alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-4521
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4521. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. The ConvertDialogOptions function in Mozilla Firefox before 41.0 and Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.3 might allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via unknown vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1767. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2401 and CVE-2015-2408.
Query: secure coding against Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled SQL Primary Key
Matching passage: CWE-566 Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled SQL Primary Key. The product uses a database table that includes records that should not be accessible to an actor, but it executes a SQL statement with a primary key that can be controlled by that actor.
Near-miss passage: CWE-382 J2EE Bad Practices: Use of System.exit(). A J2EE application uses System.exit(), which also shuts down its container.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-4642
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4642. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. The escapeshellarg function in ext/standard/exec.c in PHP before 5.4.42, 5.5.x before 5.5.26, and 5.6.x before 5.6.10 on Windows allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via a crafted string to an application that accepts command-line arguments for a call to the PHP system function.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3431. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Pydio (formerly AjaXplorer) before 6.0.7 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via unspecified vectors, aka "Pydio OS Command Injection Vulnerabilities."
Query: write Sigma for Detects an issue in apache logs that reports threading related errors
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects an issue in apache logs that reports threading related errors. Logsource: apache. Rule: title: Apache Threading Error id: e9a2b582-3f6a-48ac-b4a1-6849cdc50b3c status: test description: Detects an issue in apache logs that reports threading related errors references: - https://github.com/hannob/apache-uaf/blob/da40f2be3684c8095ec6066fa68eb5c07a086233/README.md author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2019-01-22 modified: 2021-11-27 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.lateral-movement - attack.t1190 - attack.t1210 logsource: service: apache definition: 'Requirements: Must be able to collect the error.log file' detection: keywords: - '__pthread_tpp_change_priority: Assertion `new_prio == -1 || (new_prio >= fifo_min_prio && new_prio <= fifo_max_prio)' condition: keywords falsepositives: - 3rd party apache modules - https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=46185 level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detect suspicious parent processes of well-known Windows processes. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Windows Processes Suspicious Parent Directory id: 96036718-71cc-4027-a538-d1587e0006a7 status: test description: Detect suspicious parent processes of well-known Windows processes references: - https://web.archive.org/web/20180718061628/https://securitybytes.io/blue-team-fundamentals-part-two-windows-processes-759fe15965e2 - https://www.carbonblack.com/2014/06/10/screenshot-demo-hunt-evil-faster-than-ever-with-carbon-black/ - https://www.13cubed.com/downloads/windows_process_genealogy_v2.pdf author: vburov date: 2019-02-23 modified: 2025-03-06 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1036.003 - attack.t1036.005 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: - \svchost.exe - \taskhost.exe - \lsm.exe - \lsass.exe - \services.exe - \lsaiso.exe - \csrss.exe - \wininit.exe - \winlogon.exe filter_sys: - ParentImage|endswith: - \SavService.exe - \ngen.exe - ParentImage|contains: - \System32\ - \SysWOW64\ filter_msmpeng: ParentImage|contains: - \Windows Defender\ - \Microsoft Security Client\ ParentImage|endswith: \MsMpEng.exe filter_null: - ParentImage: null - ParentImage: - '' - '-' condition: selection and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - Some security products seem to spawn these level: low
Query: how to detect Application Window Discovery
Matching passage: T1010 Application Window Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of open application windows. Window listings could convey information about how the system is used.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021) For example, information about application windows could be used identify potential data to collect as well as identifying security tooling ([Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) to evade.(Citation: ESET Grandoreiro April 2020) Adversaries typically abuse system features for this type of enumeration. For example, they may gather information through native system features such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) commands and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.
Near-miss passage: T1497.001 System Checks. Tactics: stealth, discovery. Description: Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness) Specific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047), [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082), and [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) to obtain system information and search for VME artifacts. Adversaries may search for VME artifacts in memory, processes, file system, hardware, and/or the Registry. Adversaries may use scripting to automate these checks into one script and then have the program exit if it determines the system to be a virtual environment. Checks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. Once executed, malware may also use [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) to check if it was saved in a folder or file with unexpected or even analysis-related naming artifacts such as `malware`, `sample`, or `hash`. Other common checks may enumerate services running that are unique to these applications, installed programs on the
Query: Lateral movement indicators for Data Transfer Size Limits
Matching passage: T1030 Data Transfer Size Limits. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: An adversary may exfiltrate data in fixed size chunks instead of whole files or limit packet sizes below certain thresholds. This approach may be used to avoid triggering network data transfer threshold alerts.
Near-miss passage: T1048.001 Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a symmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. Symmetric encryption algorithms are those that use shared or the same keys/secrets on each end of the channel. This requires an exchange or pre-arranged agreement/possession of the value used to encrypt and decrypt data. Network protocols that use asymmetric encryption often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged, but adversaries may opt to manually share keys and implement symmetric cryptographic algorithms (ex: RC4, AES) vice using mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. This may result in multiple layers of encryption (in protocols that are natively encrypted such as HTTPS) or encryption in protocols that not typically encrypted (such as HTTP or FTP).
