alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: common weakness: Dynamic Variable Evaluation
Matching passage: CWE-627 Dynamic Variable Evaluation. In a language where the user can influence the name of a variable at runtime, if the variable names are not controlled, an attacker can read or write to arbitrary variables, or access arbitrary functions.
Near-miss passage: CWE-771 Missing Reference to Active Allocated Resource. The product does not properly maintain a reference to a resource that has been allocated, which prevents the resource from being reclaimed.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-3406
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3406. CWE: CWE-681. CVSS: 7.5. The PGP signature parsing in Module::Signature before 0.74 allows remote attackers to cause the unsigned portion of a SIGNATURE file to be treated as the signed portion via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1307. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. plasma-workspace before 5.1.95 allows remote attackers to obtain passwords via a Trojan horse Look and Feel package.
Query: exploit HarfBuzz before 1.0.4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid read of two bytes and application crash) because of GPOS and GSUB table mishandling, related to 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9274. CWE: CWE-125. CVSS: 6.5. HarfBuzz before 1.0.4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (invalid read of two bytes and application crash) because of GPOS and GSUB table mishandling, related to hb-ot-layout-gpos-table.hh, hb-ot-layout-gsub-table.hh, and hb-ot-layout-gsubgpos-private.hh.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8920. CWE: CWE-125. CVSS: 5.5. The _ar_read_header function in archive_read_support_format_ar.c in libarchive before 3.2.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds stack read) via a crafted ar file.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects attempts of decoding a base64 Gzip archive in a PowerShell script. This technique is often used as a method to l
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects attempts of decoding a base64 Gzip archive in a PowerShell script. This technique is often used as a method to l. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Suspicious FromBase64String Usage On Gzip Archive - Ps Script id: df69cb1d-b891-4cd9-90c7-d617d90100ce related: - id: d75d6b6b-adb9-48f7-824b-ac2e786efe1f type: similar status: test description: Detects attempts of decoding a base64 Gzip archive in a PowerShell script. This technique is often used as a method to load malicious content into memory afterward. references: - https://speakerdeck.com/heirhabarov/hunting-for-powershell-abuse?slide=43 author: frack113 date: 2022-12-23 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1132.001 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection: ScriptBlockText|contains|all: - FromBase64String - MemoryStream - H4sI condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate administrative script level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Loading unsigned image (DLL, EXE) into LSASS process. Logsource: windows / image_load. Rule: title: Unsigned Image Loaded Into LSASS Process id: 857c8db3-c89b-42fb-882b-f681c7cf4da2 status: test description: Loading unsigned image (DLL, EXE) into LSASS process references: - https://www.slideshare.net/heirhabarov/hunting-for-credentials-dumping-in-windows-environment author: Teymur Kheirkhabarov, oscd.community date: 2019-10-22 modified: 2021-11-27 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1003.001 logsource: category: image_load product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \lsass.exe Signed: 'false' condition: selection falsepositives: - Valid user connecting using RDP level: medium
Query: secure coding against Improperly Preserved Integrity of Hardware Configuration State During a Power Save/Restore Operation
Matching passage: CWE-1304 Improperly Preserved Integrity of Hardware Configuration State During a Power Save/Restore Operation. The product performs a power save/restore operation, but it does not ensure that the integrity of the configuration state is maintained and/or verified between the beginning and ending of the operation.
Near-miss passage: CWE-696 Incorrect Behavior Order. The product performs multiple related behaviors, but the behaviors are performed in the wrong order in ways that may produce resultant weaknesses.
Query: telemetry for T1213.003
Matching passage: T1213.003 Code Repositories. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may leverage code repositories to collect valuable information. Code repositories are tools/services that store source code and automate software builds. They may be hosted internally or privately on third party sites such as Github, GitLab, SourceForge, and BitBucket. Users typically interact with code repositories through a web application or command-line utilities such as git. Once adversaries gain access to a victim network or a private code repository, they may collect sensitive information such as proprietary source code or [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552) contained within software's source code. Having access to software's source code may allow adversaries to develop [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004), while credentials may provide access to additional resources using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: Wired Uber Breach)(Citation: Krebs Adobe) **Note:** This is distinct from [Code Repositories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/003), which focuses on conducting [Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043) via public code repositories.
Near-miss passage: T1213.006 Databases. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may leverage databases to mine valuable information. These databases may be hosted on-premises or in the cloud (both in platform-as-a-service and software-as-a-service environments). Examples of databases from which information may be collected include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Amazon Relational Database Service, Azure SQL Database, Google Firebase, and Snowflake. Databases may include a variety of information of interest to adversaries, such as usernames, hashed passwords, personally identifiable information, and financial data. Data collected from databases may be used for [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008), [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011), or [Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0010). Data exfiltrated from databases may also be used to extort victims or may be sold for profit.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence UNC5537 Snowflake 2024)
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6520
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6520. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.5. IPPUSBXD before 1.22 listens on all interfaces, which allows remote attackers to obtain access to USB connected printers via a direct request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0146. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. IBM Content Collector for Email 3.0 before 3.0.0.6-IBM-ICC-Server-IF001 and 4.0 before 4.0.0.3-IBM-ICC-Server-IF001 does not properly handle an unspecified query operator during searches of IBM FileNet P8 systems with IBM Content Search Services, which allows local users to bypass intended document-access restrictions and obtain sensitive information via a crafted search query.
