alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: explain CWE-272
Matching passage: CWE-272 Least Privilege Violation. The elevated privilege level required to perform operations such as chroot() should be dropped immediately after the operation is performed.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1314 Missing Write Protection for Parametric Data Values. The device does not write-protect the parametric data values for sensors that scale the sensor value, allowing untrusted software to manipulate the apparent result and potentially damage hardware or cause operational failure.
Query: ATT&CK technique for Re-opened Applications
Matching passage: T1547.007 Re-opened Applications. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may modify plist files to automatically run an application when a user logs in. When a user logs out or restarts via the macOS Graphical User Interface (GUI), a prompt is provided to the user with a checkbox to "Reopen windows when logging back in".(Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac) When selected, all applications currently open are added to a property list file named <code>com.apple.loginwindow.[UUID].plist</code> within the <code>~/Library/Preferences/ByHost</code> directory.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: Wardle Persistence Chapter) Applications listed in this file are automatically reopened upon the user’s next logon. Adversaries can establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) by adding a malicious application path to the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.[UUID].plist</code> file to execute payloads when a user logs in.
Near-miss passage: T1547.004 Winlogon Helper DLL. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may abuse features of Winlogon to execute DLLs and/or executables when a user logs in. Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in <code>HKLM\Software[\\Wow6432Node\\]\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\</code> and <code>HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\</code> are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon.(Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) Malicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) * Winlogon\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events * Winlogon\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on * Winlogon\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on Adversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish persistence.
Query: intelligence brief on T1499.001
Matching passage: T1499.001 OS Exhaustion Flood. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may launch a denial of service (DoS) attack targeting an endpoint's operating system (OS). A system's OS is responsible for managing the finite resources as well as preventing the entire system from being overwhelmed by excessive demands on its capacity. These attacks do not need to exhaust the actual resources on a system; the attacks may simply exhaust the limits and available resources that an OS self-imposes. Different ways to achieve this exist, including TCP state-exhaustion attacks such as SYN floods and ACK floods.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) With SYN floods, excessive amounts of SYN packets are sent, but the 3-way TCP handshake is never completed. Because each OS has a maximum number of concurrent TCP connections that it will allow, this can quickly exhaust the ability of the system to receive new requests for TCP connections, thus preventing access to any TCP service provided by the server.(Citation: Cloudflare SynFlood) ACK floods leverage the stateful nature of the TCP protocol. A flood of ACK packets are sent to the target. This forces the OS to search its state table for a related TCP connection that has already been established. Because the ACK packets are for connections that do not exist, the OS will have to search the entire state table to confirm that no match exists. When it is necessary to do this for a large flood of packets, the computational requirements can cause the server to become sluggish and/or unresponsive, due to the work it must do to eliminate the rogue ACK packets. This greatly reduces the resources available for providing the targeted service.(Citation: Corero SYN-ACKflood)
Near-miss passage: T1499.003 Application Exhaustion Flood. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may target resource intensive features of applications to cause a denial of service (DoS), denying availability to those applications. For example, specific features in web applications may be highly resource intensive. Repeated requests to those features may be able to exhaust system resources and deny access to the application or the server itself.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)
Query: Sigma YAML for linux / process_creation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects common command used to enable bpf kprobes tracing. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: Enable BPF Kprobes Tracing id: 7692f583-bd30-4008-8615-75dab3f08a99 status: test description: Detects common command used to enable bpf kprobes tracing references: - https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2021/offensive-bpf-bpftrace/ - https://bpftrace.org/ - https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.0/trace/kprobetrace.html author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-01-25 tags: - attack.execution - attack.stealth logsource: category: process_creation product: linux detection: selection: CommandLine|contains|all: - echo 1 > - /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/ CommandLine|contains: - /myprobe/enable - /myretprobe/enable condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Commandline to launch powershell with a base64 payload. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Suspicious Execution of Powershell with Base64 id: fb843269-508c-4b76-8b8d-88679db22ce7 status: test description: Commandline to launch powershell with a base64 payload references: - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1059.001/T1059.001.md#atomic-test-20---powershell-invoke-known-malicious-cmdlets - https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-pulling-back-the-curtains-on-encodedcommand-powershell-attacks/ - https://mikefrobbins.com/2017/06/15/simple-obfuscation-with-powershell-using-base64-encoding/ author: frack113 date: 2022-01-02 modified: 2023-01-05 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe CommandLine|contains: - ' -e ' - ' -en ' - ' -enc ' - ' -enco' - ' -ec ' filter_encoding: CommandLine|contains: ' -Encoding ' filter_azure: ParentImage|contains: - C:\Packages\Plugins\Microsoft.GuestConfiguration.ConfigurationforWindows\ - \gc_worker.exe condition: selection and not 1 of filter_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: exploit node-uuid before 1.4.4 uses insufficiently random data to create a GUID, which could make it easier for attackers to have unspecified impact via brute force guessing.