alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: what is T1110.002
Matching passage: T1110.002 Password Cracking. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may use password cracking to attempt to recover usable credentials, such as plaintext passwords, when credential material such as password hashes are obtained. [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) can be used to obtain password hashes, this may only get an adversary so far when [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002) is not an option. Further, adversaries may leverage [Data from Configuration Repository](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602) in order to obtain hashed credentials for network devices.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) Techniques to systematically guess the passwords used to compute hashes are available, or the adversary may use a pre-computed rainbow table to crack hashes. Cracking hashes is usually done on adversary-controlled systems outside of the target network.(Citation: Wikipedia Password cracking) The resulting plaintext password resulting from a successfully cracked hash may be used to log into systems, resources, and services in which the account has access.
Near-miss passage: T1110 Brute Force. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained.(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020) Without knowledge of the password for an account or set of accounts, an adversary may systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism.(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018) Brute forcing passwords can take place via interaction with a service that will check the validity of those credentials or offline against previously acquired credential data, such as password hashes. Brute forcing credentials may take place at various points during a breach. For example, adversaries may attempt to brute force access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) within a victim environment leveraging knowledge gathered from other post-compromise behaviors such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), or [Password Policy Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201). Adversaries may also combine brute forcing activity with behaviors such as [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) as part of Initial Access. If an adversary guesses the correct password but fails to login to a compromised account due to location-based conditional access policies, they may change their infrastructure until they match the victim’s location and therefore bypass those policies.(Citation: ReliaQuest Health Care Social Engineering Campaign 2024)
Query: Sigma YAML for windows / process_creation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the use of TruffleSnout.exe an iterative AD discovery toolkit for offensive operators, situational awareness and. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: HackTool - TruffleSnout Execution id: 69ca006d-b9a9-47f5-80ff-ecd4d25d481a status: test description: Detects the use of TruffleSnout.exe an iterative AD discovery toolkit for offensive operators, situational awareness and targeted low noise enumeration. references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/40b77d63808dd4f4eafb83949805636735a1fd15/atomics/T1482/T1482.md - https://github.com/dsnezhkov/TruffleSnout - https://github.com/dsnezhkov/TruffleSnout/blob/7c2f22e246ef704bc96c396f66fa854e9ca742b9/TruffleSnout/Docs/USAGE.md author: frack113 date: 2022-08-20 modified: 2023-02-13 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1482 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: - OriginalFileName: TruffleSnout.exe - Image|endswith: \TruffleSnout.exe condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects well-known credential dumping tools execution via specific named pipe creation. Logsource: windows / pipe_created. Rule: title: HackTool - Credential Dumping Tools Named Pipe Created id: 961d0ba2-3eea-4303-a930-2cf78bbfcc5e status: test description: Detects well-known credential dumping tools execution via specific named pipe creation references: - https://www.slideshare.net/heirhabarov/hunting-for-credentials-dumping-in-windows-environment - https://image.slidesharecdn.com/zeronights2017kheirkhabarov-171118103000/75/hunting-for-credentials-dumping-in-windows-environment-57-2048.jpg?cb=1666035799 author: Teymur Kheirkhabarov, oscd.community date: 2019-11-01 modified: 2023-08-07 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1003.001 - attack.t1003.002 - attack.t1003.004 - attack.t1003.005 logsource: product: windows category: pipe_created definition: Note that you have to configure logging for Named Pipe Events in Sysmon config (Event ID 17 and Event ID 18). The basic configuration is in popular sysmon configuration (https://github.com/SwiftOnSecurity/sysmon-config), but it is worth verifying. You can also use other repo, e.g. https://github.com/Neo23x0/sysmon-config, https://github.com/olafhartong/sysmon-modular. How to test detection? You can check powershell script from this site https://svch0st.medium.com/guide-to-named-pipes-and-hunting-for-cobalt-strike-pipes-dc46b2c5f575 detection: selection: PipeName|contains: - \cachedump - \lsadump - \wceservicepipe condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate Administrator using tool for password recovery level: critical
Query: describe CVE-2015-2599
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2599. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the RDBMS Scheduler component in Oracle Database Server 11.1.0.7, 11.2.0.3, 11.2.0.4, 12.1.0.1, and 12.1.0.2 allows remote authenticated users to affect confidentiality via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4606. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Unrestricted file upload vulnerability in the Job Fair (jobfair) extension before 1.0.1 for TYPO3, when using Apache with mod_mime, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by uploading a file with an executable extension, then accessing it via a direct request to the file in the extension upload folder.
