alirezaaminzadeh/secembed-pairs huggingface dataset:
Query: explain T1588.004 Digital Certificates
Matching passage: T1588.004 Digital Certificates. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may buy and/or steal SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner. Adversaries may purchase or steal SSL/TLS certificates to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if the certificate is trusted or otherwise added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)). The purchase of digital certificates may be done using a front organization or using information stolen from a previously compromised entity that allows the adversary to validate to a certificate provider as that entity. Adversaries may also steal certificate materials directly from a compromised third-party, including from certificate authorities.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise) Adversaries may register or hijack domains that they will later purchase an SSL/TLS certificate for. Certificate authorities exist that allow adversaries to acquire SSL/TLS certificates, such as domain validation certificates, for free.(Citation: Let's Encrypt FAQ) After obtaining a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.
Near-miss passage: T1588.002 Tool. Tactics: resource development. Description: Adversaries may buy, steal, or download software tools that can be used during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. A tool can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). Adversaries may obtain tools to support their operations, including to support execution of post-compromise behaviors. Tools may also be leveraged for testing – for example, evaluating malware against commercial antivirus or endpoint detection and response (EDR) applications.(Citation: Forescout Conti Leaks 2022)(Citation: Sentinel Labs Top Tier Target 2025) Tool acquisition may involve the procurement of commercial software licenses, including for red teaming tools such as Cobalt Strike. In addition to freely downloading or purchasing software, adversaries may steal software and/or software licenses from third-party entities (including other adversaries). Threat actors may also crack trial versions of software.(Citation: Recorded Future Beacon 2019)
Query: alert when Detects changes to the "NoLMHash" registry value in order to allow Windows to store LM Hashes. By setting this registry
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects changes to the "NoLMHash" registry value in order to allow Windows to store LM Hashes. By setting this registry. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: Enable LM Hash Storage - ProcCreation id: 98dedfdd-8333-49d4-9f23-d7018cccae53 related: - id: c420410f-c2d8-4010-856b-dffe21866437 type: similar status: test description: 'Detects changes to the "NoLMHash" registry value in order to allow Windows to store LM Hashes. By setting this registry value to "0" (DWORD), Windows will be allowed to store a LAN manager hash of your password in Active Directory and local SAM databases. ' references: - https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-347a - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/windows-security/prevent-windows-store-lm-hash-password - https://www.sans.org/blog/protecting-privileged-domain-accounts-lm-hashes-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/ author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems) date: 2023-12-15 modified: 2023-12-22 tags: - attack.persistence - attack.defense-impairment - attack.t1112 logsource: product: windows category: process_creation detection: selection: CommandLine|contains|all: - \System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa - NoLMHash - ' 0' condition: selection falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects a certain command line flag combination used by mpiexec.exe LOLBIN from HPC pack that can be used to execute any. Logsource: windows / process_creation. Rule: title: MpiExec Lolbin id: 729ce0ea-5d8f-4769-9762-e35de441586d status: test description: Detects a certain command line flag combination used by mpiexec.exe LOLBIN from HPC pack that can be used to execute any other binary references: - https://twitter.com/mrd0x/status/1465058133303246867 - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/high-performance-computing/mpiexec?view=hpc19-ps author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-01-11 modified: 2024-11-23 tags: - attack.execution - attack.stealth - attack.t1218 logsource: category: process_creation product: windows detection: selection_binary: - Image|endswith: \mpiexec.exe - Hashes|contains: IMPHASH=d8b52ef6aaa3a81501bdfff9dbb96217 selection_flags: CommandLine|contains: - ' /n 1 ' - ' -n 1 ' condition: all of selection* falsepositives: - Unknown level: high
Query: Outbound C2 pattern associated with Peripheral Device Discovery
Matching passage: T1120 Peripheral Device Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system.(Citation: Peripheral Discovery Linux)(Citation: Peripheral Discovery macOS) Peripheral devices could include auxiliary resources that support a variety of functionalities such as keyboards, printers, cameras, smart card readers, or removable storage. The information may be used to enhance their awareness of the system and network environment or may be used for further actions.
