alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: actor TTPs: Junk Data
Matching passage: T1001.001 Junk Data. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may add junk data to protocols used for command and control to make detection more difficult.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020) By adding random or meaningless data to the protocols used for command and control, adversaries can prevent trivial methods for decoding, deciphering, or otherwise analyzing the traffic. Examples may include appending/prepending data with junk characters or writing junk characters between significant characters.
Near-miss passage: T1001.003 Protocol or Service Impersonation. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may impersonate legitimate protocols or web service traffic to disguise command and control activity and thwart analysis efforts. By impersonating legitimate protocols or web services, adversaries can make their command and control traffic blend in with legitimate network traffic. Adversaries may impersonate a fake SSL/TLS handshake to make it look like subsequent traffic is SSL/TLS encrypted, potentially interfering with some security tooling, or to make the traffic look like it is related with a trusted entity. Adversaries may also leverage legitimate protocols to impersonate expected web traffic or trusted services. For example, adversaries may manipulate HTTP headers, URI endpoints, SSL certificates, and transmitted data to disguise C2 communications or mimic legitimate services such as Gmail, Google Drive, and Yahoo Messenger.(Citation: ESET Okrum July 2019)(Citation: Malleable-C2-U42)
Query: detection engineering for Cloud Accounts
Matching passage: T1078.004 Cloud Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Valid accounts in cloud environments may allow adversaries to perform actions to achieve Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application. Cloud Accounts can exist solely in the cloud; alternatively, they may be hybrid-joined between on-premises systems and the cloud through syncing or federation with other identity sources such as Windows Active Directory.(Citation: AWS Identity Federation)(Citation: Google Federating GC)(Citation: Microsoft Deploying AD Federation) Service or user accounts may be targeted by adversaries through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or various other means to gain access to the environment. Federated or synced accounts may be a pathway for the adversary to affect both on-premises systems and cloud environments - for example, by leveraging shared credentials to log onto [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021). High privileged cloud accounts, whether federated, synced, or cloud-only, may also allow pivoting to on-premises environments by leveraging SaaS-based [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) to run commands on hybrid-joined devices. An adversary may create long lasting [Additional Cloud Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001) on a compromised cloud account to maintain persistence in the environment. Such credentials may also be used to bypass security controls such as multi-factor authentication. Cloud accounts may also be able to assume [Temporary Elevated Cloud Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005) or other privileges through various means within the environment. Misconfigurations in role assignments or role assumption policies may allow an adversar
Near-miss passage: T1078.003 Local Accounts. Tactics: stealth, persistence, privilege escalation, initial access. Description: Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a local account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. Local Accounts may also be abused to elevate privileges and harvest credentials through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Password reuse may allow the abuse of local accounts across a set of machines on a network for the purposes of Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-8313
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8313. CWE: CWE-203. CVSS: 5.900000095367432. GnuTLS incorrectly validates the first byte of padding in CBC modes
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0837. CWE: CWE-203. CVSS: 5.900000095367432. The mpi_powm function in Libgcrypt before 1.6.3 and GnuPG before 1.4.19 allows attackers to obtain sensitive information by leveraging timing differences when accessing a pre-computed table during modular exponentiation, related to a "Last-Level Cache Side-Channel Attack."
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-3868
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3868. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. libstagefright in Android before 5.1.1 LMY48T allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted media file, aka internal bug 23270724.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5935. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. ImageIO in Apple iOS before 9.1, OS X before 10.11.1, and watchOS before 2.0.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via crafted metadata in an image, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5936, CVE-2015-5937, and CVE-2015-5939.
Query: command and control using Protocol Tunneling
Matching passage: T1572 Protocol Tunneling. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may tunnel network communications to and from a victim system within a separate protocol to avoid detection/network filtering and/or enable access to otherwise unreachable systems. Tunneling involves explicitly encapsulating a protocol within another. This behavior may conceal malicious traffic by blending in with existing traffic and/or provide an outer layer of encryption (similar to a VPN). Tunneling could also enable routing of network packets that would otherwise not reach their intended destination, such as SMB, RDP, or other traffic that would be filtered by network appliances or not routed over the Internet. There are various means to encapsulate a protocol within another protocol. For example, adversaries may perform SSH tunneling (also known as SSH port forwarding), which involves forwarding arbitrary data over an encrypted SSH tunnel.(Citation: SSH Tunneling)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) may also be abused by adversaries during [Dynamic Resolution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568). Known as DNS over HTTPS (DoH), queries to resolve C2 infrastructure may be encapsulated within encrypted HTTPS packets.(Citation: BleepingComp Godlua JUL19) Adversaries may also leverage [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) in conjunction with [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or [Protocol or Service Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003) to further conceal C2 communications and infrastructure.
