alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: Sigma YAML for windows / network_connection
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious connections from Microsoft Sync Center to non-private IPs.. Logsource: windows / network_connection. Rule: title: Microsoft Sync Center Suspicious Network Connections id: 9f2cc74d-78af-4eb2-bb64-9cd1d292b87b status: test description: Detects suspicious connections from Microsoft Sync Center to non-private IPs. references: - https://redcanary.com/blog/intelligence-insights-november-2021/ author: elhoim date: 2022-04-28 modified: 2024-03-12 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.stealth - attack.t1055 - attack.t1218 - attack.execution logsource: product: windows category: network_connection detection: selection: Image|endswith: \mobsync.exe filter_main_local_ranges: DestinationIp|cidr: - 127.0.0.0/8 - 10.0.0.0/8 - 172.16.0.0/12 - 192.168.0.0/16 - 169.254.0.0/16 - ::1/128 - fe80::/10 - fc00::/7 condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Dependabot performs a scan to detect insecure dependencies, and sends Dependabot alerts. This rule detects when an organ. Logsource: github / audit. Rule: title: Outdated Dependency Or Vulnerability Alert Disabled id: 34e1c7d4-0cd5-419d-9f1b-1dad3f61018d status: test description: 'Dependabot performs a scan to detect insecure dependencies, and sends Dependabot alerts. This rule detects when an organization owner disables Dependabot alerts private repositories or Dependabot security updates for all repositories. ' author: Muhammad Faisal (@faisalusuf) date: 2023-01-27 references: - https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-alerts/about-dependabot-alerts - https://docs.github.com/en/organizations/keeping-your-organization-secure/managing-security-settings-for-your-organization/managing-security-and-analysis-settings-for-your-organization tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.t1195.001 logsource: product: github service: audit definition: 'Requirements: The audit log streaming feature must be enabled to be able to receive such logs. You can enable following the documentation here: https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-cloud@latest/admin/monitoring-activity-in-your-enterprise/reviewing-audit-logs-for-your-enterprise/streaming-the-audit-log-for-your-enterprise#setting-up-audit-log-streaming' detection: selection: action: - dependabot_alerts_new_repos.disable - dependabot_alerts.disable - dependabot_security_updates_new_repos.disable - dependabot_security_updates.disable - repository_vulnerability_alerts.disable condition: selection falsepositives: - Approved changes by the Organization owner. Please validate the 'actor' if authorized to make the changes. level: high
Query: campaign using Query Public AI Services
Matching passage: T1682 Query Public AI Services. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may query publicly accessible artificial intelligence (AI) services, such as large language models (LLMs), to support targeting and operations. In addition to searching websites or databases directly (i.e., [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), adversaries may use AI services to synthesize, aggregate, and analyze publicly available information at scale. This may include identifying individuals or organizations to target, researching organizational structures and personnel, identifying technologies used by target organizations, researching business relationships to develop plausible pretexts for [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684) approaches, identifying contact information for use in [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), or gathering derogatory or sensitive information about individuals that may be used for extortion or coercion.(Citation: MSFT-AI)(Citation: GTIG AI Threat Tracker) Information gathered through AI services may be leveraged for other behaviors, such as establishing operational resources (i.e., [Generate Content](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1683) or [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585). For obtaining access to AI tools and services, see [Artificial Intelligence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007).
Near-miss passage: T1592.003 Firmware. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host firmware that can be used during targeting. Information about host firmware may include a variety of details such as type and versions on specific hosts, which may be used to infer more information about hosts in the environment (ex: configuration, purpose, age/patch level, etc.). Adversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about host firmware may only be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices).(Citation: ArsTechnica Intel) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).
Query: risk of The Layer 4 Redirect (L4R) feature in Cisco IOS XE 2.x and 3.x before 3.10.4S, 3.11 before 3.11.3S, 3.12 before 3.12.2S, 3.13 before 3.13.1S, 3.14 before 3.14.0S, and 3.15 before 3
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0645. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The Layer 4 Redirect (L4R) feature in Cisco IOS XE 2.x and 3.x before 3.10.4S, 3.11 before 3.11.3S, 3.12 before 3.12.2S, 3.13 before 3.13.1S, 3.14 before 3.14.0S, and 3.15 before 3.15.0S allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (device reload) via malformed (1) IPv4 or (2) IPv6 packets, aka Bug ID CSCuq59131.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6849. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. EMC NetWorker before 8.0.4.5, 8.1.x before 8.1.3.6, 8.2.x before 8.2.2.2, and 9.0 before build 407 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (process outage) via malformed RPC authentication messages.
