alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: detection engineering for Make and Impersonate Token
Matching passage: T1134.003 Make and Impersonate Token. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may make new tokens and impersonate users to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. For example, if an adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system the adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the `LogonUser` function.(Citation: LogonUserW function) The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use `SetThreadToken` to assign the token to a thread. This behavior is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) in that this refers to creating a new user token instead of stealing or duplicating an existing one.
Near-miss passage: T1134.004 Parent PID Spoofing. Tactics: stealth, privilege escalation. Description: Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the <code>CreateProcess</code> API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via <code>svchost.exe</code> or <code>consent.exe</code>) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018) Adversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to be <code>explorer.exe</code> rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) Explicitly assigning the PPID may also enable elevated privileges given appropriate access rights to the parent process. For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as <code>lsass.exe</code>), causing the new process to be elevated vi
Query: SIEM correlation: resource development activity consistent with Domains
Matching passage: T1584.001 Domains. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may hijack domains and/or subdomains that can be used during targeting. Domain registration hijacking is the act of changing the registration of a domain name without the permission of the original registrant.(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking) Adversaries may gain access to an email account for the person listed as the owner of the domain. The adversary can then claim that they forgot their password in order to make changes to the domain registration. Other possibilities include social engineering a domain registration help desk to gain access to an account, taking advantage of renewal process gaps, or compromising a cloud service that enables managing domains (e.g., AWS Route53).(Citation: Krebs DNS Hijack 2019) Subdomain hijacking can occur when organizations have DNS entries that point to non-existent or deprovisioned resources. In such cases, an adversary may take control of a subdomain to conduct operations with the benefit of the trust associated with that domain.(Citation: Microsoft Sub Takeover 2020) Adversaries who compromise a domain may also engage in domain shadowing by creating malicious subdomains under their control while keeping any existing DNS records. As service will not be disrupted, the malicious subdomains may go unnoticed for long periods of time.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022)
Near-miss passage: T1584.002 DNS Server. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers that can be used during targeting. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize DNS traffic for various tasks, including for Command and Control (ex: [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071)). Instead of setting up their own DNS servers, adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers in support of operations. By compromising DNS servers, adversaries can alter DNS records. Such control can allow for redirection of an organization's traffic, facilitating Collection and Credential Access efforts for the adversary.(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019) Additionally, adversaries may leverage such control in conjunction with [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004) to redirect traffic to adversary-controlled infrastructure, mimicking normal trusted network communications.(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNS Hijack 2019) Alternatively, they may be able to prove ownership of a domain to a SaaS service in order to assert control of the service or create a new administrative [Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/003).(Citation: CyberCX SaaS Domain Hijacking 2025) Adversaries may also be able to silently create subdomains pointed at malicious servers without tipping off the actual owner of the DNS server.(Citation: CiscoAngler)(Citation: Proofpoint Domain Shadowing)
Query: risk of Directory traversal vulnerability in Zen Cart 1.5.4 allows remote attackers to include and execute arbitrary local files via a .. (dot dot) in the act parameter to ajax.php.
Matching passage: CVE-2015-8352. CWE: CWE-22. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. Directory traversal vulnerability in Zen Cart 1.5.4 allows remote attackers to include and execute arbitrary local files via a .. (dot dot) in the act parameter to ajax.php.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5471. CWE: CWE-22. CVSS: 5.300000190734863. Absolute path traversal vulnerability in include/user/download.php in the Swim Team plugin 1.44.10777 for WordPress allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via a full pathname in the file parameter.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0178
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0178. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The Java overlay feature in IBM Bluemix Liberty before 1.13-20150209-1122 for Java does not properly support WAR applications, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3251. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.900000095367432. Apache CloudStack before 4.5.2 might allow remote authenticated administrators to obtain sensitive password information for root accounts of virtual machines via unspecified vectors related to API calls.
Query: vulnerability: ownCloud iOS app before 3.4.4 does not properly switch state between multiple instances, which might allow remote instance administrators to obtain sensitive credential and cookie 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5955. CWE: CWE-522. CVSS: 5.0. ownCloud iOS app before 3.4.4 does not properly switch state between multiple instances, which might allow remote instance administrators to obtain sensitive credential and cookie information by reading authentication headers.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7546. CWE: CWE-522. CVSS: 7.5. The identity service in OpenStack Identity (Keystone) before 2015.1.3 (Kilo) and 8.0.x before 8.0.2 (Liberty) and keystonemiddleware (formerly python-keystoneclient) before 1.5.4 (Kilo) and Liberty before 2.3.3 does not properly invalidate authorization tokens when using the PKI or PKIZ token providers, which allows remote authenticated users to bypass intended access restrictions and gain access to cloud resources by manipulating byte fields within a revoked token.
