alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: what is T1546.006
Matching passage: T1546.006 LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition. Tactics: privilege escalation, persistence. Description: Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by the execution of tainted binaries. Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long as adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) There are tools available to perform these changes. Adversaries may modify Mach-O binary headers to load and execute malicious dylibs every time the binary is executed. Although any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified, this can be remediated by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn’t checked at load time.(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)
Near-miss passage: T1546.001 Change Default File Association. Tactics: privilege escalation, persistence. Description: Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by a file type association. When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility.(Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs)(Citation: Microsoft File Handlers)(Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened. System file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]\shell\\[action]\command</code>. For example: * <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell\open\command</code> * <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell\print\command</code> * <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell\printto\command</code> The values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)
Query: vulnerability: Multiple incomplete blacklist vulnerabilities in the avatar upload functionality in manageuser.php in Collabtive before 2.1 allow remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary co
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0258. CWE: CWE-434. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. Multiple incomplete blacklist vulnerabilities in the avatar upload functionality in manageuser.php in Collabtive before 2.1 allow remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code by uploading a file with a (1) .php3, (2) .php4, (3) .php5, or (4) .phtml extension.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1000000. CWE: CWE-434. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Remote file upload vulnerability in mailcwp v1.99 wordpress plugin
Query: exploit Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the edit comment dialog in bkr/server/widgets.py in Beaker 20.1 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3162. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the edit comment dialog in bkr/server/widgets.py in Beaker 20.1 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via writing a crafted comment on an acked or nacked canceled job.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9374. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Stripe Add-on for iThemes Exchange before 1.2.0 for WordPress has XSS via add_query_arg() and remove_query_arg().
Query: vulnerability: Libinfo in Apple iOS before 8.4.1 and OS X before 10.10.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) b
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5776. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. Libinfo in Apple iOS before 8.4.1 and OS X before 10.10.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) by leveraging use of an AF_INET6 socket.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7987. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Multiple buffer overflows in mDNSResponder before 625.41.2 allow remote attackers to read or write to out-of-bounds memory locations via vectors involving the (1) GetValueForIPv4Addr, (2) GetValueForMACAddr, (3) rfc3110_import, or (4) CopyNSEC3ResourceRecord function.
Query: intelligence brief on T1578.004
Matching passage: T1578.004 Revert Cloud Instance. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs. Another variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)
Near-miss passage: T1578.001 Create Snapshot. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: An adversary may create a snapshot or data backup within a cloud account to evade defenses. A snapshot is a point-in-time copy of an existing cloud compute component such as a virtual machine (VM), virtual hard drive, or volume. An adversary may leverage permissions to create a snapshot in order to bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing compute service infrastructure, unlike in [Revert Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/004) where an adversary may revert to a snapshot to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002), mount one or more created snapshots to that instance, and then apply a policy that allows the adversary access to the created instance, such as a firewall policy that allows them inbound and outbound SSH access.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6465
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6465. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The GoAhead web server on Moxa EDS-405A and EDS-408A switches with firmware before 3.6 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (reboot) via a crafted URL.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8427. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.204, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.204, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.204 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8048, CVE-2015-8049, CVE-2015-8050, CVE-2015-8055, CVE-2015-8056, CVE-2015-8057, CVE-2015-8058, CVE-2015-8059, CVE-2015-8061, CVE-2015-8062, CVE-2015-8063, CVE-2015-8064, CVE-2015-8065, CVE-2015-8066, CVE-2015-8067, CVE-2015-8068, CVE-2015-8069, CVE-2015-8070, CVE-2015-8071, CVE-2015-8401, CVE-2015-8402, CVE-2015-8403, CVE-2015-8404, CVE-2015-8405, CVE-2015-8406, CVE-2015-8410, CVE-2015-8411, CVE-2015-8412, CVE-2015-8413, CVE-2015-8414, CVE-2015-8420, CVE-2015-8421, CVE-2015-8422, CVE-2015-8423, CVE-2015-8424, CVE-2015-8425, CVE-2015-8426, CVE-2015-8428, CVE-2015-8429, CVE-2015-8430, CVE-2015-8431, CVE-2015-8432, CVE-2015-8433, CVE-2015-8434, CVE-2015-8435, CVE-2015-8436, CVE-2015-8437, CVE-2015-8441, CVE-2015-8442, CVE-2015-8447, CVE-2015-8448, CVE-2015-8449, CVE-2015-8450, CVE-2015-8452, and CVE-2015-8454.