Query: detect Detects when an attacker adds a new "DLLPathOverride" value to the "Natural Language" key in order to achieve persistenc in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when an attacker adds a new "DLLPathOverride" value to the "Natural Language" key in order to achieve persistenc. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: Potential Persistence Via DLLPathOverride id: a1b1fd53-9c4a-444c-bae0-34a330fc7aa8 status: test description: Detects when an attacker adds a new "DLLPathOverride" value to the "Natural Language" key in order to achieve persistence which will get invoked by "SearchIndexer.exe" process references: - https://persistence-info.github.io/Data/naturallanguage6.html - https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2018/12/30/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-98/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-07-21 modified: 2023-08-17 tags: - attack.persistence logsource: category: registry_set product: windows detection: selection_root: TargetObject|contains: \SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\ContentIndex\Language\ selection_values: TargetObject|contains: - \StemmerDLLPathOverride - \WBDLLPathOverride - \StemmerClass - \WBreakerClass condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detect usage of the "driverquery" utility to perform reconnaissance on installed drivers. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Recon Activity Using DriverQuery.EXE id: 9fc3072c-dc8f-4bf7-b231-18950000fadd related: - id: a20def93-0709-4eae-9bd2-31206e21e6b2 type: similar status: test description: Detect usage of the "driverquery" utility to perform reconnaissance on installed drivers references: - https://thedfirreport.com/2023/01/09/unwrapping-ursnifs-gifts/ - https://www.vmray.com/cyber-security-blog/analyzing-ursnif-behavior-malware-sandbox/ - https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/01/saigon-mysterious-ursnif-fork.html author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-01-19 modified: 2023-09-29 tags: - attack.discovery logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: driverquery.exe - OriginalFileName: drvqry.exe selection_parent: - ParentImage|endswith: - \cscript.exe - \mshta.exe - \regsvr32.exe - \rundll32.exe - \wscript.exe - ParentImage|contains: - \AppData\Local\ - \Users\Public\ - \Windows\Temp\ condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Legitimate usage by some scripts might trigger this as well level: high regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_driverquery_recon/info.yml
Query: detection rule: Detects PowerShell scripts to set the ACL to a file in the Windows folder
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects PowerShell scripts to set the ACL to a file in the Windows folder. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: PowerShell Set-Acl On Windows Folder id: 0944e002-e3f6-4eb5-bf69-3a3067b53d73 related: - id: cae80281-ef23-44c5-873b-fd48d2666f49 type: derived - id: bdeb2cff-af74-4094-8426-724dc937f20a type: derived - id: 3bf1d859-3a7e-44cb-8809-a99e066d3478 type: derived status: test description: Detects PowerShell scripts to set the ACL to a file in the Windows folder references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.security/set-acl?view=powershell-5.1 - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/74438b0237d141ee9c99747976447dc884cb1a39/atomics/T1505.005/T1505.005.md author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-10-18 tags: - attack.stealth logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - OriginalFileName: - PowerShell.EXE - pwsh.dll - Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe selection_cmdlet: CommandLine|contains|all: - 'Set-Acl ' - '-AclObject ' selection_paths: CommandLine|contains: - -Path "C:\Windows - -Path 'C:\Windows - -Path %windir% - -Path $env:windir selection_permissions: CommandLine|contains: - FullControl - Allow condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects a core dump of a crashing Nginx worker process, which could be a signal of a serious problem or exploitation att. Logsource: nginx. Rule: title: Nginx Core Dump id: 59ec40bb-322e-40ab-808d-84fa690d7e56 status: test description: Detects a core dump of a crashing Nginx worker process, which could be a signal of a serious problem or exploitation attempts. references: - https://docs.nginx.com/nginx/admin-guide/monitoring/debugging/#enabling-core-dumps - https://www.x41-dsec.de/lab/advisories/x41-2021-002-nginx-resolver-copy/ author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2021-05-31 modified: 2023-05-08 tags: - attack.impact - attack.t1499.004 logsource: service: nginx detection: keywords: - exited on signal 6 (core dumped) condition: keywords falsepositives: - Serious issues with a configuration or plugin level: high
Query: risk of Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Mover module 6.x-1.0 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users with certain permissions to inject arbitrary web script or HTML vi
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4366. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Mover module 6.x-1.0 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users with certain permissions to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3429. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in example.html in Genericons before 3.3.1, as used in WordPress before 4.2.2, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a fragment identifier.
