alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: detect Detects suspicious start of rundll32.exe without any parameters as found in CobaltStrike beacon activity in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious start of rundll32.exe without any parameters as found in CobaltStrike beacon activity. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Rundll32 Execution Without CommandLine Parameters id: 1775e15e-b61b-4d14-a1a3-80981298085a status: test description: Detects suspicious start of rundll32.exe without any parameters as found in CobaltStrike beacon activity references: - https://www.cobaltstrike.com/help-opsec - https://twitter.com/ber_m1ng/status/1397948048135778309 author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2021-05-27 modified: 2023-08-31 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1202 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: CommandLine|endswith: - \rundll32.exe - \rundll32.exe" - \rundll32 filter: ParentImage|contains: - \AppData\Local\ - \Microsoft\Edge\ condition: selection and not filter falsepositives: - Possible but rare level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of python using the "-c" flag. This is could be used as a way to launch a reverse shell or execute liv. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Python Inline Command Execution id: 899133d5-4d7c-4a7f-94ee-27355c879d90 status: test description: Detects execution of python using the "-c" flag. This is could be used as a way to launch a reverse shell or execute live python code. references: - https://docs.python.org/3/using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c - https://www.revshells.com/ - https://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/shells/reverse-shell-cheat-sheet author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-01-02 modified: 2025-10-07 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - OriginalFileName: python.exe - Image|endswith: - python.exe - python3.exe - python2.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains: ' -c' filter_main_python_1: ParentImage|startswith: - C:\Program Files\Python - C:\Program Files (x86)\Python ParentImage|endswith: \python.exe ParentCommandLine|contains: -E -s -m ensurepip -U --default-pip filter_main_python_trace: ParentImage|startswith: - C:\Program Files\Python - C:\Program Files (x86)\Python CommandLine|contains|all: - -W ignore::DeprecationWarning - '[''install'', ''--no-cache-dir'', ''--no-index'', ''--find-links'',' - '''--upgrade'', ''pip''' filter_optional_vscode: - ParentImage|endswith: \AppData\Local\Programs\Microsoft VS Code\Code.exe - ParentImage: - C:\Program Files\Microsoft VS Code\Code.exe - C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft VS Code\Code.exe filter_optional_pip: CommandLine|contains|all: - <pip-setuptools-caller> - exec(compile( condition: all of selection_* and not 1 of filter_main_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Python libraries that use a flag starting with "-c". Filter according to your environment level: medium
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Active Scanning
Matching passage: T1595 Active Scanning. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may execute active reconnaissance scans to gather information that can be used during targeting. Active scans are those where the adversary probes victim infrastructure via network traffic, as opposed to other forms of reconnaissance that do not involve direct interaction. Adversaries may perform different forms of active scanning depending on what information they seek to gather. These scans can also be performed in various ways, including using native features of network protocols such as ICMP.(Citation: Botnet Scan)(Citation: OWASP Fingerprinting) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).
Near-miss passage: T1595.002 Vulnerability Scanning. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may scan victims for vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. Vulnerability scans typically check if the configuration of a target host/application (ex: software and version) potentially aligns with the target of a specific exploit the adversary may seek to use. These scans may also include more broad attempts to [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592) that can be used to identify more commonly known, exploitable vulnerabilities. Vulnerability scans typically harvest running software and version numbers via server banners, listening ports, or other network artifacts.(Citation: OWASP Vuln Scanning) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).
Query: explain CWE-459
Matching passage: CWE-459 Incomplete Cleanup. The product does not properly clean up and remove temporary or supporting resources after they have been used.
Near-miss passage: CWE-787 Out-of-bounds Write. The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-3793
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3793. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. CFPreferences in Apple iOS before 8.4.1 allows attackers to bypass the third-party app-sandbox protection mechanism and read arbitrary managed preferences via a crafted app.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7238. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The Secondary server in Threat Intelligence Exchange (TIE) before 1.2.0 uses weak permissions for unspecified (1) configuration files and (2) installation logs, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information by reading the files.
Query: vulnerability: Buffer overflow in IOHIDFamily in Apple OS X before 10.10.3 allows local users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1140. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Buffer overflow in IOHIDFamily in Apple OS X before 10.10.3 allows local users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4409. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.5. Buffer overflow on Hikvision NVR DS-76xxNI-E1/2 and DS-77xxxNI-E4 devices before 3.4.0 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (service interruption) via a crafted HTTP request, aka the SDK issue.