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8851. CWE: CWE-331. CVSS: 7.5. node-uuid before 1.4.4 uses insufficiently random data to create a GUID, which could make it easier for attackers to have unspecified impact via brute force guessing.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3006. CWE: CWE-331. CVSS: 6.5. On the QFX3500 and QFX3600 platforms, the number of bytes collected from the RANDOM_INTERRUPT entropy source when the device boots up is insufficient, possibly leading to weak or duplicate SSH keys or self-signed SSL/TLS certificates. Entropy increases after the system has been up and running for some time, but immediately after boot, the entropy is very low. This issue only affects the QFX3500 and QFX3600 switches. No other Juniper Networks products or platforms are affected by this weak entropy vulnerability.
Query: alert when Detects the execution of malicious OneNote documents that contain embedded scripts. When a user clicks on a OneNote atta
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of malicious OneNote documents that contain embedded scripts. When a user clicks on a OneNote atta. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: OneNote.EXE Execution of Malicious Embedded Scripts id: 84b1706c-932a-44c4-ae28-892b28a25b94 status: test description: 'Detects the execution of malicious OneNote documents that contain embedded scripts. When a user clicks on a OneNote attachment and then on the malicious link inside the ".one" file, it exports and executes the malicious embedded script from specific directories. ' references: - https://bazaar.abuse.ch/browse/tag/one/ author: '@kostastsale' date: 2023-02-02 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: ParentImage|endswith: \onenote.exe Image|endswith: - \cmd.exe - \cscript.exe - \mshta.exe - \powershell.exe - \pwsh.exe - \wscript.exe CommandLine|contains: - \exported\ - \onenoteofflinecache_files\ condition: selection falsepositives: - Unlikely level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the use of the 'Pubprn.vbs' Microsoft signed script to execute commands.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Pubprn.vbs Proxy Execution id: 1fb76ab8-fa60-4b01-bddd-71e89bf555da status: test description: Detects the use of the 'Pubprn.vbs' Microsoft signed script to execute commands. references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Scripts/Pubprn/ author: frack113 date: 2022-05-28 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1216.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: CommandLine|contains|all: - \pubprn.vbs - 'script:' condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: indicators of Clear Persistence
Matching passage: T1070.009 Clear Persistence. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may clear artifacts associated with previously established persistence on a host system to remove evidence of their activity. This may involve various actions, such as removing services, deleting executables, [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112), [Plist File Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1647), or other methods of cleanup to prevent defenders from collecting evidence of their persistent presence.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) Adversaries may also delete accounts previously created to maintain persistence (i.e. [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136)).(Citation: Talos - Cisco Attack 2022) In some instances, artifacts of persistence may also be removed once an adversary’s persistence is executed in order to prevent errors with the new instance of the malware.(Citation: NCC Group Team9 June 2020)
Near-miss passage: T1070.003 Clear Command History. Tactics: stealth. Description: In addition to clearing system logs, an adversary may clear the command history of a compromised account to conceal the actions undertaken during an intrusion. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. On Linux and macOS, these command histories can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions. Adversaries may delete their commands from these logs by manually clearing the history (<code>history -c</code>) or deleting the bash history file <code>rm ~/.bash_history</code>. Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to clear command history data (<code>clear logging</code> and/or <code>clear history</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, command history may be manually removed from the `/var/log/shell.log` file.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Shell Audit) On Windows hosts, PowerShell has two different command history providers: the built-in history and the command history managed by the <code>PSReadLine</code> module. The built-in history only tracks the commands used in the current session. This command history is not available to other sessions and is deleted when the session ends. The <code>PSReadLine</code> command history tracks the commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file (<code>$env:APPDATA\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> by default). This history file is available to all sessions and contains all past history since the file is not deleted when the session ends.(Citation: Micros
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by Network Logon Script
Matching passage: T1037.003 Network Logon Script. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may use network logon scripts automatically executed at logon initialization to establish persistence. Network logon scripts can be assigned using Active Directory or Group Policy Objects.(Citation: Petri Logon Script AD) These logon scripts run with the privileges of the user they are assigned to. Depending on the systems within the network, initializing one of these scripts could apply to more than one or potentially all systems. Adversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a network. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary.