Query: describe CVE-2015-1077
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1077. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple Safari before 6.2.4, 7.x before 7.1.4, and 8.x before 8.0.4, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-03-17-1.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0099. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 10 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
Query: Suspicious System Script Proxy Execution execution detected on endpoint
Matching passage: T1216 System Script Proxy Execution. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use trusted scripts, often signed with certificates, to proxy the execution of malicious files. Several Microsoft signed scripts that have been downloaded from Microsoft or are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files.(Citation: LOLBAS Project) This behavior may be abused by adversaries to execute malicious files that could bypass application control and signature validation on systems.(Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List)
Near-miss passage: T1216.002 SyncAppvPublishingServer. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may abuse SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs to proxy execution of malicious [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands. SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs is a Visual Basic script associated with how Windows virtualizes applications (Microsoft Application Virtualization, or App-V).(Citation: 1 - appv) For example, Windows may render Win32 applications to users as virtual applications, allowing users to launch and interact with them as if they were installed locally.(Citation: 2 - appv)(Citation: 3 - appv) The SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs script is legitimate, may be signed by Microsoft, and is commonly executed from `\System32` through the command line via `wscript.exe`.(Citation: 4 - appv)(Citation: 5 - appv) Adversaries may abuse SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs to bypass [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) execution restrictions and evade defensive counter measures by "living off the land."(Citation: 6 - appv)(Citation: 4 - appv) Proxying execution may function as a trusted/signed alternative to directly invoking `powershell.exe`.(Citation: 7 - appv) For example, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands may be invoked using:(Citation: 5 - appv) `SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs "n; {PowerShell}"`
Query: risk of redhat-support-plugin-rhev in Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager (aka RHEV Manager) before 3.6 allows remote authenticated users with the SuperUser role on any Entity to exe
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7544. CWE: CWE-74. CVSS: 9.100000381469727. redhat-support-plugin-rhev in Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Manager (aka RHEV Manager) before 3.6 allows remote authenticated users with the SuperUser role on any Entity to execute arbitrary commands on any host in the RHEV environment.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0931. CWE: CWE-74. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Ektron Content Management System (CMS) 8.5 and 8.7 before 8.7sp2 and 9.0 before sp1, when the Saxon XSLT parser is used, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted XSLT document, related to a "resource injection" issue.
Query: risk of The chunked transfer coding implementation in the Apache HTTP Server before 2.4.14 does not properly parse chunk headers, which allows remote attackers to conduct HTTP request smug
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3183. CWE: CWE-17. CVSS: 5.0. The chunked transfer coding implementation in the Apache HTTP Server before 2.4.14 does not properly parse chunk headers, which allows remote attackers to conduct HTTP request smuggling attacks via a crafted request, related to mishandling of large chunk-size values and invalid chunk-extension characters in modules/http/http_filters.c.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5369. CWE: CWE-17. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Pulse Connect Secure (aka PCS and formerly Juniper PCS) PSC6000, PCS6500, and MAG PSC360 8.1 before 8.1r5, 8.0 before 8.0r13, 7.4 before 7.4r13.5, and 7.1 before 7.1r22.2 and PPS 5.1 before 5.1R5 and 5.0 before 5.0R13, when Hardware Acceleration is enabled, does not properly validate the Finished TLS handshake message, which makes it easier for remote attackers to conduct man-in-the-middle attacks via a crafted Finished message.
Query: containment actions for Outbound C2 pattern associated with Keychain
Matching passage: Playbook for T1555.001 Keychain. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1555.001. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: credential access. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may acquire credentials from Keychain. Keychain (or Keychain Services) is the macOS credential management system that stores account names, passwords, private keys, certificates, sensitive application data, payment data, and secure notes. There are three types of Keychains: Login Keychain, System Keychain, and Local Items (iCloud) Keychain. The default Keychain is the Login Keychain, w
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1555.004 Windows Credential Manager. Different response path focused on credential access.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-3147
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3147. CWE: CWE-59. CVSS: 6.5. daemon/abrt-handle-upload.in in Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (ABRT), when moving problem reports from /var/spool/abrt-upload, allows local users to write to arbitrary files or possibly have other unspecified impact via a symlink attack on (1) /var/spool/abrt or (2) /var/tmp/abrt.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1335. CWE: CWE-59. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. lxc-start in lxc before 1.0.8 and 1.1.x before 1.1.4 allows local container administrators to escape AppArmor confinement via a symlink attack on a (1) mount target or (2) bind mount source.
