alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: exploit Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Sun Solaris 10 and 11.2 allows local users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Kernel.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4869. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 4.900000095367432. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Sun Solaris 10 and 11.2 allows local users to affect availability via unknown vectors related to Kernel.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4745. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 7.5. Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Endeca Information Discovery Studio component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 2.2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.1 allows remote attackers to affect confidentiality, integrity, and availability via unknown vectors related to Integrator, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-2602, CVE-2015-2603, CVE-2015-2604, CVE-2015-2605, and CVE-2015-2606.
Query: actor TTPs: Services File Permissions Weakness
Matching passage: T1574.010 Services File Permissions Weakness. Tactics: stealth, execution. Description: Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions of Windows services to replace the binary that is executed upon service start. These service processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM. Adversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.
Near-miss passage: T1574 Hijack Execution Flow. Tactics: stealth, execution. Description: Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run programs. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence, since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. Adversaries may also use these mechanisms to elevate privileges or evade defenses, such as application control or other restrictions on execution. There are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution, including by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs/resources, such as file directories and in the case of Windows the Registry, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.
Query: describe CVE-2015-7940
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7940. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The Bouncy Castle Java library before 1.51 does not validate a point is withing the elliptic curve, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain private keys via a series of crafted elliptic curve Diffie Hellman (ECDH) key exchanges, aka an "invalid curve attack."
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1147. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. Open Directory Client in Apple OS X before 10.10.3 sends unencrypted password-change requests in certain circumstances involving missing certificates, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information by sniffing the network.
Query: vulnerability: Buffer overflow in the UniformTypeIdentifiers component in Apple OS X before 10.10.3 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted Uniform Type Identifier.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1144. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Buffer overflow in the UniformTypeIdentifiers component in Apple OS X before 10.10.3 allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted Uniform Type Identifier.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0795. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Multiple stack-based buffer overflows in the SafeShellExecute method in the NetIQExecObject.NetIQExec.1 ActiveX control in NetIQExec.dll in NetIQ Security Solutions for iSeries 8.1 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via long arguments, aka ZDI-CAN-2699.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-5223
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5223. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. OpenStack Object Storage (Swift) before 2.4.0 allows attackers to obtain sensitive information via a PUT tempurl and a DLO object manifest that references an object in another container.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6086. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 through 11 allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information from process memory via a crafted web site, aka "Internet Explorer Information Disclosure Vulnerability."
Query: SOC runbook when seeing SIEM correlation: exfiltration activity consistent with Exfiltration Over Web Service
Matching passage: Playbook for T1567 Exfiltration Over Web Service. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1567. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: exfiltration. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to exfiltrate data rather than their primary command and control channel. Popular Web services acting as an exfiltration mechanism may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to compromise. Firewall rules may also already exist to permit traffic to
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1567.004 Exfiltration Over Webhook. Different response path focused on exfiltration.
Query: explain T1596.005 Scan Databases
Matching passage: T1596.005 Scan Databases. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may search within public scan databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Various online services continuously publish the results of Internet scans/surveys, often harvesting information such as active IP addresses, hostnames, open ports, certificates, and even server banners.(Citation: Shodan) Adversaries may search scan databases to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information from these services. Adversaries may seek information about their already identified targets, or use these datasets to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).
Near-miss passage: T1596.003 Digital Certificates. Tactics: reconnaissance. Description: Adversaries may search public digital certificate data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Digital certificates are issued by a certificate authority (CA) in order to cryptographically verify the origin of signed content. These certificates, such as those used for encrypted web traffic (HTTPS SSL/TLS communications), contain information about the registered organization such as name and location. Adversaries may search digital certificate data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about certificates.(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup) Digital certificate data may also be available from artifacts signed by the organization (ex: certificates used from encrypted web traffic are served with content).(Citation: Medium SSL Cert) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).
Query: describe CVE-2015-3005
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3005. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Dynamic VPN in Juniper Junos 12.1X44 before 12.1X44-D45, 12.1X46 before 12.1X46-D30, 12.1X47 before 12.1X47-D20, and 12.3X48 before 12.3X48-D10 on SRX series devices allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4260. CWE: CWE-79. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Cisco Hosted Collaboration Solution 10.6(1) allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted value in a URL, aka Bug ID CSCuu14862.
