alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Invalid Code Signature
Matching passage: T1036.001 Invalid Code Signature. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to mimic features of valid code signatures to increase the chance of deceiving a user, analyst, or tool. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. Adversaries can copy the metadata and signature information from a signed program, then use it as a template for an unsigned program. Files with invalid code signatures will fail digital signature validation checks, but they may appear more legitimate to users and security tools may improperly handle these files.(Citation: Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017) Unlike [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), this activity will not result in a valid signature.
Near-miss passage: T1036.011 Overwrite Process Arguments. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may modify a process's in-memory arguments to change its name in order to appear as a legitimate or benign process. On Linux, the operating system stores command-line arguments in the process’s stack and passes them to the `main()` function as the `argv` array. The first element, `argv[0]`, typically contains the process name or path - by default, the command used to actually start the process (e.g., `cat /etc/passwd`). By default, the Linux `/proc` filesystem uses this value to represent the process name. The `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` file reflects the contents of this memory, and tools like `ps` use it to display process information. Since arguments are stored in user-space memory at launch, this modification can be performed without elevated privileges. During runtime, adversaries can erase the memory used by all command-line arguments for a process, overwriting each argument string with null bytes. This removes evidence of how the process was originally launched. They can then write a spoofed string into the memory region previously occupied by `argv[0]` to mimic a benign command, such as `cat resolv.conf`. The new command-line string is reflected in `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` and displayed by tools like `ps`.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022)
Query: indicators of Unix Shell
Matching passage: T1059.004 Unix Shell. Tactics: execution. Description: Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the primary command prompt on Linux, macOS, and ESXi systems, though many variations of the Unix shell exist (e.g. sh, ash, bash, zsh, etc.) depending on the specific OS or distribution.(Citation: DieNet Bash)(Citation: Apple ZShell) Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges. Unix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems. Adversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004). Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence. Some systems, such as embedded devices, lightweight Linux distributions, and ESXi servers, may leverage stripped-down Unix shells via Busybox, a small executable that contains a variety of tools, including a simple shell.
Near-miss passage: T1059.001 PowerShell. Tactics: execution. Description: Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system.(Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the <code>Start-Process</code> cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the <code>Invoke-Command</code> cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer (though administrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems). PowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk. A number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363), [PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194), [PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378), and PSAttack.(Citation: Github PSAttack) PowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the <code>powershell.exe</code> binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying <code>System.Management.Automation</code> assembly DLL exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI).(Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)
Query: write Sigma for Detects use of the sysinfo system call in Linux, which provides a snapshot of key system statistics such as uptime, load
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects use of the sysinfo system call in Linux, which provides a snapshot of key system statistics such as uptime, load. Logsource: linux / auditd. Rule: title: System Info Discovery via Sysinfo Syscall id: b207d563-a1d9-4275-b349-77d1eb55aa6d status: experimental description: 'Detects use of the sysinfo system call in Linux, which provides a snapshot of key system statistics such as uptime, load averages, memory usage, and the number of running processes. Malware or reconnaissance tools might leverage sysinfo to fingerprint the system - gathering data to determine if it''s a viable target. ' references: - https://github.com/CheraghiMilad/bypass-Neo23x0-auditd-config/blob/f1c478a37911a5447d5ffcd580f22b167bf3df14/sysinfo-syscall/README.md - https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/sysinfo.2.html author: Milad Cheraghi date: 2025-05-30 modified: 2025-12-05 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1057 - attack.t1082 logsource: product: linux service: auditd definition: 'Required auditd configuration: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sysinfo -k discovery_sysinfo_syscall -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S sysinfo -k discovery_sysinfo_syscall ' detection: selection: type: SYSCALL SYSCALL: sysinfo filter_optional_splunk: exe|endswith: /bin/splunkd condition: selection and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Legitimate administrative activity level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects execution of the "cloudflared" tool to connect back to a tunnel. This was seen used by threat actors to maintain. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Cloudflared Tunnel Execution id: 9a019ffc-3580-4c9d-8d87-079f7e8d3fd4 status: test description: Detects execution of the "cloudflared" tool to connect back to a tunnel. This was seen used by threat actors to maintain persistence and remote access to compromised networks. references: - https://blog.reconinfosec.com/emergence-of-akira-ransomware-group - https://github.com/cloudflare/cloudflared - https://developers.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-one/connections/connect-apps author: Janantha Marasinghe, Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-05-17 modified: 2023-12-20 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1102 - attack.t1090 - attack.t1572 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: CommandLine|contains|all: - ' tunnel ' - ' run ' CommandLine|contains: - '-config ' - '-credentials-contents ' - '-credentials-file ' - '-token ' condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate usage of Cloudflared tunnel. level: medium
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-10068
Matching passage: CVE-2015-10068. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. A vulnerability classified as critical was found in danynab movify-j. This vulnerability affects the function getByMovieId of the file app/business/impl/ReviewServiceImpl.java. The manipulation of the argument movieId/username leads to sql injection. The name of the patch is c3085e01936a4d7eff1eda3093f25d56cc4d2ec5. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218476.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7517. CWE: CWE-89. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in the Double Opt-In for Download plugin before 2.0.9 for WordPress allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the ver parameter to (1) class-doifd-download.php or (2) class-doifd-landing-page.php in public/includes/.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-0977
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0977. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 10.0. Network Vision IntraVue before 2.3.0a14 on Windows allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6008. CWE: CWE-78. CVSS: 7.5. install.php in Web Reference Database (aka refbase) through 0.9.6 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via the adminPassword parameter, a different issue than CVE-2015-7381.
