alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: what is T1003.002
Matching passage: T1003.002 Security Account Manager. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may attempt to extract credential material from the Security Account Manager (SAM) database either through in-memory techniques or through the Windows Registry where the SAM database is stored. The SAM is a database file that contains local accounts for the host, typically those found with the <code>net user</code> command. Enumerating the SAM database requires SYSTEM level access. A number of tools can be used to retrieve the SAM file through in-memory techniques: * pwdumpx.exe * [gsecdump](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0008) * [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) * secretsdump.py Alternatively, the SAM can be extracted from the Registry with Reg: * <code>reg save HKLM\sam sam</code> * <code>reg save HKLM\system system</code> Creddump7 can then be used to process the SAM database locally to retrieve hashes.(Citation: GitHub Creddump7) Notes: * RID 500 account is the local, built-in administrator. * RID 501 is the guest account. * User accounts start with a RID of 1,000+.
Near-miss passage: T1003.005 Cached Domain Credentials. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may attempt to access cached domain credentials used to allow authentication to occur in the event a domain controller is unavailable.(Citation: Microsoft - Cached Creds) On Windows Vista and newer, the hash format is DCC2 (Domain Cached Credentials version 2) hash, also known as MS-Cache v2 hash.(Citation: PassLib mscache) The number of default cached credentials varies and can be altered per system. This hash does not allow pass-the-hash style attacks, and instead requires [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to recover the plaintext password.(Citation: ired mscache) On Linux systems, Active Directory credentials can be accessed through caches maintained by software like System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) or Quest Authentication Services (formerly VAS). Cached credential hashes are typically located at `/var/lib/sss/db/cache.[domain].ldb` for SSSD or `/var/opt/quest/vas/authcache/vas_auth.vdb` for Quest. Adversaries can use utilities, such as `tdbdump`, on these database files to dump the cached hashes and use [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to obtain the plaintext password.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix) With SYSTEM or sudo access, the tools/utilities such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002), [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and secretsdump.py for Windows or Linikatz for Linux can be used to extract the cached credentials.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix) Note: Cached credentials for Windows Vista are derived using PBKDF2.(Citation: PassLib mscache)
Query: hunt for Hypervisor activity
Matching passage: T1062 Hypervisor. Tactics: persistence. Description: **This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.** A type-1 hypervisor is a software layer that sits between the guest operating systems and system's hardware. (Citation: Wikipedia Hypervisor) It presents a virtual running environment to an operating system. An example of a common hypervisor is Xen. (Citation: Wikipedia Xen) A type-1 hypervisor operates at a level below the operating system and could be designed with [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) functionality to hide its existence from the guest operating system. (Citation: Myers 2007) A malicious hypervisor of this nature could be used to persist on systems through interruption.
Near-miss passage: T1108 Redundant Access. Tactics: stealth, persistence. Description: **This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003), and [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) where appropriate.** Adversaries may use more than one remote access tool with varying command and control protocols or credentialed access to remote services so they can maintain access if an access mechanism is detected or mitigated. If one type of tool is detected and blocked or removed as a response but the organization did not gain a full understanding of the adversary's tools and access, then the adversary will be able to retain access to the network. Adversaries may also attempt to gain access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) such as external VPNs as a way to maintain access despite interruptions to remote access tools deployed within a target network.(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Adversaries may also retain access through cloud-based infrastructure and applications. Use of a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100) is one such way to maintain access to a network through an externally accessible Web server.
Query: ATT&CK technique for Exfiltration to Cloud Storage
Matching passage: T1567.002 Exfiltration to Cloud Storage. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a cloud storage service rather than over their primary command and control channel. Cloud storage services allow for the storage, edit, and retrieval of data from a remote cloud storage server over the Internet. Examples of cloud storage services include Dropbox and Google Docs. Exfiltration to these cloud storage services can provide a significant amount of cover to the adversary if hosts within the network are already communicating with the service.