Query: detect Detects potentially suspicious child process of applications launched from inside the WindowsApps directory. This could in logs
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects potentially suspicious child process of applications launched from inside the WindowsApps directory. This could. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Potentially Suspicious Windows App Activity id: f91ed517-a6ba-471d-9910-b3b4a398c0f3 status: test description: Detects potentially suspicious child process of applications launched from inside the WindowsApps directory. This could be a sign of a rogue ".appx" package installation/execution references: - https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2021/11/11/bazarloader-call-me-back-attack-abuses-windows-10-apps-mechanism/ - https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/inside-malicious-windows-apps-for-malware-deployment/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-01-12 modified: 2025-10-07 tags: - attack.stealth logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_parent: ParentImage|contains: C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\ selection_susp_img: Image|endswith: - \cmd.exe - \cscript.exe - \mshta.exe - \powershell.exe - \powershell_ise.exe - \pwsh.exe - \regsvr32.exe - \rundll32.exe - \wscript.exe selection_susp_cli: CommandLine|contains: - cmd /c - Invoke- - Base64 filter_optional_terminal: ParentImage|contains: :\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.WindowsTerminal ParentImage|endswith: \WindowsTerminal.exe Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \cmd.exe - \pwsh.exe filter_optional_sysinternals: ParentImage|startswith: C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.SysinternalsSuite Image|endswith: \cmd.exe condition: selection_parent and 1 of selection_susp_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Legitimate packages that make use of external binaries such as Windows Terminal level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects Windows Pcap driver installation based on a list of associated .sys files.. Logsource: windows / security. Rule: title: Windows Pcap Drivers id: 7b687634-ab20-11ea-bb37-0242ac130002 status: test description: Detects Windows Pcap driver installation based on a list of associated .sys files. references: - https://ragged-lab.blogspot.com/2020/06/capturing-pcap-driver-installations.html#more author: Cian Heasley date: 2020-06-10 modified: 2023-04-14 tags: - attack.discovery - attack.credential-access - attack.t1040 logsource: product: windows service: security definition: The 'System Security Extension' audit subcategory need to be enabled to log the EID 4697 detection: selection: EventID: 4697 ServiceFileName|contains: - pcap - npcap - npf - nm3 - ndiscap - nmnt - windivert - USBPcap - pktmon condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: medium
Query: SOC runbook when seeing Persistence mechanism resembling Protocol or Service Impersonation
Matching passage: Playbook for T1001.003 Protocol or Service Impersonation. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1001.003. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: command and control. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may impersonate legitimate protocols or web service traffic to disguise command and control activity and thwart analysis efforts. By impersonating legitimate protocols or web services, adversaries can make their command and control traffic blend in with legitimate network traffic. Adversaries may impersonate a fake SSL/TLS handshake to make it look like subsequent traffic is SSL/TLS en
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1001 Data Obfuscation. Different response path focused on command and control.
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-0767
Matching passage: CVE-2015-0767. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Cisco Edge 300 software 1.0 and 1.1 on Edge 340 devices allows local users to obtain root privileges via unspecified commands, aka Bug ID CSCur18132.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7371. CWE: CWE-264. CVSS: 5.0. Revive Adserver before 3.2.2 does not restrict access to run-mpe.php, which allows remote attackers to run the Maintenance Priority Engine and possibly cause a denial of service (resource consumption) via a direct request.
