alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-3164
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3164. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 3.5999999046325684. The authentication setup in XWayland 1.16.x and 1.17.x before 1.17.2 starts the server in non-authenticating mode, which allows local users to read from or send information to arbitrary X11 clients via vectors involving a UNIX socket.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1795. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Red Hat Gluster Storage RPM Package 3.2 allows local users to gain privileges and execute arbitrary code as root.
Query: rule covering Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Rundll32 in Scripts
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Rundll32 in Scripts. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Invoke-Obfuscation Via Use Rundll32 - PowerShell id: a5a30a6e-75ca-4233-8b8c-42e0f2037d3b status: test description: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Rundll32 in Scripts references: - https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/issues/1009 author: Nikita Nazarov, oscd.community date: 2019-10-08 modified: 2022-11-29 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection_4104: ScriptBlockText|contains|all: - '&&' - rundll32 - shell32.dll - shellexec_rundll ScriptBlockText|contains: - value - invoke - comspec - iex condition: selection_4104 falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects usage of the "ms-appinstaller" protocol handler via command line to potentially download arbitrary files via App. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential File Download Via MS-AppInstaller Protocol Handler id: 180c7c5c-d64b-4a63-86e9-68910451bc8b related: - id: 7cff77e1-9663-46a3-8260-17f2e1aa9d0a type: derived status: test description: 'Detects usage of the "ms-appinstaller" protocol handler via command line to potentially download arbitrary files via AppInstaller.EXE The downloaded files are temporarly stored in ":\Users\%username%\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.DesktopAppInstaller_8wekyb3d8bbwe\AC\INetCache\<RANDOM-8-CHAR-DIRECTORY>" ' references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/AppInstaller/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems), Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel date: 2023-11-09 tags: - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: CommandLine|contains|all: - ms-appinstaller://?source= - http condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: risk of IBM Integration Bus 9 and 10 before 10.0.0.1 and WebSphere Message Broker 7 before 7.0.0.8 and 8 before 8.0.0.7 do not ensure that the correct security profile is selected, which a
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2018. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 3.5. IBM Integration Bus 9 and 10 before 10.0.0.1 and WebSphere Message Broker 7 before 7.0.0.8 and 8 before 8.0.0.7 do not ensure that the correct security profile is selected, which allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6114. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Microsoft Silverlight 5 before 5.1.41105.00 allows remote attackers to bypass the ASLR protection mechanism via a crafted web site, aka "Microsoft Silverlight Information Disclosure Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6165.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-8150
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8150. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Symantec Encryption Management Server (SEMS) 3.3.2 before MP12 allows local users to obtain root access by modifying a batch file.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3028. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 5.5. McAfee Advanced Threat Defense (MATD) before 3.4.4.63 allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended restrictions and change or update configuration settings via crafted parameters.
Query: rule covering Detects AnyDesk writing binary files to disk other than "gcapi.dll". According to RedCanary research it is highly abnorm
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects AnyDesk writing binary files to disk other than "gcapi.dll". According to RedCanary research it is highly abnorm. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: Suspicious Binary Writes Via AnyDesk id: 2d367498-5112-4ae5-a06a-96e7bc33a211 status: test description: 'Detects AnyDesk writing binary files to disk other than "gcapi.dll". According to RedCanary research it is highly abnormal for AnyDesk to write executable files to disk besides gcapi.dll, which is a legitimate DLL that is part of the Google Chrome web browser used to interact with the Google Cloud API. (See reference section for more details) ' references: - https://redcanary.com/blog/misbehaving-rats/ - https://thedfirreport.com/2025/02/24/confluence-exploit-leads-to-lockbit-ransomware/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-09-28 modified: 2025-02-24 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1219.002 logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: Image|endswith: - \AnyDesk.exe - \AnyDeskMSI.exe TargetFilename|endswith: - .dll - .exe filter_dlls: TargetFilename|endswith: \gcapi.dll condition: selection and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects an executable that isn't dropbox but communicates with the Dropbox API. Logsource: windows / network_connection. Rule: title: Suspicious Dropbox API Usage id: 25eabf56-22f0-4915-a1ed-056b8dae0a68 status: test description: Detects an executable that isn't dropbox but communicates with the Dropbox API references: - https://app.any.run/tasks/7e906adc-9d11-447f-8641-5f40375ecebb - https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/new-espionage-attack-molerats-apt-targeting-users-middle-east author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-04-20 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.exfiltration - attack.t1105 - attack.t1567.002 logsource: category: network_connection product: windows detection: selection: Initiated: 'true' DestinationHostname|endswith: - api.dropboxapi.com - content.dropboxapi.com filter_main_legit_dropbox: Image|contains: \Dropbox condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Legitimate use of the API with a tool that the author wasn't aware of level: high
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-8969
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8969. CWE: CWE-77. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. git-fastclone before 1.0.5 passes user modifiable strings directly to a shell command. An attacker can execute malicious commands by modifying the strings that are passed as arguments to "cd " and "git clone " commands in the library.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5274. CWE: CWE-77. CVSS: 6.5. rubygem-openshift-origin-console in Red Hat OpenShift 2.2 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request to the Broker.