Query: mitigate Clear Persistence
Matching passage: T1070.009 Clear Persistence. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may clear artifacts associated with previously established persistence on a host system to remove evidence of their activity. This may involve various actions, such as removing services, deleting executables, [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112), [Plist File Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1647), or other methods of cleanup to prevent defenders from collecting evidence of their persistent presence.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) Adversaries may also delete accounts previously created to maintain persistence (i.e. [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136)).(Citation: Talos - Cisco Attack 2022) In some instances, artifacts of persistence may also be removed once an adversary’s persistence is executed in order to prevent errors with the new instance of the malware.(Citation: NCC Group Team9 June 2020)
Near-miss passage: T1070.008 Clear Mailbox Data. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may modify mail and mail application data to remove evidence of their activity. Email applications allow users and other programs to export and delete mailbox data via command line tools or use of APIs. Mail application data can be emails, email metadata, or logs generated by the application or operating system, such as export requests. Adversaries may manipulate emails and mailbox data to remove logs, artifacts, and metadata, such as evidence of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Email Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114), [Mail Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003) for command and control, or email-based exfiltration such as [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048). For example, to remove evidence on Exchange servers adversaries have used the <code>ExchangePowerShell</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module, including <code>Remove-MailboxExportRequest</code> to remove evidence of mailbox exports.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: ExchangePowerShell Module) On Linux and macOS, adversaries may also delete emails through a command line utility called <code>mail</code> or use [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to interact with APIs on macOS.(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)(Citation: mailx man page) Adversaries may also remove emails and metadata/headers indicative of spam or suspicious activity (for example, through the use of organization-wide transport rules) to reduce the likelihood of malicious emails being detected by security products.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-9348
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9348. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. The sell-downloads plugin before 1.0.8 for WordPress has insufficient restrictions on brute-force guessing of purchase IDs.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-4556. CWE: CWE-20. CVSS: 7.5. The string-translate* procedure in the data-structures unit in CHICKEN before 4.10.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash).
Query: vulnerability: Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.15 and 11.x before 11.0.12, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 2015.006.30060, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous befo
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5104. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 10.0. Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.15 and 11.x before 11.0.12, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 2015.006.30060, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous before 2015.008.20082 on Windows and OS X allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3095, CVE-2015-5087, CVE-2015-5094, CVE-2015-5100, CVE-2015-5102, CVE-2015-5103, and CVE-2015-5115.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8277. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Multiple buffer overflows in (1) lmgrd and (2) Vendor Daemon in Flexera FlexNet Publisher before 11.13.1.2 Security Update 1 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted packet with opcode (a) 0x107 or (b) 0x10a.
Query: campaign using InstallUtil
Matching passage: T1218.004 InstallUtil. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) The InstallUtil binary may also be digitally signed by Microsoft and located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: <code>C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v<version>\InstallUtil.exe</code> and <code>C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v<version>\InstallUtil.exe</code>. InstallUtil may also be used to bypass application control through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute <code>[System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]</code>. (Citation: LOLBAS Installutil)
Near-miss passage: T1218.015 Electron Applications. Tactics: stealth. Description: Adversaries may abuse components of the Electron framework to execute malicious code. The Electron framework hosts many common applications such as Signal, Slack, and Microsoft Teams.(Citation: Electron 2) Originally developed by GitHub, Electron is a cross-platform desktop application development framework that employs web technologies like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.(Citation: Electron 3) The Chromium engine is used to display web content and Node.js runs the backend code.(Citation: Electron 1) Due to the functional mechanics of Electron (such as allowing apps to run arbitrary commands), adversaries may also be able to perform malicious functions in the background potentially disguised as legitimate tools within the framework.(Citation: Electron 1) For example, the abuse of `teams.exe` and `chrome.exe` may allow adversaries to execute malicious commands as child processes of the legitimate application (e.g., `chrome.exe --disable-gpu-sandbox --gpu-launcher="C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c calc.exe`).(Citation: Electron 6-8) Adversaries may also execute malicious content by planting malicious [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) within Electron applications.(Citation: Electron Security)
Query: campaign using Bypass User Account Control
