alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-6979
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6979. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. GasGauge in Apple iOS before 9.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged context or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted app.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8554. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. Buffer overflow in hw/pt-msi.c in Xen 4.6.x and earlier, when using the qemu-xen-traditional (aka qemu-dm) device model, allows local x86 HVM guest administrators to gain privileges by leveraging a system with access to a passed-through MSI-X capable physical PCI device and MSI-X table entries, related to a "write path."
Query: SIEM correlation: stealth activity consistent with Create Process with Token
Matching passage: T1134.002 Create Process with Token. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may create a new process with an existing token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. Processes can be created with the token and resulting security context of another user using features such as <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code> and <code>runas</code>.(Citation: Microsoft RunAs) Creating processes with a token not associated with the current user may require the credentials of the target user, specific privileges to impersonate that user, or access to the token to be used. For example, the token could be duplicated via [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) or created via [Make and Impersonate Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003) before being used to create a process. While this technique is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001), the techniques can be used in conjunction where a token is duplicated and then used to create a new process.
Near-miss passage: T1134.003 Make and Impersonate Token. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may make new tokens and impersonate users to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. For example, if an adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system the adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the `LogonUser` function.(Citation: LogonUserW function) The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use `SetThreadToken` to assign the token to a thread. This behavior is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) in that this refers to creating a new user token instead of stealing or duplicating an existing one.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-4524
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4524. CWE: CWE-434. CVSS: 6.5. Unrestricted file upload vulnerability in EMC Documentum WebTop 6.7SP1 before P31, 6.7SP2 before P23, and 6.8 before P01; Documentum Administrator 6.7SP1 before P31, 6.7SP2 before P23, 7.0 before P18, 7.1 before P15, and 7.2 before P01; Documentum Digital Assets Manager 6.5SP6 before P25; Documentum Web Publishers 6.5 SP7 before P25; and Documentum Task Space 6.7SP1 before P31 and 6.7SP2 before P23 allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code by uploading a file to the backend Content Server.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1000013. CWE: CWE-434. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. Remote file upload vulnerability in wordpress plugin csv2wpec-coupon v1.1
Query: hunt for Native API activity
Matching passage: T1106 Native API. Tactics: execution. Description: Adversaries may interact with the native OS application programming interface (API) to execute behaviors. Native APIs provide a controlled means of calling low-level OS services within the kernel, such as those involving hardware/devices, memory, and processes.(Citation: NT API Windows)(Citation: Linux Kernel API) These native APIs are leveraged by the OS during system boot (when other system components are not yet initialized) as well as carrying out tasks and requests during routine operations. Adversaries may abuse these OS API functions as a means of executing behaviors. Similar to [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), the native API and its hierarchy of interfaces provide mechanisms to interact with and utilize various components of a victimized system. Native API functions (such as <code>NtCreateProcess</code>) may be directed invoked via system calls / syscalls, but these features are also often exposed to user-mode applications via interfaces and libraries.(Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: CyberBit System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls) For example, functions such as the Windows API <code>CreateProcess()</code> or GNU <code>fork()</code> will allow programs and scripts to start other processes.(Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess)(Citation: GNU Fork) This may allow API callers to execute a binary, run a CLI command, load modules, etc. as thousands of similar API functions exist for various system operations.(Citation: Microsoft Win32)(Citation: LIBC)(Citation: GLIBC) Higher level software frameworks, such as Microsoft .NET and macOS Cocoa, are also available to interact with native APIs. These frameworks typically provide language wrappers/abstractions to API functionalities and are designed for ease-of-use/portability of code.(Citation: Microsoft NET)(Citation: Apple Core Services)(Citation: MACOS Cocoa)(Citation: macOS Foundation) Adversaries may use assembly to directly or in-directly invoke syscalls
Near-miss passage: T1059.006 Python. Tactics: execution. Description: Adversaries may abuse Python commands and scripts for execution. Python is a very popular scripting/programming language, with capabilities to perform many functions. Python can be executed interactively from the command-line (via the <code>python.exe</code> interpreter) or via scripts (.py) that can be written and distributed to different systems. Python code can also be compiled into binary executables.(Citation: Zscaler APT31 Covid-19 October 2020) Python comes with many built-in packages to interact with the underlying system, such as file operations and device I/O. Adversaries can use these libraries to download and execute commands or other scripts as well as perform various malicious behaviors.
