alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: rule covering Detects tampering with the MacroRuntimeScanScope registry key to disable runtime scanning of enabled macros
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects tampering with the MacroRuntimeScanScope registry key to disable runtime scanning of enabled macros. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: Disable Macro Runtime Scan Scope id: ab871450-37dc-4a3a-997f-6662aa8ae0f1 description: Detects tampering with the MacroRuntimeScanScope registry key to disable runtime scanning of enabled macros status: test date: 2022-10-25 modified: 2023-08-17 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) references: - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2018/09/12/office-vba-amsi-parting-the-veil-on-malicious-macros/ - https://admx.help/?Category=Office2016&Policy=office16.Office.Microsoft.Policies.Windows::L_MacroRuntimeScanScope - https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/OffensiveVBA/blob/28cc6a2802d8176195ac19b3c8e9a749009a82a3/src/AMSIbypasses.vba tags: - attack.defense-impairment logsource: product: windows category: registry_set detection: selection: TargetObject|contains|all: - \SOFTWARE\ - \Microsoft\Office\ - \Common\Security TargetObject|endswith: \MacroRuntimeScanScope Details: DWORD (0x00000000) condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the "IDiagnosticProfileUAC" UAC bypass technique. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: UAC Bypass Using IDiagnostic Profile id: 4cbef972-f347-4170-b62a-8253f6168e6d status: test description: Detects the "IDiagnosticProfileUAC" UAC bypass technique references: - https://github.com/Wh04m1001/IDiagnosticProfileUAC author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-07-03 modified: 2024-12-01 tags: - attack.execution - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.t1548.002 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: ParentImage|endswith: \DllHost.exe ParentCommandLine|contains: ' /Processid:{12C21EA7-2EB8-4B55-9249-AC243DA8C666}' IntegrityLevel: - High - System - S-1-16-16384 - S-1-16-12288 condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: vulnerability: PGSQL:SubmitQuery.do in ZOHO ManageEngine OpManager 11.6, 11.5, and earlier allows remote administrators to bypass SQL query restrictions via a comment in the query to api/json/adm
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7766. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 9.0. PGSQL:SubmitQuery.do in ZOHO ManageEngine OpManager 11.6, 11.5, and earlier allows remote administrators to bypass SQL query restrictions via a comment in the query to api/json/admin/SubmitQuery, as demonstrated by "INSERT/**/INTO."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5493. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 5.0. The Entityform Block module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.3 for Drupal does not properly check permissions when a form is locked to a role, which allows remote attackers to obtain access to certain entityforms via unspecified vectors.
Query: describe CVE-2015-4241
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4241. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.099999904632568. Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software 9.3(2) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (system reload) by sending crafted OSPFv2 packets on the local network, aka Bug ID CSCut52679.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4816. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.0. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle MySQL Server 5.5.44 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Server : InnoDB.
Query: how to detect Conditional Access Policies
Matching passage: T1556.009 Conditional Access Policies. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may disable or modify conditional access policies to enable persistent access to compromised accounts. Conditional access policies are additional verifications used by identity providers and identity and access management systems to determine whether a user should be granted access to a resource. For example, in Entra ID, Okta, and JumpCloud, users can be denied access to applications based on their IP address, device enrollment status, and use of multi-factor authentication.(Citation: Microsoft Conditional Access)(Citation: JumpCloud Conditional Access Policies)(Citation: Okta Conditional Access Policies) In some cases, identity providers may also support the use of risk-based metrics to deny sign-ins based on a variety of indicators. In AWS and GCP, IAM policies can contain `condition` attributes that verify arbitrary constraints such as the source IP, the date the request was made, and the nature of the resources or regions being requested.(Citation: AWS IAM Conditions)(Citation: GCP IAM Conditions) These measures help to prevent compromised credentials from resulting in unauthorized access to data or resources, as well as limit user permissions to only those required. By modifying conditional access policies, such as adding additional trusted IP ranges, removing [Multi-Factor Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/006) requirements, or allowing additional [Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535), adversaries may be able to ensure persistent access to accounts and circumvent defensive measures.