Query: risk of Heap-based buffer overflow in the Avast virtualization driver (aswSnx.sys) in Avast Internet Security, Pro Antivirus, Premier, and Free Antivirus before 11.1.2253 allows local user
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8620. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Heap-based buffer overflow in the Avast virtualization driver (aswSnx.sys) in Avast Internet Security, Pro Antivirus, Premier, and Free Antivirus before 11.1.2253 allows local users to gain privileges via a Unicode file path in an IOCTL request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3052. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.14 and 11.x before 11.0.11 on Windows and OS X allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2014-9161, CVE-2015-3046, CVE-2015-3049, CVE-2015-3050, CVE-2015-3051, CVE-2015-3056, CVE-2015-3057, CVE-2015-3070, and CVE-2015-3076.
Query: describe CVE-2015-0509
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0509. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Hyperion BI+ component in Oracle Hyperion 11.1.2.2 and 11.1.2.3 allows remote attackers to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Reporting and Analysis.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8650. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.324 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.267 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.559 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.233, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.233, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.233 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8634, CVE-2015-8635, CVE-2015-8638, CVE-2015-8639, CVE-2015-8640, CVE-2015-8641, CVE-2015-8642, CVE-2015-8643, CVE-2015-8646, CVE-2015-8647, CVE-2015-8648, and CVE-2015-8649.
Query: vulnerability: Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 and 9 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explore
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6147. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 and 9 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6149.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5785. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Apple QuickTime before 7.7.8 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5786.
Query: vulnerability: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in GE Multilink ML810/3000/3100 series switch 5.2.0 and earlier, and GE Multilink ML800/1200/1600/2400 4.2.1 and earlier.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3976. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in GE Multilink ML810/3000/3100 series switch 5.2.0 and earlier, and GE Multilink ML800/1200/1600/2400 4.2.1 and earlier.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0696. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the login page in Cisco TC Software before 7.1.0 on Cisco TelePresence Collaboration Desk and Room Endpoints devices allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors, aka Bug ID CSCuq94977.
Query: exploit Cisco Mobility Services Engine (MSE) through 8.0.120.7 uses weak permissions for unspecified binary files, which allows local users to obtain root privileges by writing to a file, 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4282. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Cisco Mobility Services Engine (MSE) through 8.0.120.7 uses weak permissions for unspecified binary files, which allows local users to obtain root privileges by writing to a file, aka Bug ID CSCuv40504.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9012. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. An elevation of privilege vulnerability in Qualcomm closed source components. Product: Android. Versions: Android kernel. Android ID: A-36384691.
Query: risk of The ljpeg_decode_yuv_scan function in libavcodec/mjpegdec.c in FFmpeg before 2.8.2 omits certain width and height checks, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8216. CWE: CWE-17. CVSS: 7.5. The ljpeg_decode_yuv_scan function in libavcodec/mjpegdec.c in FFmpeg before 2.8.2 omits certain width and height checks, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds array access) or possibly have unspecified other impact via crafted MJPEG data.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7045. CWE: CWE-17. CVSS: 5.0. Keychain Access in Apple OS X before 10.11.2 and tvOS before 9.1 improperly interacts with Keychain Agent, which allows attackers to spoof the Keychain Server via unspecified vectors.
Query: vulnerability: The SSH implementation on IBM Security Access Manager for Web appliances 7.0 before 7.0.0 FP19, 8.0 before 8.0.1.3 IF3, and 9.0 before 9.0.0.0 IF1 does not properly restrict the se
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5012. CWE: CWE-310. CVSS: 7.5. The SSH implementation on IBM Security Access Manager for Web appliances 7.0 before 7.0.0 FP19, 8.0 before 8.0.1.3 IF3, and 9.0 before 9.0.0.0 IF1 does not properly restrict the set of MAC algorithms, which makes it easier for remote attackers to defeat cryptographic protection mechanisms via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3903. CWE: CWE-310. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. libraries/Config.class.php in phpMyAdmin 4.0.x before 4.0.10.10, 4.2.x before 4.2.13.3, 4.3.x before 4.3.13.1, and 4.4.x before 4.4.6.1 disables X.509 certificate verification for GitHub API calls over SSL, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.