE-2015-3067, CVE-2015-3068, CVE-2015-3069, CVE-2015-3071, CVE-2015-3072, CVE-2015-3073, and CVE-2015-3074.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9140. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 7.5. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Wear, and Small Cell SoC FSM9055, MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9625, MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9645, MDM9650, MDM9655, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 600, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 617, SD 650/52, SD 800, SD 808, SD 810, and SDX20, unauthorized memory access possible in online memory dump feature.
Query: alert when Detects suspicious access to LSASS handle via a call trace to "seclogon.dll" with a suspicious access right.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious access to LSASS handle via a call trace to "seclogon.dll" with a suspicious access right.. Logsource: windows / process_access. Rule: title: Suspicious LSASS Access Via MalSecLogon id: 472159c5-31b9-4f56-b794-b766faa8b0a7 status: test description: Detects suspicious access to LSASS handle via a call trace to "seclogon.dll" with a suspicious access right. references: - https://twitter.com/SBousseaden/status/1541920424635912196 - https://github.com/elastic/detection-rules/blob/2bc1795f3d7bcc3946452eb4f07ae799a756d94e/rules/windows/credential_access_lsass_handle_via_malseclogon.toml - https://splintercod3.blogspot.com/p/the-hidden-side-of-seclogon-part-3.html author: Samir Bousseaden (original elastic rule), Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-06-29 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1003.001 logsource: category: process_access product: windows detection: selection: TargetImage|endswith: \lsass.exe SourceImage|endswith: \svchost.exe GrantedAccess: '0x14c0' CallTrace|contains: seclogon.dll condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of the "finger.exe" utility. Finger.EXE or "TCPIP Finger Command" is an old utility that is still pres. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Finger.EXE Execution id: af491bca-e752-4b44-9c86-df5680533dbc related: - id: c082c2b0-525b-4dbc-9a26-a57dc4692074 type: similar - id: 2fdaf50b-9fd5-449f-ba69-f17248119af6 type: similar status: test description: 'Detects execution of the "finger.exe" utility. Finger.EXE or "TCPIP Finger Command" is an old utility that is still present on modern Windows installation. It Displays information about users on a specified remote computer (typically a UNIX computer) that is running the finger service or daemon. Due to the old nature of this utility and the rareness of machines having the finger service. Any execution of "finger.exe" can be considered "suspicious" and worth investigating. ' references: - https://twitter.com/bigmacjpg/status/1349727699863011328?s=12 - https://app.any.run/tasks/40115012-a919-4208-bfed-41e82cb3dadf/ - http://hyp3rlinx.altervista.org/advisories/Windows_TCPIP_Finger_Command_C2_Channel_and_Bypassing_Security_Software.txt author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), omkar72, oscd.community date: 2021-02-24 modified: 2024-06-27 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1105 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: - OriginalFileName: finger.exe - Image|endswith: \finger.exe condition: selection falsepositives: - Admin activity (unclear what they do nowadays with finger.exe) level: high regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_finger_execution/info.yml
Query: exploit IBM WebSphere MQ 7.5.x before 7.5.0.6 and 8.0.x before 8.0.0.3 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information via a man-in-the-middle attack, related to duplicat
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1957. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. IBM WebSphere MQ 7.5.x before 7.5.0.6 and 8.0.x before 8.0.0.3 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information via a man-in-the-middle attack, related to duplication of message data in cleartext outside the protected payload. IBM X-Force ID: 103482.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5383. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 7.5. Roundcube Webmail 1.1.x before 1.1.2 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading files in the (1) config, (2) temp, or (3) logs directory.
Query: exploit ntfs in Apple OS X before 10.10.5 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5763. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. ntfs in Apple OS X before 10.10.5 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1572. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 4.599999904632568. Heap-based buffer overflow in closefs.c in the libext2fs library in e2fsprogs before 1.42.12 allows local users to execute arbitrary code by causing a crafted block group descriptor to be marked as dirty. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-0247.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6982
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6982. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple iOS before 9.1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-10-21-1.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1100. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. The kernel in Apple iOS before 8.3, Apple OS X before 10.10.3, and Apple TV before 7.2 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access) or obtain sensitive memory-content information via a crafted app.