Query: describe CVE-2015-7054
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7054. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. zlib in the Compression component in Apple iOS before 9.2, OS X before 10.11.2, tvOS before 9.1, and watchOS before 2.1 does not initialize memory for an unspecified data structure, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted web site.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1062. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 5.0. MobileStorageMounter in Apple iOS before 8.2 and Apple TV before 7.1 does not delete invalid disk-image folders, which allows attackers to create folders in arbitrary filesystem locations via a crafted app.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Rundll32 in Scripts
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Rundll32 in Scripts. Logsource: windows / ps_script. Rule: title: Invoke-Obfuscation Via Use Rundll32 - PowerShell id: a5a30a6e-75ca-4233-8b8c-42e0f2037d3b status: test description: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via use Rundll32 in Scripts references: - https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/issues/1009 author: Nikita Nazarov, oscd.community date: 2019-10-08 modified: 2022-11-29 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: ps_script definition: 'Requirements: Script Block Logging must be enabled' detection: selection_4104: ScriptBlockText|contains|all: - '&&' - rundll32 - shell32.dll - shellexec_rundll ScriptBlockText|contains: - value - invoke - comspec - iex condition: selection_4104 falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Alerts on Metasploit host's authentications on the domain.. Logsource: windows / security. Rule: title: Metasploit SMB Authentication id: 72124974-a68b-4366-b990-d30e0b2a190d status: test description: Alerts on Metasploit host's authentications on the domain. references: - https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/1416b5776d963f21b7b5b45d19f3e961201e0aed/lib/rex/proto/smb/client.rb author: Chakib Gzenayi (@Chak092), Hosni Mribah date: 2020-05-06 modified: 2024-01-25 tags: - attack.lateral-movement - attack.t1021.002 logsource: product: windows service: security detection: selection1: EventID: - 4625 - 4624 LogonType: 3 AuthenticationPackageName: NTLM WorkstationName|re: ^[A-Za-z0-9]{16}$ selection2: EventID: 4776 Workstation|re: ^[A-Za-z0-9]{16}$ condition: 1 of selection* falsepositives: - Linux hostnames composed of 16 characters. level: high
Query: what is T1021.005
Matching passage: T1021.005 VNC. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely control machines using Virtual Network Computing (VNC). VNC is a platform-independent desktop sharing system that uses the RFB (“remote framebuffer”) protocol to enable users to remotely control another computer’s display by relaying the screen, mouse, and keyboard inputs over the network.(Citation: The Remote Framebuffer Protocol) VNC differs from [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) as VNC is screen-sharing software rather than resource-sharing software. By default, VNC uses the system's authentication, but it can be configured to use credentials specific to VNC.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)(Citation: VNC Authentication) Adversaries may abuse VNC to perform malicious actions as the logged-on user such as opening documents, downloading files, and running arbitrary commands. An adversary could use VNC to remotely control and monitor a system to collect data and information to pivot to other systems within the network. Specific VNC libraries/implementations have also been susceptible to brute force attacks and memory usage exploitation.(Citation: Hijacking VNC)(Citation: macOS root VNC login without authentication)(Citation: VNC Vulnerabilities)(Citation: Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check)(Citation: Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab)(Citation: Havana authentication bug)
Near-miss passage: T1021.004 SSH. Tactics: lateral movement. Description: Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into remote machines using Secure Shell (SSH). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user. SSH is a protocol that allows authorized users to open remote shells on other computers. Many Linux and macOS versions come with SSH installed by default, although typically disabled until the user enables it. On ESXi, SSH can be enabled either directly on the host (e.g., via `vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh`) or via vCenter.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) The SSH server can be configured to use standard password authentication or public-private keypairs in lieu of or in addition to a password. In this authentication scenario, the user’s public key must be in a special file on the computer running the server that lists which keypairs are allowed to login as that user (i.e., [SSH Authorized Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004)).
