alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: detection engineering for Audio-Visual Content
Matching passage: T1683.002 Audio-Visual Content. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create or manipulate audio, image, and video content to support targeting and malicious operations. Adversaries may also use synthetic voice recordings, real-time altered audio or video during live interactions, fabricated profile photos and identity documents, or video content depicting fabricated or impersonated individuals.(Citation: Nov AI Threat Tracker) Content may be produced manually through editing tools, generated using AI-assisted tools, or produced using third-party synthetic services.(Citation: FBI 2025 AI Generate Content)(Citation: Europol Deepfakes) AI-assisted tools have enabled adversaries to produce synthetic media at scale and generate content that is more difficult to identify as inauthentic. Audio-visual content produced through these methods may be used in support of other techniques, such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660), [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003), [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684), [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), or [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585).
Near-miss passage: T1683 Generate Content. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create or generate content to support targeting and operations. This content may be used to establish personas, impersonate known individuals or organizations, and support [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684), fraud, or influence activities. Written materials, audio, images, video, or other media may be developed and tailored to the target and objective.(Citation: IBM AI-Generated Content) Content development may occur prior to or during an operation. Adversaries may develop or generate content in-house, source it through third parties, or produce it using AI-assisted tools. Adversaries may use AI to research targets, develop pretexts, and better understand the organizations and individuals they intend to target or deceive prior to generating content (i.e., [Query Public AI Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1682)); for obtaining access to AI tools used in content generation, see [Artificial Intelligence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007). Content may be leveraged in support of techniques such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684), [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), or [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585). Generated or developed content does not include malicious code or scripts (i.e., [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) and [Artificial Intelligence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007)).
Query: risk of Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Asus RT-N10+ D1 router with firmware 2.1.1.1.70 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the flag pa
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1437. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Asus RT-N10+ D1 router with firmware 2.1.1.1.70 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the flag parameter to (1) result_of_get_changed_status.asp or (2) error_page.htm.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5169. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Apache Struts before 2.3.20.
Query: Sigma YAML for zeek / dns
Matching passage: Sigma rule: The DNS Z flag is bit within the DNS protocol header that is, per the IETF design, meant to be used reserved (unused). A. Logsource: zeek / dns. Rule: title: Suspicious DNS Z Flag Bit Set id: ede05abc-2c9e-4624-9944-9ff17fdc0bf5 status: test description: 'The DNS Z flag is bit within the DNS protocol header that is, per the IETF design, meant to be used reserved (unused). Although recently it has been used in DNSSec, the value being set to anything other than 0 should be rare. Otherwise if it is set to non 0 and DNSSec is being used, then excluding the legitimate domains is low effort and high reward. Determine if multiple of these files were accessed in a short period of time to further enhance the possibility of seeing if this was a one off or the possibility of larger sensitive file gathering. This Sigma query is designed to accompany the Corelight Threat Hunting Guide, which can be found here: https://www3.corelight.com/corelights-introductory-guide-to-threat-hunting-with-zeek-bro-logs'' ' references: - https://twitter.com/neu5ron/status/1346245602502443009 - https://tdm.socprime.com/tdm/info/eLbyj4JjI15v#sigma - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2929#section-2.1 - https://www.netresec.com/?page=Blog&month=2021-01&post=Finding-Targeted-SUNBURST-Victims-with-pDNS author: '@neu5ron, SOC Prime Team, Corelight' date: 2021-05-04 modified: 2022-11-29 tags: - attack.t1095 - attack.t1571 - attack.command-and-control logsource: product: zeek service: dns detection: z_flag_unset: Z: 0 most_probable_valid_domain: query|contains: . exclude_tlds: query|endswith: - .arpa - .local - .ultradns.net - .twtrdns.net - .azuredns-prd.info - .azure-dns.com - .azuredns-ff.info - .azuredns-ff.org - .azuregov-dns.org exclude_query_types: qtype_name: - ns - mx exclude_responses: answers|endswith: \\x00 exclude_netbios: id.resp_p: - 137 - 138 - 139 condition: not z_flag_unset and most_probable_valid_domain and not (exclude_tlds or exclude_query_types or exclude_responses or exclude_netbios) falsepositives: - Internal or legitimate external domains using DNSSec. Verify if these are legitimate DNSSec domains and then exclude them. - If you work in a Public Sector then it may be good to exclude things like endswith ".edu", ".gov" and or ".mil" level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious Spring framework exceptions that could indicate exploitation attempts. Logsource: spring / application. Rule: title: Spring Framework Exceptions id: ae48ab93-45f7-4051-9dfe-5d30a3f78e33 status: stable description: Detects suspicious Spring framework exceptions that could indicate exploitation attempts references: - https://docs.spring.io/spring-security/site/docs/current/api/overview-tree.html author: Thomas Patzke date: 2017-08-06 modified: 2020-09-01 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.t1190 logsource: category: application product: spring detection: keywords: - AccessDeniedException - CsrfException - InvalidCsrfTokenException - MissingCsrfTokenException - CookieTheftException - InvalidCookieException - RequestRejectedException condition: keywords falsepositives: - Application bugs level: medium
Query: explain CWE-639
Matching passage: CWE-639 Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key. The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1061 Insufficient Encapsulation. The product does not sufficiently hide the internal representation and implementation details of data or methods, which might allow external components or modules to modify data unexpectedly, invoke unexpected functionality, or introduce dependencies that the programmer did not intend.