Near-miss passage: T1556.003 Pluggable Authentication Modules. Tactics: defense impairment, persistence, credential access. Description: Adversaries may modify pluggable authentication modules (PAM) to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. PAM is a modular system of configuration files, libraries, and executable files which guide authentication for many services. The most common authentication module is <code>pam_unix.so</code>, which retrieves, sets, and verifies account authentication information in <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/shadow</code>.(Citation: Apple PAM)(Citation: Man Pam_Unix)(Citation: Red Hat PAM) Adversaries may modify components of the PAM system to create backdoors. PAM components, such as <code>pam_unix.so</code>, can be patched to accept arbitrary adversary supplied values as legitimate credentials.(Citation: PAM Backdoor) Malicious modifications to the PAM system may also be abused to steal credentials. Adversaries may infect PAM resources with code to harvest user credentials, since the values exchanged with PAM components may be plain-text since PAM does not store passwords.(Citation: PAM Creds)(Citation: Apple PAM)
Query: write Sigma for Detects the use of WinAPI Functions via the commandline. As seen used by threat actors via the tool winapiexec
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the use of WinAPI Functions via the commandline. As seen used by threat actors via the tool winapiexec. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential WinAPI Calls Via CommandLine id: ba3f5c1b-6272-4119-9dbd-0bc8d21c2702 related: - id: 03d83090-8cba-44a0-b02f-0b756a050306 type: derived status: test description: Detects the use of WinAPI Functions via the commandline. As seen used by threat actors via the tool winapiexec references: - https://twitter.com/m417z/status/1566674631788007425 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-09-06 modified: 2025-03-06 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1106 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: CommandLine|contains: - AddSecurityPackage - AdjustTokenPrivileges - Advapi32 - CloseHandle - CreateProcessWithToken - CreatePseudoConsole - CreateRemoteThread - CreateThread - CreateUserThread - DangerousGetHandle - DuplicateTokenEx - EnumerateSecurityPackages - FreeHGlobal - FreeLibrary - GetDelegateForFunctionPointer - GetLogonSessionData - GetModuleHandle - GetProcAddress - GetProcessHandle - GetTokenInformation - ImpersonateLoggedOnUser - kernel32 - LoadLibrary - memcpy - MiniDumpWriteDump - ntdll - OpenDesktop - OpenProcess - OpenProcessToken - OpenThreadToken - OpenWindowStation - PtrToString - QueueUserApc - ReadProcessMemory - RevertToSelf - RtlCreateUserThread - secur32 - SetThreadToken - VirtualAlloc - VirtualFree - VirtualProtect - WaitForSingleObject - WriteInt32 - WriteProcessMemory - ZeroFreeGlobalAllocUnicode filter_optional_mpcmdrun: Image|endswith: \MpCmdRun.exe CommandLine|contains: GetLoadLibraryWAddress32 filter_optional_compatTelRunner: ParentImage|endswith: \CompatTelRunner.exe CommandLine|contains: - FreeHGlobal - PtrToString - kernel32 - CloseHandle condition: selection and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Some legitimate action or applications may use these functions. Investigate further to determine the legitimacy of the activity. level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of a renamed "Msdt.exe" binary. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Renamed Msdt.EXE Execution id: bd1c6866-65fc-44b2-be51-5588fcff82b9 status: test description: Detects the execution of a renamed "Msdt.exe" binary references: - https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msdt/ author: pH-T (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-06-03 modified: 2023-02-03 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1036.003 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection: OriginalFileName: msdt.exe filter: Image|endswith: \msdt.exe condition: selection and not filter falsepositives: - Unlikely level: high regression_tests_path: regression_data/rules/windows/process_creation/proc_creation_win_renamed_msdt/info.yml
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0020
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0020. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 through 11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Memory Corruption Vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-0017, CVE-2015-0022, CVE-2015-0026, CVE-2015-0030, CVE-2015-0031, CVE-2015-0036, and CVE-2015-0041.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0217. CWE: CWE-399. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. filter/mediaplugin/filter.php in Moodle through 2.5.9, 2.6.x before 2.6.7, 2.7.x before 2.7.4, and 2.8.x before 2.8.2 allows remote authenticated users to cause a denial of service (CPU consumption or partial outage) via a crafted string that is matched against an improper regular expression.