Near-miss passage: T1071.001 Web Protocols. Tactics: command and control. Description: Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. Protocols such as HTTP/S(Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda) and WebSocket(Citation: Brazking-Websockets) that carry web traffic may be very common in environments. HTTP/S packets have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-9021
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9021. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 5.5. In all Android releases from CAF using the Linux kernel, access control to SMEM memory was not enabled.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1000009. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 9.100000381469727. Open proxy in Wordpress plugin google-adsense-and-hotel-booking v1.05
Query: detection rule: Detects file names with specific patterns seen generated and used by tools such as Mimikatz and DSInternals related to e
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects file names with specific patterns seen generated and used by tools such as Mimikatz and DSInternals related to e. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: DPAPI Backup Keys And Certificate Export Activity IOC id: 7892ec59-c5bb-496d-8968-e5d210ca3ac4 status: test description: 'Detects file names with specific patterns seen generated and used by tools such as Mimikatz and DSInternals related to exported or stolen DPAPI backup keys and certificates. ' references: - https://www.dsinternals.com/en/dpapi-backup-key-theft-auditing/ - https://github.com/MichaelGrafnetter/DSInternals/blob/39ee8a69bbdc1cfd12c9afdd7513b4788c4895d4/Src/DSInternals.Common/Data/DPAPI/DPAPIBackupKey.cs#L28-L32 author: Nounou Mbeiri, Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2024-06-26 tags: - attack.credential-access - attack.t1555 - attack.t1552.004 logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: TargetFilename|contains: - ntds_capi_ - ntds_legacy_ - ntds_unknown_ TargetFilename|endswith: - .cer - .key - .pfx - .pvk condition: selection falsepositives: - Unlikely level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via Stdin in Scripts. Logsource: windows / ps_module. Rule: title: Invoke-Obfuscation Via Stdin - PowerShell Module id: c72aca44-8d52-45ad-8f81-f96c4d3c755e related: - id: 86b896ba-ffa1-4fea-83e3-ee28a4c915c7 type: derived status: test description: Detects Obfuscated Powershell via Stdin in Scripts references: - https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/issues/1009 author: Nikita Nazarov, oscd.community date: 2020-10-12 modified: 2024-04-05 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.t1027 - attack.execution - attack.t1059.001 logsource: product: windows category: ps_module definition: 0ad03ef1-f21b-4a79-8ce8-e6900c54b65b detection: selection_4103: Payload|re: (?i)(set).*&&\s?set.*(environment|invoke|\$?\{?input).*&&.*" condition: selection_4103 falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: rule covering Detects an executable initiating a network connection to "LocaltoNet" tunneling sub-domains. LocaltoNet is a reverse pro
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects an executable initiating a network connection to "LocaltoNet" tunneling sub-domains. LocaltoNet is a reverse pro. Logsource: linux / network_connection. Rule: title: Communication To LocaltoNet Tunneling Service Initiated - Linux id: c4568f5d-131f-4e78-83d4-45b2da0ec4f1 status: test description: 'Detects an executable initiating a network connection to "LocaltoNet" tunneling sub-domains. LocaltoNet is a reverse proxy that enables localhost services to be exposed to the Internet. Attackers have been seen to use this service for command-and-control activities to bypass MFA and perimeter controls. ' references: - https://localtonet.com/documents/supported-tunnels - https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/unc3944-targets-saas-applications author: Andreas Braathen (mnemonic.io) date: 2024-06-17 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.t1572 - attack.t1090 - attack.t1102 logsource: category: network_connection product: linux detection: selection: DestinationHostname|endswith: - .localto.net - .localtonet.com Initiated: 'true' condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate use of the LocaltoNet service. level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects important or interesting Windows services that got terminated for whatever reason. Logsource: windows / system. Rule: title: Important Windows Service Terminated With Error id: d6b5520d-3934-48b4-928c-2aa3f92d6963 related: - id: acfa2210-0d71-4eeb-b477-afab494d596c type: similar status: test description: Detects important or interesting Windows services that got terminated for whatever reason references: - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/04/11/guidance-for-investigating-attacks-using-cve-2022-21894-the-blacklotus-campaign/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-04-14 tags: - attack.stealth logsource: product: windows service: system detection: selection_eid: Provider_Name: Service Control Manager EventID: 7023 selection_name: - param1|contains: - ' Antivirus' - ' Firewall' - Application Guard - BitLocker Drive Encryption Service - Encrypting File System - Microsoft Defender - Threat Protection - Windows Event Log - Binary|contains: - 770069006e0064006500660065006e006400 - 4500760065006e0074004c006f006700 - 6d0070007300730076006300 - 530065006e0073006500 - '450046005300' - '420044004500530056004300' condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Rare false positives could occur since service termination could happen due to multiple reasons level: high
