alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: intelligence brief on T1102.003
Matching passage: T1102.003 One-Way Communication. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response. Popular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.
Near-miss passage: T1102 Web Service. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise.(Citation: Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024) Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. Use of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).
Query: risk of X-Cart before 5.1.11 allows remote authenticated users to read or delete address data of arbitrary accounts via a modified (1) update or (2) remove request.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0951. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 6.5. X-Cart before 5.1.11 allows remote authenticated users to read or delete address data of arbitrary accounts via a modified (1) update or (2) remove request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4685. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.0. Polycom RealPresence Resource Manager (aka RPRM) before 8.4 allows local users with access to the plcm account to gain privileges via a script in /var/polycom/cma/upgrade/scripts, related to a sudo misconfiguration.
Query: indicators of Bandwidth Hijacking
Matching passage: T1496.002 Bandwidth Hijacking. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may leverage the network bandwidth resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. Adversaries may also use malware that leverages a system's network bandwidth as part of a botnet in order to facilitate [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498) campaigns and/or to seed malicious torrents.(Citation: GoBotKR) Alternatively, they may engage in proxyjacking by selling use of the victims' network bandwidth and IP address to proxyware services.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking) Finally, they may engage in internet-wide scanning in order to identify additional targets for compromise.(Citation: Unit 42 Leaked Environment Variables 2024) In addition to incurring potential financial costs or availability disruptions, this technique may cause reputational damage if a victim’s bandwidth is used for illegal activities.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking)
Near-miss passage: T1496 Resource Hijacking. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may leverage the resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. Resource hijacking may take a number of different forms. For example, adversaries may: * Leverage compute resources in order to mine cryptocurrency * Sell network bandwidth to proxy networks * Generate SMS traffic for profit * Abuse cloud-based messaging services to send large quantities of spam messages In some cases, adversaries may leverage multiple types of Resource Hijacking at once.(Citation: Sysdig Cryptojacking Proxyjacking 2023)
Query: exploit Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Welcart plugin before 1.4.18 for WordPress allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the usces_re
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2973. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Welcart plugin before 1.4.18 for WordPress allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the usces_referer parameter to (1) classes/usceshop.class.php, (2) includes/edit-form-advanced.php, (3) includes/edit-form-advanced30.php, (4) includes/edit-form-advanced34.php, (5) includes/member_edit_form.php, (6) includes/order_edit_form.php, (7) includes/order_list.php, or (8) includes/usces_item_master_list.php, related to admin.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0862. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the management web UI in the RabbitMQ management plugin before 3.4.3 allow remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (1) message details when a message is unqueued, such as headers or arguments; (2) policy names, which are not properly handled when viewing policies; (3) details for AMQP network clients, such as the version; allow remote authenticated administrators to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (4) user names, (5) the cluster name; or allow RabbitMQ cluster administrators to (6) modify unspecified content.
Query: threat report mentioning Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure
Matching passage: T1578 Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: An adversary may attempt to modify a cloud account's compute service infrastructure to evade defenses. A modification to the compute service infrastructure can include the creation, deletion, or modification of one or more components such as compute instances, virtual machines, and snapshots. Permissions gained from the modification of infrastructure components may bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing infrastructure. Modifying infrastructure components may also allow an adversary to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)
Near-miss passage: T1578.004 Revert Cloud Instance. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs. Another variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)
Query: write Sigma for Detects the use of CoercedPotato, a tool for privilege escalation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the use of CoercedPotato, a tool for privilege escalation. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: HackTool - CoercedPotato Execution id: e8d34729-86a4-4140-adfd-0a29c2106307 status: test description: Detects the use of CoercedPotato, a tool for privilege escalation references: - https://github.com/hackvens/CoercedPotato - https://blog.hackvens.fr/articles/CoercedPotato.html author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-10-11 modified: 2024-11-23 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.stealth - attack.t1055 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_loader_img: Image|endswith: \CoercedPotato.exe selection_params: CommandLine|contains: ' --exploitId ' selection_loader_imphash: Hashes|contains: - IMPHASH=A75D7669DB6B2E107A44C4057FF7F7D6 - IMPHASH=F91624350E2C678C5DCBE5E1F24E22C9 - IMPHASH=14C81850A079A87E83D50CA41C709A15 condition: 1 of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the invocation of vshadow.exe with the -exec parameter that executes a specified script or command after the sha. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Proxy Execution via Vshadow id: d7c75059-2901-4578-b209-8837fd31c6a8 status: experimental description: 'Detects the invocation of vshadow.exe with the -exec parameter that executes a specified script or command after the shadow copies are created but before the VShadow tool exits. VShadow is a command-line tool that you can use to create and manage volume shadow copies. While legitimate backup or administrative scripts may use this flag, attackers can leverage this parameter to proxy the execution of malware. ' author: David Faiss date: 2025-05-26 references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/OtherMSBinaries/Vshadow/ - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/vss/vshadow-tool-and-sample tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1202 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \vshadow.exe - OriginalFileName: vshadow.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains: -exec condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - System backup or administrator tools - Legitimate administrative scripts level: medium