Query: risk of SQL injection vulnerability in SAP HANA Web-based Development Workbench allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors, aka SAP Security Notes 21
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4159. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 7.5. SQL injection vulnerability in SAP HANA Web-based Development Workbench allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors, aka SAP Security Notes 2153892.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-10037. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in ACI_Escola. This affects an unknown part. The manipulation leads to sql injection. The identifier of the patch is 34eed1f7b9295d1424912f79989d8aba5de41e9f. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The identifier VDB-217965 was assigned to this vulnerability.
Query: risk of contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware in Django 1.8.x before 1.8.4, 1.7.x before 1.7.10, 1.4.x before 1.4.22, and possibly other versions allows remote attackers to cause a
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5963. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 5.0. contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware in Django 1.8.x before 1.8.4, 1.7.x before 1.7.10, 1.4.x before 1.4.22, and possibly other versions allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (session store consumption or session record removal) via a large number of requests to contrib.auth.views.logout, which triggers the creation of an empty session record.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2668. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 5.0. ClamAV before 0.98.7 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a crafted xz archive file.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7917
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7917. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Untrusted search path vulnerability in Open Automation OPC Systems.NET 8.00.0023 and earlier allows local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse DLL in an unspecified directory.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6837. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. The xsl_ext_function_php function in ext/xsl/xsltprocessor.c in PHP before 5.4.45, 5.5.x before 5.5.29, and 5.6.x before 5.6.13, when libxml2 before 2.9.2 is used, does not consider the possibility of a NULL valuePop return value before proceeding with a free operation during initial error checking, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and application crash) via a crafted XML document, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6838.
Query: describe CVE-2015-9186
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9186. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile, Snapdragon Mobile, and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9650, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 430, SD 450, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 617, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 800, SD 808, SD 810, SD 820, SD 820A, SD 835, SD 845, and SD 850, in a PlayReady API function, a buffer over-read can occur.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5718. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 4.0. Stack-based buffer overflow in the handle_debug_network function in the manager in Websense Content Gateway before 8.0.0 HF02 allows remote administrators to cause a denial of service (crash) via a crafted diagnostic command line request to submit_net_debug.cgi.
Query: SIEM correlation: credential access activity consistent with Group Policy Preferences
Matching passage: T1552.006 Group Policy Preferences. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may attempt to find unsecured credentials in Group Policy Preferences (GPP). GPP are tools that allow administrators to create domain policies with embedded credentials. These policies allow administrators to set local accounts.(Citation: Microsoft GPP 2016) These group policies are stored in SYSVOL on a domain controller. This means that any domain user can view the SYSVOL share and decrypt the password (using the AES key that has been made public).(Citation: Microsoft GPP Key) The following tools and scripts can be used to gather and decrypt the password file from Group Policy Preference XML files: * Metasploit’s post exploitation module: <code>post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp</code> * Get-GPPPassword(Citation: Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword) * gpprefdecrypt.py On the SYSVOL share, adversaries may use the following command to enumerate potential GPP XML files: <code>dir /s * .xml</code>
Near-miss passage: T1552.002 Credentials in Registry. Tactics: credential access. Description: Adversaries may search the Registry on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons. Example commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials) * Local Machine Hive: <code>reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code> * Current User Hive: <code>reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>
Query: write Sigma for Identifies when suspicious SAML activity has occurred in AWS. An adversary could gain backdoor access via SAML.