Near-miss passage: T1652 Device Driver Discovery. Tactics: discovery. Description: Adversaries may attempt to enumerate local device drivers on a victim host. Information about device drivers may highlight various insights that shape follow-on behaviors, such as the function/purpose of the host, present security tools (i.e. [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) or other defenses (e.g., [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497)), as well as potential exploitable vulnerabilities (e.g., [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068)). Many OS utilities may provide information about local device drivers, such as `driverquery.exe` and the `EnumDeviceDrivers()` API function on Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Driverquery)(Citation: Microsoft EnumDeviceDrivers) Information about device drivers (as well as associated services, i.e., [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007)) may also be available in the Registry.(Citation: Microsoft Registry Drivers) On Linux/macOS, device drivers (in the form of kernel modules) may be visible within `/dev` or using utilities such as `lsmod` and `modinfo`.(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)(Citation: lsmod man)(Citation: modinfo man)
Query: exploit The private-browsing implementation in WebKit in Apple Safari before 6.2.5, 7.x before 7.1.5, and 8.x before 8.0.5 places browsing history into an index, which might allow local us
Matching passage: CVE-2015-1127. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The private-browsing implementation in WebKit in Apple Safari before 6.2.5, 7.x before 7.1.5, and 8.x before 8.0.5 places browsing history into an index, which might allow local users to obtain sensitive information by reading index entries.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1901. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 1.899999976158142. The installer in IBM InfoSphere Information Server 8.5 through 11.3 before 11.3.1.2 allows local users to obtain sensitive information via unspecified commands.
Query: exploit The (1) mdare64_48.sys, (2) mdare32_48.sys, (3) mdare32_52.sys, and (4) mdare64_52.sys drivers in Fortinet FortiClient before 5.2.4 allow local users to read arbitrary kernel memor
Matching passage: CVE-2015-4077. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 2.0999999046325684. The (1) mdare64_48.sys, (2) mdare32_48.sys, (3) mdare32_52.sys, and (4) mdare64_52.sys drivers in Fortinet FortiClient before 5.2.4 allow local users to read arbitrary kernel memory via a 0x22608C ioctl call.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7195. CWE: CWE-200. CVSS: 5.0. The URL parsing implementation in Mozilla Firefox before 42.0 improperly recognizes escaped characters in hostnames within Location headers, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information via vectors involving a redirect.
Query: vulnerability: In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile and Snapdragon Mobile IPQ4019, MDM9625, MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9650, MDM9655, SD 210/S
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9199. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Automobile and Snapdragon Mobile IPQ4019, MDM9625, MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9650, MDM9655, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 615/16/SD 415, SD 800, SD 808, SD 810, SD 820, and SD 820A, A non-secure region check is done while registering QSEE buffer address which is passed by HLOS but not while logging in the QSEE buffer, so corruption of dynamically protected secure region can occur if the non-secure buffer is changed between the time it's checked and when it's used.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-3765. CWE: CWE-119. CVSS: 6.800000190734863. QuickTime 7 in Apple OS X before 10.10.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via a crafted file, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-3779, CVE-2015-3788, CVE-2015-3789, CVE-2015-3790, CVE-2015-3791, CVE-2015-3792, CVE-2015-5751, CVE-2015-5753, and CVE-2015-5779.
Query: exploit Aruba Networks ClearPass Policy Manager before 6.4.7 and 6.5.x before 6.5.2 allows remote authenticated lower-level administrators to gain "Super Admin" privileges via unspecified 
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3657. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 7.199999809265137. Aruba Networks ClearPass Policy Manager before 6.4.7 and 6.5.x before 6.5.2 allows remote authenticated lower-level administrators to gain "Super Admin" privileges via unspecified vectors.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-8680. CWE: CWE-284. CVSS: 7.800000190734863. The Graphics driver in Huawei P8 smartphones with software GRA-TL00 before GRA-TL00C01B230, GRA-CL00 before GRA-CL00C92B230, GRA-CL10 before GRA-CL10C92B230, GRA-UL00 before GRA-UL00C00B230, and GRA-UL10 before GRA-UL10C00B230, and Mate S smartphones with software CRR-TL00 before CRR-TL00C01B160SP01, CRR-UL00 before CRR-UL00C00B160, and CRR-CL00 before CRR-CL00C92B161 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (system crash) or gain privileges via a crafted application with the graphics permission, aka an "interface access control vulnerability," a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-8307.