Query: write Sigma for Detects enumeration of local network configuration
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects enumeration of local network configuration. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: System Network Discovery - Linux id: e7bd1cfa-b446-4c88-8afb-403bcd79e3fa status: test description: Detects enumeration of local network configuration references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1016/T1016.md author: Ömer Günal and remotephone, oscd.community date: 2020-10-06 modified: 2022-09-15 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1016 logsource: category: process_creation product: linux detection: selection_img: Image|endswith: - /firewall-cmd - /ufw - /iptables - /netstat - /ss - /ip - /ifconfig - /systemd-resolve - /route selection_cli: CommandLine|contains: /etc/resolv.conf condition: 1 of selection_* falsepositives: - Legitimate administration activities level: informational
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects exploitation of LNK file command-line length discrepancy, where attackers hide malicious commands beyond the 260. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Suspicious LNK Command-Line Padding with Whitespace Characters id: dd8756e7-a3a0-4768-b47e-8f545d1a751c status: experimental description: 'Detects exploitation of LNK file command-line length discrepancy, where attackers hide malicious commands beyond the 260-character UI limit while the actual command-line argument field supports 4096 characters using whitespace padding (e.g., 0x20, 0x09-0x0D). Adversaries insert non-printable whitespace characters (e.g., Line Feed \x0A, Carriage Return \x0D) to pad the visible section of the LNK file, pushing malicious commands past the UI-visible boundary. The hidden payload, executed at runtime but invisible in Windows Explorer properties, enables stealthy execution and evasion—commonly used for social engineering attacks. This rule flags suspicious use of such padding observed in real-world attacks. ' references: - https://syedhasan010.medium.com/forensics-analysis-of-an-lnk-file-da68a98b8415 - https://thehackernews.com/2025/03/unpatched-windows-zero-day-flaw.html - https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/25/c/windows-shortcut-zero-day-exploit.html author: Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel (Nextron Systems) date: 2025-03-19 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.execution - attack.t1204.002 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - ParentImage|endswith: \explorer.exe - ParentCommandLine|contains: .lnk selection_cmd: - CommandLine|contains: - ' ' - \u0009 - \u000A - \u0011 - \u0012 - \u0013 - \u000B - \u000C - \u000D - CommandLine|re: \n\n\n\n\n\n condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: alert when Adversaries may abuse container files such as disk image (.iso, .vhd) file formats to deliver malicious payloads that ma
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may abuse container files such as disk image (.iso, .vhd) file formats to deliver malicious payloads that ma. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Suspicious Mount-DiskImage id: 29e1c216-6408-489d-8a06-ee9d151ef819 status: test description: Adversaries may abuse container files such as disk image (.iso, .vhd) file formats to deliver malicious payloads that may not be tagged with MOTW. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1553.005/T1553.005.md#atomic-test-1---mount-iso-image - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/storage/mount-diskimage?view=windowsserver2022-ps author: frack113 date: 2022-02-01 tags: - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1553.005 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection: ScriptBlockText|contains|all: - 'Mount-DiskImage ' - '-ImagePath ' condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate PowerShell scripts level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Look for the encrypted cpassword value within Group Policy Preference files on the Domain Controller. This value can be. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Findstr GPP Passwords id: 91a2c315-9ee6-4052-a853-6f6a8238f90d status: test description: Look for the encrypted cpassword value within Group Policy Preference files on the Domain Controller. This value can be decrypted with gpp-decrypt. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1552.006/T1552.006.md#atomic-test-1---gpp-passwords-findstr author: frack113 date: 2021-12-27 modified: 2023-11-11 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1552.006 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: - \find.exe - \findstr.exe - OriginalFileName: - FIND.EXE - FINDSTR.EXE selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - cpassword - \sysvol\ - .xml condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_findstr_gpp_passwords/info.yml simulation: - type: atomic-red-team name: GPP Passwords (findstr) technique: T1552.006 atomic_guid: 870fe8fb-5e23-4f5f-b89d-dd7fe26f3b5f
Query: risk of Trend Micro ScanMail for Microsoft Exchange (SMEX) 10.2 before Hot Fix Build 3318 and 11.0 before Hot Fix Build 4180 creates session IDs for the web console using a random number g
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3326. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 5.0. Trend Micro ScanMail for Microsoft Exchange (SMEX) 10.2 before Hot Fix Build 3318 and 11.0 before Hot Fix Build 4180 creates session IDs for the web console using a random number generator with predictable values, which makes it easier for remote attackers to bypass authentication via a brute force attack.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4764. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Unspecified vulnerability in the Data Store component in Oracle Berkeley DB 11.2.5.1.29, 11.2.5.2.42, 11.2.5.3.28, and 12.1.6.0.35 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2583, CVE-2015-2624, CVE-2015-2626, CVE-2015-2640, CVE-2015-2654, CVE-2015-2656, CVE-2015-4754, CVE-2015-4775, CVE-2015-4776, CVE-2015-4777, CVE-2015-4778, CVE-2015-4780, CVE-2015-4781, CVE-2015-4782, CVE-2015-4783, CVE-2015-4784, CVE-2015-4785, CVE-2015-4786, CVE-2015-4787, CVE-2015-4789, and CVE-2015-4790.