Query: exploit The logcat_dump_text function in wiretap/logcat.c in the Android Logcat file parser in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.5 does not properly handle a lack of \0 termination, which allow
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3906. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 5.0. The logcat_dump_text function in wiretap/logcat.c in the Android Logcat file parser in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.5 does not properly handle a lack of \0 termination, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and application crash) via a crafted message in a packet, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3815.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6084. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 10 and 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6064 and CVE-2015-6085.
Query: hunt for Business Relationships activity
Matching passage: T1591.002 Business Relationships. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business relationships that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization’s business relationships may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access. This information may also reveal supply chains and shipment paths for the victim’s hardware and software resources. Adversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business relationships may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).
Near-miss passage: T1591 Gather Victim Org Information. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may gather information about the victim's organization that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization may include a variety of details, including the names of divisions/departments, specifics of business operations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of key employees. Adversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about an organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).
Query: describe CVE-2015-3245
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3245. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. Incomplete blacklist vulnerability in the chfn function in libuser before 0.56.13-8 and 0.60 before 0.60-7, as used in the userhelper program in the usermode package, allows local users to cause a denial of service (/etc/passwd corruption) via a newline character in the GECOS field.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1105. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.0. The TCP implementation in the kernel in Apple iOS before 8.3, Apple OS X before 10.10.3, and Apple TV before 7.2 does not properly implement the Urgent (aka out-of-band data) mechanism, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via crafted packets.
Query: vulnerability: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the login page in Cisco TC Software before 7.1.0 on Cisco TelePresence Collaboration Desk and Room Endpoints devices allows remote attac
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0696. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the login page in Cisco TC Software before 7.1.0 on Cisco TelePresence Collaboration Desk and Room Endpoints devices allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors, aka Bug ID CSCuq94977.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8795. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Admin UI in Apache Solr before 5.1 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via crafted fields that are mishandled during the rendering of the (1) Analysis page, related to webapp/web/js/scripts/analysis.js or (2) Schema-Browser page, related to webapp/web/js/scripts/schema-browser.js.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6931
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6931. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the vSphere Web Client in VMware vCenter Server 5.0 before U3g, 5.1 before U3d, and 5.5 before U2d allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9453. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. The broken-link-manager plugin before 0.6.0 for WordPress has XSS via the HTTP Referer or User-Agent header to a URL that does not exist.
Query: campaign using System Location Discovery
Matching passage: T1614 System Location Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. Adversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)(Citation: Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020) Windows API functions such as <code>GetLocaleInfoW</code> can also be used to determine the locale of the host.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020) In cloud environments, an instance's availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Identity Documents)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021) Adversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.(Citation: Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)
Near-miss passage: T1614.001 System Language Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to gather information about the system language of a victim in order to infer the geographical location of that host. This information may be used to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether the adversary infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. This decision may be employed by malware developers and operators to reduce their risk of attracting the attention of specific law enforcement agencies or prosecution/scrutiny from other entities.(Citation: Malware System Language Check) There are various sources of data an adversary could use to infer system language, such as system defaults and keyboard layouts. Specific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) and calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019) For example, on a Windows system adversaries may attempt to infer the language of a system by querying the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Nls\Language</code> or parsing the outputs of Windows API functions <code>GetUserDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetSystemDefaultUILanguage</code>, <code>GetKeyboardLayoutList</code> and <code>GetUserDefaultLangID</code>.(Citation: Darkside Ransomware Cybereason)(Citation: Securelist JSWorm)(Citation: SecureList SynAck Doppelgänging May 2018) On a macOS or Linux system, adversaries may query <code>locale</code> to retrieve the value of the <code>$LANG</code> environment variable.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-7581
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7581. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 7.5. actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb in Action Pack in Ruby on Rails 4.x before 4.2.5.1 and 5.x before 5.0.0.beta1.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (superfluous caching and memory consumption) by leveraging an application's use of a wildcard controller route.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5470. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The label decompression functionality in PowerDNS Recursor before 3.6.4 and 3.7.x before 3.7.3 and Authoritative (Auth) Server before 3.3.3 and 3.4.x before 3.4.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption or crash) via a request with a long name that refers to itself. NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-1868.