alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: what is T1480
Matching passage: T1480 Execution Guardrails. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary’s campaign.(Citation: FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails) Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include specific network share names, attached physical devices, files, joined Active Directory (AD) domains, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: FireEye Outlook Dec 2019) Guardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match. Adversaries may identify and block certain user-agents to evade defenses and narrow the scope of their attack to victims and platforms on which it will be most effective. A user-agent self-identifies data such as a user's software application, operating system, vendor, and version. Adversaries may check user-agents for operating system identification and then only serve malware for the exploitable software while ignoring all other operating systems.(Citation: Trellix-Qakbot)
Near-miss passage: T1480.002 Mutual Exclusion. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may constrain execution or actions based on the presence of a mutex associated with malware. A mutex is a locking mechanism used to synchronize access to a resource. Only one thread or process can acquire a mutex at a given time.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes) While local mutexes only exist within a given process, allowing multiple threads to synchronize access to a resource, system mutexes can be used to synchronize the activities of multiple processes.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes) By creating a unique system mutex associated with a particular malware, adversaries can verify whether or not a system has already been compromised.(Citation: Sans Mutexes 2012) In Linux environments, malware may instead attempt to acquire a lock on a mutex file. If the malware is able to acquire the lock, it continues to execute; if it fails, it exits to avoid creating a second instance of itself.(Citation: Intezer RedXOR 2021)(Citation: Deep Instinct BPFDoor 2023) Mutex names may be hard-coded or dynamically generated using a predictable algorithm.(Citation: ICS Mutexes 2015)
Query: hunt for Disk Content Wipe activity
Matching passage: T1561.001 Disk Content Wipe. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. Adversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have also been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk are erased instead of individual files. To maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)
Near-miss passage: T1561 Disk Wipe. Tactics: impact. Description: Adversaries may wipe or corrupt raw disk data on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. With direct write access to a disk, adversaries may attempt to overwrite portions of disk data. Adversaries may opt to wipe arbitrary portions of disk data and/or wipe disk structures like the master boot record (MBR). A complete wipe of all disk sectors may be attempted. To maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disks may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) On network devices, adversaries may wipe configuration files and other data from the device using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `erase`.(Citation: erase_cmd_cisco)
Query: risk of Stack-based buffer overflow in the havok_write function in drivers/staging/havok/havok.c in Amazon Fire OS before 2016-01-15 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (panic) o
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7292. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Stack-based buffer overflow in the havok_write function in drivers/staging/havok/havok.c in Amazon Fire OS before 2016-01-15 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (panic) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a long string to /dev/hv.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5791. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. WebKit, as used in JavaScriptCore in Apple iOS before 9 and iTunes before 12.3, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted web site, a different vulnerability than other WebKit CVEs listed in APPLE-SA-2015-09-16-1 and APPLE-SA-2015-09-16-3.
Query: describe CVE-2015-1580
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1580. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in the Redirection Page plugin 1.2 for WordPress allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that (1) change plugin settings or conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via the (2) source or (3) redir parameter in an add action in the redirection-page to wp-admin/options-general.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9421. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.5. The olevmedia-shortcodes plugin before 1.1.9 for WordPress has CSRF with resultant XSS via the wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=omsc_popup id parameter.
Query: SIEM correlation: initial access activity consistent with Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools
Matching passage: T1195.001 Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools. Tactics: initial access. Description: Adversaries may manipulate software dependencies and development tools prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Applications often depend on external software to function properly. Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications, such as pip and NPM packages, may be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Trendmicro NPM Compromise)(Citation: Bitdefender NPM Repositories Compromised 2021)(Citation: MANDVI Malicious npm and PyPI Packages Disguised) This may also include abandoned packages, which in some cases could be re-registered by threat actors after being removed by adversaries.(Citation: The Hacker News PyPi Revival Hijack 2024) Adversaries may also employ "typosquatting" or name-confusion by choosing names similar to existing popular libraries or packages in order to deceive a user.(Citation: Ahmed Backdoors in Python and NPM Packages)(Citation: Meyer PyPI Supply Chain Attack Uncovered)(Citation: Checkmarx-oss-seo) Additionally, CI/CD pipeline components, such as GitHub Actions, may be targeted in order to gain access to the building, testing, and deployment cycles of an application.(Citation: Unit 42 Palo Alto GitHub Actions Supply Chain Attack 2025) By adding malicious code into a GitHub action, a threat actor may be able to collect runtime credentials (e.g., via [Proc Filesystem](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/007)) or insert further malicious components into the build pipelines for a second-order supply chain compromise.(Citation: OWASP CICD-SEC-4) As GitHub Actions are often dependent on other GitHub Actions, threat actors may be able to infect a large number of repositories via the compromise of a single Action.(Citation: Palo Alto Networks GitHub Actions Worm 2023) Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.