Query: vulnerability: FontParser in Apple iOS before 9.1 and OS X before 10.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font fil
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6976. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. FontParser in Apple iOS before 9.1 and OS X before 10.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6977, CVE-2015-6978, CVE-2015-6990, CVE-2015-6991, CVE-2015-6993, CVE-2015-7008, CVE-2015-7009, CVE-2015-7010, and CVE-2015-7018.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4485. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Heap-based buffer overflow in the resize_context_buffers function in libvpx in Mozilla Firefox before 40.0 and Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via malformed WebM video data.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-5490
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5490. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The _views_fetch_data method in includes/cache.inc in the Views module 7.x-3.5 through 7.x-3.10 for Drupal does not rebuild the full cache if the static cache is not empty, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended filters and obtain access to hidden content via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1870. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.5. The event scripts in Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (ABRT) uses world-readable permission on a copy of sosreport file in problem directories, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information from /var/log/messages via unspecified vectors.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-6365
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6365. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 4.0. Cisco IOS 15.2(04)M and 15.4(03)M lets physical-interface ACLs supersede virtual PPP interface ACLs, which allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended network-traffic restrictions in opportunistic circumstances by using PPP, aka Bug ID CSCur61303.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2140. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 6.5. HP Systems Insight Manager (SIM) before 7.5.0, as used in HP Matrix Operating Environment before 7.5.0 and other products, allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information or modify data via unspecified vectors.
Query: exploit Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle MySQL Server 5.5.44 and earlier, and 5.6.25 and earlier, allows remote authenticated users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availabilit
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4879. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.599999904632568. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle MySQL Server 5.5.44 and earlier, and 5.6.25 and earlier, allows remote authenticated users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via vectors related to DML.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2346. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.0. XML external entity (XXE) vulnerability in Huawei SEQ Analyst before V200R002C03LG0001CP0022 allows remote authenticated users to read arbitrary files via the req parameter.
Query: Outbound C2 pattern associated with VDSO Hijacking
Matching passage: T1055.014 VDSO Hijacking. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via VDSO hijacking in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Virtual dynamic shared object (vdso) hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. VDSO hijacking involves redirecting calls to dynamically linked shared libraries. Memory protections may prevent writing executable code to a process via [Ptrace System Calls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008). However, an adversary may hijack the syscall interface code stubs mapped into a process from the vdso shared object to execute syscalls to open and map a malicious shared object. This code can then be invoked by redirecting the execution flow of the process via patched memory address references stored in a process' global offset table (which store absolute addresses of mapped library functions).(Citation: ELF Injection May 2009)(Citation: Backtrace VDSO)(Citation: VDSO Aug 2005)(Citation: Syscall 2014) Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via VDSO hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.
Near-miss passage: T1055.012 Process Hollowing. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may inject malicious code into suspended and hollowed processes in order to evade process-based defenses. Process hollowing is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Process hollowing is commonly performed by creating a process in a suspended state then unmapping/hollowing its memory, which can then be replaced with malicious code. A victim process can be created with native Windows API calls such as <code>CreateProcess</code>, which includes a flag to suspend the processes primary thread. At this point the process can be unmapped using APIs calls such as <code>ZwUnmapViewOfSection</code> or <code>NtUnmapViewOfSection</code> before being written to, realigned to the injected code, and resumed via <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>, <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, <code>SetThreadContext</code>, then <code>ResumeThread</code> respectively.(Citation: Leitch Hollowing)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) This is very similar to [Thread Local Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/005) but creates a new process rather than targeting an existing process. This behavior will likely not result in elevated privileges since the injected process was spawned from (and thus inherits the security context) of the injecting process. However, execution via process hollowing may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.
Query: explain CWE-298
Matching passage: CWE-298 Improper Validation of Certificate Expiration. A certificate expiration is not validated or is incorrectly validated.
Near-miss passage: CWE-453 Insecure Default Variable Initialization. The product, by default, initializes an internal variable with an insecure or less secure value than is possible.
Query: exploit Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Kiwix before 0.9.1, when using kiwix-serve, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the pattern parameter to 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1032. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Kiwix before 0.9.1, when using kiwix-serve, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the pattern parameter to /search.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5379. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in actions.hsp in the Ajax WebMail interface in AXIGEN Mail Server before 9.0 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via an email attachment.