Query: actor TTPs: Multi-Stage Channels
Matching passage: T1104 Multi-Stage Channels. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may create multiple stages for command and control that are employed under different conditions or for certain functions. Use of multiple stages may obfuscate the command and control channel to make detection more difficult. Remote access tools will call back to the first-stage command and control server for instructions. The first stage may have automated capabilities to collect basic host information, update tools, and upload additional files. A second remote access tool (RAT) could be uploaded at that point to redirect the host to the second-stage command and control server. The second stage will likely be more fully featured and allow the adversary to interact with the system through a reverse shell and additional RAT features. The different stages will likely be hosted separately with no overlapping infrastructure. The loader may also have backup first-stage callbacks or [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008) in case the original first-stage communication path is discovered and blocked.
Near-miss passage: T1102 Web Service. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise.(Citation: Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024) Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. Use of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).
Query: Persistence mechanism resembling Hidden File System
Matching passage: T1564.005 Hidden File System. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use a hidden file system to conceal malicious activity from users and security tools. File systems provide a structure to store and access data from physical storage. Typically, a user engages with a file system through applications that allow them to access files and directories, which are an abstraction from their physical location (ex: disk sector). Standard file systems include FAT, NTFS, ext4, and APFS. File systems can also contain other structures, such as the Volume Boot Record (VBR) and Master File Table (MFT) in NTFS.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014) Adversaries may use their own abstracted file system, separate from the standard file system present on the infected system. In doing so, adversaries can hide the presence of malicious components and file input/output from security tools. Hidden file systems, sometimes referred to as virtual file systems, can be implemented in numerous ways. One implementation would be to store a file system in reserved disk space unused by disk structures or standard file system partitions.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014)(Citation: FireEye Bootkits) Another implementation could be for an adversary to drop their own portable partition image as a file on top of the standard file system.(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020) Adversaries may also fragment files across the existing file system structure in non-standard ways.(Citation: Kaspersky Equation QA)
Near-miss passage: T1564.004 NTFS File Attributes. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use NTFS file attributes to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) Adversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)
Query: explain CWE-1121
Matching passage: CWE-1121 Excessive McCabe Cyclomatic Complexity. The code contains McCabe cyclomatic complexity that exceeds a desirable maximum.
Near-miss passage: CWE-336 Same Seed in Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG). A Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG) uses the same seed each time the product is initialized.
Query: risk of In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9650, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9210. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9650, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 430, SD 450, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 617, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 800, SD 808, SD 810, SD 820, SD 820A, SD 835, SD 845, and SD 850, lack of input validation in playready_licacq_process_response() can lead to memory over read.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0645. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The Layer 4 Redirect (L4R) feature in Cisco IOS XE 2.x and 3.x before 3.10.4S, 3.11 before 3.11.3S, 3.12 before 3.12.2S, 3.13 before 3.13.1S, 3.14 before 3.14.0S, and 3.15 before 3.15.0S allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (device reload) via malformed (1) IPv4 or (2) IPv6 packets, aka Bug ID CSCuq59131.
Query: risk of The SoapFault::__toString method in ext/soap/soap.c in PHP before 5.4.40, 5.5.x before 5.5.24, and 5.6.x before 5.6.8 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information, cause
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4599. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. The SoapFault::__toString method in ext/soap/soap.c in PHP before 5.4.40, 5.5.x before 5.5.24, and 5.6.x before 5.6.8 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information, cause a denial of service (application crash), or possibly execute arbitrary code via an unexpected data type, related to a "type confusion" issue.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0363. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the Siebel Core EAI component in Oracle Siebel CRM 8.1.1 and 8.2.2 allows remote authenticated users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Integration Business Services.
Query: exploit PC-EGG pWebManager before 3.3.10, and before 2.2.2 for PHP 4.x, allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary OS commands by leveraging the editor role.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7774. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 6.5. PC-EGG pWebManager before 3.3.10, and before 2.2.2 for PHP 4.x, allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary OS commands by leveraging the editor role.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6370. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. The Management I/O (MIO) component in Cisco Firepower Extensible Operating System 1.1(1.160) on Firepower 9000 devices allows local users to execute arbitrary OS commands as root via crafted CLI input, aka Bug ID CSCux10578.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-0010
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0010. CWE: CWE-310. CVSS: 1.899999976158142. The CryptProtectMemory function in cng.sys (aka the Cryptography Next Generation driver) in the kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, and Windows RT Gold and 8.1, when the CRYPTPROTECTMEMORY_SAME_LOGON option is used, does not check an impersonation token's level, which allows local users to bypass intended decryption restrictions by leveraging a service that (1) has a named-pipe planting vulnerability or (2) uses world-readable shared memory for encrypted data, aka "CNG Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability" or MSRC ID 20707.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5824. CWE: CWE-310. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The NSURL implementation in the CFNetwork SSL component in Apple iOS before 9 does not properly verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers after a certificate change, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.