Query: risk of Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Applications Framework component in Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10.2, 12.0.6, 12.1.3, 12.2.2, 12.2.3, and 12.2.4 allows remote attackers to
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0404. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Applications Framework component in Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10.2, 12.0.6, 12.1.3, 12.2.2, 12.2.3, and 12.2.4 allows remote attackers to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Error Messages.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8057. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 10.0. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.268 and 19.x and 20.x before 20.0.0.228 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.554 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 20.0.0.204, Adobe AIR SDK before 20.0.0.204, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 20.0.0.204 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8048, CVE-2015-8049, CVE-2015-8050, CVE-2015-8055, CVE-2015-8056, CVE-2015-8058, CVE-2015-8059, CVE-2015-8061, CVE-2015-8062, CVE-2015-8063, CVE-2015-8064, CVE-2015-8065, CVE-2015-8066, CVE-2015-8067, CVE-2015-8068, CVE-2015-8069, CVE-2015-8070, CVE-2015-8071, CVE-2015-8401, CVE-2015-8402, CVE-2015-8403, CVE-2015-8404, CVE-2015-8405, CVE-2015-8406, CVE-2015-8410, CVE-2015-8411, CVE-2015-8412, CVE-2015-8413, CVE-2015-8414, CVE-2015-8420, CVE-2015-8421, CVE-2015-8422, CVE-2015-8423, CVE-2015-8424, CVE-2015-8425, CVE-2015-8426, CVE-2015-8427, CVE-2015-8428, CVE-2015-8429, CVE-2015-8430, CVE-2015-8431, CVE-2015-8432, CVE-2015-8433, CVE-2015-8434, CVE-2015-8435, CVE-2015-8436, CVE-2015-8437, CVE-2015-8441, CVE-2015-8442, CVE-2015-8447, CVE-2015-8448, CVE-2015-8449, CVE-2015-8450, CVE-2015-8452, and CVE-2015-8454.
Query: detect Detects suspicious PowerShell scripts accessing SAM hives in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects suspicious PowerShell scripts accessing SAM hives. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: PowerShell SAM Copy id: 1af57a4b-460a-4738-9034-db68b880c665 status: test description: Detects suspicious PowerShell scripts accessing SAM hives references: - https://twitter.com/splinter_code/status/1420546784250769408 author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2021-07-29 modified: 2023-01-06 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1003.002 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_1: CommandLine|contains|all: - \HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy - System32\config\sam selection_2: CommandLine|contains: - Copy-Item - cp $_. - cpi $_. - copy $_. - .File]::Copy( condition: all of selection* falsepositives: - Some rare backup scenarios - PowerShell scripts fixing HiveNightmare / SeriousSAM ACLs level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects inline Windows shell commands redirecting output via the ">" symbol to a suspicious location. This technique is. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potentially Suspicious CMD Shell Output Redirect id: 8e0bb260-d4b2-4fff-bb8d-3f82118e6892 related: - id: aa2efee7-34dd-446e-8a37-40790a66efd7 type: derived - id: 4f4eaa9f-5ad4-410c-a4be-bc6132b0175a type: similar status: test description: 'Detects inline Windows shell commands redirecting output via the ">" symbol to a suspicious location. This technique is sometimes used by malicious actors in order to redirect the output of reconnaissance commands such as "hostname" and "dir" to files for future exfiltration. ' references: - https://thedfirreport.com/2022/07/11/select-xmrig-from-sqlserver/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-07-12 modified: 2024-03-19 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \cmd.exe - OriginalFileName: Cmd.Exe selection_cli_1: CommandLine|contains: - '>?%APPDATA%\' - '>?%TEMP%\' - '>?%TMP%\' - '>?%USERPROFILE%\' - '>?C:\ProgramData\' - '>?C:\Temp\' - '>?C:\Users\Public\' - '>?C:\Windows\Temp\' selection_cli_2: CommandLine|contains: - ' >' - '">' - '''>' CommandLine|contains|all: - C:\Users\ - \AppData\Local\ condition: selection_img and 1 of selection_cli_* falsepositives: - Legitimate admin or third party scripts used for diagnostic collection might generate some false positives level: medium