Query: rule covering Detects the execution of PowerShell via the creation of a named pipe starting with PSHost
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of PowerShell via the creation of a named pipe starting with PSHost. Logsource: windows / pipe_created. Rule: title: New PowerShell Instance Created id: ac7102b4-9e1e-4802-9b4f-17c5524c015c related: - id: 58cb02d5-78ce-4692-b3e1-dce850aae41a type: derived status: test description: Detects the execution of PowerShell via the creation of a named pipe starting with PSHost references: - https://threathunterplaybook.com/hunts/windows/190610-PwshAlternateHosts/notebook.html - https://threathunterplaybook.com/hunts/windows/190410-LocalPwshExecution/notebook.html author: Roberto Rodriguez (Cyb3rWard0g), OTR (Open Threat Research) date: 2019-09-12 modified: 2023-11-30 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: pipe_created definition: Note that you have to configure logging for Named Pipe Events in Sysmon config (Event ID 17 and Event ID 18). The basic configuration is in popular sysmon configuration (https://github.com/SwiftOnSecurity/sysmon-config), but it is worth verifying. You can also use other repo, e.g. https://github.com/Neo23x0/sysmon-config, https://github.com/olafhartong/sysmon-modular. How to test detection? You can check powershell script from this site https://svch0st.medium.com/guide-to-named-pipes-and-hunting-for-cobalt-strike-pipes-dc46b2c5f575 detection: selection: PipeName|startswith: \PSHost condition: selection falsepositives: - Likely level: informational
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects DNS queries made by "AppInstaller.EXE". The AppInstaller is the default handler for the "ms-appinstaller" URI. I. Logsource: windows / dns_query. Rule: title: AppX Package Installation Attempts Via AppInstaller.EXE id: 7cff77e1-9663-46a3-8260-17f2e1aa9d0a related: - id: 180c7c5c-d64b-4a63-86e9-68910451bc8b type: derived status: test description: 'Detects DNS queries made by "AppInstaller.EXE". The AppInstaller is the default handler for the "ms-appinstaller" URI. It attempts to load/install a package from the referenced URL ' references: - https://twitter.com/notwhickey/status/1333900137232523264 - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/AppInstaller/ author: frack113 date: 2021-11-24 modified: 2023-11-09 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1105 logsource: product: windows category: dns_query detection: selection: Image|startswith: C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.DesktopAppInstaller_ Image|endswith: \AppInstaller.exe condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: alert when Detects DNS queries to "ufile.io", which was seen abused by malware and threat actors as a method for data exfiltration
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects DNS queries to "ufile.io", which was seen abused by malware and threat actors as a method for data exfiltration. Logsource: windows / dns-client. Rule: title: DNS Query To Ufile.io - DNS Client id: 090ffaad-c01a-4879-850c-6d57da98452d related: - id: 1cbbeaaf-3c8c-4e4c-9d72-49485b6a176b type: similar status: test description: Detects DNS queries to "ufile.io", which was seen abused by malware and threat actors as a method for data exfiltration references: - https://thedfirreport.com/2021/12/13/diavol-ransomware/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-01-16 modified: 2023-09-18 tags: - attack.exfiltration - attack.t1567.002 logsource: product: windows service: dns-client definition: 'Requirements: Microsoft-Windows-DNS Client Events/Operational Event Log must be enabled/collected in order to receive the events.' detection: selection: EventID: 3008 QueryName|contains: ufile.io condition: selection falsepositives: - DNS queries for "ufile" are not malicious by nature necessarily. Investigate the source to determine the necessary actions to take level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects potential persistence activity via outlook today page. An attacker can set a custom page to execute arbitrary co. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: Potential Persistence Via Outlook Today Page id: 487bb375-12ef-41f6-baae-c6a1572b4dd1 related: - id: ddd171b5-2cc6-4975-9e78-f0eccd08cc76 type: similar status: test description: 'Detects potential persistence activity via outlook today page. An attacker can set a custom page to execute arbitrary code and link to it via the registry values "URL" and "UserDefinedUrl". ' references: - https://speakerdeck.com/heirhabarov/hunting-for-persistence-via-microsoft-exchange-server-or-outlook?slide=74 - https://trustedsec.com/blog/specula-turning-outlook-into-a-c2-with-one-registry-change author: Tobias Michalski (Nextron Systems), David Bertho (@dbertho) & Eirik Sveen (@0xSV1), Storebrand date: 2021-06-10 modified: 2024-08-07 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1112 logsource: product: windows category: registry_set detection: selection_main: TargetObject|contains|all: - Software\Microsoft\Office\ - \Outlook\Today\ selection_value_stamp: TargetObject|endswith: \Stamp Details: DWORD (0x00000001) selection_value_url: TargetObject|endswith: - \URL - \UserDefinedUrl filter_main_office: Image|startswith: - C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\ClickToRun\ - C:\Program Files\Common Files\Microsoft Shared\ClickToRun\Updates\ Image|endswith: \OfficeClickToRun.exe condition: selection_main and 1 of selection_value_* and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: explain T1573 Encrypted Channel
Matching passage: T1573 Encrypted Channel. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ an encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.
Near-miss passage: T1573.002 Asymmetric Cryptography. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private. Due to how the keys are generated, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA and ElGamal. For efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).
Query: weakness Creation of Emergent Resource
Matching passage: CWE-1229 Creation of Emergent Resource. The product manages resources or behaves in a way that indirectly creates a new, distinct resource that can be used by attackers in violation of the intended policy.
Near-miss passage: CWE-347 Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature. The product does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.
Query: risk of Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in cgi-bin/hotspotlogin.cgi in Hotspot Express hotEx Billing Manager 73 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2781. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in cgi-bin/hotspotlogin.cgi in Hotspot Express hotEx Billing Manager 73 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the reply parameter.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6477. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Wind Farm Portal application in Nordex Control 2 (NC2) SCADA 16 and earlier allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Query: vulnerability: The Google Email application 4.2.2.0200 for Android allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (persistent application crash) via a "Content-Disposition: ;" header in an 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1574. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 5.0. The Google Email application 4.2.2.0200 for Android allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (persistent application crash) via a "Content-Disposition: ;" header in an e-mail message.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0203. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 6.5. The qpidd broker in Apache Qpid 0.30 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (daemon crash) via an AMQP message with (1) an invalid range in a sequence set, (2) content-bearing methods other than message-transfer, or (3) a session-gap control before a corresponding session-attach.