alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-5556
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5556. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.232 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.508 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.199, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.199, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 18.0.0.199 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5127, CVE-2015-5130, CVE-2015-5134, CVE-2015-5539, CVE-2015-5540, CVE-2015-5550, CVE-2015-5551, CVE-2015-5557, CVE-2015-5559, CVE-2015-5561, CVE-2015-5563, CVE-2015-5564, and CVE-2015-5565.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6323. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. The Admin portal in Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) 1.1.x, 1.2.0 before patch 17, 1.2.1 before patch 8, 1.3 before patch 5, and 1.4 before patch 4 allows remote attackers to obtain administrative access via unspecified vectors, aka Bug ID CSCuw34253.
Query: hunt for Fileless Storage activity
Matching passage: T1027.011 Fileless Storage. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may store data in "fileless" formats to conceal malicious activity from defenses. Fileless storage can be broadly defined as any format other than a file. Common examples of non-volatile fileless storage in Windows systems include the Windows Registry, event logs, or WMI repository.(Citation: Microsoft Fileless)(Citation: SecureList Fileless) Shared memory directories on Linux systems (`/dev/shm`, `/run/shm`, `/var/run`, and `/var/lock`) and volatile directories on Network Devices (`/tmp` and `/volatile`) may also be considered fileless storage, as files written to these directories are mapped directly to RAM and not stored on the disk.(Citation: Elastic Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory)(Citation: Akami Frog4Shell 2024)(Citation: Aquasec Muhstik Malware 2024)(Citation: Bitsight 7777 Botnet)(Citation: CISCO Nexus 900 Config). Similar to fileless in-memory behaviors such as [Reflective Code Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620) and [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), fileless data storage may remain undetected by antivirus and other endpoint security tools that can only access specific file formats from disk storage. Leveraging fileless storage may also allow adversaries to bypass the protections offered by read-only file systems in Linux.(Citation: Sysdig Fileless Malware 23022) Adversaries may use fileless storage to conceal various types of stored data, including payloads/shellcode (potentially being used as part of [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003)) and collected data not yet exfiltrated from the victim (e.g., [Local Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001)). Adversaries also often encrypt, encode, splice, or otherwise obfuscate this fileless data when stored. Some forms of fileless storage activity may indirectly create artifacts in the file system, but in central and otherwise difficult to inspect formats such as the WMI (e.g., `%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem\R
Near-miss passage: T1027.003 Steganography. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use steganography techniques in order to prevent the detection of hidden information. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital media such as images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files. [Duqu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0038) was an early example of malware that used steganography. It encrypted the gathered information from a victim's system and hid it within an image before exfiltrating the image to a C2 server.(Citation: Wikipedia Duqu) By the end of 2017, a threat group used <code>Invoke-PSImage</code> to hide [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands in an image file (.png) and execute the code on a victim's system. In this particular case the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) code downloaded another obfuscated script to gather intelligence from the victim's machine and communicate it back to the adversary.(Citation: McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics)
Query: exploit Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Applications DBA component in Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10.2, 12.0.6, 12.1.3, 12.2.2, 12.2.3, and 12.2.4 allows remote authenticated user
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0393. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.0. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Applications DBA component in Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10.2, 12.0.6, 12.1.3, 12.2.2, 12.2.3, and 12.2.4 allows remote authenticated users to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors related to DB Privileges. NOTE: the previous information is from the January 2015 CPU. Oracle has not commented on the researcher's claim that the PUBLIC role is granted the INDEX privilege for the DUAL table during a "seeded install," which allows remote authenticated users to gain SYSDBA privileges and execute arbitrary code.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7924. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 8.800000190734863. eWON devices with firmware before 10.1s0 do not trigger the discarding of browser session data in response to a log-off action, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain access by leveraging an unattended workstation.
Query: threat report mentioning File Deletion
Matching passage: T1070.004 File Deletion. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary (ex: [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint. There are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well.(Citation: Microsoft SDelete July 2016) Examples of built-in [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) functions include <code>del</code> on Windows, <code>rm</code> or <code>unlink</code> on Linux and macOS, and `rm` on ESXi.
