alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: threat report mentioning Windows Host Firewall
Matching passage: T1686.003 Windows Host Firewall. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may disable or modify the Windows host firewall to bypass controls limiting network usage. This can include disabling the Windows host firewall entirely, suppressing specific profiles (domain, private, public), or adding, deleting, and modifying firewall rules to allow or restrict traffic.(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity) Adversaries may perform these modifications through multiple mechanisms depending on the Windows operating system and access level. For example, adversaries may use command-line utilities (e.g., `netsh advfirewall` or PowerShell cmdlets like `Set-NetFirewallProfile`, `New-NetFirewallRule`), Windows Registry modifications (e.g., altering firewall states and rule configurations via registry keys), or the Windows Control Panel to modify firewall settings through the Windows Security interface. By disabling or modifying Windows firewall services, adversaries may enable access to remote services, open ports for command and control traffic, or configure rules for further actions.
Near-miss passage: T1686.001 Cloud Firewall. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may disable or modify a firewall within a cloud environment to bypass controls that limit access to cloud resources. Cloud environments typically utilize restrictive security groups and firewall rules that only allow network activity from trusted IP addresses via expected ports and protocols. An adversary with appropriate permissions may introduce new firewall rules or policies to allow access into a victim cloud environment and/or move laterally from the cloud control plane to the data plane. For example, an adversary may use a script or utility that creates new ingress rules in existing security groups (or creates new security groups entirely) to allow any TCP/IP connectivity to a cloud-hosted instance. They may also remove networking limitations to support traffic associated with malicious activity (such as cryptomining).(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)(Citation: Expel AWS)
Query: hunt for vSphere Installation Bundles activity
Matching passage: T1505.006 vSphere Installation Bundles. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse vSphere Installation Bundles (VIBs) to establish persistent access to ESXi hypervisors. VIBs are collections of files used for software distribution and virtual system management in VMware environments. Since ESXi uses an in-memory filesystem where changes made to most files are stored in RAM rather than in persistent storage, these modifications are lost after a reboot. However, VIBs can be used to create startup tasks, apply custom firewall rules, or deploy binaries that persist across reboots. Typically, administrators use VIBs for updates and system maintenance. VIBs can be broken down into three components:(Citation: VMware VIBs) * VIB payload: a `.vgz` archive containing the directories and files to be created and executed on boot when the VIBs are loaded. * Signature file: verifies the host acceptance level of a VIB, indicating what testing and validation has been done by VMware or its partners before publication of a VIB. By default, ESXi hosts require a minimum acceptance level of PartnerSupported for VIB installation, meaning the VIB is published by a trusted VMware partner. However, privileged users can change the default acceptance level using the `esxcli` command line interface. Additionally, VIBs are able to be installed regardless of acceptance level by using the <code> esxcli software vib install --force</code> command. * XML descriptor file: a configuration file containing associated VIB metadata, such as the name of the VIB and its dependencies. Adversaries may leverage malicious VIB packages to maintain persistent access to ESXi hypervisors, allowing system changes to be executed upon each bootup of ESXi – such as using `esxcli` to enable firewall rules for backdoor traffic, creating listeners on hard coded ports, and executing backdoors.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022) Adversaries may also masquerade their malicious VIB files as PartnerSupported by modifying the XML descriptor file.(Citation: Googl
Near-miss passage: T1505 Server Software Component. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse legitimate extensible development features of servers to establish persistent access to systems. Enterprise server applications may include features that allow developers to write and install software or scripts to extend the functionality of the main application. Adversaries may install malicious components to extend and abuse server applications.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)
Query: explain CWE-1297
Matching passage: CWE-1297 Unprotected Confidential Information on Device is Accessible by OSAT Vendors. The product does not adequately protect confidential information on the device from being accessed by Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) vendors.
Near-miss passage: CWE-175 Improper Handling of Mixed Encoding. The product does not properly handle when the same input uses several different (mixed) encodings.