Near-miss passage: T1195.002 Compromise Software Supply Chain. Tactics: initial access. Description: Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version. Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011)
Query: vulnerability: Cool Projects TarDiff allows local users to write to arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a pathname in a /tmp/tardiff-$$ temporary directory.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0858. CWE: CWE-59. CVSS: 3.299999952316284. Cool Projects TarDiff allows local users to write to arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a pathname in a /tmp/tardiff-$$ temporary directory.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1338. CWE: CWE-59. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. kernel_crashdump in Apport before 2.19 allows local users to cause a denial of service (disk consumption) or possibly gain privileges via a (1) symlink or (2) hard link attack on /var/crash/vmcore.log.
Query: describe CVE-2015-2267
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2267. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 4.0. mdeploy.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.9, 2.7.x before 2.7.6, and 2.8.x before 2.8.4 allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions and extract archives to arbitrary directories via a crafted dataroot value.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7184. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The fetch API implementation in Mozilla Firefox before 41.0.2 does not restrict access to the HTTP response body in certain situations where user credentials are supplied but the CORS cross-origin request algorithm is improperly followed, which allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy via a crafted web site.
Query: describe CVE-2015-5418
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5418. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Unspecified vulnerability in HP KeyView before 10.23.0.1 and 10.24.x before 10.24.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unknown vectors, aka ZDI-CAN-2877.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5652. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Untrusted search path vulnerability in python.exe in Python through 3.5.0 on Windows allows local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse readline.pyd file in the current working directory. NOTE: the vendor says "It was determined that this is a longtime behavior of Python that cannot really be altered at this point."
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-0819
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0819. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The UITour::onPageEvent function in Mozilla Firefox before 36.0 does not ensure that an API call originates from a foreground tab, which allows remote attackers to conduct spoofing and clickjacking attacks by leveraging access to a UI Tour web site.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8339. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 4.699999809265137. The memory_exchange function in common/memory.c in Xen 3.2.x through 4.6.x does not properly hand back pages to a domain, which might allow guest OS administrators to cause a denial of service (host crash) via unspecified vectors related to domain teardown.
Query: risk of Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the web server on Allen-Bradley MicroLogix 1100 devices before B FRN 15.000 and 1400 devices before B FRN 15.003 allows remote attackers
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6488. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the web server on Allen-Bradley MicroLogix 1100 devices before B FRN 15.000 and 1400 devices before B FRN 15.003 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-9347. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. The wp-plotly plugin before 1.0.3 for WordPress has XSS by authors.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-2059
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2059. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. The stringprep_utf8_to_ucs4 function in libin before 1.31, as used in jabberd2, allows context-dependent attackers to read system memory and possibly have other unspecified impact via invalid UTF-8 characters in a string, which triggers an out-of-bounds read.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0206. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 5.0. Memory leak in the dtls1_buffer_record function in d1_pkt.c in OpenSSL 1.0.0 before 1.0.0p and 1.0.1 before 1.0.1k allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) by sending many duplicate records for the next epoch, leading to failure of replay detection.
Query: exploit GnuTLS before 3.3.13 does not validate that the signature algorithms match when importing a certificate.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0294. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 7.5. GnuTLS before 3.3.13 does not validate that the signature algorithms match when importing a certificate.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4017. CWE: CWE-295. CVSS: 7.5. Salt before 2014.7.6 does not verify certificates when connecting via the aliyun, proxmox, and splunk modules.
Query: indicators of Re-opened Applications
Matching passage: T1547.007 Re-opened Applications. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may modify plist files to automatically run an application when a user logs in. When a user logs out or restarts via the macOS Graphical User Interface (GUI), a prompt is provided to the user with a checkbox to "Reopen windows when logging back in".(Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac) When selected, all applications currently open are added to a property list file named <code>com.apple.loginwindow.[UUID].plist</code> within the <code>~/Library/Preferences/ByHost</code> directory.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: Wardle Persistence Chapter) Applications listed in this file are automatically reopened upon the user’s next logon. Adversaries can establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) by adding a malicious application path to the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.[UUID].plist</code> file to execute payloads when a user logs in.