Query: detection rule: Detects attempts to collect data stored in the clipboard from users with the usage of xclip tool. Xclip has to be instal
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects attempts to collect data stored in the clipboard from users with the usage of xclip tool. Xclip has to be instal. Logsource: linux / auditd. Rule: title: Clipboard Collection with Xclip Tool - Auditd id: 214e7e6c-f21b-47ff-bb6f-551b2d143fcf status: test description: 'Detects attempts to collect data stored in the clipboard from users with the usage of xclip tool. Xclip has to be installed. Highly recommended using rule on servers, due to high usage of clipboard utilities on user workstations. ' references: - https://linux.die.net/man/1/xclip - https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/xclip-linux-insert-files-command-output-intoclipboard/ author: Pawel Mazur date: 2021-09-24 modified: 2022-11-26 tags: - attack.collection - attack.t1115 logsource: product: linux service: auditd detection: selection: type: EXECVE a0: xclip a1: - -selection - -sel a2: - clipboard - clip a3: -o condition: selection falsepositives: - Legitimate usage of xclip tools level: low
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects when a shell program such as the Windows command prompt or PowerShell is launched with system privileges from a. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Elevated System Shell Spawned From Uncommon Parent Location id: 178e615d-e666-498b-9630-9ed363038101 related: - id: 61065c72-5d7d-44ef-bf41-6a36684b545f type: similar status: test description: Detects when a shell program such as the Windows command prompt or PowerShell is launched with system privileges from a uncommon parent location. references: - https://github.com/Wh04m1001/SysmonEoP author: frack113, Tim Shelton (update fp) date: 2022-12-05 modified: 2025-03-06 tags: - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.execution - attack.t1059 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection_shell: - Image|endswith: - \powershell.exe - \powershell_ise.exe - \pwsh.exe - \cmd.exe - OriginalFileName: - PowerShell.EXE - powershell_ise.EXE - pwsh.dll - Cmd.Exe selection_user: User|contains: - AUTHORI - AUTORI LogonId: '0x3e7' filter_main_generic: ParentImage|contains: - :\Program Files (x86)\ - :\Program Files\ - :\ProgramData\ - :\Windows\System32\ - :\Windows\SysWOW64\ - :\Windows\Temp\ - :\Windows\WinSxS\ filter_optional_manageengine: ParentImage|endswith: :\ManageEngine\ADManager Plus\pgsql\bin\postgres.exe Image|endswith: \cmd.exe filter_optional_asgard: CommandLine|contains: :\WINDOWS\system32\cmd.exe /c " CurrentDirectory|contains: :\WINDOWS\Temp\asgard2-agent\ filter_optional_ibm_spectrumprotect: ParentImage|contains: :\IBM\SpectrumProtect\webserver\scripts\ CommandLine|contains: :\IBM\SpectrumProtect\webserver\scripts\ filter_main_parent_null: ParentImage: null filter_main_parent_empty: ParentImage: - '' - '-' condition: all of selection_* and not 1 of filter_main_* and not 1 of filter_optional_* falsepositives: - Some legitimate applications may spawn shells from uncommon parent locations. Apply additional filters and perform an initial baseline before deploying. level: medium
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-5624
Matching passage: CVE-2015-5624. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. Buffer overflow in the ExecCall method in c2lv6.ocx in the FreeBit ELPhoneBtnV6 ActiveX control allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTML document, related to the discontinued "Click to Live" service.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-6992. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 7.5. CoreText in Apple iOS before 9.1, OS X before 10.11.1, and iTunes before 12.3.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via a crafted font file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6975 and CVE-2015-7017.
Query: how to detect IDE Extensions
Matching passage: T1176.002 IDE Extensions. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse an integrated development environment (IDE) extension to establish persistent access to victim systems.(Citation: Mnemonic misuse visual studio) IDEs such as Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, and Eclipse support extensions - software components that add features like code linting, auto-completion, task automation, or integration with tools like Git and Docker. A malicious extension can be installed through an extension marketplace (i.e., [Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001)) or side-loaded directly into the IDE.(Citation: Abramovsky VSCode Security)(Citation: Lakshmanan Visual Studio Marketplace) In addition to installing malicious extensions, adversaries may also leverage benign ones. For example, adversaries may establish persistent SSH tunnels via the use of the VSCode Remote SSH extension (i.e., [IDE Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/001)). Trust is typically established through the installation process; once installed, the malicious extension is run every time that the IDE is launched. The extension can then be used to execute arbitrary code, establish a backdoor, mine cryptocurrency, or exfiltrate data.(Citation: ExtensionTotal VSCode Extensions 2025)
Near-miss passage: T1176 Software Extensions. Tactics: persistence. Description: Adversaries may abuse software extensions to establish persistent access to victim systems. Software extensions are modular components that enhance or customize the functionality of software applications, including web browsers, Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), and other platforms.(Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware)(Citation: Abramovsky VSCode Security) Extensions are typically installed via official marketplaces, app stores, or manually loaded by users, and they often inherit the permissions and access levels of the host application. Malicious extensions can be introduced through various methods, including social engineering, compromised marketplaces, or direct installation by users or by adversaries who have already gained access to a system. Malicious extensions can be named similarly or identically to benign extensions in marketplaces. Security mechanisms in extension marketplaces may be insufficient to detect malicious components, allowing adversaries to bypass automated scanners or exploit trust established during the installation process. Adversaries may also abuse benign extensions to achieve their objectives, such as using legitimate functionality to tunnel data or bypass security controls. The modular nature of extensions and their integration with host applications make them an attractive target for adversaries seeking to exploit trusted software ecosystems. Detection can be challenging due to the inherent trust placed in extensions during installation and their ability to blend into normal application workflows.