Near-miss passage: T1070.008 Clear Mailbox Data. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may modify mail and mail application data to remove evidence of their activity. Email applications allow users and other programs to export and delete mailbox data via command line tools or use of APIs. Mail application data can be emails, email metadata, or logs generated by the application or operating system, such as export requests. Adversaries may manipulate emails and mailbox data to remove logs, artifacts, and metadata, such as evidence of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Email Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114), [Mail Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003) for command and control, or email-based exfiltration such as [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048). For example, to remove evidence on Exchange servers adversaries have used the <code>ExchangePowerShell</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module, including <code>Remove-MailboxExportRequest</code> to remove evidence of mailbox exports.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: ExchangePowerShell Module) On Linux and macOS, adversaries may also delete emails through a command line utility called <code>mail</code> or use [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to interact with APIs on macOS.(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)(Citation: mailx man page) Adversaries may also remove emails and metadata/headers indicative of spam or suspicious activity (for example, through the use of organization-wide transport rules) to reduce the likelihood of malicious emails being detected by security products.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)
Query: detect Detects embedding of files with usage of steghide binary, the adversaries may use this technique to prevent the detectio in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects embedding of files with usage of steghide binary, the adversaries may use this technique to prevent the detectio. Logsource: linux / auditd. Rule: title: Steganography Hide Files with Steghide id: ce446a9e-30b9-4483-8e38-d2c9ad0a2280 status: test description: Detects embedding of files with usage of steghide binary, the adversaries may use this technique to prevent the detection of hidden information. references: - https://vitux.com/how-to-hide-confidential-files-in-images-on-debian-using-steganography/ author: Pawel Mazur date: 2021-09-11 modified: 2022-10-09 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027.003 logsource: product: linux service: auditd detection: selection: type: EXECVE a0: steghide a1: embed a2: - -cf - -ef a4: - -cf - -ef condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects PowerShell downgrade attack by comparing the host versions with the actually used engine version 2.0. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential PowerShell Downgrade Attack id: b3512211-c67e-4707-bedc-66efc7848863 related: - id: 6331d09b-4785-4c13-980f-f96661356249 type: derived status: test description: Detects PowerShell downgrade attack by comparing the host versions with the actually used engine version 2.0 references: - http://www.leeholmes.com/blog/2017/03/17/detecting-and-preventing-powershell-downgrade-attacks/ - https://github.com/r00t-3xp10it/hacking-material-books/blob/43cb1e1932c16ff1f58b755bc9ab6b096046853f/obfuscation/simple_obfuscation.md#bypass-or-avoid-amsi-by-version-downgrade- author: Harish Segar (rule) date: 2020-03-20 modified: 2023-01-04 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: \powershell.exe CommandLine|contains: - ' -version 2 ' - ' -versio 2 ' - ' -versi 2 ' - ' -vers 2 ' - ' -ver 2 ' - ' -ve 2 ' - ' -v 2 ' condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: risk of The PFE daemon in Juniper vSRX virtual firewalls with Junos OS before 15.1X49-D20 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via an unspecified connection request to the 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7749. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The PFE daemon in Juniper vSRX virtual firewalls with Junos OS before 15.1X49-D20 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via an unspecified connection request to the "host-OS."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3876. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. libstagefright in Android through 5.1.1 LMY48M allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted metadata in a (1) MP3 or (2) MP4 file.
Query: Outbound C2 pattern associated with Launchd
Matching passage: T1053.004 Launchd. Tactics: execution, persistence, privilege escalation. Description: This technique is deprecated due to the inaccurate usage. The report cited did not provide technical detail as to how the malware interacted directly with launchd rather than going through known services. Other system services are used to interact with launchd rather than launchd being used by itself. Adversaries may abuse the <code>Launchd</code> daemon to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>launchd</code> daemon, native to macOS, is responsible for loading and maintaining services within the operating system. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). An adversary may use the <code>launchd</code> daemon in macOS environments to schedule new executables to run at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. <code>launchd</code> can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account. Daemons, such as <code>launchd</code>, run with the permissions of the root user account, and will operate regardless of which user account is logged in.
