alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: adversary uses Browser Session Hijacking
Matching passage: T1185 Browser Session Hijacking. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may take advantage of security vulnerabilities and inherent functionality in browser software to change content, modify user-behaviors, and intercept information as part of various browser session hijacking techniques.(Citation: Wikipedia Man in the Browser) A specific example is when an adversary injects software into a browser that allows them to inherit cookies, HTTP sessions, and SSL client certificates of a user then use the browser as a way to pivot into an authenticated intranet.(Citation: Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions) Executing browser-based behaviors such as pivoting may require specific process permissions, such as <code>SeDebugPrivilege</code> and/or high-integrity/administrator rights. Another example involves pivoting browser traffic from the adversary's browser through the user's browser by setting up a proxy which will redirect web traffic. This does not alter the user's traffic in any way, and the proxy connection can be severed as soon as the browser is closed. The adversary assumes the security context of whichever browser process the proxy is injected into. Browsers typically create a new process for each tab that is opened and permissions and certificates are separated accordingly. With these permissions, an adversary could potentially browse to any resource on an intranet, such as [Sharepoint](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002) or webmail, that is accessible through the browser and which the browser has sufficient permissions. Browser pivoting may also bypass security provided by 2-factor authentication.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)
Near-miss passage: T1213.003 Code Repositories. Tactics: collection. Description: Adversaries may leverage code repositories to collect valuable information. Code repositories are tools/services that store source code and automate software builds. They may be hosted internally or privately on third party sites such as Github, GitLab, SourceForge, and BitBucket. Users typically interact with code repositories through a web application or command-line utilities such as git. Once adversaries gain access to a victim network or a private code repository, they may collect sensitive information such as proprietary source code or [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552) contained within software's source code. Having access to software's source code may allow adversaries to develop [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004), while credentials may provide access to additional resources using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: Wired Uber Breach)(Citation: Krebs Adobe) **Note:** This is distinct from [Code Repositories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/003), which focuses on conducting [Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043) via public code repositories.
Query: vulnerability: The xmlreader in libxml allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via crafted XML data, related to an XML Entity Expansion (XEE) attack.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1819. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 5.0. The xmlreader in libxml allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via crafted XML data, related to an XML Entity Expansion (XEE) attack.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1626. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0056 and CVE-2015-1623.
Query: indicators of System Language Discovery
Matching passage: T1614.001 System Language Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to gather information about the system language of a victim in order to infer the geographical location of that host. This information may be used to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether the adversary infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. This decision may be employed by malware developers and operators to reduce their risk of attracting the attention of specific law enforcement agencies or prosecution/scrutiny from other entities.(Citation: Malware System Language Check) There are various sources of data an adversary could use to infer system language, such as system defaults and keyboard layouts. Specific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) and calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019) For example, on a Windows system adversaries may attempt to infer the language of a system by querying the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Nls\Language</code> or parsing the outputs of Windows API functions <code>GetUserDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetSystemDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetKeyboardLayoutList</code> and <code>GetUserDefaultLangID</code>.(Citation: Darkside Ransomware Cybereason)(Citation: Securelist JSWorm)(Citation: SecureList SynAck Doppelgänging May 2018) On a macOS or Linux system, adversaries may query <code>locale</code> to retrieve the value of the <code>$LANG</code> environment variable.
Near-miss passage: T1614 System Location Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. Adversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)(Citation: Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020) Windows API functions such as <code>GetLocaleInfoW</code> can also be used to determine the locale of the host.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020) In cloud environments, an instance's availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Identity Documents)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021) Adversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.(Citation: Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)
Query: rule covering Detects execution of the "VMwareToolBoxCmd.exe" with the "script" and "set" flag to setup a specific script to run for a
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of the "VMwareToolBoxCmd.exe" with the "script" and "set" flag to setup a specific script to run for a. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Persistence Via VMwareToolBoxCmd.EXE VM State Change Script id: 7aa4e81a-a65c-4e10-9f81-b200eb229d7d related: - id: 236d8e89-ed95-4789-a982-36f4643738ba type: derived status: test description: Detects execution of the "VMwareToolBoxCmd.exe" with the "script" and "set" flag to setup a specific script to run for a specific VM state references: - https://bohops.com/2021/10/08/analyzing-and-detecting-a-vmtools-persistence-technique/ - https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2017/01/14/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-53/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-06-14 tags: - attack.execution - attack.persistence - attack.t1059 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \VMwareToolBoxCmd.exe - OriginalFileName: toolbox-cmd.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - ' script ' - ' set ' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious ways to run Invoke-Execution using IEX alias. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Suspicious PowerShell IEX Execution Patterns id: 09576804-7a05-458e-a817-eb718ca91f54 status: test description: Detects suspicious ways to run Invoke-Execution using IEX alias references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.utility/invoke-expression?view=powershell-7.2 - https://www.huntress.com/blog/slashandgrab-screen-connect-post-exploitation-in-the-wild-cve-2024-1709-cve-2024-1708 author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-03-24 modified: 2022-11-28 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_combined_1: Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe CommandLine|contains: - ' | iex;' - ' | iex ' - ' | iex}' - ' | IEX ;' - ' | IEX -Error' - ' | IEX (new' - ');IEX ' selection_combined_2: CommandLine|contains: - ::FromBase64String - '.GetString([System.Convert]::' selection_standalone: CommandLine|contains: - )|iex;$ - );iex($ - );iex $ - ' | IEX | ' - ' | iex\"' condition: all of selection_combined_* or selection_standalone falsepositives: - Legitimate scripts that use IEX level: high
Query: explain CWE-582
Matching passage: CWE-582 Array Declared Public, Final, and Static. The product declares an array public, final, and static, which is not sufficient to prevent the array's contents from being modified.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1075 Unconditional Control Flow Transfer outside of Switch Block. The product performs unconditional control transfer (such as a goto) in code outside of a branching structure such as a switch block.