Near-miss passage: T1567.004 Exfiltration Over Webhook. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a webhook endpoint rather than over their primary command and control channel. Webhooks are simple mechanisms for allowing a server to push data over HTTP/S to a client without the need for the client to continuously poll the server.(Citation: RedHat Webhooks) Many public and commercial services, such as Discord, Slack, and `webhook.site`, support the creation of webhook endpoints that can be used by other services, such as Github, Jira, or Trello.(Citation: Discord Intro to Webhooks) When changes happen in the linked services (such as pushing a repository update or modifying a ticket), these services will automatically post the data to the webhook endpoint for use by the consuming application. Adversaries may link an adversary-owned environment to a victim-owned SaaS service to achieve repeated [Automated Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020) of emails, chat messages, and other data.(Citation: Push Security SaaS Attacks Repository Webhooks) Alternatively, instead of linking the webhook endpoint to a service, an adversary can manually post staged data directly to the URL in order to exfiltrate it.(Citation: Microsoft SQL Server) Access to webhook endpoints is often over HTTPS, which gives the adversary an additional level of protection. Exfiltration leveraging webhooks can also blend in with normal network traffic if the webhook endpoint points to a commonly used SaaS application or collaboration service.(Citation: CyberArk Labs Discord)(Citation: Talos Discord Webhook Abuse)(Citation: Checkmarx Webhooks)
Query: exploit Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in the AB Google Map Travel (AB-MAP) plugin before 4.0 for WordPress allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2755. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in the AB Google Map Travel (AB-MAP) plugin before 4.0 for WordPress allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via the (1) lat (Latitude), (2) long (Longitude), (3) map_width, (4) map_height, or (5) zoom (Map Zoom) parameter in the ab_map_options page to wp-admin/admin.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2878. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in Hexis HawkEye G 3.0.1.4912 allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that (1) add arbitrary accounts via the name parameter to interface/rest/accounts/json; turn off the (2) Url matching, (3) DNS Inject, or (4) IP Redirect Sensor in a request to interface/rest/dpi/setEnabled/1; or (5) perform whitelisting of malware MD5 hash IDs via the id parameter to interface/rest/md5-threats/whitelist.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6245
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6245. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. epan/dissectors/packet-gsm_rlcmac.c in the GSM RLC/MAC dissector in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.7 uses incorrect integer data types, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a crafted packet.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3004. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. J-Web in Juniper Junos 11.4 before 11.4R12, 12.1X44 before 12.1X44-D35, 12.1X46 before 12.1X46-D25, 12.1X47 before 12.1X47-D10, 12.3X48 before 12.3X48-D10, 12.2 before 12.2R9, 12.3 before 12.3R7, 13.2 before 13.2R6, 13.2X51 before 13.2X51-D20, 13.3 before 13.3R5, 14.1 before 14.1R3, 14.1X53 before 14.1X53-D10, and 14.2 before 14.2R1 allows remote attackers to conduct clickjacking attacks via an X-Frame-Options header.
Query: vulnerability: calendar/externallib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive calendar-even
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0215. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.0. calendar/externallib.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive calendar-event information via a web-services request.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0260. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.0. RhodeCode before 2.2.7 and Kallithea 0.1 allows remote authenticated users to obtain API keys and other sensitive information via the get_repo API method.
Query: risk of HP CentralView Fraud Risk Management 11.1, 11.2, and 11.3; CentralView Revenue Leakage Control 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3; CentralView Dealer Performance Audit 2.0 and 2.1; CentralView Cred
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5408. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.0. HP CentralView Fraud Risk Management 11.1, 11.2, and 11.3; CentralView Revenue Leakage Control 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3; CentralView Dealer Performance Audit 2.0 and 2.1; CentralView Credit Risk Control 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3; CentralView Roaming Fraud Control 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3; and CentralView Subscription Fraud Prevention 2.0 and 2.1 allow remote attackers to obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5406 and CVE-2015-5407.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0814. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Multiple unspecified vulnerabilities in the browser engine in Mozilla Firefox before 37.0 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via unknown vectors.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-9180
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9180. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9650, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 430, SD 450, SD 600, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 617, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 800, SD 808, SD 810, SD 820, SD 820A, SD 835, SD 845, and SD 850, the response pointer passed from user space to SDMX_process is not checked before it is used. If the given response buffer length is smaller than 16 bytes, the response values will be written to a memory outside the buffer, possibly in the secure memory area.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3089. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.289 and 14.x through 17.x before 17.0.0.188 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.460 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 17.0.0.172, Adobe AIR SDK before 17.0.0.172, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 17.0.0.172 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3078, CVE-2015-3090, and CVE-2015-3093.