Query: initial access using Content Injection
Matching passage: T1659 Content Injection. Tactics: initial access, command and control. Description: Adversaries may gain access and continuously communicate with victims by injecting malicious content into systems through online network traffic. Rather than luring victims to malicious payloads hosted on a compromised website (i.e., [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004) followed by [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)), adversaries may initially access victims through compromised data-transfer channels where they can manipulate traffic and/or inject their own content. These compromised online network channels may also be used to deliver additional payloads (i.e., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) and other data to already compromised systems.(Citation: ESET MoustachedBouncer) Adversaries may inject content to victim systems in various ways, including: * From the middle, where the adversary is in-between legitimate online client-server communications (**Note:** this is similar but distinct from [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557), which describes AiTM activity solely within an enterprise environment) (Citation: Kaspersky Encyclopedia MiTM) * From the side, where malicious content is injected and races to the client as a fake response to requests of a legitimate online server (Citation: Kaspersky ManOnTheSide) Content injection is often the result of compromised upstream communication channels, for example at the level of an internet service provider (ISP) as is the case with "lawful interception."(Citation: Kaspersky ManOnTheSide)(Citation: ESET MoustachedBouncer)(Citation: EFF China GitHub Attack)
Near-miss passage: T1092 Communication Through Removable Media. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries can perform command and control between compromised hosts on potentially disconnected networks using removable media to transfer commands from system to system.(Citation: ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014) Both systems would need to be compromised, with the likelihood that an Internet-connected system was compromised first and the second through lateral movement by [Replication Through Removable Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091). Commands and files would be relayed from the disconnected system to the Internet-connected system to which the adversary has direct access.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-6031
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6031. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Buffer overflow in the IGDstartelt function in igd_desc_parse.c in the MiniUPnP client (aka MiniUPnPc) before 1.9.20150917 allows remote UPNP servers to cause a denial of service (application crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via an "oversized" XML element name.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0555. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Buffer overflow in the XnsSdkDeviceIpInstaller.ocx ActiveX control in Samsung iPOLiS Device Manager 1.12.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long string in the first argument to the (1) ReadConfigValue or (2) WriteConfigValue function.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-8059
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8059. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.204, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.204, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.204 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8048, CVE-2015-8049, CVE-2015-8050, CVE-2015-8055, CVE-2015-8056, CVE-2015-8057, CVE-2015-8058, CVE-2015-8061, CVE-2015-8062, CVE-2015-8063, CVE-2015-8064, CVE-2015-8065, CVE-2015-8066, CVE-2015-8067, CVE-2015-8068, CVE-2015-8069, CVE-2015-8070, CVE-2015-8071, CVE-2015-8401, CVE-2015-8402, CVE-2015-8403, CVE-2015-8404, CVE-2015-8405, CVE-2015-8406, CVE-2015-8410, CVE-2015-8411, CVE-2015-8412, CVE-2015-8413, CVE-2015-8414, CVE-2015-8420, CVE-2015-8421, CVE-2015-8422, CVE-2015-8423, CVE-2015-8424, CVE-2015-8425, CVE-2015-8426, CVE-2015-8427, CVE-2015-8428, CVE-2015-8429, CVE-2015-8430, CVE-2015-8431, CVE-2015-8432, CVE-2015-8433, CVE-2015-8434, CVE-2015-8435, CVE-2015-8436, CVE-2015-8437, CVE-2015-8441, CVE-2015-8442, CVE-2015-8447, CVE-2015-8448, CVE-2015-8449, CVE-2015-8450, CVE-2015-8452, and CVE-2015-8454.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1650. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Use-after-free vulnerability in Microsoft Word 2007 SP3, Office 2010 SP2, Word 2010 SP2, Word 2013 SP1, Word 2013 RT SP1, Word Viewer, Office Compatibility Pack SP3, Word Automation Services on SharePoint Server 2010 SP2 and 2013 SP1, and Office Web Apps Server 2010 SP2 and 2013 SP1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted Office document, aka "Microsoft Office Component Use After Free Vulnerability."