Query: campaign using Network Device Authentication
Matching passage: T1556.004 Network Device Authentication. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to hard code a password in the operating system, thus bypassing of native authentication mechanisms for local accounts on network devices. [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may include implanted code to the operating system for network devices to provide access for adversaries using a specific password. The modification includes a specific password which is implanted in the operating system image via the patch. Upon authentication attempts, the inserted code will first check to see if the user input is the password. If so, access is granted. Otherwise, the implanted code will pass the credentials on for verification of potentially valid credentials.(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)
Near-miss passage: T1556.003 Pluggable Authentication Modules. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may modify pluggable authentication modules (PAM) to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. PAM is a modular system of configuration files, libraries, and executable files which guide authentication for many services. The most common authentication module is <code>pam_unix.so</code>, which retrieves, sets, and verifies account authentication information in <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/shadow</code>.(Citation: Apple PAM)(Citation: Man Pam_Unix)(Citation: Red Hat PAM) Adversaries may modify components of the PAM system to create backdoors. PAM components, such as <code>pam_unix.so</code>, can be patched to accept arbitrary adversary supplied values as legitimate credentials.(Citation: PAM Backdoor) Malicious modifications to the PAM system may also be abused to steal credentials. Adversaries may infect PAM resources with code to harvest user credentials, since the values exchanged with PAM components may be plain-text since PAM does not store passwords.(Citation: PAM Creds)(Citation: Apple PAM)
Query: describe CVE-2015-6962
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6962. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. SQL injection vulnerability in the web application in Farol allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the email parameter to tkmonitor/estrutura/login/Login.actions.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7342. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. JNews Joomla Component before 8.5.0 allows SQL injection via upload thumbnail, Queue Search Field, Subscribers Search Field, or Newsletters Search Field.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-5519
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5519. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the applyConvolution demo in WideImage 11.02.19 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the matrix parameter to demo/index.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7485. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM Rational Engineering Lifecycle Manager 3.0 before 3.0.1.6 iFix7 Interim Fix 1, 4.0 before 4.0.7 iFix10, 5.0 before 5.0.2 iFix15, and 6.0 before 6.0.1 iFix4 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors. IBM X-Force ID: 108626.
Query: exploit Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in wp-includes/wp-db.php in WordPress before 4.2.2 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a long comment that i
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8834. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in wp-includes/wp-db.php in WordPress before 4.2.2 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a long comment that is improperly stored because of limitations on the MySQL TEXT data type. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-3440.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4420. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Opsview 4.6.2 and earlier allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a (1) crafted check plugin, the (2) description in a host profile, or the (3) plugin_args parameter to a Test service check page.
Query: risk of Cisco WebEx Meeting Center does not properly determine authorization for reading a host calendar, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by obtaining a list 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4209. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 6.400000095367432. Cisco WebEx Meeting Center does not properly determine authorization for reading a host calendar, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by obtaining a list of all meetings and then sending a calendar request for each one, aka Bug ID CSCur23913.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4069. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The EdgeServiceImpl web service in Arcserve UDP before 5.0 Update 4 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive credentials via a crafted SOAP request to the (1) getBackupPolicy or (2) getBackupPolicies method.
Query: describe CVE-2015-1680
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1680. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, and Windows RT Gold and 8.1 allow local users to bypass the ASLR protection mechanism via a crafted function call, aka "Microsoft Windows Kernel Memory Disclosure Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1676, CVE-2015-1677, CVE-2015-1678, and CVE-2015-1679.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1676. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The kernel-mode drivers in Microsoft Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, and Windows RT Gold and 8.1 allow local users to bypass the ASLR protection mechanism via a crafted function call, aka "Microsoft Windows Kernel Memory Disclosure Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-1677, CVE-2015-1678, CVE-2015-1679, and CVE-2015-1680.
Query: exploit The do_ed_script function in pch.c in GNU patch through 2.7.6, and patch in FreeBSD 10.1 before 10.1-RELEASE-p17, 10.2 before 10.2-BETA2-p3, 10.2-RC1 before 10.2-RC1-p2, and 0.2-RC
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1418. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The do_ed_script function in pch.c in GNU patch through 2.7.6, and patch in FreeBSD 10.1 before 10.1-RELEASE-p17, 10.2 before 10.2-BETA2-p3, 10.2-RC1 before 10.2-RC1-p2, and 0.2-RC2 before 10.2-RC2-p1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted patch file, because a '!' character can be passed to the ed program.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2076. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The Auditing service in SAP BusinessObjects Edge 4.0 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading an audit event, aka SAP Note 2011395.
Query: describe CVE-2015-0642
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0642. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Cisco IOS 12.2, 12.4, 15.0, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, and 15.4 and IOS XE 2.5.x, 2.6.x, 3.1.xS through 3.12.xS before 3.12.3S, 3.2.xE through 3.7.xE before 3.7.1E, 3.3.xSG, 3.4.xSG, and 3.13.xS before 3.13.2S allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (device reload) by sending malformed IKEv2 packets over (1) IPv4 or (2) IPv6, aka Bug ID CSCum36951.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9060. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In all Qualcomm products with Android releases from CAF using the Linux kernel, a pointer is not properly validated in a QTEE system call.