Query: describe CVE-2015-6773
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6773. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. The convolution implementation in Skia, as used in Google Chrome before 47.0.2526.73, does not properly constrain row lengths, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access) or possibly have unspecified other impact via crafted graphics data.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1897. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Stack-based buffer overflow in the FastBackMount process in IBM Tivoli Storage Manager FastBack 6.1 before 6.1.11.1 allows local users to gain privileges via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1898.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0225
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0225. CWE: CWE-77. CVSS: 7.5. The default configuration in Apache Cassandra 1.2.0 through 1.2.19, 2.0.0 through 2.0.13, and 2.1.0 through 2.1.3 binds an unauthenticated JMX/RMI interface to all network interfaces, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code via an RMI request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1949. CWE: CWE-77. CVSS: 10.0. The server in IBM Tivoli Storage Manager FastBack 6.1 before 6.1.12 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands with SYSTEM privileges via unspecified vectors.
Query: vulnerability: Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle MySQL Server 5.6.21 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Pluggable Auth.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0385. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 3.5. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle MySQL Server 5.6.21 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Pluggable Auth.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4778. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.900000095367432. Unspecified vulnerability in the Data Store component in Oracle Berkeley DB 11.2.5.1.29, 11.2.5.2.42, 11.2.5.3.28, and 12.1.6.0.35 allows local users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2583, CVE-2015-2624, CVE-2015-2626, CVE-2015-2640, CVE-2015-2654, CVE-2015-2656, CVE-2015-4754, CVE-2015-4764, CVE-2015-4775, CVE-2015-4776, CVE-2015-4777, CVE-2015-4780, CVE-2015-4781, CVE-2015-4782, CVE-2015-4783, CVE-2015-4784, CVE-2015-4785, CVE-2015-4786, CVE-2015-4787, CVE-2015-4789, and CVE-2015-4790.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects when the password policy is enumerated.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when the password policy is enumerated.. Logsource: windows / security. Rule: title: Password Policy Enumerated id: 12ba6a38-adb3-4d6b-91ba-a7fb248e3199 status: test description: Detects when the password policy is enumerated. references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4661 - https://github.com/jpalanco/alienvault-ossim/blob/f74359c0c027e42560924b5cff25cdf121e5505a/os-sim/agent/src/ParserUtil.py#L951 author: Zach Mathis date: 2023-05-19 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1201 logsource: product: windows service: security definition: dfd8c0f4-e6ad-4e07-b91b-f2fca0ddef64 detection: selection: EventID: 4661 AccessList|contains: '%%5392' ObjectServer: Security Account Manager condition: selection level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of MemProcFS a memory forensics tool with the '-device' parameter. MemProcFS mounts physical memory as. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: PUA - Memory Dump Mount Via MemProcFS id: 8a1b2c3d-4e5f-6789-abcd-ef1234567890 status: experimental description: 'Detects execution of MemProcFS a memory forensics tool with the ''-device'' parameter. MemProcFS mounts physical memory as a virtual file system, allowing direct access to process memory and system structures. Threat actors were seen abusing this utility to mount memory dumps and then extract sensitive information from processes like LSASS or extract registry hives to obtain credentials, LSA secrets, SAM data, and cached domain credentials. MemProcFS usage that is not part of authorized forensic analysis should be treated as suspicious and warrants further investigation. ' references: - https://github.com/ufrisk/MemProcFS - https://0xdf.gitlab.io/2024/10/05/htb-freelancer.html# - https://www.huntress.com/blog/curling-for-data-a-dive-into-a-threat-actors-malicious-ttps author: Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel (Nextron Systems) date: 2026-04-27 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1003 - attack.t1003.001 - attack.t1003.004 - attack.t1003.002 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \MemProcFS.exe - OriginalFileName: MemProcFS.exe - Description: MemProcFS selection_cli: CommandLine|contains: -device condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Legitimate use during memory forensics; if not part of authorized analysis, warrants urgent investigation level: high regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_pua_memprocfs/info.yml
Query: vulnerability: 3S-Smart CODESYS Gateway Server before 2.3.9.48 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and daemon crash) via a crafted (1) GET or (2) POST r
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6484. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 5.0. 3S-Smart CODESYS Gateway Server before 2.3.9.48 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and daemon crash) via a crafted (1) GET or (2) POST request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5465. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Silicon Integrated Systems WindowsXP Display Manager (aka VGA Driver Manager and VGA Display Manager) 6.14.10.3930 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted (1) 0x96002400 or (2) 0x96002404 IOCTL call.