Query: Suspicious Exfiltration Over Physical Medium execution detected on endpoint
Matching passage: T1052 Exfiltration Over Physical Medium. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data via a physical medium, such as a removable drive. In certain circumstances, such as an air-gapped network compromise, exfiltration could occur via a physical medium or device introduced by a user. Such media could be an external hard drive, USB drive, cellular phone, MP3 player, or other removable storage and processing device. The physical medium or device could be used as the final exfiltration point or to hop between otherwise disconnected systems.
Near-miss passage: T1052.001 Exfiltration over USB. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a USB connected physical device. In certain circumstances, such as an air-gapped network compromise, exfiltration could occur via a USB device introduced by a user. The USB device could be used as the final exfiltration point or to hop between otherwise disconnected systems.
Query: describe CVE-2015-4409
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4409. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.5. Buffer overflow on Hikvision NVR DS-76xxNI-E1/2 and DS-77xxxNI-E4 devices before 3.4.0 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (service interruption) via a crafted HTTP request, aka the SDK issue.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8386. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. PCRE before 8.38 mishandles the interaction of lookbehind assertions and mutually recursive subpatterns, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (buffer overflow) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted regular expression, as demonstrated by a JavaScript RegExp object encountered by Konqueror.
Query: rule covering Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line i
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line i. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Powershell MsXml COM Object id: 78aa1347-1517-4454-9982-b338d6df8343 status: test description: 'Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system. (Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code ' references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1059.001/T1059.001.md#atomic-test-7---powershell-msxml-com-object---with-prompt - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/desktop/ms766431(v=vs.85) - https://www.trendmicro.com/en_id/research/22/e/uncovering-a-kingminer-botnet-attack-using-trend-micro-managed-x.html author: frack113, MatilJ date: 2022-01-19 modified: 2022-05-19 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection: ScriptBlockText|contains|all: - New-Object - -ComObject - MsXml2. - XmlHttp condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate administrative script level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects AnyDesk writing binary files to disk other than "gcapi.dll". According to RedCanary research it is highly abnorm. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: Suspicious Binary Writes Via AnyDesk id: 2d367498-5112-4ae5-a06a-96e7bc33a211 status: test description: 'Detects AnyDesk writing binary files to disk other than "gcapi.dll". According to RedCanary research it is highly abnormal for AnyDesk to write executable files to disk besides gcapi.dll, which is a legitimate DLL that is part of the Google Chrome web browser used to interact with the Google Cloud API. (See reference section for more details) ' references: - https://redcanary.com/blog/misbehaving-rats/ - https://thedfirreport.com/2025/02/24/confluence-exploit-leads-to-lockbit-ransomware/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-09-28 modified: 2025-02-24 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1219.002 logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: Image|endswith: - \AnyDesk.exe - \AnyDeskMSI.exe TargetFilename|endswith: - .dll - .exe filter_dlls: TargetFilename|endswith: \gcapi.dll condition: selection and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: common weakness: Improper Handling of Insufficient Privileges
Matching passage: CWE-274 Improper Handling of Insufficient Privileges. The product does not handle or incorrectly handles when it has insufficient privileges to perform an operation, leading to resultant weaknesses.
Near-miss passage: CWE-647 Use of Non-Canonical URL Paths for Authorization Decisions. The product defines policy namespaces and makes authorization decisions based on the assumption that a URL is canonical. This can allow a non-canonical URL to bypass the authorization.