Query: write Sigma for Detects the load of the Windiver driver, a powerful user-mode capture/sniffing/modification/blocking/re-injection packag
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the load of the Windiver driver, a powerful user-mode capture/sniffing/modification/blocking/re-injection packag. Logsource: windows / driver_load. Rule: title: WinDivert Driver Load id: 679085d5-f427-4484-9f58-1dc30a7c426d status: test description: Detects the load of the Windiver driver, a powerful user-mode capture/sniffing/modification/blocking/re-injection package for Windows references: - https://reqrypt.org/windivert-doc.html - https://rastamouse.me/ntlm-relaying-via-cobalt-strike/ author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2021-07-30 modified: 2024-11-23 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.collection - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1599.001 - attack.t1557.001 logsource: category: driver_load product: windows detection: selection: - ImageLoaded|contains: - \WinDivert.sys - \WinDivert64.sys - \NordDivert.sys - \lingtiwfp.sys - \eswfp.sys - Hashes|contains: - IMPHASH=0604bb7cb4bb851e2168d5c7d9399087 - IMPHASH=2e5f0e649d97f32b03c09e4686d0574f - IMPHASH=52f8aa269f69f0edad9e8fcdaedce276 - IMPHASH=c0e5d314da39dbf65a2dbff409cc2c76 - IMPHASH=58623490691babe8330adc81cd04a663 - IMPHASH=8ee39b48656e4d6b8459d7ba7da7438b - IMPHASH=45ee545ae77e8d43fc70ede9efcd4c96 - IMPHASH=a1b2e245acd47e4a348e1a552a02859a - IMPHASH=2a5f85fe4609461c6339637594fa9b0a - IMPHASH=6b2c6f95233c2914d1d488ee27531acc - IMPHASH=9f2fdd3f9ab922bbb0560a7df46f4342 - IMPHASH=d8a719865c448b1bd2ec241e46ac1c88 - IMPHASH=0ea54f8c9af4a2fe8367fa457f48ed38 - IMPHASH=9d519ae0a0864d6d6ae3f8b6c9c70af6 - IMPHASH=a74929edfc3289895e3f2885278947ae - IMPHASH=a66b476c2d06c370f0a53b5537f2f11e - IMPHASH=bdcd836a46bc2415773f6b5ea77a46e4 - IMPHASH=c28cd6ccd83179e79dac132a553693d9 condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate WinDivert driver usage level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of the Add-In deployment cache updating utility (AddInutil.exe) from a non-standard directory.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: AddinUtil.EXE Execution From Uncommon Directory id: 6120ac2a-a34b-42c0-a9bd-1fb9f459f348 status: test description: Detects execution of the Add-In deployment cache updating utility (AddInutil.exe) from a non-standard directory. references: - https://www.blue-prints.blog/content/blog/posts/lolbin/addinutil-lolbas.html author: Michael McKinley (@McKinleyMike), Tony Latteri (@TheLatteri) date: 2023-09-18 modified: 2025-02-24 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: - Image|endswith: \addinutil.exe - OriginalFileName: AddInUtil.exe filter_main_legit_location: Image|contains: - :\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\ - :\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\ - :\Windows\Microsoft.NET\FrameworkArm\ - :\Windows\Microsoft.NET\FrameworkArm64\ - :\Windows\WinSxS\ condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: risk of IBM Tivoli Storage Manager for Databases: Data Protection for Microsoft SQL Server 5.5 before 5.5.6.1, 6.3 before 6.3.1.5, 6.4 before 6.4.1.7, and 7.1 before 7.1.2; Tivoli Storage 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6557. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. IBM Tivoli Storage Manager for Databases: Data Protection for Microsoft SQL Server 5.5 before 5.5.6.1, 6.3 before 6.3.1.5, 6.4 before 6.4.1.7, and 7.1 before 7.1.2; Tivoli Storage Manager for Mail: Data Protection for Microsoft Exchange Server 5.5 before 5.5.1.1, 6.1 before 6.1.3.7, 6.3 before 6.3.1.5, 6.4 before 6.4.1.7, and 7.1 before 7.1.2; and Tivoli Storage FlashCopy Manager 3.1 before 3.1.1.5, 3.2 before 3.2.1.7, and 4.1 before 4.1.2, when application tracing is used, place cleartext passwords in exception messages, which allows physically proximate attackers to obtain sensitive information by reading trace output, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-4949.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3721. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The kernel in Apple iOS before 8.4 and OS X before 10.10.4 does not properly handle HFS parameters, which allows attackers to obtain sensitive memory-layout information via a crafted app.