Query: Encoded PowerShell / command-line abuse matching OS Exhaustion Flood
Matching passage: T1499.001 OS Exhaustion Flood. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may launch a denial of service (DoS) attack targeting an endpoint's operating system (OS). A system's OS is responsible for managing the finite resources as well as preventing the entire system from being overwhelmed by excessive demands on its capacity. These attacks do not need to exhaust the actual resources on a system; the attacks may simply exhaust the limits and available resources that an OS self-imposes. Different ways to achieve this exist, including TCP state-exhaustion attacks such as SYN floods and ACK floods.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) With SYN floods, excessive amounts of SYN packets are sent, but the 3-way TCP handshake is never completed. Because each OS has a maximum number of concurrent TCP connections that it will allow, this can quickly exhaust the ability of the system to receive new requests for TCP connections, thus preventing access to any TCP service provided by the server.(Citation: Cloudflare SynFlood) ACK floods leverage the stateful nature of the TCP protocol. A flood of ACK packets are sent to the target. This forces the OS to search its state table for a related TCP connection that has already been established. Because the ACK packets are for connections that do not exist, the OS will have to search the entire state table to confirm that no match exists. When it is necessary to do this for a large flood of packets, the computational requirements can cause the server to become sluggish and/or unresponsive, due to the work it must do to eliminate the rogue ACK packets. This greatly reduces the resources available for providing the targeted service.(Citation: Corero SYN-ACKflood)
Near-miss passage: T1499.004 Application or System Exploitation. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities that can cause an application or system to crash and deny availability to users. (Citation: Sucuri BIND9 August 2015) Some systems may automatically restart critical applications and services when crashes occur, but they can likely be re-exploited to cause a persistent denial of service (DoS) condition. Adversaries may exploit known or zero-day vulnerabilities to crash applications and/or systems, which may also lead to dependent applications and/or systems to be in a DoS condition. Crashed or restarted applications or systems may also have other effects such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485), [Firmware Corruption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1495), [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) etc. which may further cause a DoS condition and deny availability to critical information, applications and/or systems.
Query: describe CVE-2015-2111
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2111. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. Unspecified vulnerability in HP Intelligent Provisioning 1.40 through 1.60 on Windows Server 2008 R2 and 2012 allows local users to obtain sensitive information via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0273. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Multiple use-after-free vulnerabilities in ext/date/php_date.c in PHP before 5.4.38, 5.5.x before 5.5.22, and 5.6.x before 5.6.6 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted serialized input containing a (1) R or (2) r type specifier in (a) DateTimeZone data handled by the php_date_timezone_initialize_from_hash function or (b) DateTime data handled by the php_date_initialize_from_hash function.
Query: vulnerability: Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Ex
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6083. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6151.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1859. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple buffer overflows in plugins/imageformats/ico/qicohandler.cpp in the QtBase module in Qt before 4.8.7 and 5.x before 5.4.2 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (segmentation fault and crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted ICO image.
Query: risk of Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Ex
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0017. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0020, CVE-2015-0022, CVE-2015-0026, CVE-2015-0030, CVE-2015-0031, CVE-2015-0036, and CVE-2015-0041.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2778. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 5.0. Quassel before 0.12-rc1 uses an incorrect data-type size when splitting a message, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via a long CTCP query containing only multibyte characters.
Query: indicators of Binary Padding
Matching passage: T1027.001 Binary Padding. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This can be done without affecting the functionality or behavior of a binary, but can increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations. Binary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blocklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ)
Near-miss passage: T1027 Obfuscated Files or Information. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. Payloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Sometimes a user's action may be required to open and [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary.(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016) Adversaries may also use compressed or archived scripts, such as JavaScript. Portions of files can also be encoded to hide the plain-text strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery.(Citation: Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis) Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled.(Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016) Adversaries may also abuse [Command Obfuscation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/010) to obscure commands executed from payloads or directly via [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). Environment variables, aliases, characters, and other platform/language specific semantics can be used to evade signature based detections and application control mechanisms.(Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017)(Citation: FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017)(Citation: PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017)
Query: weakness Failure to Sanitize Paired Delimiters
Matching passage: CWE-157 Failure to Sanitize Paired Delimiters. The product does not properly handle the characters that are used to mark the beginning and ending of a group of entities, such as parentheses, brackets, and braces.
Near-miss passage: CWE-33 Path Traversal: '....' (Multiple Dot). The product uses external input to construct a pathname that should be within a restricted directory, but it does not properly neutralize '....' (multiple dot) sequences that can resolve to a location that is outside of that directory.
