alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Kaleshwaram

Kaleshwaram is a village in Mahadevpur Mandal in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district in the Indian state of Telangana. This name refers more broadly to the state of Telangana & Kaleshwaram Temple.

Kaleshwaram is at the juncture of the rivers Godavari and its Pranahita tributary. It is 277 kilometres from Hyderabad, 125 kilometres from Karimnagar, 130 kilometres from Warangal, 95 kilometres from Ramagundam railway station, 60 kilometres from Godavarikhani, 75 kilometres from Parkal and 60 kilometres from Manthani. This place is also popularly known as second Kashi or southern Indian Kashi. It is 10 km from Sironcha, Maharashtra.

Legend
Legend claims that a long time ago, a Vaishya had performed an Abhisheka to Lord Kaleshwara Mukteswara with hundreds of milk pots, and the milk evolved at the sangamam of Godavari and Pranahita.

Transport
Tsrtc Bus services are available from Hyderabad, Godavarikhani, Warangal, Parkal, Karimnagar, Gadchiroli, Sironcha, Aheri, Manthani, and Peddapalli.
Mainly Godavarikhani, Bhupalpally, Manthani, Hanumakonda bus depots run buses.

Theology
The name Kaleshwara indicates Kala (Who takes life(Death)) means Yama and Eshwara (who gives life) means Shiva. This is a rare combination as the Life and Death are at same place. which is strong evidence that Life and Death are not different, they are Same.

Temple

It is the site of a temple of the Hindu god Shiva. The temple is significant because of the two Shiva Lingas that are found on a single pedestal. These Linga are named Lord Shiva and Lord Yama. Collectively, they are known as Kaleshwara Mukteswara Swamy. Kaleshwaram is one of three Shiva temples mentioned in Trilinga Desham, or "Land of Three Lingas."

The holy place draws tourists during the Karthika Month of the Indian Calendar, 16 November – 15 December. Holy baths are held during 6–17 of December. People who bathe here first visit Lord Ganesha, then pray to Lord Yama and then to Lord Shiva.

In 2018, Sri Vasavi Kanyaka Parameswari temple was opened near Kaleshwara Mukteswara Swamy Temple. Adjacent to it was new Nitya Anna Dhana Vysya Satram. Temple is funded and built by Rajaiah and Satyavathi Devi Daram. Everyday rituals are being performed by Purohiths.

Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project

The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is a major irrigation project that was started in 2016. The massive project is intended to meet the irrigation needs of nearly three-fourths of Telangana with its headworks taken up at a cost of ₹80,500 crore.

References

Kaleshwaram
 Visit www.KaleshwaramTemple.in – Kaleshwaram Devasthanam – Sri Kaleshwara Muktheeshwara Devasthanam 
Visit https://traveltimings.in/hyderabad-kaleshwaram/ – For Hyderabad to Kaleshwaram Bus Timings – For Sri Kaleshwara Muktheeshwara Devasthanam 
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project website

Villages in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district
Edward Jessup Jr.

Edward Jessup (May 26, 1766 – November 4, 1815) was a farmer and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in Albany, New York in 1766, the son of Edward Jessup, a United Empire Loyalist. He served with his father's Loyal Rangers, becoming a Captain. After the American Revolution, he settled in Augusta Township. Jessup represented Grenville in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1797 to 1800. In 1800, he was named justice of the peace in the Johnstown District. He became Lieutenant-Colonel in the Leeds militia in 1809. With his father, he laid out the town of Prescott in 1810. He died at Prescott in 1815.

Two of his sons also represented Grenville in the legislative assembly:
Edward in the 11th Parliament of Upper Canada
Hamilton Dibble in the 2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada.

References 
 
 
  Biography of his father

1766 births
1815 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Canadian justices of the peace
United Empire Loyalists
Lists of dukes

Lists of dukes include:

 List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
 List of dukes in Europe
 List of dukes in the nobility of Italy
 List of dukes in the peerage of Spain

See also
 Lists of dukedoms
Adam Khan and Durkhani

Adam Khan and Durkhani is a classic Pashtun romance which has been called the Pashto Romeo and Juliet along with Yusuf Khan and Sherbano. 

Adam Khan hailed from Bazadara Bala (a village in Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Durkhanai was from Bazadara Payan. It is considered a classic in the Pashto literature.

References

Pakistani folklore
Pashtun culture
Sufi literature
Meeting house

A meeting house (meetinghouse, meeting-house) is a building where religious and sometimes public meetings take place.

Terminology
Nonconformist Protestant denominations distinguish between a:
 church, which is a body of people who believe in Christ, and;
 meeting house or chapel, which is a building where the church meets.