Query: detect Detects suspicious children spawned via the Windows Terminal application which could be a sign of persistence via Window in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious children spawned via the Windows Terminal application which could be a sign of persistence via Window. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Suspicious WindowsTerminal Child Processes id: 8de89e52-f6e1-4b5b-afd1-41ecfa300d48 status: test description: Detects suspicious children spawned via the Windows Terminal application which could be a sign of persistence via WindowsTerminal (see references section) references: - https://persistence-info.github.io/Data/windowsterminalprofile.html - https://twitter.com/nas_bench/status/1550836225652686848 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-07-25 modified: 2023-02-14 tags: - attack.execution - attack.persistence logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_parent: ParentImage|endswith: - \WindowsTerminal.exe - \wt.exe selection_susp: - Image|endswith: - \rundll32.exe - \regsvr32.exe - \certutil.exe - \cscript.exe - \wscript.exe - \csc.exe - Image|contains: - C:\Users\Public\ - \Downloads\ - \Desktop\ - \AppData\Local\Temp\ - \Windows\TEMP\ - CommandLine|contains: - ' iex ' - ' icm' - Invoke- - 'Import-Module ' - 'ipmo ' - DownloadString( - ' /c ' - ' /k ' - ' /r ' filter_builtin_visual_studio_shell: CommandLine|contains|all: - Import-Module - Microsoft.VisualStudio.DevShell.dll - Enter-VsDevShell filter_open_settings: CommandLine|contains|all: - \AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.WindowsTerminal_ - \LocalState\settings.json filter_vsdevcmd: CommandLine|contains|all: - C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\ - \Common7\Tools\VsDevCmd.bat condition: all of selection_* and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - Other legitimate "Windows Terminal" profiles level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects cmstp loading "dll" or "ocx" files from suspicious locations. Logsource: windows / image_load. Rule: title: DLL Loaded From Suspicious Location Via Cmspt.EXE id: 75e508f7-932d-4ebc-af77-269237a84ce1 status: test description: Detects cmstp loading "dll" or "ocx" files from suspicious locations references: - https://github.com/vadim-hunter/Detection-Ideas-Rules/blob/02bcbfc2bfb8b4da601bb30de0344ae453aa1afe/TTPs/Defense%20Evasion/T1218%20-%20Signed%20Binary%20Proxy%20Execution/T1218.003%20-%20CMSTP/Procedures.yaml author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-08-30 modified: 2023-02-17 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218.003 logsource: category: image_load product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \cmstp.exe ImageLoaded|contains: - \PerfLogs\ - \ProgramData\ - \Users\ - \Windows\Temp\ - C:\Temp\ ImageLoaded|endswith: - .dll - .ocx condition: selection falsepositives: - Unikely level: high
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0739
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0739. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 4.0. The Lights-Out Management (LOM) implementation in Cisco FireSIGHT System Software 5.3.0 on Sourcefire 3D Sensor devices allows remote authenticated users to perform arbitrary Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) file uploads via unspecified vectors, aka Bug ID CSCus87938.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8733. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.5. The ngsniffer_process_record function in wiretap/ngsniffer.c in the Sniffer file parser in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.9 and 2.0.x before 2.0.1 does not validate the relationships between record lengths and record header lengths, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and application crash) via a crafted file.
Query: risk of Cisco UCS Central Software 1.2(1a) allows local users to gain privileges for OS command execution via a crafted CLI parameter, aka Bug ID CSCut32795.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4183. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Cisco UCS Central Software 1.2(1a) allows local users to gain privileges for OS command execution via a crafted CLI parameter, aka Bug ID CSCut32795.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2201. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Aruba AirWave before 7.7.14.2 and 8.x before 8.0.7 allows VisualRF remote OS command execution and file disclosure by administrative users.
Query: vulnerability: The User::matchEditToken function in includes/User.php in MediaWiki before 1.23.12 and 1.24.x before 1.24.5 does not perform token comparison in constant time before returning, whi
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8623. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. The User::matchEditToken function in includes/User.php in MediaWiki before 1.23.12 and 1.24.x before 1.24.5 does not perform token comparison in constant time before returning, which allows remote attackers to guess the edit token and bypass CSRF protection via a timing attack, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8624.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9455. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 8.100000381469727. The buddypress-activity-plus plugin before 1.6.2 for WordPress has CSRF with resultant directory traversal via the wp-admin/admin-ajax.php bpfb_photos[] parameter in a bpfb_remove_temp_images action.
