alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: threat report mentioning Email Account
Matching passage: T1087.003 Email Account. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of email addresses and accounts. Adversaries may try to dump Exchange address lists such as global address lists (GALs).(Citation: Microsoft Exchange Address Lists) In on-premises Exchange and Exchange Online, the <code>Get-GlobalAddressList</code> PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain email addresses and accounts from a domain using an authenticated session.(Citation: Microsoft getglobaladdresslist)(Citation: Black Hills Attacking Exchange MailSniper, 2016) In Google Workspace, the GAL is shared with Microsoft Outlook users through the Google Workspace Sync for Microsoft Outlook (GWSMO) service. Additionally, the Google Workspace Directory allows for users to get a listing of other users within the organization.(Citation: Google Workspace Global Access List)
Near-miss passage: T1087 Account Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of valid accounts, usernames, or email addresses on a system or within a compromised environment. This information can help adversaries determine which accounts exist, which can aid in follow-on behavior such as brute-forcing, spear-phishing attacks, or account takeovers (e.g., [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)). Adversaries may use several methods to enumerate accounts, including abuse of existing tools, built-in commands, and potential misconfigurations that leak account names and roles or permissions in the targeted environment. For examples, cloud environments typically provide easily accessible interfaces to obtain user lists.(Citation: AWS List Users)(Citation: Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API) On hosts, adversaries can use default [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) and other command line functionality to identify accounts. Information about email addresses and accounts may also be extracted by searching an infected system’s files.
Query: what is T1090
Matching passage: T1090 Proxy. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use a connection proxy to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion. Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to further disguise the source of malicious traffic. Adversaries can also take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to proxy command and control traffic.
Near-miss passage: T1090.004 Domain Fronting. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) Domain fronting involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, "domainless" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored). For example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.
Query: risk of The theme editor in Bolt before 2.2.5 does not check the file extension when renaming files, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code by renaming a crafted
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7309. CWE: CWE-74. CVSS: 6.5. The theme editor in Bolt before 2.2.5 does not check the file extension when renaming files, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code by renaming a crafted file and then directly accessing it.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5841. CWE: CWE-74. CVSS: 5.0. The CFNetwork Proxies component in Apple iOS before 9 does not properly handle a Set-Cookie header within a response to an HTTP CONNECT request, which allows remote proxy servers to conduct cookie-injection attacks via a crafted response.
Query: risk of Heap-based buffer overflow in the PCNET controller in QEMU allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending a packet with TXSTATUS_STARTPACKET set and then a crafted pa
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3209. CWE: CWE-787. CVSS: 7.5. Heap-based buffer overflow in the PCNET controller in QEMU allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending a packet with TXSTATUS_STARTPACKET set and then a crafted packet with TXSTATUS_DEVICEOWNS set.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5105. CWE: CWE-787. CVSS: 10.0. Heap-based buffer overflow in Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.15 and 11.x before 11.0.12, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 2015.006.30060, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous before 2015.008.20082 on Windows and OS X allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5096 and CVE-2015-5098.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-2464
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2464. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, Windows RT Gold and 8.1, Office 2007 SP3 and 2010 SP2, Live Meeting 2007 Console, Lync 2010, Lync 2010 Attendee, Lync 2013 SP1, Lync Basic 2013 SP1, Silverlight before 5.1.40728, and .NET Framework 3.0 SP2, 3.5, 3.5.1, 4, 4.5, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, and 4.6 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted TrueType font, aka "TrueType Font Parsing Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2463.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1086. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. The Audio Drivers subsystem in Apple iOS before 8.3 and Apple TV before 7.2 does not properly validate IOKit object metadata, which allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged context via a crafted app.
Query: exploit The users-ultra plugin before 1.5.63 for WordPress has XSS via the p_desc parameter.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9393. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. The users-ultra plugin before 1.5.63 for WordPress has XSS via the p_desc parameter.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3976. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in GE Multilink ML810/3000/3100 series switch 5.2.0 and earlier, and GE Multilink ML800/1200/1600/2400 4.2.1 and earlier.