Query: alert when Detects read access to a domain user from a non-machine account
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects read access to a domain user from a non-machine account. Logsource: windows / security. Rule: title: Potential AD User Enumeration From Non-Machine Account id: ab6bffca-beff-4baa-af11-6733f296d57a status: test description: Detects read access to a domain user from a non-machine account references: - https://www.specterops.io/assets/resources/an_ace_up_the_sleeve.pdf - http://www.stuffithoughtiknew.com/2019/02/detecting-bloodhound.html - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/adschema/attributes-all - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4662 author: Maxime Thiebaut (@0xThiebaut) date: 2020-03-30 modified: 2022-11-08 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1087.002 logsource: product: windows service: security definition: 'Requirements: The "Read all properties" permission on the user object needs to be audited for the "Everyone" principal' detection: selection: EventID: 4662 ObjectType|contains: bf967aba-0de6-11d0-a285-00aa003049e2 AccessMask|endswith: - 1? - 3? - 4? - 7? - 9? - B? - D? - F? filter_main_machine_accounts: SubjectUserName|endswith: $ filter_main_msql: SubjectUserName|startswith: MSOL_ condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Administrators configuring new users. level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects HandleKatz opening LSASS to duplicate its handle to later dump the memory without opening any new handles. Logsource: windows / process_access. Rule: title: HackTool - HandleKatz Duplicating LSASS Handle id: b1bd3a59-c1fd-4860-9f40-4dd161a7d1f5 status: test description: Detects HandleKatz opening LSASS to duplicate its handle to later dump the memory without opening any new handles references: - https://github.com/codewhitesec/HandleKatz author: Bhabesh Raj (rule), @thefLinkk date: 2022-06-27 modified: 2023-11-28 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1106 - attack.t1003.001 - attack.credential-access logsource: category: process_access product: windows detection: selection: TargetImage|endswith: \lsass.exe GrantedAccess: '0x1440' CallTrace|startswith: C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll+ CallTrace|contains: '|UNKNOWN(' CallTrace|endswith: ) condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: rule covering Detects PowerShell commands that decrypt an ".LNK" "file to drop the next stage of the malware.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects PowerShell commands that decrypt an ".LNK" "file to drop the next stage of the malware.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: PowerShell Execution With Potential Decryption Capabilities id: 434c08ba-8406-4d15-8b24-782cb071a691 status: test description: Detects PowerShell commands that decrypt an ".LNK" "file to drop the next stage of the malware. references: - https://research.checkpoint.com/2023/chinese-threat-actors-targeting-europe-in-smugx-campaign/ author: X__Junior (Nextron Systems), Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-06-30 modified: 2023-12-05 tags: - attack.execution logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_img: Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe OriginalFileName: - PowerShell.EXE - pwsh.dll selection_cli_dir: CommandLine|contains: - 'Get-ChildItem ' - 'dir ' - 'gci ' - 'ls ' selection_cli_gc: CommandLine|contains: - 'Get-Content ' - 'gc ' - 'cat ' - 'type ' - ReadAllBytes selection_cli_specific: - CommandLine|contains|all: - ' ^| ' - \*.lnk - -Recurse - '-Skip ' - CommandLine|contains|all: - ' -ExpandProperty ' - \*.lnk - WriteAllBytes - ' .length ' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unlikely level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects potential DLL sideloading of "mscorsvc.dll".. Logsource: windows / image_load. Rule: title: Potential DLL Sideloading Of MsCorSvc.DLL id: cdb15e19-c2d0-432a-928e-e49c8c60dcf2 status: test description: Detects potential DLL sideloading of "mscorsvc.dll". references: - https://hijacklibs.net/entries/microsoft/built-in/mscorsvc.html author: Wietze Beukema date: 2024-07-11 modified: 2025-02-26 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1574.001 logsource: product: windows category: image_load detection: selection: ImageLoaded|endswith: \mscorsvc.dll filter_main_generic: ImageLoaded|startswith: - C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\ - C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\ - C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\FrameworkArm\ - C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\FrameworkArm64\ - C:\Windows\WinSxS\ condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Legitimate applications loading their own versions of the DLL mentioned in this rule. level: medium
Query: weakness Untrusted Pointer Dereference
Matching passage: CWE-822 Untrusted Pointer Dereference. The product obtains a value from an untrusted source, converts this value to a pointer, and dereferences the resulting pointer.
Near-miss passage: CWE-8 J2EE Misconfiguration: Entity Bean Declared Remote. When an application exposes a remote interface for an entity bean, it might also expose methods that get or set the bean's data. These methods could be leveraged to read sensitive information, or to change data in ways that violate the application's expectations, potentially leading to other vulnerabilities.
Query: describe CVE-2015-4103
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4103. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 4.900000095367432. Xen 3.3.x through 4.5.x does not properly restrict write access to the host MSI message data field, which allows local x86 HVM guest administrators to cause a denial of service (host interrupt handling confusion) via vectors related to qemu and accessing spanning multiple fields.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2507. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. The Adobe Type Manager Library in Microsoft Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2 and R2 SP1, Windows 7 SP1, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 Gold and R2, Windows RT Gold and 8.1, and Windows 10 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application, aka "Font Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2512.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-7974
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7974. CWE: CWE-287. CVSS: 7.699999809265137. NTP 4.x before 4.2.8p6 and 4.3.x before 4.3.90 do not verify peer associations of symmetric keys when authenticating packets, which might allow remote attackers to conduct impersonation attacks via an arbitrary trusted key, aka a "skeleton key."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2978. CWE: CWE-287. CVSS: 5.0. Webservice-DIC yoyaku_v41 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and complete a conference-room reservation via unspecified vectors, as demonstrated by an "unintentional reservation."
