alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: intelligence brief on T1555.005
Matching passage: T1555.005 Password Managers. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may acquire user credentials from third-party password managers.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019) Password managers are applications designed to store user credentials, normally in an encrypted database. Credentials are typically accessible after a user provides a master password that unlocks the database. After the database is unlocked, these credentials may be copied to memory. These databases can be stored as files on disk.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019) Adversaries may acquire user credentials from password managers by extracting the master password and/or plain-text credentials from memory.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)(Citation: Github KeeThief) Adversaries may extract credentials from memory via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212).(Citation: NVD CVE-2019-3610) Adversaries may also try brute forcing via [Password Guessing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001) to obtain the master password of a password manager.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)
Near-miss passage: T1555.002 Securityd Memory. Tactics: credential access. Description: An adversary with root access may gather credentials by reading `securityd`’s memory. `securityd` is a service/daemon responsible for implementing security protocols such as encryption and authorization.(Citation: Apple Dev SecurityD) A privileged adversary may be able to scan through `securityd`'s memory to find the correct sequence of keys to decrypt the user’s logon keychain. This may provide the adversary with various plaintext passwords, such as those for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) In OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple’s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple’s `securityd` utility takes the user’s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user’s password, but once the master key is found, an adversary need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password.(Citation: OS X Keychain)
Query: mitigate Cloud Firewall
Matching passage: T1686.001 Cloud Firewall. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may disable or modify a firewall within a cloud environment to bypass controls that limit access to cloud resources. Cloud environments typically utilize restrictive security groups and firewall rules that only allow network activity from trusted IP addresses via expected ports and protocols. An adversary with appropriate permissions may introduce new firewall rules or policies to allow access into a victim cloud environment and/or move laterally from the cloud control plane to the data plane. For example, an adversary may use a script or utility that creates new ingress rules in existing security groups (or creates new security groups entirely) to allow any TCP/IP connectivity to a cloud-hosted instance. They may also remove networking limitations to support traffic associated with malicious activity (such as cryptomining).(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)(Citation: Expel AWS)
Near-miss passage: T1686 Disable or Modify System Firewall. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may disable or modify host-based or network firewalls to impair defensive mechanisms and enable further action. Once an adversary has gathered sufficient privileges, they can tamper with firewall services, policies, or rule sets to remove restrictions on inbound or outbound traffic. For example, this may include turning off firewall profiles, altering existing rules to permit previously blocked ports or protocols, or adding new rules that create covert communication paths (e.g., adding a new firewall rule for a well-known protocol (such as RDP) using a non-traditional and potentially less securitized port.(Citation: change_rdp_port_conti) Adversaries may disable or modify firewalls using different behaviors, depending on the platform. For example, in ESXi, firewall rules may be modified directly via the esxcli (e.g., via esxcli network firewall set) or via the vCenter user interface.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Firewall)(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-1258
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1258. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 7.5. Google Chrome before 43.0.2357.65 relies on libvpx code that was not built with an appropriate --size-limit value, which allows remote attackers to trigger a negative value for a size field, and consequently cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact, via a crafted frame size in VP9 video data.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4001. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 9.0. Integer signedness error in the oz_hcd_get_desc_cnf function in drivers/staging/ozwpan/ozhcd.c in the OZWPAN driver in the Linux kernel through 4.0.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (system crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted packet.
Query: telemetry for T1074
Matching passage: T1074 Data Staged. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017) In cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020) Adversaries may choose to stage data from a victim network in a centralized location prior to Exfiltration to minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.
Near-miss passage: T1074.002 Remote Data Staging. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may stage data collected from multiple systems in a central location or directory on one system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location. In cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020) By staging data on one system prior to Exfiltration, adversaries can minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.
Query: describe CVE-2015-1494
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1494. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The FancyBox for WordPress plugin before 3.0.3 for WordPress does not properly restrict access, which allows remote attackers to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via an mfbfw[*] parameter in an update action to wp-admin/admin-post.php, as demonstrated by the mfbfw[padding] parameter and exploited in the wild in February 2015.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2793. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in templates/openid-selector.tmpl in ikiwiki before 3.20150329 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the openid_identifier parameter in a verify action to ikiwiki.cgi.
Query: risk of Veritas NetBackup 7.x through 7.5.0.7 and 7.6.0.x through 7.6.0.4 and NetBackup Appliance through 2.5.4 and 2.6.0.x through 2.6.0.4 do not use TLS for administration-console traffi
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6551. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.900000095367432. Veritas NetBackup 7.x through 7.5.0.7 and 7.6.0.x through 7.6.0.4 and NetBackup Appliance through 2.5.4 and 2.6.0.x through 2.6.0.4 do not use TLS for administration-console traffic to the NBU server, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by sniffing the network for key-exchange packets.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5749. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The Sandbox_profiles component in Apple iOS before 8.4.1 allows attackers to bypass the third-party app-sandbox protection mechanism and read arbitrary managed preferences via a crafted app.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-1176
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1176. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in upload/scp/tickets.php in osTicket before 1.9.5 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the status parameter in a search action.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7878. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Taxonomy Find module 6.x-2.x through 6.x-1.2 and 7.x-2.x through 7.x-1.0 in Drupal allows remote authenticated users with certain permissions to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via taxonomy vocabulary and term names.