Query: rule covering Various protocols maybe used to put data on the device for exfil or infil
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Various protocols maybe used to put data on the device for exfil or infil. Logsource: cisco / aaa. Rule: title: Cisco Stage Data id: 5e51acb2-bcbe-435b-99c6-0e3cd5e2aa59 status: test description: Various protocols maybe used to put data on the device for exfil or infil author: Austin Clark date: 2019-08-12 modified: 2023-01-04 tags: - attack.collection - attack.lateral-movement - attack.command-and-control - attack.exfiltration - attack.t1074 - attack.t1105 - attack.t1560.001 logsource: product: cisco service: aaa detection: keywords: - tftp - rcp - puts - copy - configure replace - archive tar condition: keywords falsepositives: - Generally used to copy configs or IOS images level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects when an Okta user session starts where the user is behind an anonymising proxy service.. Logsource: okta / okta. Rule: title: Okta User Session Start Via An Anonymising Proxy Service id: bde30855-5c53-4c18-ae90-1ff79ebc9578 status: test description: Detects when an Okta user session starts where the user is behind an anonymising proxy service. references: - https://developer.okta.com/docs/reference/api/system-log/ - https://sec.okta.com/articles/2023/08/cross-tenant-impersonation-prevention-and-detection author: kelnage date: 2023-09-07 modified: 2026-04-27 tags: - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1685 logsource: product: okta service: okta detection: selection: eventType: user.session.start securityContext.isProxy: 'true' condition: selection falsepositives: - If a user requires an anonymising proxy due to valid justifications. level: high
Query: risk of com.apple.driver.AppleVXD393 in the Graphics Driver subsystem in Apple iOS before 9.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted app that leverages an unspecified "ty
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6986. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. com.apple.driver.AppleVXD393 in the Graphics Driver subsystem in Apple iOS before 9.1 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted app that leverages an unspecified "type confusion."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9216. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9625, MDM9635M, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 425, SD 430, SD 450, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 625, SD 650/52, SD 808, and SD 810, improper handling of simultaneous interrupt in USB module during USB RESET and EP COMPLETE.
Query: Encoded PowerShell / command-line abuse matching Create Snapshot
Matching passage: T1578.001 Create Snapshot. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: An adversary may create a snapshot or data backup within a cloud account to evade defenses. A snapshot is a point-in-time copy of an existing cloud compute component such as a virtual machine (VM), virtual hard drive, or volume. An adversary may leverage permissions to create a snapshot in order to bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing compute service infrastructure, unlike in [Revert Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/004) where an adversary may revert to a snapshot to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002), mount one or more created snapshots to that instance, and then apply a policy that allows the adversary access to the created instance, such as a firewall policy that allows them inbound and outbound SSH access.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)
Near-miss passage: T1578.005 Modify Cloud Compute Configurations. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may modify settings that directly affect the size, locations, and resources available to cloud compute infrastructure in order to evade defenses. These settings may include service quotas, subscription associations, tenant-wide policies, or other configurations that impact available compute. Such modifications may allow adversaries to abuse the victim’s compute resources to achieve their goals, potentially without affecting the execution of running instances and/or revealing their activities to the victim. For example, cloud providers often limit customer usage of compute resources via quotas. Customers may request adjustments to these quotas to support increased computing needs, though these adjustments may require approval from the cloud provider. Adversaries who compromise a cloud environment may similarly request quota adjustments in order to support their activities, such as enabling additional [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496) without raising suspicion by using up a victim’s entire quota.(Citation: Microsoft Cryptojacking 2023) Adversaries may also increase allowed resource usage by modifying any tenant-wide policies that limit the sizes of deployed virtual machines.(Citation: Microsoft Azure Policy) Adversaries may also modify settings that affect where cloud resources can be deployed, such as enabling [Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535).
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-6253
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6253. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. edx-platform before 2015-08-17 allows XSS in the Studio listing of courses.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5622. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 3.5. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in WordPress before 4.2.3 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML by leveraging the Author or Contributor role to place a crafted shortcode inside an HTML element, related to wp-includes/kses.php and wp-includes/shortcodes.php.