Query: detection rule: Detects when a Microsoft Cloud App Security reported a user has deleted a unusual a large volume of files.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when a Microsoft Cloud App Security reported a user has deleted a unusual a large volume of files.. Logsource: m365 / threat_management. Rule: title: Microsoft 365 - Unusual Volume of File Deletion id: 78a34b67-3c39-4886-8fb4-61c46dc18ecd status: test description: Detects when a Microsoft Cloud App Security reported a user has deleted a unusual a large volume of files. references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/defender-cloud-apps/anomaly-detection-policy - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/defender-cloud-apps/policy-template-reference author: austinsonger date: 2021-08-19 modified: 2022-10-09 tags: - attack.impact - attack.t1485 logsource: service: threat_management product: m365 detection: selection: eventSource: SecurityComplianceCenter eventName: Unusual volume of file deletion status: success condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects activity when The Windows Defender Firewall service failed to load Group Policy. Logsource: windows / firewall-as. Rule: title: The Windows Defender Firewall Service Failed To Load Group Policy id: 7ec15688-fd24-4177-ba43-1a950537ee39 status: test description: Detects activity when The Windows Defender Firewall service failed to load Group Policy references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-r2-and-2008/dd364427(v=ws.10) author: frack113 date: 2022-02-19 modified: 2023-01-17 tags: - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1686.003 logsource: product: windows service: firewall-as detection: selection: EventID: 2009 condition: selection level: low
Query: SOC alert related to Standard Encoding
Matching passage: T1132.001 Standard Encoding. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may encode data with a standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system that adheres to existing protocol specifications. Common data encoding schemes include ASCII, Unicode, hexadecimal, Base64, and MIME.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding)(Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.
Near-miss passage: T1132.002 Non-Standard Encoding. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may encode data with a non-standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a non-standard data encoding system that diverges from existing protocol specifications. Non-standard data encoding schemes may be based on or related to standard data encoding schemes, such as a modified Base64 encoding for the message body of an HTTP request.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding)(Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding)
Query: exploit Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Cacti before 0.8.8d allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2665. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Cacti before 0.8.8d allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9296. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. The download-monitor plugin before 1.7.1 for WordPress has XSS related to add_query_arg.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-1979
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1979. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Error dialog in IBM Case Manager 5.2.1 before 5.2.1.2 allow remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via crafted input to the (1) addressability or (2) comments component.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1176. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in upload/scp/tickets.php in osTicket before 1.9.5 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the status parameter in a search action.
Query: vulnerability: The perf_callchain_user_64 function in arch/powerpc/perf/callchain.c in the Linux kernel before 4.0.2 on ppc64 platforms allows local users to cause a denial of service (infinite l
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6526. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 4.900000095367432. The perf_callchain_user_64 function in arch/powerpc/perf/callchain.c in the Linux kernel before 4.0.2 on ppc64 platforms allows local users to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a deep 64-bit userspace backtrace.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0017. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0020, CVE-2015-0022, CVE-2015-0026, CVE-2015-0030, CVE-2015-0031, CVE-2015-0036, and CVE-2015-0041.
Query: vulnerability: libinfinity before 0.6.6-1 does not validate expired SSL certificates, which allows remote attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3886. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. libinfinity before 0.6.6-1 does not validate expired SSL certificates, which allows remote attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2330. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 7.5. Late TLS certificate verification in WebKitGTK+ prior to 2.6.6 allows remote attackers to view a secure HTTP request, including, for example, secure cookies.
Query: describe CVE-2015-5780
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5780. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 10.0. The Safari Extensions implementation in Apple Safari before 9 does not require user confirmation before replacing an installed extension, which has unspecified impact and attack vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7855. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 6.5. The decodenetnum function in ntpd in NTP 4.2.x before 4.2.8p4, and 4.3.x before 4.3.77 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (assertion failure) via a 6 or mode 7 packet containing a long data value.
Query: EDR alert: possible Screensaver (T1546.002)
Matching passage: T1546.002 Screensaver. Tactics: privilege escalation, persistence. Description: Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by user inactivity. Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension.(Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.scr is located in <code>C:\Windows\System32\</code>, and <code>C:\Windows\sysWOW64\</code> on 64-bit Windows systems, along with screensavers included with base Windows installations. The following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (<code>HKCU\Control Panel\Desktop\</code>) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence: * <code>SCRNSAVE.exe</code> - set to malicious PE path * <code>ScreenSaveActive</code> - set to '1' to enable the screensaver * <code>ScreenSaverIsSecure</code> - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock * <code>ScreenSaveTimeout</code> - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed Adversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity.(Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)
Near-miss passage: T1546.014 Emond. Tactics: privilege escalation, persistence. Description: Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by the Event Monitor Daemon (emond). Emond is a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) that accepts events from various services, runs them through a simple rules engine, and takes action. The emond binary at <code>/sbin/emond</code> will load any rules from the <code>/etc/emond.d/rules/</code> directory and take action once an explicitly defined event takes place. The rule files are in the plist format and define the name, event type, and action to take. Some examples of event types include system startup and user authentication. Examples of actions are to run a system command or send an email. The emond service will not launch if there is no file present in the QueueDirectories path <code>/private/var/db/emondClients</code>, specified in the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) configuration file at<code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.emond.plist</code>.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may abuse this service by writing a rule to execute commands when a defined event occurs, such as system start up or user authentication.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may also be able to escalate privileges from administrator to root as the emond service is executed with root privileges by the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) service.
Query: weakness Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Matching passage: CWE-116 Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output. The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1083 Data Access from Outside Expected Data Manager Component. The product is intended to manage data access through a particular data manager component such as a relational or non-SQL database, but it contains code that performs data access operations without using that component.