Near-miss passage: T1037.002 Login Hook. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may use a Login Hook to establish persistence executed upon user logon. A login hook is a plist file that points to a specific script to execute with root privileges upon user logon. The plist file is located in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file and can be modified using the <code>defaults</code> command-line utility. This behavior is the same for logout hooks where a script can be executed upon user logout. All hooks require administrator permissions to modify or create hooks.(Citation: Login Scripts Apple Dev)(Citation: LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev) Adversaries can add or insert a path to a malicious script in the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file, using the <code>LoginHook</code> or <code>LogoutHook</code> key-value pair. The malicious script is executed upon the next user login. If a login hook already exists, adversaries can add additional commands to an existing login hook. There can be only one login and logout hook on a system at a time.(Citation: S1 macOs Persistence)(Citation: Wardle Persistence Chapter) **Note:** Login hooks were deprecated in 10.11 version of macOS in favor of [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)
Query: explain CWE-354
Matching passage: CWE-354 Improper Validation of Integrity Check Value. The product does not validate or incorrectly validates the integrity check values or checksums of a message. This may prevent it from detecting if the data has been modified or corrupted in transmission.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1269 Product Released in Non-Release Configuration. The product released to market is released in pre-production or manufacturing configuration.
Query: risk of Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.14 and 11.x before 11.0.11 on Windows and OS X allow attackers to bypass intended restrictions on JavaScript API execution via unspecified
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3064. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.14 and 11.x before 11.0.11 on Windows and OS X allow attackers to bypass intended restrictions on JavaScript API execution via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3060, CVE-2015-3061, CVE-2015-3062, CVE-2015-3063, CVE-2015-3065, CVE-2015-3066, CVE-2015-3067, CVE-2015-3068, CVE-2015-3069, CVE-2015-3071, CVE-2015-3072, CVE-2015-3073, and CVE-2015-3074.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1000009. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 9.100000381469727. Open proxy in Wordpress plugin google-adsense-and-hotel-booking v1.05
Query: vulnerability: Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Plotly plugin before 1.0.3 for WordPress allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a post.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5484. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 5.400000095367432. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Plotly plugin before 1.0.3 for WordPress allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a post.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9305. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. The wp-google-map-plugin plugin before 2.3.7 for WordPress has XSS related to the add_query_arg() and remove_query_arg() functions.
Query: vulnerability: Mozilla Firefox before 38.0 on Android does not properly restrict writing URL data to the Android logging system, which allows attackers to obtain sensitive information via a craft
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2714. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. Mozilla Firefox before 38.0 on Android does not properly restrict writing URL data to the Android logging system, which allows attackers to obtain sensitive information via a crafted application that has a required permission for reading a log, as demonstrated by the READ_LOGS permission for the mixed-content violation log on Android 4.0 and earlier.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0869. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. I-O DATA DEVICE NP-BBRM routers allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (SSDP reflection) via UPnP requests.