Query: Lateral movement indicators for Remote Desktop Protocol
Matching passage: T1021.001 Remote Desktop Protocol. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a computer using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user. Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS).(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) Adversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008) or [Terminal Services DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/005) for Persistence.(Citation: Alperovitch Malware)
Near-miss passage: T1021.004 SSH. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into remote machines using Secure Shell (SSH). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user. SSH is a protocol that allows authorized users to open remote shells on other computers. Many Linux and macOS versions come with SSH installed by default, although typically disabled until the user enables it. On ESXi, SSH can be enabled either directly on the host (e.g., via `vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh`) or via vCenter.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) The SSH server can be configured to use standard password authentication or public-private keypairs in lieu of or in addition to a password. In this authentication scenario, the user’s public key must be in a special file on the computer running the server that lists which keypairs are allowed to login as that user (i.e., [SSH Authorized Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004)).
Query: weakness Improper Handling of Incomplete Structural Elements
Matching passage: CWE-238 Improper Handling of Incomplete Structural Elements. The product does not handle or incorrectly handles when a particular structural element is not completely specified.
Near-miss passage: CWE-321 Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key. The product uses a hard-coded, unchangeable cryptographic key.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects installation of NalDrv or PROCEXP152 services via registry-keys to non-system32 folders. Both services are used
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects installation of NalDrv or PROCEXP152 services via registry-keys to non-system32 folders. Both services are used. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: Suspicious Service Installed id: f2485272-a156-4773-82d7-1d178bc4905b status: test description: 'Detects installation of NalDrv or PROCEXP152 services via registry-keys to non-system32 folders. Both services are used in the tool Ghost-In-The-Logs (https://github.com/bats3c/Ghost-In-The-Logs), which uses KDU (https://github.com/hfiref0x/KDU) ' references: - https://web.archive.org/web/20200419024230/https://blog.dylan.codes/evading-sysmon-and-windows-event-logging/ author: xknow (@xknow_infosec), xorxes (@xor_xes) date: 2019-04-08 modified: 2026-06-29 tags: - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685 logsource: category: registry_set product: windows detection: selection: TargetObject: - HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\NalDrv\ImagePath - HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\PROCEXP152\ImagePath filter: Image|endswith: - \procexp64.exe - \procexp64a.exe - \procexp.exe - \procmon64.exe - \procmon64a.exe - \procmon.exe - \handle.exe - \handle64.exe - \handle64a.exe Details|contains: \WINDOWS\system32\Drivers\PROCEXP152.SYS condition: selection and not filter falsepositives: - Other legimate tools using this service names and drivers. Note - clever attackers may easily bypass this detection by just renaming the services. Therefore just Medium-level and don't rely on it. level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious DACL modifications via the "Set-Service" cmdlet using the "SecurityDescriptorSddl" flag (Only availab. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Suspicious Service DACL Modification Via Set-Service Cmdlet id: a95b9b42-1308-4735-a1af-abb1c5e6f5ac related: - id: 99cf1e02-00fb-4c0d-8375-563f978dfd37 type: derived status: test description: Detects suspicious DACL modifications via the "Set-Service" cmdlet using the "SecurityDescriptorSddl" flag (Only available with PowerShell 7) that can be used to hide services or make them unstopable references: - https://www.sans.org/blog/red-team-tactics-hiding-windows-services/ - https://learn.microsoft.com/pt-br/windows/win32/secauthz/sid-strings author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-10-18 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.t1543.003 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \pwsh.exe - OriginalFileName: pwsh.dll selection_sddl_flag: CommandLine|contains: - '-SecurityDescriptorSddl ' - '-sd ' selection_set_service: CommandLine|contains|all: - 'Set-Service ' - D;; CommandLine|contains: - ;;;IU - ;;;SU - ;;;BA - ;;;SY - ;;;WD condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: vulnerability: DLGuard 4.5 allows remote attackers to obtain the installation path via the c parameter to index.php.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2209. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. DLGuard 4.5 allows remote attackers to obtain the installation path via the c parameter to index.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2855. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The WebUI component in Blue Coat SSL Visibility Appliance SV800, SV1800, SV2800, and SV3800 3.6.x through 3.8.x before 3.8.4 does not set the secure flag for the administrator's cookie in an https session, which makes it easier for remote attackers to capture this cookie by intercepting its transmission within an http session, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-4138.