Matching passage: T1548.002 Bypass User Account Control. Tactics: privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on system. Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action.(Citation: TechNet How UAC Works) If the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs can elevate privileges or execute some elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box.(Citation: TechNet Inside UAC)(Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user.(Citation: Davidson Windows) Many methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACME contains an extensive list of methods(Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as: * <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script.(Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit) Another bypass is possible through some lateral movement techn
Near-miss passage: T1548 Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism. Tactics: privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control privilege elevation to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can perform on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that can be considered of higher risk.(Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)(Citation: sudo man page 2018) An adversary can perform several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit)
Query: detect Detects the execution of "Ldifde.exe" with the import flag "-i". The can be abused to include HTTP-based arguments which in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects the execution of "Ldifde.exe" with the import flag "-i". The can be abused to include HTTP-based arguments which. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Import LDAP Data Interchange Format File Via Ldifde.EXE id: 6f535e01-ca1f-40be-ab8d-45b19c0c8b7f status: test description: 'Detects the execution of "Ldifde.exe" with the import flag "-i". The can be abused to include HTTP-based arguments which will allow the arbitrary download of files from a remote server. ' references: - https://twitter.com/0gtweet/status/1564968845726580736 - https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/ldifde.exe-979DE101F5059CEC1D2C56967CA2BAC0.html - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc731033(v=ws.11) author: '@gott_cyber' date: 2022-09-02 modified: 2023-03-14 tags: - attack.command-and-control - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 - attack.t1105 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_img: - Image|endswith: \ldifde.exe - OriginalFileName: ldifde.exe selection_cli: CommandLine|contains|all: - -i - -f condition: all of selection_* falsepositives: - Since the content of the files are unknown, false positives are expected level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects process creation events where the Image field lacks an absolute path, which occurs when the backing file no long. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Execution Of Non-Existing File id: 71158e3f-df67-472b-930e-7d287acaa3e1 status: test description: 'Detects process creation events where the Image field lacks an absolute path, which occurs when the backing file no longer exists on disk at the time of logging - commonly caused by Process Ghosting or other unorthodox process creation techniques. ' references: - https://pentestlaboratories.com/2021/12/08/process-ghosting/ - https://www.elastic.co/blog/process-ghosting-a-new-executable-image-tampering-attack author: Max Altgelt (Nextron Systems) date: 2021-12-09 modified: 2026-07-05 tags: - attack.stealth - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.t1055 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: filter_main_image_absolute_path: Image|contains: \ filter_optional_null: Image: null filter_optional_empty: Image: - '-' - '' filter_optional_4688: - Image: - MemCompression - Registry - System - vmmem - vmmemWSL - CommandLine: - MemCompression - Registry - vmmem - vmmemWSL condition: not 1 of filter_main_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-6708
Matching passage: CVE-2015-6708. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. The ANStartApproval method in Adobe Reader and Acrobat 10.x before 10.1.16 and 11.x before 11.0.13, Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Classic before 2015.006.30094, and Acrobat and Acrobat Reader DC Continuous before 2015.009.20069 on Windows and OS X allows attackers to bypass JavaScript API execution restrictions via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6707, CVE-2015-6709, CVE-2015-6710, CVE-2015-6711, CVE-2015-6712, CVE-2015-6713, CVE-2015-6714, CVE-2015-6715, CVE-2015-6716, CVE-2015-6717, CVE-2015-6718, CVE-2015-6719, CVE-2015-6720, CVE-2015-6721, CVE-2015-6722, CVE-2015-6723, CVE-2015-6724, CVE-2015-6725, CVE-2015-7614, CVE-2015-7616, CVE-2015-7618, CVE-2015-7619, CVE-2015-7620, and CVE-2015-7623.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-0429. CWE: UNKNOWN. CVSS: 3.299999952316284. Unspecified vulnerability in Oracle Sun Solaris 10 and 11 allows local users to affect integrity and availability via vectors related to RPC Utility.
Query: weakness Dangerous Signal Handler not Disabled During Sensitive Operations
Matching passage: CWE-432 Dangerous Signal Handler not Disabled During Sensitive Operations. The product uses a signal handler that shares state with other signal handlers, but it does not properly mask or prevent those signal handlers from being invoked while the original signal handler is still running.
Near-miss passage: CWE-1253 Incorrect Selection of Fuse Values. The logic level used to set a system to a secure state relies on a fuse being unblown.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-4213
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4213. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.0. Cisco NX-OS 1.1(1g) on Nexus 9000 devices allows remote authenticated users to discover cleartext passwords by leveraging the existence of a decryption mechanism, aka Bug ID CSCuu84391.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7429. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 8.5. The Data Protection extension in the VMware GUI in IBM Tivoli Storage Manager for Virtual Environments: Data Protection for VMware (aka Spectrum Protect for Virtual Environments) 7.1 before 7.1.4 and Tivoli Storage FlashCopy Manager for VMware (aka Spectrum Protect Snapshot) 4.1 before 4.1.4 allows remote authenticated users to restore arbitrary virtual machines and consequently obtain sensitive information by visiting the vSphere inventory.