Query: describe CVE-2015-7457
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7457. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM WebSphere Portal 8.0.x before 8.0.0.1 CF20 and 8.5.x before 8.5.0.0 CF09 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0774. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Cisco Application and Content Networking System (ACNS) 5.5(9) allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL, aka Bug ID CSCuu70650.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-2112
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2112. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.0. Unspecified vulnerability in HP Easy Deploy, as distributed standalone and in HP Easy Tools before 3.0.1.1650, on HP Thin Client t5540, t5740, and t5740e devices and HP Flexible Thin Client t510, t520, t610, t620, and t820 devices allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0341. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.277 and 14.x through 17.x before 17.0.0.134 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.451 on Linux allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0342.
Query: detection rule: Indicates that there are abnormal characteristics in the token such as an unusual token lifetime or a token that is play
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Indicates that there are abnormal characteristics in the token such as an unusual token lifetime or a token that is play. Logsource: azure / riskdetection. Rule: title: Anomalous Token id: 6555754e-5e7f-4a67-ad1c-4041c413a007 status: test description: Indicates that there are abnormal characteristics in the token such as an unusual token lifetime or a token that is played from an unfamiliar location. references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/id-protection/concept-identity-protection-risks#anomalous-token - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/architecture/security-operations-user-accounts#unusual-sign-ins author: Mark Morowczynski '@markmorow' date: 2023-08-07 tags: - attack.t1528 - attack.credential-access logsource: product: azure service: riskdetection detection: selection: riskEventType: anomalousToken condition: selection falsepositives: - We recommend investigating the sessions flagged by this detection in the context of other sign-ins from the user. level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of "Diskshadow.exe" in script mode to execute an script with a potentially uncommon extension. Initial. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Diskshadow Script Mode - Uncommon Script Extension Execution id: 1dde5376-a648-492e-9e54-4241dd9b0c7f related: - id: fa1a7e52-3d02-435b-81b8-00da14dd66c1 type: similar - id: 9f546b25-5f12-4c8d-8532-5893dcb1e4b8 type: similar - id: 56b1dde8-b274-435f-a73a-fb75eb81262a type: similar - id: 0c2f8629-7129-4a8a-9897-7e0768f13ff2 type: similar status: test description: 'Detects execution of "Diskshadow.exe" in script mode to execute an script with a potentially uncommon extension. Initial baselining of the allowed extension list is required. ' references: - https://bohops.com/2018/03/26/diskshadow-the-return-of-vss-evasion-persistence-and-active-directory-database-extraction/ - https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/ntds.dit-enumeration - https://medium.com/@cyberjyot/lolbin-execution-via-diskshadow-f6ff681a27a4 - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/diskshadow - https://www.lifars.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/GriefRansomware_Whitepaper-2.pdf - https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/technical-analysis-crytox-ransomware - https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/evilplayout-attack-against-irans-state-broadcaster/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-09-15 modified: 2024-03-05 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - OriginalFileName: diskshadow.exe - Image|endswith: \diskshadow.exe selection_flag: CommandLine|contains|windash: '-s ' filter_main_ext: CommandLine|contains: .txt condition: all of selection_* and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - False postitve might occur with legitimate or uncommon extensions used internally. Initial baseline is required. level: medium
Query: indicators of Overwrite Process Arguments
Matching passage: T1036.011 Overwrite Process Arguments. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may modify a process's in-memory arguments to change its name in order to appear as a legitimate or benign process. On Linux, the operating system stores command-line arguments in the process’s stack and passes them to the `main()` function as the `argv` array. The first element, `argv[0]`, typically contains the process name or path - by default, the command used to actually start the process (e.g., `cat /etc/passwd`). By default, the Linux `/proc` filesystem uses this value to represent the process name. The `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` file reflects the contents of this memory, and tools like `ps` use it to display process information. Since arguments are stored in user-space memory at launch, this modification can be performed without elevated privileges. During runtime, adversaries can erase the memory used by all command-line arguments for a process, overwriting each argument string with null bytes. This removes evidence of how the process was originally launched. They can then write a spoofed string into the memory region previously occupied by `argv[0]` to mimic a benign command, such as `cat resolv.conf`. The new command-line string is reflected in `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` and displayed by tools like `ps`.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022)
Near-miss passage: T1036.002 Right-to-Left Override. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may abuse the right-to-left override (RTLO or RLO) character (U+202E) to disguise a string and/or file name to make it appear benign. RTLO is a non-printing Unicode character that causes the text that follows it to be displayed in reverse. For example, a Windows screensaver executable named <code>March 25 \u202Excod.scr</code> will display as <code>March 25 rcs.docx</code>. A JavaScript file named <code>photo_high_re\u202Egnp.js</code> will be displayed as <code>photo_high_resj.png</code>.(Citation: Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique) Adversaries may abuse the RTLO character as a means of tricking a user into executing what they think is a benign file type. A common use of this technique is with [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001)/[Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) since it can trick both end users and defenders if they are not aware of how their tools display and render the RTLO character. Use of the RTLO character has been seen in many targeted intrusion attempts and criminal activity.(Citation: Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO)(Citation: Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime) RTLO can be used in the Windows Registry as well, where regedit.exe displays the reversed characters but the command line tool reg.exe does not by default.