Query: exploit Use-after-free vulnerability in the Collator::sortWithSortKeys function in ext/intl/collator/collator_sort.c in PHP 7.x before 7.0.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of se
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8616. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 8.600000381469727. Use-after-free vulnerability in the Collator::sortWithSortKeys function in ext/intl/collator/collator_sort.c in PHP 7.x before 7.0.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact by leveraging the relationships between a key buffer and a destroyed array.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0316. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.269 and 14.x through 16.x before 16.0.0.305 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.442 on Linux allows attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0314, CVE-2015-0318, CVE-2015-0321, CVE-2015-0329, and CVE-2015-0330.
Query: incident response steps for Persistence mechanism resembling Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion
Matching passage: Playbook for T1497 Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1497. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: stealth, discovery. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They m
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1497.001 System Checks. Different response path focused on stealth, discovery.
Query: mitigate Malware
Matching passage: T1588.001 Malware. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may buy, steal, or download malware that can be used during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, packers, and C2 protocols. Adversaries may acquire malware to support their operations, obtaining a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors. In addition to downloading free malware from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware development, criminal marketplaces (including Malware-as-a-Service, or MaaS), or from individuals. In addition to purchasing malware, adversaries may steal and repurpose malware from third-party entities (including other adversaries).
Near-miss passage: T1588 Obtain Capabilities. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may buy and/or steal capabilities that can be used during targeting. Rather than developing their own capabilities in-house, adversaries may purchase, freely download, or steal them. Activities may include the acquisition of malware, software (including licenses), exploits, certificates, and information relating to vulnerabilities. Adversaries may obtain capabilities to support their operations throughout numerous phases of the adversary lifecycle. In addition to downloading free malware, software, and exploits from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware and exploits, criminal marketplaces, or from individuals.(Citation: NationsBuying)(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab) In addition to purchasing capabilities, adversaries may steal capabilities from third-party entities (including other adversaries). This can include stealing software licenses, malware, SSL/TLS and code-signing certificates, or raiding closed databases of vulnerabilities or exploits.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise)
Query: detection rule: Detects changes to the ESXi syslog configuration via "esxcli"
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects changes to the ESXi syslog configuration via "esxcli". Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: ESXi Syslog Configuration Change Via ESXCLI id: 38eb1dbb-011f-40b1-a126-cf03a0210563 status: test description: Detects changes to the ESXi syslog configuration via "esxcli" references: - https://support.solarwinds.com/SuccessCenter/s/article/Configure-ESXi-Syslog-to-LEM?language=en_US - https://developer.broadcom.com/xapis/esxcli-command-reference/7.0.0/namespace/esxcli_system.html author: Cedric Maurugeon date: 2023-09-04 tags: - attack.execution - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685 - attack.t1690 - attack.t1059.012 logsource: category: process_creation product: linux detection: selection: Image|endswith: /esxcli CommandLine|contains|all: - system - syslog - config CommandLine|contains: ' set' condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate administrative activities level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects modifications to an RDS cluster or its deletion, which may indicate potential data exfiltration attempts, unauth. Logsource: aws / cloudtrail. Rule: title: Modification or Deletion of an AWS RDS Cluster id: 457cc9ac-d8e6-4d1d-8c0e-251d0f11a74c status: experimental description: Detects modifications to an RDS cluster or its deletion, which may indicate potential data exfiltration attempts, unauthorized access, or exposure of sensitive information. references: - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_ModifyDBCluster.html - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_DeleteDBCluster.html - https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-privilege-escalation/aws-rds-privesc#rds-modifydbinstance author: Ivan Saakov date: 2024-12-06 tags: - attack.exfiltration - attack.t1020 logsource: product: aws service: cloudtrail detection: selection: eventSource: rds.amazonaws.com eventName: - ModifyDBCluster - DeleteDBCluster condition: selection falsepositives: - Verify if the modification or deletion was performed by an authorized administrator. - Confirm if the modification or deletion was part of a planned change or maintenance activity. level: high
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-0807
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0807. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The navigator.sendBeacon implementation in Mozilla Firefox before 37.0, Firefox ESR 31.x before 31.6, and Thunderbird before 31.6 processes HTTP 30x status codes for redirects after a preflight request has occurred, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended CORS access-control checks and conduct cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks via a crafted web site, a similar issue to CVE-2014-8638.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3624. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 5.800000190734863. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Test/WorkArea/DmsMenu/menuActions/MenuActions.aspx in Ektron Content Management System (CMS) before 9.10 SP1 (Build 9.1.0.184.1.120) allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of content administrators for requests that delete content via a delete action.
