alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: rule covering Detects AS-REP roasting is an attack that is often-overlooked. It is not very common as you have to explicitly set accou
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects AS-REP roasting is an attack that is often-overlooked. It is not very common as you have to explicitly set accou. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Get-ADUser Enumeration Using UserAccountControl Flags id: 96c982fe-3d08-4df4-bed2-eb14e02f21c8 status: test description: Detects AS-REP roasting is an attack that is often-overlooked. It is not very common as you have to explicitly set accounts that do not require pre-authentication. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1069.002/T1069.002.md#atomic-test-11---get-aduser-enumeration-using-useraccountcontrol-flags-as-rep-roasting - https://shellgeek.com/useraccountcontrol-flags-to-manipulate-properties/ author: frack113 date: 2022-03-17 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1033 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection: ScriptBlockText|contains|all: - Get-ADUser - -Filter - useraccountcontrol - -band - '4194304' condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate PowerShell scripts level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the use of rclone, a command-line program to manage files on cloud storage, via its default user-agent string. Logsource: proxy. Rule: title: Rclone Activity via Proxy id: 2c03648b-e081-41a5-b9fb-7d854a915091 status: test description: Detects the use of rclone, a command-line program to manage files on cloud storage, via its default user-agent string references: - https://rclone.org/ - https://www.kroll.com/en/insights/publications/cyber/new-m365-business-email-compromise-attacks-with-rclone author: Janantha Marasinghe date: 2022-10-18 tags: - attack.exfiltration - attack.t1567.002 logsource: category: proxy detection: selection: c-useragent|startswith: rclone/v condition: selection falsepositives: - Valid requests with this exact user agent to that is used by legitimate scripts or sysadmin operations level: medium
Query: vulnerability: XSS exists in the the-holiday-calendar plugin before 1.11.3 for WordPress via the thc-month parameter.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9270. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. XSS exists in the the-holiday-calendar plugin before 1.11.3 for WordPress via the thc-month parameter.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9386. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. The mtouch-quiz plugin before 3.1.3 for WordPress has XSS via the quiz parameter during a Quiz Manage operation.
Query: vulnerability: Honeywell Tuxedo Touch before 5.2.19.0_VA relies on client-side authentication involving JavaScript, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions by removin
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2847. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 5.0. Honeywell Tuxedo Touch before 5.2.19.0_VA relies on client-side authentication involving JavaScript, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions by removing USERACCT requests from the client-server data stream.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0119. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 7.5. FastBack Mount in IBM Tivoli Storage Manager FastBack 6.1.x before 6.1.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by connecting to the Mount port.
Query: write Sigma for Detects HTTP requests to low reputation TLDs (e.g. .xyz, .top, .ru) or ending in suspicious file extensions (.exe, .dll,
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects HTTP requests to low reputation TLDs (e.g. .xyz, .top, .ru) or ending in suspicious file extensions (.exe, .dll,. Logsource: zeek / http. Rule: title: HTTP Request to Low Reputation TLD or Suspicious File Extension id: 68c2c604-92ad-468b-bf4a-aac49adad08c status: experimental description: 'Detects HTTP requests to low reputation TLDs (e.g. .xyz, .top, .ru) or ending in suspicious file extensions (.exe, .dll, .hta), which may indicate malicious activity. ' references: - https://www.howtogeek.com/137270/50-file-extensions-that-are-potentially-dangerous-on-windows - https://www.spamhaus.org/reputation-statistics/cctlds/domains/ author: '@signalblur, Corelight' date: 2025-02-26 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.command-and-control logsource: product: zeek service: http detection: selection_suspicious_tld: host|endswith: - .bid - .by - .cf - .click - .cm - .ga - .gq - .ir - .kp - .loan - .ml - .mm - .party - .pw - .ru - .su - .sy - .tk - .top - .tv - .ve - .work - .xyz selection_malicious_ext: uri|endswith: - .bat - .bin - .cmd - .cpl - .dll - .dylib - .elf - .exe - .hta - .iso - .jar - .js - .lnk - .msi - .pif - .ps1 - .py - .reg - .scr - .sh - .so - .vbs - .wsf selection_malicious_mime: resp_mime_types: - application/vnd.microsoft.portable-executable - application/x-bat - application/x-dosexec - application/x-elf - application/x-iso9660-image - application/x-java-archive - application/x-ms-shortcut - application/x-msdos-program - application/x-msdownload - application/x-python-code - application/x-sh condition: selection_suspicious_tld and 1 of selection_malicious_* falsepositives: - Rare legitimate software downloads from low quality TLDs level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Recon Information for Export with Command Prompt id: aa2efee7-34dd-446e-8a37-40790a66efd7 related: - id: 8e0bb260-d4b2-4fff-bb8d-3f82118e6892 type: similar status: test description: Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1119/T1119.md author: frack113 date: 2021-07-30 modified: 2022-09-13 tags: - attack.collection - attack.t1119 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_image: - Image|endswith: - \tree.com - \WMIC.exe - \doskey.exe - \sc.exe - OriginalFileName: - wmic.exe - DOSKEY.EXE - sc.exe selection_redirect: ParentCommandLine|contains: - ' > %TEMP%\' - ' > %TMP%\' condition: all of selection* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: risk of The searchterms-tagging-2 plugin through 1.535 for WordPress has SQL injection via the pk_stt2_db_get_popular_terms count parameter exploitable via CSRF.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9458. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. The searchterms-tagging-2 plugin through 1.535 for WordPress has SQL injection via the pk_stt2_db_get_popular_terms count parameter exploitable via CSRF.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1400. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. SQL injection vulnerability in search.php in NPDS Revolution 13 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the query parameter.
Query: vulnerability: Unspecified vulnerability in the Data Store component in Oracle Berkeley DB 11.2.5.1.29, 11.2.5.2.42, 11.2.5.3.28, and 12.1.6.0.35 allows local users to affect confidentiality, int
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4783. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Unspecified vulnerability in the Data Store component in Oracle Berkeley DB 11.2.5.1.29, 11.2.5.2.42, 11.2.5.3.28, and 12.1.6.0.35 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2583, CVE-2015-2624, CVE-2015-2626, CVE-2015-2640, CVE-2015-2654, CVE-2015-2656, CVE-2015-4754, CVE-2015-4764, CVE-2015-4775, CVE-2015-4776, CVE-2015-4777, CVE-2015-4778, CVE-2015-4780, CVE-2015-4781, CVE-2015-4782, CVE-2015-4784, CVE-2015-4785, CVE-2015-4786, CVE-2015-4787, CVE-2015-4789, and CVE-2015-4790.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0415. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Application Object Library component in Oracle E-Business Suite 12.1.3 allows remote authenticated users to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Session Management.
Query: risk of The do_soap_call function in ext/soap/soap.c in PHP before 5.4.39, 5.5.x before 5.5.23, and 5.6.x before 5.6.7 does not verify that the uri property is a string, which allows remot
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4148. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.0. The do_soap_call function in ext/soap/soap.c in PHP before 5.4.39, 5.5.x before 5.5.23, and 5.6.x before 5.6.7 does not verify that the uri property is a string, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by providing crafted serialized data with an int data type, related to a "type confusion" issue.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1609. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.0. MongoDB before 2.4.13 and 2.6.x before 2.6.8 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted UTF-8 string in a BSON request.
Query: risk of The provisional-load commit implementation in WebKit/Source/bindings/core/v8/WindowProxy.cpp in Google Chrome before 47.0.2526.73 allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6769. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.5. The provisional-load commit implementation in WebKit/Source/bindings/core/v8/WindowProxy.cpp in Google Chrome before 47.0.2526.73 allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy by leveraging a delay in window proxy clearing.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1904. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 3.5. IBM Business Process Manager (BPM) 8.0.x through 8.0.1.3, 8.5.0 through 8.5.0.1, 8.5.5 through 8.5.5.0, and 8.5.6 through 8.5.6.0, when external Enterprise Content Management (ECM) integration is enabled with a certain technical system account configuration, allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended document-access restrictions via a (1) upload or (2) download action.
Query: write Sigma for Detects execution of the "jamf" binary to create user accounts and run commands. For example, the binary can be abused b
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of the "jamf" binary to create user accounts and run commands. For example, the binary can be abused b. Logsource: macos / process_creation. Rule: title: JAMF MDM Execution id: be2e3a5c-9cc7-4d02-842a-68e9cb26ec49 status: test description: 'Detects execution of the "jamf" binary to create user accounts and run commands. For example, the binary can be abused by attackers on the system in order to bypass security controls or remove application control polices. ' references: - https://github.com/MythicAgents/typhon/ - https://www.zoocoup.org/casper/jamf_cheatsheet.pdf - https://docs.jamf.com/10.30.0/jamf-pro/administrator-guide/Components_Installed_on_Managed_Computers.html author: Jay Pandit date: 2023-08-22 tags: - attack.execution logsource: category: process_creation product: macos detection: selection: Image|endswith: /jamf CommandLine|contains: - createAccount - manage - removeFramework - removeMdmProfile - resetPassword - setComputerName condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate use of the JAMF CLI tool by IT support and administrators level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects creation of new ".dll" files inside the plugins directory of a notepad++ installation by a process other than "g. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: Potential Persistence Via Notepad++ Plugins id: 54127bd4-f541-4ac3-afdb-ea073f63f692 status: test description: Detects creation of new ".dll" files inside the plugins directory of a notepad++ installation by a process other than "gup.exe". Which could indicates possible persistence references: - https://pentestlab.blog/2022/02/14/persistence-notepad-plugins/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-06-10 modified: 2025-09-01 tags: - attack.persistence logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: TargetFilename|contains: \Notepad++\plugins\ TargetFilename|endswith: .dll filter_gup: Image|endswith: \Notepad++\updater\gup.exe filter_install: Image|startswith: C:\Users\ Image|contains: \AppData\Local\Temp\ Image|endswith: - \target.exe - Installer.x64.exe filter_main_installer: Image|contains: \npp. Image|endswith: .exe TargetFilename: - C:\Program Files\Notepad++\plugins\NppExport\NppExport.dll - C:\Program Files\Notepad++\plugins\mimeTools\mimeTools.dll - C:\Program Files\Notepad++\plugins\NppConverter\NppConverter.dll - C:\Program Files\Notepad++\plugins\Config\nppPluginList.dll condition: selection and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - Possible FPs during first installation of Notepad++ - Legitimate use of custom plugins by users in order to enhance notepad++ functionalities level: medium
Query: Sigma rule for Detects suspicious interactive bash as a parent to rather uncommon child processes
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious interactive bash as a parent to rather uncommon child processes. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: Interactive Bash Suspicious Children id: ea3ecad2-db86-4a89-ad0b-132a10d2db55 status: test description: Detects suspicious interactive bash as a parent to rather uncommon child processes references: - Internal Research author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-03-14 tags: - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1059.004 - attack.t1036 logsource: product: linux category: process_creation detection: selection: ParentCommandLine: bash -i anomaly1: CommandLine|contains: - '-c import ' - base64 - pty.spawn anomaly2: Image|endswith: - whoami - iptables - /ncat - /nc - /netcat condition: selection and 1 of anomaly* falsepositives: - Legitimate software that uses these patterns level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects potential network sniffing via use of network tools such as "tshark", "windump". Network sniffing refers to usin. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Network Sniffing Activity Using Network Tools id: ba1f7802-adc7-48b4-9ecb-81e227fddfd5 status: test description: 'Detects potential network sniffing via use of network tools such as "tshark", "windump". Network sniffing refers to using the network interface on a system to monitor or capture information sent over a wired or wireless connection. An adversary may place a network interface into promiscuous mode to passively access data in transit over the network, or use span ports to capture a larger amount of data. ' references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1040/T1040.md author: Timur Zinniatullin, oscd.community, Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2019-10-21 modified: 2023-02-20 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.discovery - attack.t1040 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_tshark: Image|endswith: \tshark.exe CommandLine|contains: -i selection_windump: Image|endswith: \windump.exe condition: 1 of selection_* falsepositives: - Legitimate administration activity to troubleshoot network issues level: medium
Query: Sigma rule for Detects the use of the 'Pubprn.vbs' Microsoft signed script to execute commands.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the use of the 'Pubprn.vbs' Microsoft signed script to execute commands.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Pubprn.vbs Proxy Execution id: 1fb76ab8-fa60-4b01-bddd-71e89bf555da status: test description: Detects the use of the 'Pubprn.vbs' Microsoft signed script to execute commands. references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Scripts/Pubprn/ author: frack113 date: 2022-05-28 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1216.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: CommandLine|contains|all: - \pubprn.vbs - 'script:' condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: This method detects mimikatz keywords in different Eventlogs (some of them only appear in older Mimikatz version that ar. Logsource: windows. Rule: title: Mimikatz Use id: 06d71506-7beb-4f22-8888-e2e5e2ca7fd8 status: test description: This method detects mimikatz keywords in different Eventlogs (some of them only appear in older Mimikatz version that are however still used by different threat groups) references: - https://tools.thehacker.recipes/mimikatz/modules author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), David ANDRE (additional keywords) date: 2017-01-10 modified: 2022-01-05 tags: - attack.s0002 - attack.lateral-movement - attack.credential-access - car.2013-07-001 - car.2019-04-004 - attack.t1003.002 - attack.t1003.004 - attack.t1003.001 - attack.t1003.006 logsource: product: windows detection: keywords: - dpapi::masterkey - eo.oe.kiwi - event::clear - event::drop - gentilkiwi.com - kerberos::golden - kerberos::ptc - kerberos::ptt - kerberos::tgt - Kiwi Legit Printer - 'lsadump::' - mimidrv.sys - \mimilib.dll - misc::printnightmare - misc::shadowcopies - misc::skeleton - privilege::backup - privilege::debug - privilege::driver - 'sekurlsa::' filter: EventID: 15 condition: keywords and not filter falsepositives: - Naughty administrators - AV Signature updates - Files with Mimikatz in their filename level: high
Query: describe CVE-2015-3376
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3376. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Quizzler module before 7-x.1.16 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a node title.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2043. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Visualware MyConnection Server 8.2b allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) bt, (2) variable, or (3) et parameter to myspeed/db/historyitem.
Query: exploit Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Gecko CMS 2.2 and 2.3 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that add an administrat
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1424. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Gecko CMS 2.2 and 2.3 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that add an administrator user via a newuser request to admin/index.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7612. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in the Organizations page in Enterprise Manager in McAfee Vulnerability Manager (MVM) 7.5.9 and earlier allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that have unspecified impact via unknown vectors.
Query: exploit The XML parser in the Reference Data Management component in the server in IBM InfoSphere Master Data Management (MDM) 10.1 before IF1, 11.0 before FP3, 11.3, and 11.4 before FP2 a
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1909. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The XML parser in the Reference Data Management component in the server in IBM InfoSphere Master Data Management (MDM) 10.1 before IF1, 11.0 before FP3, 11.3, and 11.4 before FP2 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files, and consequently obtain administrative access, via an external entity declaration in conjunction with an entity reference, related to an XML External Entity (XXE) issue.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1870. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.5. The event scripts in Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (ABRT) uses world-readable permission on a copy of sosreport file in problem directories, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information from /var/log/messages via unspecified vectors.
Query: exploit Buffer overflow in Lhaplus before 1.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted archive.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0907. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Buffer overflow in Lhaplus before 1.70 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted archive.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5944. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. CoreText in Apple OS X before 10.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font file.
Query: vulnerability: Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in includes/metaboxes.php in the Gallery - Photo Albums - Portfolio plugin 1.3.47 for WordPress allow remote authenticated users
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7386. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in includes/metaboxes.php in the Gallery - Photo Albums - Portfolio plugin 1.3.47 for WordPress allow remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) Media Title or (2) Media Subtitle fields.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3365. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the nodeauthor module for Drupal allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a Profile2 field in a provided block.
Query: describe CVE-2015-7408
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7408. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 3.700000047683716. The server in IBM Spectrum Protect (aka Tivoli Storage Manager) 5.5 and 6.x before 6.3.5.1 and 7.x before 7.1.4 does not properly restrict use of the ASNODENAME option, which allows remote attackers to read or write to backup data by leveraging proxy authority.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5323. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 6.5. Jenkins before 1.638 and LTS before 1.625.2 do not properly restrict access to API tokens which might allow remote administrators to gain privileges and run scripts by using an API token of another user.
Query: risk of Audio in Apple OS X before 10.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted audio file, a different vulnerab
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5933. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Audio in Apple OS X before 10.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted audio file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5934.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5843. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. IOMobileFrameBuffer in Apple iOS before 9 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors.
Query: vulnerability: Untrusted search path vulnerability in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and Windows RT 8.1 allows local users to gain privi
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2368. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Untrusted search path vulnerability in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and Windows RT 8.1 allows local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse DLL in the current working directory, aka "Windows DLL Remote Code Execution Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1659. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1662 and CVE-2015-1665.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-2973
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2973. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Welcart plugin before 1.4.18 for WordPress allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the usces_referer parameter to (1) classes/usceshop.class.php, (2) includes/edit-form-advanced.php, (3) includes/edit-form-advanced30.php, (4) includes/edit-form-advanced34.php, (5) includes/member_edit_form.php, (6) includes/order_edit_form.php, (7) includes/order_list.php, or (8) includes/usces_item_master_list.php, related to admin.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0862. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the management web UI in the RabbitMQ management plugin before 3.4.3 allow remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (1) message details when a message is unqueued, such as headers or arguments; (2) policy names, which are not properly handled when viewing policies; (3) details for AMQP network clients, such as the version; allow remote authenticated administrators to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (4) user names, (5) the cluster name; or allow RabbitMQ cluster administrators to (6) modify unspecified content.