Query: rule covering Detects the creation of suspcious binary files inside the "\windows\system32\spool\drivers\color\" as seen in the blog r
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the creation of suspcious binary files inside the "\windows\system32\spool\drivers\color\" as seen in the blog r. Logsource: windows / file_event. Rule: title: Drop Binaries Into Spool Drivers Color Folder id: ce7066a6-508a-42d3-995b-2952c65dc2ce status: test description: Detects the creation of suspcious binary files inside the "\windows\system32\spool\drivers\color\" as seen in the blog referenced below references: - https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/07/27/untangling-knotweed-european-private-sector-offensive-actor-using-0-day-exploits/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-07-28 tags: - attack.stealth logsource: product: windows category: file_event detection: selection: TargetFilename|startswith: C:\Windows\System32\spool\drivers\color\ TargetFilename|endswith: - .dll - .exe - .sys condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects potential sideloading of "mpclient.dll" by Windows Defender processes ("MpCmdRun" and "NisSrv") from their non-d. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potential Mpclient.DLL Sideloading Via Defender Binaries id: 7002aa10-b8d4-47ae-b5ba-51ab07e228b9 related: - id: 418dc89a-9808-4b87-b1d7-e5ae0cb6effc type: similar status: test description: Detects potential sideloading of "mpclient.dll" by Windows Defender processes ("MpCmdRun" and "NisSrv") from their non-default directory. references: - https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/living-off-windows-defender-lockbit-ransomware-sideloads-cobalt-strike-through-microsoft-security-tool author: Bhabesh Raj date: 2022-08-01 modified: 2023-08-04 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.persistence - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1574.001 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection: Image|endswith: - \MpCmdRun.exe - \NisSrv.exe filter_main_known_locations: Image|startswith: - C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Defender\ - C:\Program Files\Microsoft Security Client\ - C:\Program Files\Windows Defender\ - C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Platform\ - C:\Windows\WinSxS\ condition: selection and not 1 of filter_main_* falsepositives: - Unlikely level: high
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-9447
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9447. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.5. The unite-gallery-lite plugin before 1.5 for WordPress has CSRF and SQL injection via wp-admin/admin.php galleryid or id parameters.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6660. CWE: CWE-352. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The Form API in Drupal 6.x before 6.37 and 7.x before 7.39 does not properly validate the form token, which allows remote attackers to conduct CSRF attacks that upload files in a different user's account via vectors related to "file upload value callbacks."
Query: telemetry for T1505.005
Matching passage: T1505.005 Terminal Services DLL. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse components of Terminal Services to enable persistent access to systems. Microsoft Terminal Services, renamed to Remote Desktop Services in some Windows Server OSs as of 2022, enable remote terminal connections to hosts. Terminal Services allows servers to transmit a full, interactive, graphical user interface to clients via RDP.(Citation: Microsoft Remote Desktop Services) [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)s that are run as a "generic" process (ex: <code>svchost.exe</code>) load the service's DLL file, the location of which is stored in a Registry entry named <code>ServiceDll</code>.(Citation: Microsoft System Services Fundamentals) The <code>termsrv.dll</code> file, typically stored in `%SystemRoot%\System32\`, is the default <code>ServiceDll</code> value for Terminal Services in `HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\services\TermService\Parameters\`. Adversaries may modify and/or replace the Terminal Services DLL to enable persistent access to victimized hosts.(Citation: James TermServ DLL) Modifications to this DLL could be done to execute arbitrary payloads (while also potentially preserving normal <code>termsrv.dll</code> functionality) as well as to simply enable abusable features of Terminal Services. For example, an adversary may enable features such as concurrent [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) sessions by either patching the <code>termsrv.dll</code> file or modifying the <code>ServiceDll</code> value to point to a DLL that provides increased RDP functionality.(Citation: Windows OS Hub RDP)(Citation: RDPWrap Github) On a non-server Windows OS this increased functionality may also enable an adversary to avoid Terminal Services prompts that warn/log out users of a system when a new RDP session is created.