Query: Multiple failed authentications followed by LC_MAIN Hijacking
Matching passage: T1149 LC_MAIN Hijacking. Tactics: stealth. Description: **This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.** As of OS X 10.8, mach-O binaries introduced a new header called LC_MAIN that points to the binary’s entry point for execution. Previously, there were two headers to achieve this same effect: LC_THREAD and LC_UNIXTHREAD (Citation: Prolific OSX Malware History). The entry point for a binary can be hijacked so that initial execution flows to a malicious addition (either another section or a code cave) and then goes back to the initial entry point so that the victim doesn’t know anything was different (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). By modifying a binary in this way, application whitelisting can be bypassed because the file name or application path is still the same.
Near-miss passage: T1064 Scripting. Tactics: stealth, execution. Description: **This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) where appropriate.** Adversaries may use scripts to aid in operations and perform multiple actions that would otherwise be manual. Scripting is useful for speeding up operational tasks and reducing the time required to gain access to critical resources. Some scripting languages may be used to bypass process monitoring mechanisms by directly interacting with the operating system at an API level instead of calling other programs. Common scripting languages for Windows include VBScript and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) but could also be in the form of command-line batch scripts. Scripts can be embedded inside Office documents as macros that can be set to execute when files used in [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) and other types of spearphishing are opened. Malicious embedded macros are an alternative means of execution than software exploitation through [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), where adversaries will rely on macros being allowed or that the user will accept to activate them. Many popular offensive frameworks exist which use forms of scripting for security testers and adversaries alike. Metasploit (Citation: Metasploit_Ref), Veil (Citation: Veil_Ref), and PowerSploit (Citation: Powersploit) are three examples that are popular among penetration testers for exploit and post-compromise operations and include many features for evading defenses. Some adversaries are known to use PowerShell. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014)
Query: how to detect User Execution
Matching passage: T1204 User Execution. Tactics: execution. Description: An adversary may rely upon specific actions by a user in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to execute malicious code by, for example, opening a malicious document file or link. These user actions will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from forms of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). While [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534). Adversaries may also deceive users into performing actions such as: * Enabling [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219), allowing direct control of the system to the adversary * Running malicious JavaScript in their browser, allowing adversaries to [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)s(Citation: Talos Roblox Scam 2023)(Citation: Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023) * Downloading and executing malware for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) * Coerceing users to copy, paste, and execute malicious code manually(Citation: Reliaquest-execution)(Citation: proofpoint-selfpwn) For example, tech support scams can be facilitated through [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), vishing, or various forms of user interaction. Adversaries can use a combination of these methods, such as spoofing and promoting toll-free numbers or call centers that are used to direct victims to malicious websites, to deliver and execute payloads containing malware or [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219).(Citation: Telephone Attack Delivery)
Near-miss passage: T1204.003 Malicious Image. Tactics: execution. Description: Adversaries may rely on a user running a malicious image to facilitate execution. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be backdoored. Backdoored images may be uploaded to a public repository via [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), and users may then download and deploy an instance or container from the image without realizing the image is malicious, thus bypassing techniques that specifically achieve Initial Access. This can lead to the execution of malicious code, such as code that executes cryptocurrency mining, in the instance or container.(Citation: Summit Route Malicious AMIs) Adversaries may also name images a certain way to increase the chance of users mistakenly deploying an instance or container from the image (ex: [Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005)).(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021)
Query: CVE similar to CVE-2015-2328
Matching passage: CVE-2015-2328. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 7.5. PCRE before 8.36 mishandles the /((?(R)a|(?1)))+/ pattern and related patterns with certain recursion, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (segmentation fault) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a crafted regular expression, as demonstrated by a JavaScript RegExp object encountered by Konqueror.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-7575. CWE: CWE-19. CVSS: 5.900000095367432. Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS) before 3.20.2, as used in Mozilla Firefox before 43.0.2 and Firefox ESR 38.x before 38.5.2, does not reject MD5 signatures in Server Key Exchange messages in TLS 1.2 Handshake Protocol traffic, which makes it easier for man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers by triggering a collision.
Query: describe CVE-2015-9191
Matching passage: CVE-2015-9191. CWE: CWE-476. CVSS: 9.800000190734863. In Android before 2018-04-05 or earlier security patch level on Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile and Snapdragon Wear MDM9206, MDM9607, MDM9635M, MDM9640, MDM9645, MDM9650, MDM9655, MSM8909W, SD 210/SD 212/SD 205, SD 400, SD 410/12, SD 617, SD 650/52, SD 808, SD 810, and SDX20, in a QTEE syscall handler, an untrusted pointer dereference can occur.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-2297. CWE: CWE-476. CVSS: 7.5. nanohttp in libcsoap allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and application crash) via a crafted Authorization header.