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Thread Local Storage
Matching passage: T1055.005 Thread Local Storage. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via thread local storage (TLS) callbacks in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. TLS callback injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. TLS callback injection involves manipulating pointers inside a portable executable (PE) to redirect a process to malicious code before reaching the code's legitimate entry point. TLS callbacks are normally used by the OS to setup and/or cleanup data used by threads. Manipulating TLS callbacks may be performed by allocating and writing to specific offsets within a process’ memory space using other [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) techniques such as [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012).(Citation: FireEye TLS Nov 2017) Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via TLS callback injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.
Near-miss passage: T1055.008 Ptrace System Calls. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via ptrace (process trace) system calls in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Ptrace system call injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Ptrace system call injection involves attaching to and modifying a running process. The ptrace system call enables a debugging process to observe and control another process (and each individual thread), including changing memory and register values.(Citation: PTRACE man) Ptrace system call injection is commonly performed by writing arbitrary code into a running process (ex: <code>malloc</code>) then invoking that memory with <code>PTRACE_SETREGS</code> to set the register containing the next instruction to execute. Ptrace system call injection can also be done with <code>PTRACE_POKETEXT</code>/<code>PTRACE_POKEDATA</code>, which copy data to a specific address in the target processes’ memory (ex: the current address of the next instruction). (Citation: PTRACE man)(Citation: Medium Ptrace JUL 2018) Ptrace system call injection may not be possible targeting processes that are non-child processes and/or have higher-privileges.(Citation: BH Linux Inject) Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via ptrace system call injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects Wscript/Cscript executing a file with an uncommon (i.e. non-script) extension
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects Wscript/Cscript executing a file with an uncommon (i.e. non-script) extension. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Cscript/Wscript Uncommon Script Extension Execution id: 99b7460d-c9f1-40d7-a316-1f36f61d52ee status: test description: Detects Wscript/Cscript executing a file with an uncommon (i.e. non-script) extension references: - Internal Research author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-05-15 modified: 2023-06-19 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.005 - attack.t1059.007 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - OriginalFileName: - wscript.exe - cscript.exe - Image|endswith: - \wscript.exe - \cscript.exe selection_extension: CommandLine|contains: - .csv - .dat - .doc - .gif - .jpeg - .jpg - .png - .ppt - .txt - .xls - .xml condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects extraction of files with usage of steghide binary, the adversaries may use this technique to prevent the detecti. Logsource: linux / auditd. Rule: title: Steganography Extract Files with Steghide id: a5a827d9-1bbe-4952-9293-c59d897eb41b status: test description: Detects extraction of files with usage of steghide binary, the adversaries may use this technique to prevent the detection of hidden information. references: - https://vitux.com/how-to-hide-confidential-files-in-images-on-debian-using-steganography/ author: Pawel Mazur date: 2021-09-11 modified: 2022-10-09 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027.003 logsource: product: linux service: auditd detection: selection: type: EXECVE a0: steghide a1: extract a2: -sf a3|endswith: - .jpg - .png condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: low
Query: describe CVE-2015-8953
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8953. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 5.5. fs/overlayfs/copy_up.c in the Linux kernel before 4.2.6 uses an incorrect cleanup code path, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (dentry reference leak) via filesystem operations on a large file in a lower overlayfs layer.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1070. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple Safari before 6.2.4, 7.x before 7.1.4, and 8.x before 8.0.4, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-03-17-1.
Query: threat report mentioning Symmetric Cryptography
Matching passage: T1573.001 Symmetric Cryptography. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, and RC4.
Near-miss passage: T1573.002 Asymmetric Cryptography. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private. Due to how the keys are generated, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA and ElGamal. For efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).
Query: describe CVE-2015-5065
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5065. CWE: CWE-22. CVSS: 5.0. Absolute path traversal vulnerability in proxy.php in the google currency lookup in the Paypal Currency Converter Basic For WooCommerce plugin before 1.4 for WordPress allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a full pathname in the requrl parameter.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3301. CWE: CWE-22. CVSS: 4.0. Directory traversal vulnerability in the TheCartPress eCommerce Shopping Cart (aka The Professional WordPress eCommerce Plugin) plugin for WordPress before 1.3.9.3 allows remote administrators to read arbitrary files via a .. (dot dot) in the tcp_box_path parameter in the checkout_editor_settings page to wp-admin/admin.php.