Query: detect Windows Remote Management
Matching passage: T1021.006 Windows Remote Management. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with remote systems using Windows Remote Management (WinRM). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user. WinRM is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services).(Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the `winrm` command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell.(Citation: Jacobsen 2014) WinRM can be used as a method of remotely interacting with [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).(Citation: MSDN WMI)
Near-miss passage: T1021.007 Cloud Services. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: Adversaries may log into accessible cloud services within a compromised environment using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that are synchronized with or federated to on-premises user identities. The adversary may then perform management actions or access cloud-hosted resources as the logged-on user. Many enterprises federate centrally managed user identities to cloud services, allowing users to login with their domain credentials in order to access the cloud control plane. Similarly, adversaries may connect to available cloud services through the web console or through the cloud command line interface (CLI) (e.g., [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009)), using commands such as <code>Connect-AZAccount</code> for Azure PowerShell, <code>Connect-MgGraph</code> for Microsoft Graph PowerShell, and <code>gcloud auth login</code> for the Google Cloud CLI. In some cases, adversaries may be able to authenticate to these services via [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001) instead of a username and password.
Query: alert when Detects code integrity failures such as missing page hashes or corrupted drivers due unauthorized modification. This cou
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects code integrity failures such as missing page hashes or corrupted drivers due unauthorized modification. This cou. Logsource: windows / security. Rule: title: Failed Code Integrity Checks id: 470ec5fa-7b4e-4071-b200-4c753100f49b status: stable description: 'Detects code integrity failures such as missing page hashes or corrupted drivers due unauthorized modification. This could be a sign of tampered binaries. ' references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-5038 - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-6281 author: Thomas Patzke date: 2019-12-03 modified: 2025-01-19 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027.001 logsource: product: windows service: security detection: selection: EventID: - 5038 - 6281 filter_optional_crowdstrike: param1|contains: - \CSFalconServiceUninstallTool_ - \Program Files\CrowdStrike\ - \System32\drivers\CrowdStrike\ - \Windows\System32\ScriptControl64_ filter_optional_sophos: param1|contains: \Program Files\Sophos\ condition: selection and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Disk device errors level: informational
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the start, reload or restart of a service.. Logsource: linux / auditd. Rule: title: Service Reload or Start - Linux id: 2625cc59-0634-40d0-821e-cb67382a3dd7 status: test description: Detects the start, reload or restart of a service. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1543.002/T1543.002.md author: Jakob Weinzettl, oscd.community, CheraghiMilad date: 2019-09-23 modified: 2025-03-03 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.t1543.002 logsource: product: linux service: auditd detection: selection: type: EXECVE a0|contains: - systemctl - service a1|contains: - reload - start condition: selection falsepositives: - Installation of legitimate service. - Legitimate reconfiguration of service. - Command line contains daemon-reload. level: low
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-8853
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8853. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. The (1) S_reghop3, (2) S_reghop4, and (3) S_reghopmaybe3 functions in regexec.c in Perl before 5.24.0 allow context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via crafted utf-8 data, as demonstrated by "a\x80."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9048. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In all Qualcomm products with Android releases from CAF using the Linux kernel, a vulnerability exists in the processing of lost RTP packets.
Query: vulnerability: Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, and Windows RT Gold and 8.1 allow local use
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1681. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 1.899999976158142. Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, and Windows RT Gold and 8.1 allow local users to cause a denial of service via a crafted .msc file, aka "Microsoft Management Console File Format Denial of Service Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6118. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Office 2007 SP3 and Office 2010 SP2 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted Office document, aka "Microsoft Office Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
Query: alert when Detects strings used in command execution in DNS TXT Answer
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects strings used in command execution in DNS TXT Answer. Logsource: dns. Rule: title: DNS TXT Answer with Possible Execution Strings id: 8ae51330-899c-4641-8125-e39f2e07da72 status: test description: Detects strings used in command execution in DNS TXT Answer references: - https://twitter.com/stvemillertime/status/1024707932447854592 - https://github.com/samratashok/nishang/blob/414ee1104526d7057f9adaeee196d91ae447283e/Backdoors/DNS_TXT_Pwnage.ps1 author: Markus Neis date: 2018-08-08 modified: 2021-11-27 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1071.004 logsource: category: dns detection: selection: record_type: TXT answer|contains: - IEX - Invoke-Expression - cmd.exe condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects when a program changes the default file association of any extension to an executable. When a file is opened, th. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Change Default File Association To Executable Via Assoc id: ae6f14e6-14de-45b0-9f44-c0986f50dc89 related: - id: 3d3aa6cd-6272-44d6-8afc-7e88dfef7061 type: derived status: test description: 'Detects when a program changes the default file association of any extension to an executable. When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility. Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened. ' references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-06-28 modified: 2023-03-06 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.t1546.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \cmd.exe - OriginalFileName: Cmd.Exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - 'assoc ' - exefile filter: CommandLine|contains: .exe=exefile condition: all of selection_* and not filter falsepositives: - Unknown level: high