Query: explain T1564.014 Extended Attributes
Matching passage: T1564.014 Extended Attributes. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may abuse extended attributes (xattrs) on macOS and Linux to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Extended attributes are key-value pairs of file and directory metadata used by both macOS and Linux. They are not visible through standard tools like `Finder`, `ls`, or `cat` and require utilities such as `xattr` (macOS) or `getfattr` (Linux) for inspection. Operating systems and applications use xattrs for tagging, integrity checks, and access control. On Linux, xattrs are organized into namespaces such as `user.` (user permissions), `trusted.` (root permissions), `security.`, and `system.`, each with specific permissions. On macOS, xattrs are flat strings without namespace prefixes, commonly prefixed with `com.apple.*` (e.g., `com.apple.quarantine`, `com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags`) and used by system features like Gatekeeper and Spotlight.(Citation: Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux) An adversary may leverage xattrs by embedding a second-stage payload into the extended attribute of a legitimate file. On macOS, a payload can be embedded into a custom attribute using the `xattr` command. A separate loader can retrieve the attribute with `xattr -p`, decode the content, and execute it using a scripting interpreter. On Linux, an adversary may use `setfattr` to write a payload into the `user.` namespace of a legitimate file. A loader script can later extract the payload with `getfattr --only-values`, decode it, and execute it using bash or another interpreter. In both cases, because the primary file content remains unchanged, security tools and integrity checks that do not inspect extended attributes will observe the original file hash, allowing the malicious payload to evade detection.(Citation: Low GroupIB xattrs nov 2024)
Near-miss passage: T1564.004 NTFS File Attributes. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use NTFS file attributes to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) Adversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)
Query: how to detect Multi-Stage Channels
Matching passage: T1104 Multi-Stage Channels. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may create multiple stages for command and control that are employed under different conditions or for certain functions. Use of multiple stages may obfuscate the command and control channel to make detection more difficult. Remote access tools will call back to the first-stage command and control server for instructions. The first stage may have automated capabilities to collect basic host information, update tools, and upload additional files. A second remote access tool (RAT) could be uploaded at that point to redirect the host to the second-stage command and control server. The second stage will likely be more fully featured and allow the adversary to interact with the system through a reverse shell and additional RAT features. The different stages will likely be hosted separately with no overlapping infrastructure. The loader may also have backup first-stage callbacks or [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008) in case the original first-stage communication path is discovered and blocked.
Near-miss passage: T1090.004 Domain Fronting. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) Domain fronting involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, "domainless" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored). For example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.
Query: rule covering Detects Bitsadmin connections to IP addresses instead of FQDN names
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects Bitsadmin connections to IP addresses instead of FQDN names. Logsource: proxy. Rule: title: Bitsadmin to Uncommon IP Server Address id: 8ccd35a2-1c7c-468b-b568-ac6cdf80eec3 status: test description: Detects Bitsadmin connections to IP addresses instead of FQDN names references: - https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Microsoft+BITS+Used+to+Download+Payloads/21027 author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-06-10 modified: 2022-08-24 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1071.001 - attack.persistence - attack.t1197 - attack.s0190 logsource: category: proxy detection: selection: c-useragent|startswith: Microsoft BITS/ cs-host|endswith: - '1' - '2' - '3' - '4' - '5' - '6' - '7' - '8' - '9' condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the deletion of the Exchange PowerShell cmdlet History logs which may indicate an attempt to destroy forensic ev. Logsource: windows / file_delete. Rule: title: Exchange PowerShell Cmdlet History Deleted id: a55349d8-9588-4c5a-8e3b-1925fe2a4ffe status: test description: Detects the deletion of the Exchange PowerShell cmdlet History logs which may indicate an attempt to destroy forensic evidence references: - https://m365internals.com/2022/10/07/hunting-in-on-premises-exchange-server-logs/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-10-26 modified: 2022-12-30 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1070 logsource: category: file_delete product: windows detection: selection: TargetFilename|startswith: \Logging\CmdletInfra\LocalPowerShell\Cmdlet\ TargetFilename|contains: _Cmdlet_ condition: selection falsepositives: - Possible FP during log rotation level: high