Query: describe CVE-2015-3068
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3068. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.14 and 11.x before 11.0.11 on Windows and OS X allow attackers to bypass intended restrictions on JavaScript API execution via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3060, CVE-2015-3061, CVE-2015-3062, CVE-2015-3063, CVE-2015-3064, CVE-2015-3065, CVE-2015-3066, CVE-2015-3067, CVE-2015-3069, CVE-2015-3071, CVE-2015-3072, CVE-2015-3073, and CVE-2015-3074.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9040. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In all Qualcomm products with Android releases from CAF using the Linux kernel, a vulnerability exists in a GERAN API.
Query: Sigma YAML for windows / process_creation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects uncommon and potentially suspicious one-liner command containing both "ping" and "copy" at the same time, which. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potentially Suspicious Ping/Copy Command Combination id: ded2b07a-d12f-4284-9b76-653e37b6c8b0 status: test description: 'Detects uncommon and potentially suspicious one-liner command containing both "ping" and "copy" at the same time, which is usually used by malware. ' references: - Internal Research author: X__Junior (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-07-18 modified: 2024-03-06 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1070.004 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_cmd: - Image|endswith: \cmd.exe - OriginalFileName: Cmd.Exe selection_action: CommandLine|contains|all: - ping - 'copy ' selection_cli_1: CommandLine|contains|windash: ' -n ' selection_cli_2: CommandLine|contains|windash: ' -y ' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credential. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Private Keys Reconnaissance Via CommandLine Tools id: 213d6a77-3d55-4ce8-ba74-fcfef741974e status: test description: Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credential references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1552.004/T1552.004.md author: frack113, Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2021-07-20 modified: 2023-03-06 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1552.004 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_cmd_img: - Image|endswith: \cmd.exe - OriginalFileName: Cmd.Exe selection_cmd_cli: CommandLine|contains: 'dir ' selection_pwsh_img: - Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe - OriginalFileName: - PowerShell.EXE - pwsh.dll selection_pwsh_cli: CommandLine|contains: 'Get-ChildItem ' selection_findstr: - Image|endswith: \findstr.exe - OriginalFileName: FINDSTR.EXE selection_ext: CommandLine|contains: - .key - .pgp - .gpg - .ppk - .p12 - .pem - .pfx - .cer - .p7b - .asc condition: selection_ext and (all of selection_cmd_* or all of selection_pwsh_* or selection_findstr) falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0470
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0470. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 8u40 allows remote attackers to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Hotspot.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0306. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Flash Player before 13.0.0.260 and 14.x through 16.x before 16.0.0.257 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.429 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 16.0.0.245 on Windows and OS X and before 16.0.0.272 on Android, Adobe AIR SDK before 16.0.0.272, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 16.0.0.272 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0303.
Query: describe CVE-2015-2625
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2625. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 2.5999999046325684. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Java SE 6u95, 7u80, and 8u45; JRockit R28.3.6; and Java SE Embedded 7u75 and 8u33 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality via vectors related to JSSE.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8420. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.204, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.204, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.204 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8048, CVE-2015-8049, CVE-2015-8050, CVE-2015-8055, CVE-2015-8056, CVE-2015-8057, CVE-2015-8058, CVE-2015-8059, CVE-2015-8061, CVE-2015-8062, CVE-2015-8063, CVE-2015-8064, CVE-2015-8065, CVE-2015-8066, CVE-2015-8067, CVE-2015-8068, CVE-2015-8069, CVE-2015-8070, CVE-2015-8071, CVE-2015-8401, CVE-2015-8402, CVE-2015-8403, CVE-2015-8404, CVE-2015-8405, CVE-2015-8406, CVE-2015-8410, CVE-2015-8411, CVE-2015-8412, CVE-2015-8413, CVE-2015-8414, CVE-2015-8421, CVE-2015-8422, CVE-2015-8423, CVE-2015-8424, CVE-2015-8425, CVE-2015-8426, CVE-2015-8427, CVE-2015-8428, CVE-2015-8429, CVE-2015-8430, CVE-2015-8431, CVE-2015-8432, CVE-2015-8433, CVE-2015-8434, CVE-2015-8435, CVE-2015-8436, CVE-2015-8437, CVE-2015-8441, CVE-2015-8442, CVE-2015-8447, CVE-2015-8448, CVE-2015-8449, CVE-2015-8450, CVE-2015-8452, and CVE-2015-8454.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-7840
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7840. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.5. The command line management console (CMC) in SolarWinds Log and Event Manager (LEM) before 6.2.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors involving the ping feature.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0237. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization (RHEV) Manager before 3.5.1 ignores the permission to deny snapshot creation during live storage migration between domains, which allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (prevent host start) by creating a long snapshot chain.