Near-miss passage: T1547.013 XDG Autostart Entries. Tactics: persistence, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may add or modify XDG Autostart Entries to execute malicious programs or commands when a user’s desktop environment is loaded at login. XDG Autostart entries are available for any XDG-compliant Linux system. XDG Autostart entries use Desktop Entry files (`.desktop`) to configure the user’s desktop environment upon user login. These configuration files determine what applications launch upon user login, define associated applications to open specific file types, and define applications used to open removable media.(Citation: Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006)(Citation: Free Desktop Entry Keys) Adversaries may abuse this feature to establish persistence by adding a path to a malicious binary or command to the `Exec` directive in the `.desktop` configuration file. When the user’s desktop environment is loaded at user login, the `.desktop` files located in the XDG Autostart directories are automatically executed. System-wide Autostart entries are located in the `/etc/xdg/autostart` directory while the user entries are located in the `~/.config/autostart` directory. Adversaries may combine this technique with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to blend malicious Autostart entries with legitimate programs.(Citation: Red Canary Netwire Linux 2022)
Query: risk of The high-speed logging (HSL) feature in Cisco IOS XE 2.x and 3.x before 3.10.4S, 3.11 before 3.11.3S, 3.12 before 3.12.1S, 3.13 before 3.13.0S, 3.14 before 3.14.0S, and 3.15 before
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0640. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The high-speed logging (HSL) feature in Cisco IOS XE 2.x and 3.x before 3.10.4S, 3.11 before 3.11.3S, 3.12 before 3.12.1S, 3.13 before 3.13.0S, 3.14 before 3.14.0S, and 3.15 before 3.15.0S allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (device reload) via large IP packets that require NAT and HSL processing after fragmentation, aka Bug ID CSCuo25741.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8711. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 5.5. epan/dissectors/packet-nbap.c in the NBAP dissector in Wireshark 1.12.x before 1.12.9 and 2.0.x before 2.0.1 does not validate conversation data, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and application crash) via a crafted packet.
Query: risk of Integer overflow in the Shader filter implementation in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linu
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8445. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Integer overflow in the Shader filter implementation in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.204, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.204, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.204 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a large BitmapData source object.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4003. CWE: CWE-189. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The oz_usb_handle_ep_data function in drivers/staging/ozwpan/ozusbsvc1.c in the OZWPAN driver in the Linux kernel through 4.0.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (divide-by-zero error and system crash) via a crafted packet.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-7813
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7813. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. Xen 4.4.x, 4.5.x, and 4.6.x does not limit the number of printk console messages when reporting unimplemented hypercalls, which allows local guests to cause a denial of service via a sequence of (1) HYPERVISOR_physdev_op hypercalls, which are not properly handled in the do_physdev_op function in arch/arm/physdev.c, or (2) HYPERVISOR_hvm_op hypercalls, which are not properly handled in the do_hvm_op function in arch/arm/hvm.c.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8858. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 7.5. The uglify-js package before 2.6.0 for Node.js allows attackers to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption) via crafted input in a parse call, aka a "regular expression denial of service (ReDoS)."
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-6775
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6775. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. fpdfsdk/src/jsapi/fxjs_v8.cpp in PDFium, as used in Google Chrome before 47.0.2526.73, does not use signatures, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via vectors that leverage "type confusion."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2473. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Untrusted search path vulnerability in the client in Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) through 8.1 in Microsoft Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 allows local users to gain privileges via a Trojan horse DLL in the current working directory, as demonstrated by a directory that contains a .rdp file, aka "Remote Desktop Protocol DLL Planting Remote Code Execution Vulnerability."
Query: how to detect Multi-hop Proxy
Matching passage: T1090.003 Multi-hop Proxy. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to disguise the source of malicious traffic. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source. For example, adversaries may construct or use onion routing networks – such as the publicly available [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183) network – to transport encrypted C2 traffic through a compromised population, allowing communication with any device within the network.(Citation: Onion Routing) Adversaries may also use operational relay box (ORB) networks composed of virtual private servers (VPS), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, smart devices, and end-of-life routers to obfuscate their operations.(Citation: ORB Mandiant) In the case of network infrastructure, it is possible for an adversary to leverage multiple compromised devices to create a multi-hop proxy chain (i.e., [Network Devices](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/008)). By leveraging [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) on routers, adversaries can add custom code to the affected network devices that will implement onion routing between those nodes. This method is dependent upon the [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599) method allowing the adversaries to cross the protected network boundary of the Internet perimeter and into the organization’s Wide-Area Network (WAN). Protocols such as ICMP may be used as a transport. Similarly, adversaries may abuse peer-to-peer (P2P) and blockchain-oriented infrastructure to implement routing between a decentralized network of peers.(Citation: NGLite Trojan)
Near-miss passage: T1090 Proxy. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may use a connection proxy to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion. Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to further disguise the source of malicious traffic. Adversaries can also take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to proxy command and control traffic.