Query: playbook for alert: Persistence mechanism resembling PowerShell
Matching passage: Playbook for T1059.001 PowerShell. 1) Validate alert telemetry against T1059.001. 2) Scope affected hosts and accounts. 3) Contain by isolating endpoint / disabling account if confirmed. 4) Hunt for related tactics: execution. 5) Eradicate persistence and recover. Reference detection notes: Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system.(Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the <code>Start-Process</code> cmdl
Near-miss passage: Playbook for T1059.008 Network Device CLI. Different response path focused on execution.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-7322
Matching passage: CVE-2015-7322. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The Secure Meeting (Pulse Collaboration) in Pulse Connect Secure (formerly Juniper Junos Pulse) before 7.1R22.1, 7.4, 8.0 before 8.0R11, and 8.1 before 8.1R3 provides different messages for attempts to join a meeting depending on the status of the meeting, which allows remote attackers to enumerate valid meeting ids via a series of requests.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-5022. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. IBM Multi-Enterprise Integration Gateway 1.x through 1.0.0.1 and B2B Advanced Communications 1.0.0.2 and 1.0.0.3 before 1.0.0.3_2, when access by guests is enabled, place an internal hostname and a payload path in a response, which allows remote authenticated users to obtain sensitive information by leveraging a trading-partner relationship and reading response fields.
Query: Sigma rule for Detects when the policy allowing forks of private and internal repositories is changed (enabled or cleared).
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects when the policy allowing forks of private and internal repositories is changed (enabled or cleared).. Logsource: github / audit. Rule: title: Github Fork Private Repositories Setting Enabled/Cleared id: 69b3bd1e-b38a-462f-9a23-fbdbf63d2294 status: test description: 'Detects when the policy allowing forks of private and internal repositories is changed (enabled or cleared). ' references: - https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-cloud@latest/admin/monitoring-activity-in-your-enterprise/reviewing-audit-logs-for-your-enterprise/audit-log-events-for-your-enterprise#private_repository_forking author: Romain Gaillard (@romain-gaillard) date: 2024-07-29 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.exfiltration - attack.t1020 - attack.t1537 logsource: product: github service: audit definition: 'Requirements: The audit log streaming feature must be enabled to be able to receive such logs. You can enable following the documentation here: https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-cloud@latest/admin/monitoring-activity-in-your-enterprise/reviewing-audit-logs-for-your-enterprise/streaming-the-audit-log-for-your-enterprise#setting-up-audit-log-streaming' detection: selection: action: - private_repository_forking.clear - private_repository_forking.enable condition: selection falsepositives: - Allowed administrative activities. level: medium
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects a service installed by a client which has PID 0 or whose parent has PID 0. Logsource: windows / system. Rule: title: Service Installed By Unusual Client - System id: 71c276aa-49cd-43d2-b920-2dcd3e6962d5 related: - id: c4e92a97-a9ff-4392-9d2d-7a4c642768ca type: similar status: test description: Detects a service installed by a client which has PID 0 or whose parent has PID 0 references: - https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/current/windows-service-installed-via-an-unusual-client.html author: Tim Rauch (Nextron Systems), Elastic (idea) date: 2022-09-15 modified: 2023-01-04 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.t1543 logsource: product: windows service: system detection: selection: Provider_Name: Service Control Manager EventID: 7045 ProcessId: 0 condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high