Query: adversary uses Remote Access Tools
Matching passage: T1219 Remote Access Tools. Tactics: command and control. Description: An adversary may use legitimate remote access tools to establish an interactive command and control channel within a network. Remote access tools create a session between two trusted hosts through a graphical interface, a command line interaction, a protocol tunnel via development or management software, or hardware-level access such as KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) over IP solutions. Desktop support software (usually graphical interface) and remote management software (typically command line interface) allow a user to control a computer remotely as if they are a local user inheriting the user or software permissions. This software is commonly used for troubleshooting, software installation, and system management.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) Adversaries may similarly abuse response features included in EDR and other defensive tools that enable remote access. Remote access tools may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communications channel for redundant access or to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. It may also be used as a malware component to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary-controlled system. Installation of many remote access tools may also include persistence (e.g., the software's installation routine creates a [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)). Remote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software (e.g., Google Chrome’s Remote Desktop).(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop)
Near-miss passage: T1219.002 Remote Desktop Software. Tactics: command and control. Description: An adversary may use legitimate desktop support software to establish an interactive command and control channel to target systems within networks. Desktop support software provides a graphical interface for remotely controlling another computer, transmitting the display output, keyboard input, and mouse control between devices using various protocols. Desktop support software, such as `VNC`, `Team Viewer`, `AnyDesk`, `ScreenConnect`, `LogMein`, `AmmyyAdmin`, and other remote monitoring and management (RMM) tools, are commonly used as legitimate technical support software and may be allowed by application control within a target environment.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) Remote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software such as Zoom or Google Chrome’s Remote Desktop.(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop)
Query: Sigma rule for Detects the execution of the certutil with the "exportPFX" flag which allows the utility to export certificates.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of the certutil with the "exportPFX" flag which allows the utility to export certificates.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Certificate Exported Via Certutil.EXE id: 3ffd6f51-e6c1-47b7-94b4-c1e61d4117c5 status: test description: Detects the execution of the certutil with the "exportPFX" flag which allows the utility to export certificates. references: - https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/a-golden-saml-journey-solarwinds-continued.html author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), Jonhnathan Ribeiro, oscd.community, Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-02-15 modified: 2024-03-05 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \certutil.exe - OriginalFileName: CertUtil.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|windash: '-exportPFX ' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - There legitimate reasons to export certificates. Investigate the activity to determine if it's benign level: medium regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_certutil_export_pfx/info.yml
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects installation of a new shim using sdbinst.exe. Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Shim Database Persistence via Sdbinst.EXE id: 517490a7-115a-48c6-8862-1a481504d5a8 related: - id: 18ee686c-38a3-4f65-9f44-48a077141f42 type: similar status: test description: 'Detects installation of a new shim using sdbinst.exe. Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by application shims ' references: - https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fin7-shim-databases-persistence author: Markus Neis date: 2019-01-16 modified: 2023-12-06 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.t1546.011 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \sdbinst.exe - OriginalFileName: sdbinst.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains: .sdb filter_optional_iis: ParentImage|endswith: \msiexec.exe CommandLine|contains: - :\Program Files (x86)\IIS Express\iisexpressshim.sdb - :\Program Files\IIS Express\iisexpressshim.sdb condition: all of selection_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: detect Domain Account
Matching passage: T1136.002 Domain Account. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may create a domain account to maintain access to victim systems. Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover user, administrator, and service accounts. With a sufficient level of access, the <code>net user /add /domain</code> command can be used to create a domain account.(Citation: Savill 1999) Such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.
Near-miss passage: T1136.001 Local Account. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may create a local account to maintain access to victim systems. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. For example, with a sufficient level of access, the Windows <code>net user /add</code> command can be used to create a local account. In Linux, the `useradd` command can be used, while on macOS systems, the <code>dscl -create</code> command can be used. Local accounts may also be added to network devices, often via common [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as <code>username</code>, to ESXi servers via `esxcli system account add`, or to Kubernetes clusters using the `kubectl` utility.(Citation: cisco_username_cmd)(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts Security) Adversaries may also create new local accounts on network firewall management consoles – for example, by exploiting a vulnerable firewall management system, threat actors may be able to establish super-admin accounts that could be used to modify firewall rules and gain further access to the network.(Citation: Cyber Security News) Such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.