Query: vulnerability: Smartphone Passbook 1.0.0 does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to obtain sensitive information from encrypted communication
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0874. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 5.900000095367432. Smartphone Passbook 1.0.0 does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to obtain sensitive information from encrypted communications via a crafted certificate.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6358. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 5.900000095367432. Multiple Cisco embedded devices use hardcoded X.509 certificates and SSH host keys embedded in the firmware, which allows remote attackers to defeat cryptographic protection mechanisms and conduct man-in-the-middle attacks by leveraging knowledge of these certificates and keys from another installation, aka Bug IDs CSCuw46610, CSCuw46620, CSCuw46637, CSCuw46654, CSCuw46665, CSCuw46672, CSCuw46677, CSCuw46682, CSCuw46705, CSCuw46716, CSCuw46979, CSCuw47005, CSCuw47028, CSCuw47040, CSCuw47048, CSCuw47061, CSCuw90860, CSCuw90869, CSCuw90875, CSCuw90881, CSCuw90899, and CSCuw90913.
Query: describe CVE-2015-4726
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4726. CWE: CWE-94. CVSS: 7.5. PHP remote file inclusion vulnerability in ajax/myajaxphp.php in AudioShare 2.0.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary PHP code via a URL in the config['basedir'] parameter.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0898. CWE: CWE-94. CVSS: 7.5. futomi CGI Cafe MP Form Mail CGI eCommerce before 2.0.12 on Windows allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Perl code via unspecified vectors.
Query: risk of The Monitor Control Command Set kernel extension in the Display Drivers subsystem in Apple OS X before 10.10.4 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged context vi
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3691. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. The Monitor Control Command Set kernel extension in the Display Drivers subsystem in Apple OS X before 10.10.4 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code in a privileged context via a crafted app that leverages control of a function pointer.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8627. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. MediaWiki before 1.23.12, 1.24.x before 1.24.5, 1.25.x before 1.25.4, and 1.26.x before 1.26.1 do not properly normalize IP addresses containing zero-padded octets, which might allow remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions by using an IP address that was not supposed to have been allowed.
Query: risk of Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in bBlog allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0905. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in bBlog allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7936. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 7.5. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Motorola Solutions MOSCAD IP Gateway allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that modify a password.
Query: alert when Detects when a request to the Kubernetes API is rejected due to lack of authorization or due to an expired authenticatio
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when a request to the Kubernetes API is rejected due to lack of authorization or due to an expired authenticatio. Logsource: kubernetes / audit. Rule: title: Kubernetes Unauthorized or Unauthenticated Access id: 0d933542-1f1f-420d-97d4-21b2c3c492d9 status: test description: 'Detects when a request to the Kubernetes API is rejected due to lack of authorization or due to an expired authentication token being used. This may indicate an attacker attempting to leverage credentials they have obtained. ' references: - https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-audit.v1/ - https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/monitor-kubernetes-audit-logs/#monitor-api-authentication-issues author: kelnage date: 2024-04-12 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation logsource: product: kubernetes service: audit detection: selection: responseStatus.code: - 401 - 403 condition: selection falsepositives: - A misconfigured RBAC policy, a mistake by a valid user, or a wider issue with authentication tokens can also generate these errors. level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects uncommon child processes of Appvlp.EXE Appvlp or the Application Virtualization Utility is included with Microso. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Uncommon Child Process Of Appvlp.EXE id: 9c7e131a-0f2c-4ae0-9d43-b04f4e266d43 status: test description: 'Detects uncommon child processes of Appvlp.EXE Appvlp or the Application Virtualization Utility is included with Microsoft Office. Attackers are able to abuse "AppVLP" to execute shell commands. Normally, this binary is used for Application Virtualization, but it can also be abused to circumvent the ASR file path rule folder or to mark a file as a system file. ' references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/OtherMSBinaries/Appvlp/ author: Sreeman date: 2020-03-13 modified: 2023-11-09 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 - attack.execution logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: ParentImage|endswith: \appvlp.exe filter_main_generic: Image|endswith: - :\Windows\SysWOW64\rundll32.exe - :\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe filter_optional_office_msoasb: Image|contains: :\Program Files\Microsoft Office Image|endswith: \msoasb.exe filter_optional_office_skype: Image|contains|all: - :\Program Files\Microsoft Office - \SkypeSrv\ Image|endswith: \SKYPESERVER.EXE filter_optional_office_msouc: Image|contains: :\Program Files\Microsoft Office Image|endswith: \MSOUC.EXE condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium