alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: actor TTPs: Remote Access Tools
Matching passage: T1219 Remote Access Tools. Tactics: command and control. Description: An adversary may use legitimate remote access tools to establish an interactive command and control channel within a network. Remote access tools create a session between two trusted hosts through a graphical interface, a command line interaction, a protocol tunnel via development or management software, or hardware-level access such as KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) over IP solutions. Desktop support software (usually graphical interface) and remote management software (typically command line interface) allow a user to control a computer remotely as if they are a local user inheriting the user or software permissions. This software is commonly used for troubleshooting, software installation, and system management.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) Adversaries may similarly abuse response features included in EDR and other defensive tools that enable remote access. Remote access tools may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communications channel for redundant access or to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. It may also be used as a malware component to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary-controlled system. Installation of many remote access tools may also include persistence (e.g., the software's installation routine creates a [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)). Remote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software (e.g., Google Chrome’s Remote Desktop).(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop)
Near-miss passage: T1219.002 Remote Desktop Software. Tactics: command and control. Description: An adversary may use legitimate desktop support software to establish an interactive command and control channel to target systems within networks. Desktop support software provides a graphical interface for remotely controlling another computer, transmitting the display output, keyboard input, and mouse control between devices using various protocols. Desktop support software, such as `VNC`, `Team Viewer`, `AnyDesk`, `ScreenConnect`, `LogMein`, `AmmyyAdmin`, and other remote monitoring and management (RMM) tools, are commonly used as legitimate technical support software and may be allowed by application control within a target environment.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) Remote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software such as Zoom or Google Chrome’s Remote Desktop.(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop)
Query: adversary uses Internal Defacement
Matching passage: T1491.001 Internal Defacement. Tactics: impact. Description: An adversary may deface systems internal to an organization in an attempt to intimidate or mislead users, thus discrediting the integrity of the systems. This may take the form of modifications to internal websites or server login messages, or directly to user systems with the replacement of the desktop wallpaper.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Varonis) Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. Since internally defacing systems exposes an adversary's presence, it often takes place after other intrusion goals have been accomplished.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)
Near-miss passage: T1491.002 External Defacement. Tactics: impact. Description: An adversary may deface systems external to an organization in an attempt to deliver messaging, intimidate, or otherwise mislead an organization or users. [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may ultimately cause users to distrust the systems and to question/discredit the system’s integrity. Externally-facing websites are a common victim of defacement; often targeted by adversary and hacktivist groups in order to push a political message or spread propaganda.(Citation: FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries)(Citation: Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence)(Citation: Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site) [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may be used as a catalyst to trigger events, or as a response to actions taken by an organization or government. Similarly, website defacement may also be used as setup, or a precursor, for future attacks such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).(Citation: Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement)
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6013
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6013. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Outside In Technology component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 8.5.0, 8.5.1, and 8.5.2 allows local users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Outside In Filters, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-4808, CVE-2015-6014, CVE-2015-6015, and CVE-2016-0432. NOTE: the previous information is from the January 2016 CPU. Oracle has not commented on third-party claims that this issue is a stack-based buffer overflow in Oracle Outside In 8.5.2 and earlier, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted WK4 file.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0474. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 1.5. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Outside In Technology component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 8.4.1, 8.5.0, and 8.5.1 allows local users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Outside In Filters, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0493.
Query: describe CVE-2015-3809
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3809. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The dissect_lbmr_pser function in epan/dissectors/packet-lbmr.c in the LBMR dissector in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.5 does not properly track the current offset, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a crafted packet.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0852. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 5.0. Multiple integer underflows in PluginPCX.cpp in FreeImage 3.17.0 and earlier allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap memory corruption) via vectors related to the height and width of a window.
Query: EDR alert: possible Asymmetric Cryptography (T1573.002)
Matching passage: T1573.002 Asymmetric Cryptography. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private. Due to how the keys are generated, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA and ElGamal. For efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).
Near-miss passage: T1573 Encrypted Channel. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ an encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.