Near-miss passage: T1505 Server Software Component. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse legitimate extensible development features of servers to establish persistent access to systems. Enterprise server applications may include features that allow developers to write and install software or scripts to extend the functionality of the main application. Adversaries may install malicious components to extend and abuse server applications.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)
Query: vulnerability: drivers/infiniband/hw/cxgb3/iwch_cm.c in the Linux kernel before 4.5 does not properly identify error conditions, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8812. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. drivers/infiniband/hw/cxgb3/iwch_cm.c in the Linux kernel before 4.5 does not properly identify error conditions, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (use-after-free) via crafted packets.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4745. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Endeca Information Discovery Studio component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 2.2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.1 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors related to Integrator, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2602, CVE-2015-2603, CVE-2015-2604, CVE-2015-2605, and CVE-2015-2606.
Query: vulnerability: Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.261 and 19.x before 19.0.0.245 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.548 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.241, A
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7654. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 9.300000190734863. Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.261 and 19.x before 19.0.0.245 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.548 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.241, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.241, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 19.0.0.241 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted attachSound arguments, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-7651, CVE-2015-7652, CVE-2015-7653, CVE-2015-7655, CVE-2015-7656, CVE-2015-7657, CVE-2015-7658, CVE-2015-7660, CVE-2015-7661, CVE-2015-7663, CVE-2015-8042, CVE-2015-8043, CVE-2015-8044, and CVE-2015-8046.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1921. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.400000095367432. Open redirect vulnerability in IBM WebSphere Portal 8.0.0 before 8.0.0.1 CF17 and 8.5.0 before CF06 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a crafted URL.
Query: incident response steps for Encoded PowerShell / command-line abuse matching Resource Forking
Matching passage: Playbook for T1564.009 Resource Forking. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1564.009. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: stealth. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may abuse resource forks to hide malicious code or executables to evade detection and bypass security applications. A resource fork provides applications a structured way to store resources such as thumbnail images, menu definitions, icons, dialog boxes, and code.(Citation: macOS Hierarchical File System Overview) Usage of a resource fork is identifiable when displaying a file’s extend
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1564.008 Email Hiding Rules. Different response path focused on stealth.
Query: detect Detects remote RPC calls useb by SharpHound to map remote connections and local group membership. in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects remote RPC calls useb by SharpHound to map remote connections and local group membership.. Logsource: rpc_firewall / application. Rule: title: SharpHound Recon Sessions id: 6d580420-ff3f-4e0e-b6b0-41b90c787e28 status: test description: Detects remote RPC calls useb by SharpHound to map remote connections and local group membership. references: - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-srvs/02b1f559-fda2-4ba3-94c2-806eb2777183 - https://github.com/jsecurity101/MSRPC-to-ATTACK/blob/ddd4608fe8684fcf2fcf9b48c5f0b3c28097f8a3/documents/MS-SRVS.md - https://github.com/zeronetworks/rpcfirewall - https://zeronetworks.com/blog/stopping-lateral-movement-via-the-rpc-firewall/ author: Sagie Dulce, Dekel Paz date: 2022-01-01 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.t1033 logsource: product: rpc_firewall category: application definition: 'Requirements: install and apply the RPC Firewall to all processes with "audit:true action:block uuid:4b324fc8-1670-01d3-1278-5a47bf6ee188 opnum:12' detection: selection: EventLog: RPCFW EventID: 3 InterfaceUuid: 4b324fc8-1670-01d3-1278-5a47bf6ee188 OpNum: 12 condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects changes to the AppInstaller (winget) admin settings. Such as enabling local manifest installations or disabling. Logsource: windows / registry_set. Rule: title: Winget Admin Settings Modification id: 6db5eaf9-88f7-4ed9-af7d-9ef2ad12f236 status: test description: Detects changes to the AppInstaller (winget) admin settings. Such as enabling local manifest installations or disabling installer hash checks references: - https://github.com/nasbench/Misc-Research/tree/b9596e8109dcdb16ec353f316678927e507a5b8d/LOLBINs/Winget - https://github.com/microsoft/winget-cli/blob/02d2f93807c9851d73eaacb4d8811a76b64b7b01/src/AppInstallerCommonCore/Public/winget/AdminSettings.h#L13 author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-04-17 modified: 2023-08-17 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.defense-impairment logsource: product: windows category: registry_set detection: selection: Image|endswith: \winget.exe TargetObject|startswith: \REGISTRY\A\ TargetObject|endswith: \LocalState\admin_settings condition: selection falsepositives: - The event doesn't contain information about the type of change. False positives are expected with legitimate changes level: low