Query: describe CVE-2015-8765
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8765. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 8.300000190734863. Intel McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator (ePO) 4.6.9 and earlier, 5.0.x, 5.1.x before 5.1.3 Hotfix 1106041, and 5.3.x before 5.3.1 Hotfix 1106041 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted serialized Java object, related to the Apache Commons Collections (ACC) library.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0978. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Multiple untrusted search path vulnerabilities in (1) EQATEC.Analytics.Monitor.Win32_vc100.dll and (2) EQATEC.Analytics.Monitor.Win32_vc100-x64.dll in Elipse E3 4.5.232 through 4.6.161 allow local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse DLL in an unspecified directory. NOTE: this may overlap CVE-2015-2264.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-4951
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4951. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. Client Acceptor Daemon (CAD) in the client in IBM Spectrum Protect (formerly Tivoli Storage Manager) 5.5 and 6.x before 6.3.2.5, 6.4 before 6.4.3.1, and 7.1 before 7.1.3 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (daemon crash) via a crafted Web client URL.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0597. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.0. The Forgot Password feature in Cisco WebEx Meetings Server 1.5(.1.131) and earlier allows remote attackers to enumerate administrative accounts via crafted packets, aka Bug IDs CSCuj67166 and CSCuj67159.
Query: risk of Heap-based buffer overflow in the ASN.1 decoder in Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.19.2.1 and 3.20.x before 3.20.1, as used in Firefox before 42.0 and Firefox ESR 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7182. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Heap-based buffer overflow in the ASN.1 decoder in Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.19.2.1 and 3.20.x before 3.20.1, as used in Firefox before 42.0 and Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.4 and other products, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via crafted OCTET STRING data.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5940. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The Accelerate Framework component in Apple iOS before 9.1 and OS X before 10.11.1, when multi-threading is enabled, omits certain validation and locking steps, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site.
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Non-Application Layer Protocol
Matching passage: T1095 Non-Application Layer Protocol. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use an OSI non-application layer protocol for communication between host and C2 server or among infected hosts within a network. The list of possible protocols is extensive.(Citation: Wikipedia OSI) Specific examples include use of network layer protocols, such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), transport layer protocols, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), session layer protocols, such as Socket Secure (SOCKS), as well as redirected/tunneled protocols, such as Serial over LAN (SOL). ICMP communication between hosts is one example.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution) Because ICMP is part of the Internet Protocol Suite, it is required to be implemented by all IP-compatible hosts.(Citation: Microsoft ICMP) However, it is not as commonly monitored as other Internet Protocols such as TCP or UDP and may be used by adversaries to hide communications. In ESXi environments, adversaries may leverage the Virtual Machine Communication Interface (VMCI) for communication between guest virtual machines and the ESXi host. This traffic is similar to client-server communications on traditional network sockets but is localized to the physical machine running the ESXi host, meaning it does not traverse external networks (routers, switches). This results in communications that are invisible to external monitoring and standard networking tools like tcpdump, netstat, nmap, and Wireshark. By adding a VMCI backdoor to a compromised ESXi host, adversaries may persistently regain access from any guest VM to the compromised ESXi host’s backdoor, regardless of network segmentation or firewall rules in place.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)
Near-miss passage: T1571 Non-Standard Port. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may communicate using a protocol and port pairing that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088(Citation: Symantec Elfin Mar 2019) or port 587(Citation: Fortinet Agent Tesla April 2018) as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data. Adversaries may also make changes to victim systems to abuse non-standard ports. For example, Registry keys and other configuration settings can be used to modify protocol and port pairings.(Citation: change_rdp_port_conti)
Query: vulnerability: Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Mem
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6075. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6068, CVE-2015-6072, CVE-2015-6073, CVE-2015-6077, CVE-2015-6079, CVE-2015-6080, and CVE-2015-6082.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1215. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. The filters implementation in Skia, as used in Google Chrome before 41.0.2272.76, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via vectors that trigger an out-of-bounds write operation.
Query: describe CVE-2015-4873
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4873. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Unspecified vulnerability in the Database Scheduler component in Oracle Database Server 11.2.0.4, 12.1.0.1, and 12.1.0.2 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1182. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. The asn1_get_sequence_of function in library/asn1parse.c in PolarSSL 1.0 through 1.2.12 and 1.3.x through 1.3.9 does not properly initialize a pointer in the asn1_sequence linked list, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted ASN.1 sequence in a certificate.
Query: vulnerability: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM WebSphere Portal 6.1.0 through 6.1.0.6 CF27, 6.1.5 through 6.1.5.3 CF27, 7.0.0 through 7.0.0.2 CF29, 8.0.0 before 8.0.0.1 CF19, and 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4998. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM WebSphere Portal 6.1.0 through 6.1.0.6 CF27, 6.1.5 through 6.1.5.3 CF27, 7.0.0 through 7.0.0.2 CF29, 8.0.0 before 8.0.0.1 CF19, and 8.5.0 before CF08 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-4993.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9319. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. The gregs-high-performance-seo plugin before 1.6.2 for WordPress has XSS in the context of an old browser.