Query: indicators of Rogue Domain Controller
Matching passage: T1207 Rogue Domain Controller. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may register a rogue Domain Controller to enable manipulation of Active Directory data. DCShadow may be used to create a rogue Domain Controller (DC). DCShadow is a method of manipulating Active Directory (AD) data, including objects and schemas, by registering (or reusing an inactive registration) and simulating the behavior of a DC. (Citation: DCShadow Blog) Once registered, a rogue DC may be able to inject and replicate changes into AD infrastructure for any domain object, including credentials and keys. Registering a rogue DC involves creating a new server and nTDSDSA objects in the Configuration partition of the AD schema, which requires Administrator privileges (either Domain or local to the DC) or the KRBTGT hash. (Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide) This technique may bypass system logging and security monitors such as security information and event management (SIEM) products (since actions taken on a rogue DC may not be reported to these sensors). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) The technique may also be used to alter and delete replication and other associated metadata to obstruct forensic analysis. Adversaries may also utilize this technique to perform [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005) and/or manipulate AD objects (such as accounts, access control lists, schemas) to establish backdoors for Persistence. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)
Near-miss passage: T1578.005 Modify Cloud Compute Configurations. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may modify settings that directly affect the size, locations, and resources available to cloud compute infrastructure in order to evade defenses. These settings may include service quotas, subscription associations, tenant-wide policies, or other configurations that impact available compute. Such modifications may allow adversaries to abuse the victim’s compute resources to achieve their goals, potentially without affecting the execution of running instances and/or revealing their activities to the victim. For example, cloud providers often limit customer usage of compute resources via quotas. Customers may request adjustments to these quotas to support increased computing needs, though these adjustments may require approval from the cloud provider. Adversaries who compromise a cloud environment may similarly request quota adjustments in order to support their activities, such as enabling additional [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496) without raising suspicion by using up a victim’s entire quota.(Citation: Microsoft Cryptojacking 2023) Adversaries may also increase allowed resource usage by modifying any tenant-wide policies that limit the sizes of deployed virtual machines.(Citation: Microsoft Azure Policy) Adversaries may also modify settings that affect where cloud resources can be deployed, such as enabling [Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535).
Query: campaign using Server Software Component
Matching passage: T1505 Server Software Component. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse legitimate extensible development features of servers to establish persistent access to systems. Enterprise server applications may include features that allow developers to write and install software or scripts to extend the functionality of the main application. Adversaries may install malicious components to extend and abuse server applications.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)
Near-miss passage: T1505.001 SQL Stored Procedures. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse SQL stored procedures to establish persistent access to systems. SQL Stored Procedures are code that can be saved and reused so that database users do not waste time rewriting frequently used SQL queries. Stored procedures can be invoked via SQL statements to the database using the procedure name or via defined events (e.g. when a SQL server application is started/restarted). Adversaries may craft malicious stored procedures that can provide a persistence mechanism in SQL database servers.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019) To execute operating system commands through SQL syntax the adversary may have to enable additional functionality, such as xp_cmdshell for MSSQL Server.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019)(Citation: Microsoft xp_cmdshell 2017) Microsoft SQL Server can enable common language runtime (CLR) integration. With CLR integration enabled, application developers can write stored procedures using any .NET framework language (e.g. VB .NET, C#, etc.).(Citation: Microsoft CLR Integration 2017) Adversaries may craft or modify CLR assemblies that are linked to stored procedures since these CLR assemblies can be made to execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: NetSPI SQL Server CLR)
Query: command and control using Encrypted Channel
Matching passage: T1573 Encrypted Channel. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ an encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.
Near-miss passage: T1573.002 Asymmetric Cryptography. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private. Due to how the keys are generated, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA and ElGamal. For efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).
Query: ATT&CK technique for System Location Discovery
Matching passage: T1614 System Location Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. Adversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)(Citation: Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020) Windows API functions such as <code>GetLocaleInfoW</code> can also be used to determine the locale of the host.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020) In cloud environments, an instance's availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Identity Documents)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021) Adversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.(Citation: Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)
Near-miss passage: T1614.001 System Language Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to gather information about the system language of a victim in order to infer the geographical location of that host. This information may be used to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether the adversary infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. This decision may be employed by malware developers and operators to reduce their risk of attracting the attention of specific law enforcement agencies or prosecution/scrutiny from other entities.(Citation: Malware System Language Check) There are various sources of data an adversary could use to infer system language, such as system defaults and keyboard layouts. Specific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) and calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019) For example, on a Windows system adversaries may attempt to infer the language of a system by querying the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Nls\Language</code> or parsing the outputs of Windows API functions <code>GetUserDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetSystemDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetKeyboardLayoutList</code> and <code>GetUserDefaultLangID</code>.(Citation: Darkside Ransomware Cybereason)(Citation: Securelist JSWorm)(Citation: SecureList SynAck Doppelgänging May 2018) On a macOS or Linux system, adversaries may query <code>locale</code> to retrieve the value of the <code>$LANG</code> environment variable.
