alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: privilege escalation using Trap
Matching passage: T1546.005 Trap. Tactics: privilege escalation, persistence. Description: Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by an interrupt signal. The <code>trap</code> command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common keyboard interrupts like <code>ctrl+c</code> and <code>ctrl+d</code>. Adversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format <code>trap 'command list' signals</code> where "command list" will be executed when "signals" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)
Near-miss passage: T1546 Event Triggered Execution. Tactics: privilege escalation, persistence. Description: Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Various operating systems have means to monitor and subscribe to events such as logons or other user activity such as running specific applications/binaries. Cloud environments may also support various functions and services that monitor and can be invoked in response to specific cloud events.(Citation: Backdooring an AWS account)(Citation: Varonis Power Automate Data Exfiltration)(Citation: Microsoft DART Case Report 001) Adversaries may abuse these mechanisms as a means of maintaining persistent access to a victim via repeatedly executing malicious code. After gaining access to a victim system, adversaries may create/modify event triggers to point to malicious content that will be executed whenever the event trigger is invoked.(Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)(Citation: amnesia malware) Since the execution can be proxied by an account with higher permissions, such as SYSTEM or service accounts, an adversary may be able to abuse these triggered execution mechanisms to escalate their privileges.
Query: write Sigma for Detects Obfuscated Powershell via COMPRESS OBFUSCATION
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via COMPRESS OBFUSCATION. Logsource: windows / system. Rule: title: Invoke-Obfuscation COMPRESS OBFUSCATION - System id: 175997c5-803c-4b08-8bb0-70b099f47595 status: test description: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via COMPRESS OBFUSCATION references: - https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/issues/1009 author: Timur Zinniatullin, oscd.community date: 2020-10-18 modified: 2022-11-29 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows service: system detection: selection: Provider_Name: Service Control Manager EventID: 7045 ImagePath|contains|all: - new-object - text.encoding]::ascii - readtoend ImagePath|contains: - :system.io.compression.deflatestream - system.io.streamreader condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects PowerShell downgrade attack by comparing the host versions with the actually used engine version 2.0. Logsource: windows / ps_classic_start. Rule: title: PowerShell Downgrade Attack - PowerShell id: 6331d09b-4785-4c13-980f-f96661356249 status: test description: Detects PowerShell downgrade attack by comparing the host versions with the actually used engine version 2.0 references: - http://www.leeholmes.com/blog/2017/03/17/detecting-and-preventing-powershell-downgrade-attacks/ author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), Lee Holmes (idea), Harish Segar (improvements) date: 2017-03-22 modified: 2023-10-27 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: ps_classic_start detection: selection: Data|contains: EngineVersion=2. filter_main: Data|contains: HostVersion=2. condition: selection and not filter_main falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0337
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0337. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 5.0. Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.277 and 14.x through 17.x before 17.0.0.134 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.451 on Linux allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8754. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.5. The Mollom module 6.x-2.7 before 6.x-2.15 for Drupal allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and modify the mollom blacklist via unspecified vectors.
Query: describe CVE-2015-2477
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2477. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Office 2007 SP3, Office for Mac 2011, Office for Mac 2016, and Word Viewer allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted document, aka "Microsoft Office Memory Corruption Vulnerability."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3192. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 5.5. Pivotal Spring Framework before 3.2.14 and 4.x before 4.1.7 do not properly process inline DTD declarations when DTD is not entirely disabled, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption and out-of-memory errors) via a crafted XML file.
Query: common weakness: Non-SQL Invokable Control Element with Excessive Number of Data Resource Accesses
Matching passage: CWE-1073 Non-SQL Invokable Control Element with Excessive Number of Data Resource Accesses. The product contains a client with a function or method that contains a large number of data accesses/queries that are sent through a data manager, i.e., does not use efficient database capabilities.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1267 Policy Uses Obsolete Encoding. The product uses an obsolete encoding mechanism to implement access controls.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-3160
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3160. CWE: CWE-611. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. XML external entity (XXE) vulnerability in bkr/server/jobs.py in Beaker before 20.1 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information via submitting job XML to the server containing entity references which reference files from the Beaker server's file system.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7968. CWE: CWE-611. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. nwbc_ext2int in SAP NetWeaver Application Server before Security Note 2183189 allows XXE attacks for local file inclusion via the sap/bc/ui2/nwbc/nwbc_ext2int/ URI.
Query: vulnerability: Unspecified vulnerability in HP Capture and Route Software (HPCR) 1.3 before Patch 7, 1.3 FP1 before Patch 1, and 1.4 before Patch 1 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sen
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2115. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 2.700000047683716. Unspecified vulnerability in HP Capture and Route Software (HPCR) 1.3 before Patch 7, 1.3 FP1 before Patch 1, and 1.4 before Patch 1 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4876. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools component in Oracle PeopleSoft Products 8.53 and 8.54 allows remote authenticated users to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Pivot Grid.