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Identifies when suspicious SAML activity has occurred in AWS. An adversary could gain backdoor access via SAML.. Logsource: aws / cloudtrail. Rule: title: AWS Suspicious SAML Activity id: f43f5d2f-3f2a-4cc8-b1af-81fde7dbaf0e status: test description: Identifies when suspicious SAML activity has occurred in AWS. An adversary could gain backdoor access via SAML. references: - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/APIReference/API_UpdateSAMLProvider.html - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/STS/latest/APIReference/API_AssumeRoleWithSAML.html author: Austin Songer date: 2021-09-22 modified: 2022-12-18 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.lateral-movement - attack.persistence - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.stealth - attack.t1078 - attack.t1548 - attack.t1550 - attack.t1550.001 logsource: product: aws service: cloudtrail detection: selection_sts: eventSource: sts.amazonaws.com eventName: AssumeRoleWithSAML selection_iam: eventSource: iam.amazonaws.com eventName: UpdateSAMLProvider condition: 1 of selection_* falsepositives: - Automated processes that uses Terraform may lead to false positives. - SAML Provider could be updated by a system administrator. Verify whether the user identity, user agent, and/or hostname should be making changes in your environment. - SAML Provider being updated from unfamiliar users should be investigated. If known behavior is causing false positives, it can be exempted from the rule. level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Sc. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Windows Screen Capture with CopyFromScreen id: d4a11f63-2390-411c-9adf-d791fd152830 status: test description: 'Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations ' references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1113/T1113.md#atomic-test-6---windows-screen-capture-copyfromscreen author: frack113 date: 2021-12-28 modified: 2022-07-07 tags: - attack.collection - attack.t1113 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection: ScriptBlockText|contains: .CopyFromScreen condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: detection rule: Detects potential commandline obfuscation using unicode characters. Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or fil
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects potential commandline obfuscation using unicode characters. Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or fil. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential CommandLine Obfuscation Using Unicode Characters From Suspicious Image id: 584bca0f-3608-4402-80fd-4075ff6072e3 related: - id: e0552b19-5a83-4222-b141-b36184bb8d79 type: similar - id: ad691d92-15f2-4181-9aa4-723c74f9ddc3 type: similar - id: 2c0d2d7b-30d6-4d14-9751-7b9113042ab9 type: obsolete status: test description: 'Detects potential commandline obfuscation using unicode characters. Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. ' references: - https://www.wietzebeukema.nl/blog/windows-command-line-obfuscation - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1027/T1027.md#atomic-test-6---dlp-evasion-via-sensitive-data-in-vba-macro-over-http author: frack113, Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), Josh Nickels date: 2024-09-02 modified: 2025-05-30 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: Image|endswith: - \cmd.exe - \cscript.exe - \powershell.exe - \powershell_ise.exe - \pwsh.exe - \wscript.exe OriginalFileName: - Cmd.EXE - cscript.exe - PowerShell.EXE - PowerShell_ISE.EXE - pwsh.dll - wscript.exe selection_special_chars: CommandLine|contains: - ˣ - ˪ - ˢ - ∕ - ⁄ - ― - — - - ¯ - ® - ¶ - ⠀ condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the use of IOX - a tool for port forwarding and intranet proxy purposes. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: PUA- IOX Tunneling Tool Execution id: d7654f02-e04b-4934-9838-65c46f187ebc status: test description: Detects the use of IOX - a tool for port forwarding and intranet proxy purposes references: - https://github.com/EddieIvan01/iox author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-10-08 modified: 2024-11-23 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1090 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \iox.exe selection_commandline: CommandLine|contains: - '.exe fwd -l ' - '.exe fwd -r ' - '.exe proxy -l ' - '.exe proxy -r ' selection_hashes: Hashes|contains: - MD5=9DB2D314DD3F704A02051EF5EA210993 - SHA1=039130337E28A6623ECF9A0A3DA7D92C5964D8DD - SHA256=C6CF82919B809967D9D90EA73772A8AA1C1EB3BC59252D977500F64F1A0D6731 condition: 1 of selection* falsepositives: - Legitimate use level: high
Query: vulnerability: Stack-based buffer overflow in asn1_der_decoding in libtasn1 before 4.4 allows remote attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2806. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Stack-based buffer overflow in asn1_der_decoding in libtasn1 before 4.4 allows remote attackers to have unspecified impact via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1896. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Stack-based buffer overflow in the FastBackMount process in IBM Tivoli Storage Manager FastBack 6.1 before 6.1.11.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors.
Query: exploit Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the Node Template module for Drupal allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of users with the "access node template"
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4397. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the Node Template module for Drupal allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of users with the "access node template" permission for requests that delete node templates via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4364. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in includes/campaignmonitor_lists.admin.inc in the Campaign Monitor module 7.x-1.0 for Drupal allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of users for requests that (1) enable list subscriptions via a request to admin/config/services/campaignmonitor/lists/%/enable or (2) disable list subscriptions via a request to admin/config/services/campaignmonitor/lists/%/disable. NOTE: this refers to an issue in an independently developed Drupal module, and NOT an issue in the Campaign Monitor software itself (described on the campaignmonitor.com web site).
Query: campaign using Email Accounts
Matching passage: T1585.002 Email Accounts. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use accounts created with email providers to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Establishing email accounts may also allow adversaries to abuse free services – such as trial periods – to [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) for follow-on purposes.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin) Adversaries may also take steps to cultivate a persona around the email account, such as through use of [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001), to increase the chance of success of follow-on behaviors. Created email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) To decrease the chance of physically tying back operations to themselves, adversaries may make use of disposable email services.(Citation: Trend Micro R980 2016)
Near-miss passage: T1585.003 Cloud Accounts. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may create accounts with cloud providers that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, MEGA, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Establishing cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud) Creating [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003) may also require adversaries to establish [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002) to register with the cloud provider.
Query: risk of The tzdriver module in Huawei Mate 7 (Mate7-TL10) smartphones before V100R001CHNC00B126SP03 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) v
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4421. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. The tzdriver module in Huawei Mate 7 (Mate7-TL10) smartphones before V100R001CHNC00B126SP03 allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via an unspecified input.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3679. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Apple Type Services (ATS) in Apple OS X before 10.10.4 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3680, CVE-2015-3681, and CVE-2015-3682.