Query: risk of Controllers.outgoing in controllers/index.js in NodeBB before 0.7.3 has outgoing XSS.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9286. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Controllers.outgoing in controllers/index.js in NodeBB before 0.7.3 has outgoing XSS.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0216. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. access.php in the Lesson module in Moodle 2.8.x before 2.8.2 does not set the RISK_XSS bit for graders, which allows remote authenticated users to conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via crafted essay feedback.
Query: exploit JCE Joomla Component 2.5.0 to 2.5.2 allows arbitrary file upload via a .php file extension for an image file to the /com_jce/editor/libraries/classes/browser.php script.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7339. CWE: CWE-434. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. JCE Joomla Component 2.5.0 to 2.5.2 allows arbitrary file upload via a .php file extension for an image file to the /com_jce/editor/libraries/classes/browser.php script.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5951. CWE: CWE-434. CVSS: 9.899999618530273. A file upload issue exists in the specid parameter in Thomson Reuters FATCH before 5.2, which allows malicious users to upload arbitrary PHP files to the web root and execute system commands.
Query: SIEM correlation: stealth activity consistent with Reflective Code Loading
Matching passage: T1620 Reflective Code Loading. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may reflectively load code into a process in order to conceal the execution of malicious payloads. Reflective loading involves allocating then executing payloads directly within the memory of the process, vice creating a thread or process backed by a file path on disk (e.g., [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)). Reflectively loaded payloads may be compiled binaries, anonymous files (only present in RAM), or just snubs of fileless executable code (ex: position-independent shellcode).(Citation: Introducing Donut)(Citation: S1 Custom Shellcode Tool)(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL) For example, the `Assembly.Load()` method executed by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) may be abused to load raw code into the running process.(Citation: Microsoft AssemblyLoad) Reflective code injection is very similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) except that the “injection” loads code into the processes’ own memory instead of that of a separate process. Reflective loading may evade process-based detections since the execution of the arbitrary code may be masked within a legitimate or otherwise benign process. Reflectively loading payloads directly into memory may also avoid creating files or other artifacts on disk, while also enabling malware to keep these payloads encrypted (or otherwise obfuscated) until execution.(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Intezer ACBackdoor)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)
Near-miss passage: T1497 Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion. Tactics: stealth, discovery. Description: Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness) Adversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) such as checking for security monitoring tools (e.g., Sysinternals, Wireshark, etc.) or other system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. Additional methods include use of sleep timers or loops within malware code to avoid operating within a temporary sandbox.(Citation: Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015)
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-8090
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8090. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.0. The Web Server component in TIBCO LogLogic Unity before 1.1.1 allows remote authenticated users to gain privileges, and consequently obtain sensitive information, via an HTTP request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3320. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. Lenovo USB Enhanced Performance Keyboard software before 2.0.2.2 includes active debugging code in SKHOOKS.DLL, which allows local users to obtain keypress information by accessing debug output.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-1400
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1400. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. SQL injection vulnerability in search.php in NPDS Revolution 13 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the query parameter.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1560. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. SQL injection vulnerability in the isUserAdmin function in include/common/common-Func.php in Centreon (formerly Merethis Centreon) 2.5.4 and earlier (fixed in Centreon web 2.7.0) allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the sid parameter to include/common/XmlTree/GetXmlTree.php.
Query: vulnerability: buffer.c in named in ISC BIND 9.x before 9.9.7-P3 and 9.10.x before 9.10.2-P4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (assertion failure and daemon exit) by creating a
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5722. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. buffer.c in named in ISC BIND 9.x before 9.9.7-P3 and 9.10.x before 9.10.2-P4 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (assertion failure and daemon exit) by creating a zone containing a malformed DNSSEC key and issuing a query for a name in that zone.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0601. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 4.599999904632568. Cisco Unified IP 9900 phones with firmware 9.4(.1) and earlier allow local users to cause a denial of service (device reload) via crafted commands, aka Bug ID CSCup92790.