Query: containment actions for Encoded PowerShell / command-line abuse matching Network Security Appliances
Matching passage: Playbook for T1590.006 Network Security Appliances. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1590.006. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: reconnaissance. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network security appliances that can be used during targeting. Information about network security appliances may include a variety of details, such as the existence and specifics of deployed firewalls, content filters, and proxies/bastion hosts. Adversaries may also target information about victim network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1590.004 Network Topology. Different response path focused on reconnaissance.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7645
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7645. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Adobe Flash Player 18.x through 18.0.0.252 and 19.x through 19.0.0.207 on Windows and OS X and 11.x through 11.2.202.535 on Linux allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted SWF file, as exploited in the wild in October 2015.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2664. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 6u95, 7u80, and 8u45 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors related to Deployment.
Query: Outbound C2 pattern associated with Launch Agent
Matching passage: T1543.001 Launch Agent. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may create or modify launch agents to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When a user logs in, a per-user launchd process is started which loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand user agent from the property list (.plist) file found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, <code>/Library/LaunchAgents</code>, and <code>~/Library/LaunchAgents</code>.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware) Property list files use the <code>Label</code>, <code>ProgramArguments </code>, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> keys to identify the Launch Agent's name, executable location, and execution time.(Citation: OSX.Dok Malware) Launch Agents are often installed to perform updates to programs, launch user specified programs at login, or to conduct other developer tasks. Launch Agents can also be executed using the [Launchctl](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001) command. Adversaries may install a new Launch Agent that executes at login by placing a .plist file into the appropriate folders with the <code>RunAtLoad</code> or <code>KeepAlive</code> keys set to <code>true</code>.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) The Launch Agent name may be disguised by using a name from the related operating system or benign software. Launch Agents are created with user level privileges and execute with user level permissions.(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)(Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)
Near-miss passage: T1543 Create or Modify System Process. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may create or modify system-level processes to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When operating systems boot up, they can start processes that perform background system functions. On Windows and Linux, these system processes are referred to as services.(Citation: TechNet Services) On macOS, launchd processes known as [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) are run to finish system initialization and load user specific parameters.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons) Adversaries may install new services, daemons, or agents that can be configured to execute at startup or a repeatable interval in order to establish persistence. Similarly, adversaries may modify existing services, daemons, or agents to achieve the same effect. Services, daemons, or agents may be created with administrator privileges but executed under root/SYSTEM privileges. Adversaries may leverage this functionality to create or modify system processes in order to escalate privileges.(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)
Query: describe CVE-2015-0698
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0698. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in filter search forms in admin web pages on Cisco Web Security Appliance (WSA) devices with software 8.5.0-497 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL, aka Bug ID CSCut39213.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2244. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Webshop hun 1.062S allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) param, (2) center, (3) lap, (4) termid, or (5) nyelv_id parameter to index.php.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7008
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7008. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. FontParser in Apple iOS before 9.1 and OS X before 10.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6976, CVE-2015-6977, CVE-2015-6978, CVE-2015-6990, CVE-2015-6991, CVE-2015-6993, CVE-2015-7009, CVE-2015-7010, and CVE-2015-7018.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3724. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. CoreGraphics in Apple iOS before 8.4 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted ICC profile in a PDF document, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3723.
Query: Outbound C2 pattern associated with Exfiltration Over C2 Channel
Matching passage: T1041 Exfiltration Over C2 Channel. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.
Near-miss passage: T1048.001 Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a symmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. Symmetric encryption algorithms are those that use shared or the same keys/secrets on each end of the channel. This requires an exchange or pre-arranged agreement/possession of the value used to encrypt and decrypt data. Network protocols that use asymmetric encryption often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged, but adversaries may opt to manually share keys and implement symmetric cryptographic algorithms (ex: RC4, AES) vice using mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. This may result in multiple layers of encryption (in protocols that are natively encrypted such as HTTPS) or encryption in protocols that not typically encrypted (such as HTTP or FTP).