Query: exploit Unspecified vulnerability in the BI Publisher (formerly XML Publisher) component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11.1.1.7 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality via unknown 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0362. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 5.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the BI Publisher (formerly XML Publisher) component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11.1.1.7 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality via unknown vectors related to BI Publisher Security.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4952. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. The on-demand plugin in IBM Endpoint Manager for Remote Control 9.0.1 and 9.1.0 allows user-assisted remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors. IBM X-Force ID: 105196.
Query: detection engineering for Exploitation for Privilege Escalation
Matching passage: T1068 Exploitation for Privilege Escalation. Tactics: privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructs such as permission levels will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques, so adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions. When initially gaining access to a system, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and software commonly running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user level permissions to SYSTEM or root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. This could also enable an adversary to move from a virtualized environment, such as within a virtual machine or container, onto the underlying host. This may be a necessary step for an adversary compromising an endpoint system that has been properly configured and limits other privilege escalation methods. Adversaries may bring a signed vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine so that they can exploit the vulnerability to execute code in kernel mode. This process is sometimes referred to as Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may include the vulnerable driver with files delivered during Initial Access or download it to a compromised system via [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) or [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570).
Near-miss passage: T1053.007 Container Orchestration Job. Tactics: execution, persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality provided by container orchestration tools such as Kubernetes to schedule deployment of containers configured to execute malicious code. Container orchestration jobs run these automated tasks at a specific date and time, similar to cron jobs on a Linux system. Deployments of this type can also be configured to maintain a quantity of containers over time, automating the process of maintaining persistence within a cluster. In Kubernetes, a CronJob may be used to schedule a Job that runs one or more containers to perform specific tasks.(Citation: Kubernetes Jobs)(Citation: Kubernetes CronJob) An adversary therefore may utilize a CronJob to schedule deployment of a Job that executes malicious code in various nodes within a cluster.(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)
Query: common weakness: Improper Handling of Values
Matching passage: CWE-229 Improper Handling of Values. The product does not properly handle when the expected number of values for parameters, fields, or arguments is not provided in input, or if those values are undefined.
Near-miss passage: CWE-316 Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information in Memory. The product stores sensitive information in cleartext in memory.
Query: explain CWE-299
Matching passage: CWE-299 Improper Check for Certificate Revocation. The product does not check or incorrectly checks the revocation status of a certificate, which may cause it to use a certificate that has been compromised.
Near-miss passage: CWE-602 Client-Side Enforcement of Server-Side Security. The product is composed of a server that relies on the client to implement a mechanism that is intended to protect the server.
Query: secure coding against Unprotected Confidential Information on Device is Accessible by OSAT Vendors
Matching passage: CWE-1297 Unprotected Confidential Information on Device is Accessible by OSAT Vendors. The product does not adequately protect confidential information on the device from being accessed by Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) vendors.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1122 Excessive Halstead Complexity. The code is structured in a way that a Halstead complexity measure exceeds a desirable maximum.