Query: alert when Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This rule detect u
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This rule detect u. Logsource: linux / auditd. Rule: title: Binary Padding - Linux id: c52a914f-3d8b-4b2a-bb75-b3991e75f8ba status: test description: 'Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This rule detect using dd and truncate to add a junk data to file. ' references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1027.001/T1027.001.md author: Igor Fits, oscd.community date: 2020-10-13 modified: 2023-05-03 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027.001 logsource: product: linux service: auditd detection: selection_execve: type: EXECVE keywords_truncate: '|all': - truncate - -s keywords_dd: '|all': - dd - if= keywords_filter: - of= condition: selection_execve and (keywords_truncate or (keywords_dd and not keywords_filter)) falsepositives: - Unknown level: high simulation: - type: atomic-red-team name: Pad Binary to Change Hash - Linux/macOS dd technique: T1027.001 atomic_guid: ffe2346c-abd5-4b45-a713-bf5f1ebd573a
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects when Kubernetes Secrets are Modified or Deleted.. Logsource: kubernetes / audit. Rule: title: Kubernetes Secrets Modified or Deleted id: 58d31a75-a4f8-4c40-985b-373d58162ca2 related: - id: 2f0bae2d-bf20-4465-be86-1311addebaa3 type: similar status: test description: 'Detects when Kubernetes Secrets are Modified or Deleted. ' references: - https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-audit.v1/ - https://commandk.dev/blog/guide-to-audit-k8s-secrets-for-compliance/ author: kelnage date: 2024-07-11 tags: - attack.credential-access logsource: product: kubernetes service: audit detection: selection: objectRef.resource: secrets verb: - create - delete - patch - replace - update condition: selection falsepositives: - Secrets being modified or deleted may be performed by a system administrator. - Automated processes may need to take these actions and may need to be filtered. level: medium
Query: detection engineering for Traffic Duplication
Matching passage: T1020.001 Traffic Duplication. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may leverage traffic mirroring in order to automate data exfiltration over compromised infrastructure. Traffic mirroring is a native feature for some devices, often used for network analysis. For example, devices may be configured to forward network traffic to one or more destinations for analysis by a network analyzer or other monitoring device. (Citation: Cisco Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: Juniper Traffic Mirroring) Adversaries may abuse traffic mirroring to mirror or redirect network traffic through other infrastructure they control. Malicious modifications to network devices to enable traffic redirection may be possible through [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) or [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) Many cloud-based environments also support traffic mirroring. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP) Adversaries may use traffic duplication in conjunction with [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) depending on the goals and objectives of the adversary.
Near-miss passage: T1020 Automated Exfiltration. Tactics: exfiltration. Description: Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection.(Citation: ESET Gamaredon June 2020) When automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-2485
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2485. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 through 11 and Microsoft Edge allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2491 and CVE-2015-2541.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5283. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 4.699999809265137. The sctp_init function in net/sctp/protocol.c in the Linux kernel before 4.2.3 has an incorrect sequence of protocol-initialization steps, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (panic or memory corruption) by creating SCTP sockets before all of the steps have finished.
Query: explain CWE-163
Matching passage: CWE-163 Improper Neutralization of Multiple Trailing Special Elements. The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes multiple trailing special elements that could be interpreted in unexpected ways when they are sent to a downstream component.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1109 Use of Same Variable for Multiple Purposes. The code contains a callable, block, or other code element in which the same variable is used to control more than one unique task or store more than one instance of data.
Query: vulnerability: The Autonomic Networking Infrastructure (ANI) implementation in Cisco IOS 12.2, 12.4, 15.0, 15.2, 15.3, and 15.4 and IOS XE 3.10.xS through 3.13.xS before 3.13.1S allows remote att
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0636. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The Autonomic Networking Infrastructure (ANI) implementation in Cisco IOS 12.2, 12.4, 15.0, 15.2, 15.3, and 15.4 and IOS XE 3.10.xS through 3.13.xS before 3.13.1S allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (disrupted domain access) via spoofed AN messages that reset a finite state machine, aka Bug ID CSCup62293.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3411. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 6.5. PHP before 5.4.40, 5.5.x before 5.5.24, and 5.6.x before 5.6.8 does not ensure that pathnames lack %00 sequences, which might allow remote attackers to read or write to arbitrary files via crafted input to an application that calls (1) a DOMDocument load method, (2) the xmlwriter_open_uri function, (3) the finfo_file function, or (4) the hash_hmac_file function, as demonstrated by a filename\0.xml attack that bypasses an intended configuration in which client users may read only .xml files.
Query: describe CVE-2015-1391
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1391. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Aruba AirWave before 8.0.7 allows bypass of a CSRF protection mechanism.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5412. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.0. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in HP Version Control Repository Manager (VCRM) before 7.5.0 allows remote authenticated users to hijack the authentication of unspecified victims via unknown vectors.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-2907
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2907. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.0. Mobile Devices (aka MDI) C4 OBD-II dongles with firmware 2.x and 3.4.x, as used in Metromile Pulse and other products, have hardcoded SSH credentials, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain access by leveraging knowledge of the required username and password.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0429. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 3.299999952316284. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Sun Solaris 10 and 11 allows local users to affect integrity and availability via vectors related to RPC Utility.
Query: weakness Improper Neutralization of Directives in Statically Saved Code ('Static Code Injection')
Matching passage: CWE-96 Improper Neutralization of Directives in Statically Saved Code ('Static Code Injection'). The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before inserting the input into an executable resource, such as a library, configuration file, or template.
Near-miss passage: CWE-771 Missing Reference to Active Allocated Resource. The product does not properly maintain a reference to a resource that has been allocated, which prevents the resource from being reclaimed.