Query: explain CWE-256
Matching passage: CWE-256 Plaintext Storage of a Password. The product stores a password in plaintext within resources such as memory or files.
Near-miss passage: CWE-367 Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition. The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
Query: Lateral movement indicators for Automated Exfiltration
Matching passage: T1020 Automated Exfiltration. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection.(Citation: ESET Gamaredon June 2020) When automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).
Near-miss passage: T1020.001 Traffic Duplication. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may leverage traffic mirroring in order to automate data exfiltration over compromised infrastructure. Traffic mirroring is a native feature for some devices, often used for network analysis. For example, devices may be configured to forward network traffic to one or more destinations for analysis by a network analyzer or other monitoring device. (Citation: Cisco Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: Juniper Traffic Mirroring) Adversaries may abuse traffic mirroring to mirror or redirect network traffic through other infrastructure they control. Malicious modifications to network devices to enable traffic redirection may be possible through [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) or [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) Many cloud-based environments also support traffic mirroring. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP) Adversaries may use traffic duplication in conjunction with [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) depending on the goals and objectives of the adversary.
Query: detection rule: Detects changes to the registry value "PythonFunctionWarnings" that would prevent any warnings or alerts from showing wh
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects changes to the registry value "PythonFunctionWarnings" that would prevent any warnings or alerts from showing wh. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: Python Function Execution Security Warning Disabled In Excel - Registry id: 17e53739-a1fc-4a62-b1b9-87711c2d5e44 related: - id: 023c654f-8f16-44d9-bb2b-00ff36a62af9 type: similar status: test description: 'Detects changes to the registry value "PythonFunctionWarnings" that would prevent any warnings or alerts from showing when Python functions are about to be executed. Threat actors could run malicious code through the new Microsoft Excel feature that allows Python to run within the spreadsheet. ' references: - https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/data-security-and-python-in-excel-33cc88a4-4a87-485e-9ff9-f35958278327 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems), @Kostastsale date: 2024-08-23 tags: - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685 logsource: category: registry_set product: windows detection: selection: TargetObject|contains: \Microsoft\Office\ TargetObject|endswith: \Excel\Security\PythonFunctionWarnings Details: DWORD (0x00000001) condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of "BitLockerToGo.EXE". BitLocker To Go is BitLocker Drive Encryption on removable data drives. Th. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: BitLockerTogo.EXE Execution id: 7f2376f9-42ee-4dfc-9360-fecff9a88fc8 status: test description: 'Detects the execution of "BitLockerToGo.EXE". BitLocker To Go is BitLocker Drive Encryption on removable data drives. This feature includes the encryption of, USB flash drives, SD cards, External hard disk drives, Other drives that are formatted by using the NTFS, FAT16, FAT32, or exFAT file system. This is a rarely used application and usage of it at all is worth investigating. Malware such as Lumma stealer has been seen using this process as a target for process hollowing. ' references: - https://tria.ge/240521-ynezpagf56/behavioral1 - https://any.run/report/6eea2773c1b4b5c6fb7c142933e220c96f9a4ec89055bf0cf54accdcde7df535/a407f006-ee45-420d-b576-f259094df091 - https://bazaar.abuse.ch/sample/8c75f8e94486f5bbf461505823f5779f328c5b37f1387c18791e0c21f3fdd576/ - https://bazaar.abuse.ch/sample/64e6605496919cd76554915cbed88e56fdec10dec6523918a631754664b8c8d3/ author: Josh Nickels, mttaggart date: 2024-07-11 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \BitLockerToGo.exe condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate usage of BitLockerToGo.exe to encrypt portable devices. level: low
Query: vulnerability: Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.302 and 14.x through 18.x before 18.0.0.203 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.481 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3131. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.302 and 14.x through 18.x before 18.0.0.203 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.481 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.180, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.180, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 18.0.0.180 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3118, CVE-2015-3124, CVE-2015-3127, CVE-2015-3128, CVE-2015-3129, CVE-2015-3132, CVE-2015-3136, CVE-2015-3137, CVE-2015-4428, CVE-2015-4430, and CVE-2015-5117.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4760. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 6u95, 7u80, and 8u45 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors related to 2D.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6258
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6258. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.0. The Internet Access Point Protocol (IAPP) module on Cisco Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) devices with software 8.1(104.37) allows remote attackers to trigger incorrect traffic forwarding via crafted IPv6 packets, aka Bug ID CSCuv40033.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4035. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. scripts/xzgrep.in in xzgrep 5.2.x before 5.2.0, before 5.0.0 does not properly process file names containing semicolons, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by having a user run xzgrep on a crafted file name.