Near-miss passage: T1053.003 Cron. Tactics: execution, persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may abuse the <code>cron</code> utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) The <code>cron</code> utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems. The <code> crontab</code> file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any <code>crontab</code> files are stored in operating system-specific file paths. An adversary may use <code>cron</code> in Linux or Unix environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). In ESXi environments, cron jobs must be created directly via the crontab file (e.g., `/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root`).(Citation: CloudSEK ESXiArgs 2023)
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Masquerade File Type
Matching passage: T1036.008 Masquerade File Type. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may masquerade malicious payloads as legitimate files through changes to the payload's formatting, including the file’s signature, extension, icon, and contents. Various file types have a typical standard format, including how they are encoded and organized. For example, a file’s signature (also known as header or magic bytes) is the beginning bytes of a file and is often used to identify the file’s type. For example, the header of a JPEG file, is <code> 0xFF 0xD8</code> and the file extension is either `.JPE`, `.JPEG` or `.JPG`. Adversaries may edit the header’s hex code and/or the file extension of a malicious payload in order to bypass file validation checks and/or input sanitization. This behavior is commonly used when payload files are transferred (e.g., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) and stored (e.g., [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001)) so that adversaries may move their malware without triggering detections. Common non-executable file types and extensions, such as text files (`.txt`) and image files (`.jpg`, `.gif`, etc.) may be typically treated as benign. Based on this, adversaries may use a file extension to disguise malware, such as naming a PHP backdoor code with a file name of <code>test.gif</code>. A user may not know that a file is malicious due to the benign appearance and file extension. Polyglot files, which are files that have multiple different file types and that function differently based on the application that will execute them, may also be used to disguise malicious malware and capabilities.(Citation: polygot_icedID)
Near-miss passage: T1036.005 Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files, Registry keys, or other resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may be done by placing an executable in a commonly trusted directory (ex: under System32) or giving it the name of a legitimate, trusted program (ex: `svchost.exe`). Alternatively, a Windows Registry key may be given a close approximation to a key used by a legitimate program. In containerized environments, a threat actor may create a resource in a trusted namespace or one that matches the naming convention of a container pod or cluster.(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Backdoor 2023)
Query: Sigma rule for An attacker may execute an application as a SCR File using rundll32.exe desk.cpl,InstallScreenSaver
Matching passage: Sigma rule: An attacker may execute an application as a SCR File using rundll32.exe desk.cpl,InstallScreenSaver. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Rundll32 InstallScreenSaver Execution id: 15bd98ea-55f4-4d37-b09a-e7caa0fa2221 status: test description: An attacker may execute an application as a SCR File using rundll32.exe desk.cpl,InstallScreenSaver references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Libraries/Desk/ - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/0f229c0e42bfe7ca736a14023836d65baa941ed2/atomics/T1218.011/T1218.011.md#atomic-test-13---rundll32-with-deskcpl author: Christopher Peacock @securepeacock, SCYTHE @scythe_io, TactiKoolSec date: 2022-04-28 modified: 2023-02-09 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218.011 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \rundll32.exe - OriginalFileName: RUNDLL32.EXE selection_cli: CommandLine|contains: InstallScreenSaver condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Legitimate installation of a new screensaver level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of a specific OneLiner to download and execute powershell modules in memory.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Obfuscated PowerShell OneLiner Execution id: 44e24481-6202-4c62-9127-5a0ae8e3fe3d status: test description: Detects the execution of a specific OneLiner to download and execute powershell modules in memory. references: - https://thedfirreport.com/2022/05/09/seo-poisoning-a-gootloader-story/ - https://gist.github.com/mgeeky/3b11169ab77a7de354f4111aa2f0df38 author: '@Kostastsale, TheDFIRReport' date: 2022-05-09 modified: 2025-04-16 tags: - attack.execution - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1059.001 - attack.t1685 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection: Image|endswith: \powershell.exe CommandLine|contains|all: - http://127.0.0.1 - '%{(IRM $_)}' - Invoke condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: how to detect Password Filter DLL