Query: what is T1620
Matching passage: T1620 Reflective Code Loading. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may reflectively load code into a process in order to conceal the execution of malicious payloads. Reflective loading involves allocating then executing payloads directly within the memory of the process, vice creating a thread or process backed by a file path on disk (e.g., [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)). Reflectively loaded payloads may be compiled binaries, anonymous files (only present in RAM), or just snubs of fileless executable code (ex: position-independent shellcode).(Citation: Introducing Donut)(Citation: S1 Custom Shellcode Tool)(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL) For example, the `Assembly.Load()` method executed by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) may be abused to load raw code into the running process.(Citation: Microsoft AssemblyLoad) Reflective code injection is very similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) except that the “injection” loads code into the processes’ own memory instead of that of a separate process. Reflective loading may evade process-based detections since the execution of the arbitrary code may be masked within a legitimate or otherwise benign process. Reflectively loading payloads directly into memory may also avoid creating files or other artifacts on disk, while also enabling malware to keep these payloads encrypted (or otherwise obfuscated) until execution.(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Intezer ACBackdoor)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)
Near-miss passage: T1027.002 Software Packing. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may perform software packing or virtual machine software protection to conceal their code. Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory. Virtual machine software protection translates an executable's original code into a special format that only a special virtual machine can run. A virtual machine is then called to run this code.(Citation: ESET FinFisher Jan 2018) Utilities used to perform software packing are called packers. Example packers are MPRESS and UPX. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.(Citation: Awesome Executable Packing)
Query: risk of Yubico ykneo-openpgp before 1.0.10 has a typo in which an invalid PIN can be used. When first powered up, a signature will be issued even though the PIN has not been validated.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3298. CWE: CWE-347. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Yubico ykneo-openpgp before 1.0.10 has a typo in which an invalid PIN can be used. When first powered up, a signature will be issued even though the PIN has not been validated.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7336. CWE: CWE-347. CVSS: 7.5. MITRE is populating this ID because it was assigned prior to Lenovo becoming a CNA. A vulnerability was reported (fixed and publicly disclosed in 2015) in Lenovo System Update version 5.07.0008 and prior that could allow the signature check of an update to be bypassed.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7368
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7368. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. Revive Adserver before 3.2.2 does not send the appropriate Cache-Control HTTP headers in responses for admin UI pages, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information via the web browser cache.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5832. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The iTunes Store component in Apple iOS before 9 does not properly delete AppleID credentials from the keychain upon a signout action, which might allow physically proximate attackers to obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors.
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Compile After Delivery
Matching passage: T1027.004 Compile After Delivery. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to make payloads difficult to discover and analyze by delivering files to victims as uncompiled code. Text-based source code files may subvert analysis and scrutiny from protections targeting executables/binaries. These payloads will need to be compiled before execution; typically via native utilities such as ilasm.exe(Citation: ATTACK IQ), csc.exe, or GCC/MinGW.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018) Source code payloads may also be encrypted, encoded, and/or embedded within other files, such as those delivered as a [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Payloads may also be delivered in formats unrecognizable and inherently benign to the native OS (ex: EXEs on macOS/Linux) before later being (re)compiled into a proper executable binary with a bundled compiler and execution framework.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac)
Near-miss passage: T1027.008 Stripped Payloads. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to make a payload difficult to analyze by removing symbols, strings, and other human readable information. Scripts and executables may contain variables names and other strings that help developers document code functionality. Symbols are often created by an operating system’s `linker` when executable payloads are compiled. Reverse engineers use these symbols and strings to analyze code and to identify functionality in payloads.(Citation: Mandiant golang stripped binaries explanation)(Citation: intezer stripped binaries elf files 2018) Adversaries may use stripped payloads in order to make malware analysis more difficult. For example, compilers and other tools may provide features to remove or obfuscate strings and symbols. Adversaries have also used stripped payload formats, such as run-only AppleScripts, a compiled and stripped version of [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), to evade detection and analysis. The lack of human-readable information may directly hinder detection and analysis of payloads.(Citation: SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021)
Query: detection rule: Detects a potentially suspicious powershell script executions from temporary folder
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects a potentially suspicious powershell script executions from temporary folder. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potentially Suspicious Powershell Script Execution From Temp Folder id: a6a39bdb-935c-4f0a-ab77-35f4bbf44d33 status: test description: Detects a potentially suspicious powershell script executions from temporary folder references: - https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/13/microsoft-discovers-threat-actor-targeting-solarwinds-serv-u-software-with-0-day-exploit/ author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), Max Altgelt (Nextron Systems), Tim Shelton date: 2021-07-14 modified: 2026-02-17 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe CommandLine|contains: - \Windows\Temp - \Temporary Internet - \AppData\Local\Temp - \AppData\Roaming\Temp - '%TEMP%' - '%TMP%' - '%LocalAppData%\Temp' filter_optional_vscode: CommandLine|contains: -WindowStyle hidden -Verb runAs filter_optional_amazon_ec2: CommandLine|contains: \Windows\system32\config\systemprofile\AppData\Local\Temp\Amazon\EC2-Windows\ filter_optional_generic: CommandLine|contains: - ' >' - Out-File - ConvertTo-Json filter_optional_chocolatey_installer: ParentImage: - C:\Windows\System32\Msiexec.exe - C:\Windows\SysWOW64\Msiexec.exe Image|endswith: \powershell.exe CommandLine|contains|all: - -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command - AppData\Local\Temp\ - Install-Chocolatey.ps1 condition: selection and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Administrative scripts level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects when a process tries to access the memory of svchost to potentially dump credentials.. Logsource: windows / process_access. Rule: title: Credential Dumping Attempt Via Svchost id: 174afcfa-6e40-4ae9-af64-496546389294 status: test description: Detects when a process tries to access the memory of svchost to potentially dump credentials. references: - Internal Research author: Florent Labouyrie date: 2021-04-30 modified: 2022-10-09 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.t1548 logsource: product: windows category: process_access detection: selection: TargetImage|endswith: \svchost.exe GrantedAccess: '0x143a' filter_main_known_processes: SourceImage|endswith: - \services.exe - \msiexec.exe condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high