Query: detect Detects Code Integrity (CI) engine blocking processes from loading unsigned DLLs residing in suspicious locations in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects Code Integrity (CI) engine blocking processes from loading unsigned DLLs residing in suspicious locations. Logsource: windows / security-mitigations. Rule: title: Unsigned Binary Loaded From Suspicious Location id: 8289bf8c-4aca-4f5a-9db3-dc3d7afe5c10 status: test description: Detects Code Integrity (CI) engine blocking processes from loading unsigned DLLs residing in suspicious locations references: - https://github.com/nasbench/EVTX-ETW-Resources/blob/45fd5be71a51aa518b1b36d4e1f36af498084e27/ETWEventsList/CSV/Windows11/21H2/W11_21H2_Pro_20220719_22000.795/Providers/Microsoft-Windows-Security-Mitigations.csv author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-08-03 modified: 2022-09-28 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1574.001 logsource: product: windows service: security-mitigations detection: selection: EventID: - 11 - 12 ImageName|contains: - \Users\Public\ - \PerfLogs\ - \Desktop\ - \Downloads\ - \AppData\Local\Temp\ - C:\Windows\TEMP\ condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects Obfuscated use of Environment Variables to execute PowerShell. Logsource: windows / security. Rule: title: Invoke-Obfuscation VAR+ Launcher - Security id: dcf2db1f-f091-425b-a821-c05875b8925a related: - id: 8ca7004b-e620-4ecb-870e-86129b5b8e75 type: derived status: test description: Detects Obfuscated use of Environment Variables to execute PowerShell references: - https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/issues/1009 author: Jonathan Cheong, oscd.community date: 2020-10-15 modified: 2022-11-29 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows service: security definition: The 'System Security Extension' audit subcategory need to be enabled to log the EID 4697 detection: selection: EventID: 4697 ServiceFileName|contains|all: - cmd - '"set' - -f ServiceFileName|contains: - /c - /r condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: risk of The VNC websocket frame decoder in QEMU allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory and CPU consumption) via a large (1) websocket payload or (2) HTTP headers sect
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1779. CWE: CWE-400. CVSS: 8.600000381469727. The VNC websocket frame decoder in QEMU allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory and CPU consumption) via a large (1) websocket payload or (2) HTTP headers section.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5695. CWE: CWE-400. CVSS: 6.5. Designate 2015.1.0 through 1.0.0.0b1 as packaged in OpenStack Kilo does not enforce RecordSets per domain, and Records per RecordSet quotas when processing an internal zone file transfer, which might allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (infinite loop) via a crafted resource record set.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-2641
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2641. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 3.5. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle MySQL Server 5.6.24 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Server : Security : Privileges.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4765. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 3.5. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Applications Manager component in Oracle E-Business Suite 12.1.3, 12.2.3, and 12.2.4 allows remote authenticated users to affect integrity via vectors related to OAM Dashboard.