Matching passage: T1556.002 Password Filter DLL. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may register malicious password filter dynamic link libraries (DLLs) into the authentication process to acquire user credentials as they are validated. Windows password filters are password policy enforcement mechanisms for both domain and local accounts. Filters are implemented as DLLs containing a method to validate potential passwords against password policies. Filter DLLs can be positioned on local computers for local accounts and/or domain controllers for domain accounts. Before registering new passwords in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM), the Local Security Authority (LSA) requests validation from each registered filter. Any potential changes cannot take effect until every registered filter acknowledges validation. Adversaries can register malicious password filters to harvest credentials from local computers and/or entire domains. To perform proper validation, filters must receive plain-text credentials from the LSA. A malicious password filter would receive these plain-text credentials every time a password request is made.(Citation: Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013)
Near-miss passage: T1556.003 Pluggable Authentication Modules. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may modify pluggable authentication modules (PAM) to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. PAM is a modular system of configuration files, libraries, and executable files which guide authentication for many services. The most common authentication module is <code>pam_unix.so</code>, which retrieves, sets, and verifies account authentication information in <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/shadow</code>.(Citation: Apple PAM)(Citation: Man Pam_Unix)(Citation: Red Hat PAM) Adversaries may modify components of the PAM system to create backdoors. PAM components, such as <code>pam_unix.so</code>, can be patched to accept arbitrary adversary supplied values as legitimate credentials.(Citation: PAM Backdoor) Malicious modifications to the PAM system may also be abused to steal credentials. Adversaries may infect PAM resources with code to harvest user credentials, since the values exchanged with PAM components may be plain-text since PAM does not store passwords.(Citation: PAM Creds)(Citation: Apple PAM)
Query: Sigma YAML for windows / process_creation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Download or Copy file with Extrac32. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Suspicious Extrac32 Execution id: aa8e035d-7be4-48d3-a944-102aec04400d status: test description: Download or Copy file with Extrac32 references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Extrac32/ author: frack113 date: 2021-11-26 modified: 2022-08-13 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1105 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_lolbas: - CommandLine|contains: extrac32.exe - Image|endswith: \extrac32.exe - OriginalFileName: extrac32.exe selection_archive: CommandLine|contains: .cab selection_options: CommandLine|contains: - /C - /Y - ' \\\\' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects Windows Installer service (msiexec.exe) trying to install MSI packages with SYSTEM privilege. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Always Install Elevated Windows Installer id: cd951fdc-4b2f-47f5-ba99-a33bf61e3770 status: test description: Detects Windows Installer service (msiexec.exe) trying to install MSI packages with SYSTEM privilege references: - https://image.slidesharecdn.com/kheirkhabarovoffzonefinal-181117201458/95/hunting-for-privilege-escalation-in-windows-environment-48-638.jpg author: Teymur Kheirkhabarov (idea), Mangatas Tondang (rule), oscd.community date: 2020-10-13 modified: 2024-12-01 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.t1548.002 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_user: User|contains: - AUTHORI - AUTORI selection_image_1: Image|contains|all: - \Windows\Installer\ - msi Image|endswith: tmp selection_image_2: Image|endswith: \msiexec.exe IntegrityLevel: - System - S-1-16-16384 filter_installer: ParentImage: C:\Windows\System32\services.exe filter_repair: - CommandLine|endswith: \system32\msiexec.exe /V - ParentCommandLine|endswith: \system32\msiexec.exe /V filter_sophos: ParentImage|startswith: C:\ProgramData\Sophos\ filter_avira: ParentImage|startswith: C:\ProgramData\Avira\ filter_avast: ParentImage|startswith: - C:\Program Files\Avast Software\ - C:\Program Files (x86)\Avast Software\ filter_google_update: ParentImage|startswith: - C:\Program Files\Google\Update\ - C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Update\ condition: 1 of selection_image_* and selection_user and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - System administrator usage - Anti virus products - WindowsApps located in "C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\" level: medium
Query: exploit iThemes Exchange before 1.12.0 for WordPress has XSS via add_query_arg() and remove_query_arg().
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9363. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. iThemes Exchange before 1.12.0 for WordPress has XSS via add_query_arg() and remove_query_arg().
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2040. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Contact Form DB (aka CFDB and contact-form-7-to-database-extension) plugin 2.8.26 for WordPress allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the submit_time parameter in the CF7DBPluginSubmissions page to wp-admin/admin.php.