Query: ATT&CK technique for Invalid Code Signature
Matching passage: T1036.001 Invalid Code Signature. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to mimic features of valid code signatures to increase the chance of deceiving a user, analyst, or tool. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. Adversaries can copy the metadata and signature information from a signed program, then use it as a template for an unsigned program. Files with invalid code signatures will fail digital signature validation checks, but they may appear more legitimate to users and security tools may improperly handle these files.(Citation: Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017) Unlike [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), this activity will not result in a valid signature.
Near-miss passage: T1036.004 Masquerade Task or Service. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may attempt to manipulate the name of a task or service to make it appear legitimate or benign. Tasks/services executed by the Task Scheduler or systemd will typically be given a name and/or description.(Citation: TechNet Schtasks)(Citation: Systemd Service Units) Windows services will have a service name as well as a display name. Many benign tasks and services exist that have commonly associated names. Adversaries may give tasks or services names that are similar or identical to those of legitimate ones. Tasks or services contain other fields, such as a description, that adversaries may attempt to make appear legitimate.(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)
Query: vulnerability: libxml2 in Apple iOS before 9.2, OS X before 10.11.2, and tvOS before 9.1 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) v
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7115. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. libxml2 in Apple iOS before 9.2, OS X before 10.11.2, and tvOS before 9.1 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted XML document, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-7116.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5811. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in Apple iOS before 9 and iTunes before 12.3, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-09-16-1 and APPLE-SA-2015-09-16-3.
Query: ATT&CK technique for CMSTP
Matching passage: T1218.003 CMSTP. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may abuse CMSTP to proxy execution of malicious code. The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections. Adversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010) / ”Squiblydoo”, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other application control defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate binary that may be signed by Microsoft. CMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)
Near-miss passage: T1218.008 Odbcconf. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Odbcconf.exe is a Windows utility that allows you to configure Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) drivers and data source names.(Citation: Microsoft odbcconf.exe) The Odbcconf.exe binary may be digitally signed by Microsoft. Adversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010), odbcconf.exe has a <code>REGSVR</code> flag that can be misused to execute DLLs (ex: <code>odbcconf.exe /S /A &lbrace;REGSVR "C:\Users\Public\file.dll"&rbrace;</code>). (Citation: LOLBAS Odbcconf)(Citation: TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017)
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-7375
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7375. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. Schneider Electric InduSoft Web Studio before 8.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (unhandled runtime exception and application crash) via a crafted Indusoft Project file.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7704. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. The ntpd client in NTP 4.x before 4.2.8p4 and 4.3.x before 4.3.77 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a number of crafted "KOD" messages.
Query: ATT&CK technique for Clear Windows Event Logs
Matching passage: T1685.005 Clear Windows Event Logs. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may clear Windows Event Logs to hide the activity of an intrusion. Windows Event Logs are a record of a computer's alerts and notifications. There are three system-defined sources of events: System, Application, and Security, with five event types: Error, Warning, Information, Success Audit, and Failure Audit. With administrator privileges, the event logs can be cleared with the following utility commands: * `wevtutil cl system` * `wevtutil cl application` * `wevtutil cl security` These logs may also be cleared through other mechanisms, such as the event viewer GUI or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). For example, adversaries may use the PowerShell command `Remove-EventLog -LogName Security` to delete the Security EventLog and after reboot, disable future logging. Note: events may still be generated and logged in the .evtx file between the time the command is run and the reboot.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) Adversaries may also attempt to clear logs by directly deleting the stored log files within `C:\Windows\System32\winevt\logs\`.
Near-miss passage: T1685 Disable or Modify Tools. Tactics: defense impairment. Description: Adversaries may disable, degrade, or tamper with security tools or applications (e.g., endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, intrusion detection systems (IDS), antivirus, logging agents, sensors, etc.) to impair or reduce visibility of defensive capabilities. This may include stopping specific services, killing processes, modifying or deleting tool configuration files and Registry keys, or preventing tools from updating. This may also include impairing defenses more broadly by disrupting preventative, detection, and response mechanisms across host, network, and cloud environments.(Citation: SCADAfence_ransomware) In addition to directly targeting tools, adversaries may block or manipulate indicators and telemetry used for detection. This includes maliciously disabling or redirecting sensors such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), modifying event log configurations (e.g., redirecting Security logs), or interfering with logging pipelines and forwarding mechanisms (e.g., SIEM ingestion).(Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017)(Citation: ETW Palantir) More advanced techniques include leveraging legitimate drivers or debugging mechanisms to render tools non-functional, bypassing anti-tampering protections, and targeting specific defenses such as Sysmon or cloud monitoring agents. Adversaries may also disrupt broader defensive operations, including update mechanisms, logging infrastructure (e.g., syslog), or event aggregation, further degrading an organization’s ability to detect and respond to malicious activity.(Citation: Cocomazzi FIN7 Reboot)