Query: Sigma YAML for windows / process_creation
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects potential DLL sideloading using the Microsoft Office winword process via the '/l' flag.. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Arbitrary DLL Load Using Winword id: f7375e28-5c14-432f-b8d1-1db26c832df3 related: - id: 2621b3a6-3840-4810-ac14-a02426086171 type: obsolete status: test description: Detects potential DLL sideloading using the Microsoft Office winword process via the '/l' flag. references: - https://github.com/D4Vinci/One-Lin3r/blob/9fdfa5f0b9c698dfbd4cdfe7d2473192777ae1c6/one_lin3r/core/liners/windows/cmd/dll_loader_word.py author: Victor Sergeev, oscd.community date: 2020-10-09 modified: 2023-03-29 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1202 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \WINWORD.exe - OriginalFileName: WinWord.exe selection_dll: CommandLine|contains|all: - '/l ' - .dll condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects usage of crontab to list the tasks of the user. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: Crontab Enumeration id: 403ed92c-b7ec-4edd-9947-5b535ee12d46 status: test description: Detects usage of crontab to list the tasks of the user references: - https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2023/05/gobrat.html - https://jstnk9.github.io/jstnk9/research/GobRAT-Malware/ - https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/60bcd645450e4c846238cf0e7226dc40c84c96eba99f6b2cffcd0ab4a391c8b3/detection - https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/3e44c807a25a56f4068b5b8186eee5002eed6f26d665a8b791c472ad154585d1/detection author: Joseliyo Sanchez, @Joseliyo_Jstnk date: 2023-06-02 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1007 logsource: product: linux category: process_creation detection: selection: Image|endswith: /crontab CommandLine|contains: ' -l' condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate use of crontab level: low
Query: alert when Detects usage of winget to add new additional download sources
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects usage of winget to add new additional download sources. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Add New Download Source To Winget id: 05ebafc8-7aa2-4bcd-a269-2aec93f9e842 related: - id: 81a0ecb5-0a41-4ba1-b2ba-c944eb92bfa2 type: similar - id: c15a46a0-07d4-4c87-b4b6-89207835a83b type: similar status: test description: Detects usage of winget to add new additional download sources references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/winget/source - https://github.com/nasbench/Misc-Research/tree/b9596e8109dcdb16ec353f316678927e507a5b8d/LOLBINs/Winget author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-04-17 tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \winget.exe - OriginalFileName: winget.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - 'source ' - 'add ' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - False positive are expected with legitimate sources level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects the OpenEDR ssh-shellhost.exe spawning a command shell (cmd.exe) or PowerShell with PTY (pseudo-terminal) capabi. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: OpenEDR Spawning Command Shell id: 7f3a9c2d-4e8b-4a7f-9d3e-5c6f8a9b2e1d status: experimental description: 'Detects the OpenEDR ssh-shellhost.exe spawning a command shell (cmd.exe) or PowerShell with PTY (pseudo-terminal) capabilities. This may indicate remote command execution through OpenEDR''s remote management features, which could be legitimate administrative activity or potential abuse of the remote access tool. Threat actors may leverage OpenEDR''s remote shell capabilities to execute commands on compromised systems, facilitating lateral movement or other command-and-control operations. ' author: '@kostastsale' date: 2026-02-19 references: - https://kostas-ts.medium.com/detecting-abuse-of-openedrs-permissive-edr-trial-a-security-researcher-s-perspective-fc55bf53972c tags: - attack.execution - attack.t1059.003 - attack.lateral-movement - attack.t1021.004 - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1219 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_img: ParentImage|endswith: \ITSMService.exe Image|endswith: \ssh-shellhost.exe CommandLine|contains: --pty selection_cli_shell: CommandLine|contains: - bash - cmd - powershell - pwsh condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Legitimate use of OpenEDR for remote command execution level: medium
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-5991
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5991. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in form2WlanSetup.cgi on Philippine Long Distance Telephone (PLDT) SpeedSurf 504AN devices with firmware GAN9.8U26-4-TX-R6B018-PH.EN and Kasda KW58293 devices allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that perform setup operations, as demonstrated by modifying network settings.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7984. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities in Horde before 5.2.8, Horde Groupware before 5.2.11, and Horde Groupware Webmail Edition before 5.2.11 allow remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that execute arbitrary (1) commands via the cmd parameter to admin/cmdshell.php, (2) SQL queries via the sql parameter to admin/sqlshell.php, or (3) PHP code via the php parameter to admin/phpshell.php.