Query: vulnerability: Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Secure Data Space SDS-API before 3.5.7 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) PATH_INFO to
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7706. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Secure Data Space SDS-API before 3.5.7 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) PATH_INFO to api/v3/public/shares/downloads/, the (2) authType parameter to api/v3/auth/login, or the (3) login parameter to api/v3/auth/reset_password.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2072. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in SAP HANA 73 (1.00.73.00.389160) and HANA Developer Edition 80 (1.00.80.00.391861) allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors to (1) ide/core/plugins/editor/templates/trace/hanaTraceDetailService.xsjs or (2) xs/ide/editor/templates/trace/hanaTraceDetailService.xsjs, aka SAP Note 2069676.
Query: intelligence brief on T1027.012
Matching passage: T1027.012 LNK Icon Smuggling. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may smuggle commands to download malicious payloads past content filters by hiding them within otherwise seemingly benign windows shortcut files. Windows shortcut files (.LNK) include many metadata fields, including an icon location field (also known as the `IconEnvironmentDataBlock`) designed to specify the path to an icon file that is to be displayed for the LNK file within a host directory. Adversaries may abuse this LNK metadata to download malicious payloads. For example, adversaries have been observed using LNK files as phishing payloads to deliver malware. Once invoked (e.g., [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002)), payloads referenced via external URLs within the LNK icon location field may be downloaded. These files may also then be invoked by [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)/[System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218) arguments within the target path field of the LNK.(Citation: Unprotect Shortcut)(Citation: Booby Trap Shortcut 2017) LNK Icon Smuggling may also be utilized post compromise, such as malicious scripts executing an LNK on an infected host to download additional malicious payloads.
Near-miss passage: T1027.017 SVG Smuggling. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign SVG files.(Citation: Trustwave SVG Smuggling 2025) SVGs, or Scalable Vector Graphics, are vector-based image files constructed using XML. As such, they can legitimately include `<script>` tags that enable adversaries to include malicious JavaScript payloads. However, SVGs may appear less suspicious to users than other types of executable files, as they are often treated as image files. SVG smuggling can take a number of forms. For example, threat actors may include content that: * Assembles malicious payloads(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022) * Downloads malicious payloads(Citation: Cofense SVG Smuggling 2024) * Redirects users to malicious websites(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024) * Displays interactive content to users, such as fake login forms and download buttons.(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024) SVG Smuggling may be used in conjunction with [HTML Smuggling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006) where an SVG with a malicious payload is included inside an HTML file.(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022) SVGs may also be included in other types of documents, such as PDFs.
Query: exploit Microsoft Office 2007 SP3, Office 2010 SP2, Office 2013 SP1, Office 2013 RT SP1, Office 2016, Word Automation Services on SharePoint Server 2010 SP2 and 2013 SP1, Office Web Apps 2
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6093. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Office 2007 SP3, Office 2010 SP2, Office 2013 SP1, Office 2013 RT SP1, Office 2016, Word Automation Services on SharePoint Server 2010 SP2 and 2013 SP1, Office Web Apps 2010 SP2, and Office Web Apps Server 2013 SP1 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted Office document, aka "Microsoft Office Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8060. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.204, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.204, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.204 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8045, CVE-2015-8047, CVE-2015-8408, CVE-2015-8416, CVE-2015-8417, CVE-2015-8418, CVE-2015-8419, CVE-2015-8443, CVE-2015-8444, CVE-2015-8451, and CVE-2015-8455.
Query: Encoded PowerShell / command-line abuse matching Password Policy Discovery
Matching passage: T1201 Password Policy Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to access detailed information about the password policy used within an enterprise network or cloud environment. Password policies are a way to enforce complex passwords that are difficult to guess or crack through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110). This information may help the adversary to create a list of common passwords and launch dictionary and/or brute force attacks which adheres to the policy (e.g. if the minimum password length should be 8, then not trying passwords such as 'pass123'; not checking for more than 3-4 passwords per account if the lockout is set to 6 as to not lock out accounts). Password policies can be set and discovered on Windows, Linux, and macOS systems via various command shell utilities such as <code>net accounts (/domain)</code>, <code>Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy</code>, <code>chage -l <username></code>, <code>cat /etc/pam.d/common-password</code>, and <code>pwpolicy getaccountpolicies</code> (Citation: Superuser Linux Password Policies) (Citation: Jamf User Password Policies). Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to discover password policy information (e.g. <code>show aaa</code>, <code>show aaa common-criteria policy all</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) Password policies can be discovered in cloud environments using available APIs such as <code>GetAccountPasswordPolicy</code> in AWS (Citation: AWS GetPasswordPolicy).
Near-miss passage: T1016.001 Internet Connection Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), <code>tracert</code>, and GET requests to websites, or performing initial speed testing to confirm bandwidth. Adversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the system is capable of communicating with their C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.