Query: patch priority for CVE-2015-3729
Matching passage: CVE-2015-3729. CWE: CWE-254. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. Apple Safari before 6.2.8, 7.x before 7.1.8, and 8.x before 8.0.8, as used in iOS before 8.4.1 and other products, does not indicate what web site originated an input prompt, which allows remote attackers to conduct spoofing attacks via a crafted site.
Near-miss passage: CVE-2015-1269. CWE: CWE-254. CVSS: 4.300000190734863. The DecodeHSTSPreloadRaw function in net/http/transport_security_state.cc in Google Chrome before 43.0.2357.130 does not properly canonicalize DNS hostnames before making comparisons to HSTS or HPKP preload entries, which allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions via a string that (1) ends in a . (dot) character or (2) is not entirely lowercase.
Query: threat report mentioning User Activity Based Checks
Matching passage: T1497.002 User Activity Based Checks. Tactics: stealth, discovery. Description: Adversaries may employ various user activity checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness) Adversaries may search for user activity on the host based on variables such as the speed/frequency of mouse movements and clicks (Citation: Sans Virtual Jan 2016) , browser history, cache, bookmarks, or number of files in common directories such as home or the desktop. Other methods may rely on specific user interaction with the system before the malicious code is activated, such as waiting for a document to close before activating a macro (Citation: Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018) or waiting for a user to double click on an embedded image to activate.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017)
Near-miss passage: T1497.003 Time Based Checks. Tactics: stealth, discovery. Description: Adversaries may employ various time-based methods to detect virtualization and analysis environments, particularly those that attempt to manipulate time mechanisms to simulate longer elapses of time. This may include enumerating time-based properties, such as uptime or the system clock. Adversaries may use calls like `GetTickCount` and `GetSystemTimeAsFileTime` to discover if they are operating within a virtual machine or sandbox, or may be able to identify a sandbox accelerating time by sampling and calculating the expected value for an environment's timestamp before and after execution of a sleep function.(Citation: ISACA Malware Tricks)
Query: write Sigma for Detects events in which a history file gets deleted, e.g. the ~/bash_history to remove traces of malicious activity
Matching passage: Sigma rule: Detects events in which a history file gets deleted, e.g. the ~/bash_history to remove traces of malicious activity. Logsource: linux / process_creation. Rule: title: History File Deletion id: 1182f3b3-e716-4efa-99ab-d2685d04360f status: test description: Detects events in which a history file gets deleted, e.g. the ~/bash_history to remove traces of malicious activity references: - https://github.com/sleventyeleven/linuxprivchecker/ - https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/f339e7da7d05f6057fdfcdd3742bfcf365fee2a9/atomics/T1552.003/T1552.003.md author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems) date: 2022-06-20 modified: 2022-09-15 tags: - attack.impact - attack.t1565.001 logsource: category: process_creation product: linux detection: selection: Image|endswith: - /rm - /unlink - /shred selection_history: - CommandLine|contains: - /.bash_history - /.zsh_history - CommandLine|endswith: - _history - .history - zhistory condition: all of selection* falsepositives: - Legitimate administration activities level: high
Near-miss passage: Sigma rule: Detects BGP failures which may be indicative of brute force attacks to manipulate routing. Logsource: cisco / bgp. Rule: title: Cisco BGP Authentication Failures id: 56fa3cd6-f8d6-4520-a8c7-607292971886 status: test description: Detects BGP failures which may be indicative of brute force attacks to manipulate routing references: - https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-03/bh-us-03-convery-franz-v3.pdf author: Tim Brown date: 2023-01-09 modified: 2023-01-23 tags: - attack.initial-access - attack.persistence - attack.privilege-escalation - attack.credential-access - attack.collection - attack.stealth - attack.t1078 - attack.t1110 - attack.t1557 logsource: product: cisco service: bgp definition: 'Requirements: cisco bgp logs need to be enabled and ingested' detection: keywords_bgp_cisco: '|all': - :179 - IP-TCP-3-BADAUTH condition: keywords_bgp_cisco falsepositives: - Unlikely. Except due to misconfigurations level: low