In early Methodism, meeting houses were typically called "preaching houses" (to distinguish them from church houses, which hosted itinerant preachers).

Meeting houses in America

The colonial meeting house in America was typically the first public building built as new villages sprang up. A meeting-house had a dual purpose as a place of worship and for public discourse, but sometimes only for "...the service of God."  As the towns grew and the separation of church and state in the United States matured, the buildings that were used as the seat of local government were called town-houses or town-halls.

The nonconformist meeting houses generally do not have steeples, with the term "steeplehouses" referring to traditional or establishment religious buildings.  
Christian denominations that use the term "meeting house" to refer to the building in which they hold their worship include:
Anabaptist congregations
Amish congregations
Mennonite congregations
Congregational churches with their congregation-based system of church governance.  They also use the term "mouth-houses"  to emphasize their use as a place for discourse and discussion.
Christadelphians
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) uses the term "meetinghouse" for the building where congregations meet for weekly worship services, recreational events, and social gatherings. A meetinghouse differs from an LDS temple, which is reserved for special forms of worship.
Provisional Movement
Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), see Friends meeting houses
Spiritual Christians from Russia
Some Unitarian congregations, although some prefer the term "chapel" or "church".
The Unification Church

The meeting house in England
In England, a meeting house is distinguished from a church or cathedral by being a place of worship for dissenters or nonconformists.

See also
Moot hall
Chapel § Modern usage

References

Sources
Congdon, Herbert Wheaton. Old Vermont Houses 1763–1850. William L. Bauhan: 1940, 1973. .
Duffy, John J., et al. Vermont: An Illustrated History. American Historical Press: 2000. .

Local government
Types of church buildings
Lists of dukedoms

Lists of dukedoms include:

 List of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
 Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom
 List of French dukedoms
 Dukedoms in Portugal
 List of dukedoms in Spain
 Duchies in Sweden

See also
 Lists of dukes
Redfield, Bristol

Redfield is an area situated in East Bristol though it is represented in Westminster as part of the Bristol West constituency. It includes the stretch of Church Road (A420) from Verrier Road to the western boundary of St George's Park, Victorian-era landscaped parkland. It is adjacent to the neighbourhoods of  Barton Hill and Russell Town to the South, St George to the East, Whitehall to the North and Lawrence Hill to the West and Pile Marsh to the South-East.

Population

The total population for the Redfield area is 2,522  and data suggests that the predominant age group is 35-49 years, consisting of 690 people. Bristol City Council identifies that the area commonly known as Redfield consists of two Lower Super Output Areas ("LSOAs"): Church Road and Redfield.  The 2008 Ward Profiles published by Bristol City Council rank the two LSOAs as 112th and 111th (respectively) out of 252 most deprived areas in Bristol (no.1 being the most deprived). Redfield falls into two Bristol wards: Easton and St George West.

Community involvement

The 2003 Redfield Action Plan outlines a number of measures to improve social and economic conditions in Redfield and its locale.  Community at Heart was set up to oversee implementation of the programme in Redfield, Barton Hill and The Dings.

Leisure and entertainment

To the east of the area lies St George Park, an elegant Victorian suburban park. To the south of the area lies the Netham Park.

Redfest is an independent arts and music festival seeking to bring music, film, cabaret, comedy, animation, graffiti, photography, art and fun to community of Redfield. Redfest is run by a group of volunteers from the local community and is entirely reliant on public donations, support and sponsorship from local businesses and grant funding where available.

Transport

Bus routes run frequently from the area to the City Centre and out to the suburbs of Kingswood and Hanham.

The nearby Lawrence Hill railway station serves the Redfield population and provides an easy access point to other stations in Bristol including Temple meads railway station with connections across the country.

The Bristol & Bath Railway Path, a 13-mile asphalt motor-vehicle-free route between the cities of Bristol and Bath, starts just west of Redfield at Lawrence Hill and has several entrance points along its route just north of the area.

Notes

Areas of Bristol
Japan National Route 5

is a major highway on the island and prefecture of Hokkaido in northern Japan. The  highway begins at an intersection with National Routes 279 and 278 in Hakodate. It travels north across the southern half of the island, traveling through Otaru where it curves to the east toward its endpoint at an intersection with National Route 12 in Chūō-ku, Sapporo.

Route description

Overlapping sections
In Oshamanbe, from Kunnui intersection to Asahihama intersection: Route 230
From Kutchan (North-4 West-1 intersection) to Kyōwa (Kunitomi intersection): Route 276
From Yoichi (Yoichi Station intersection) to Otaru (Inaho 2-18 intersection): Route 229

Municipalities passed through
Oshima Subprefecture
Hakodate - Nanae - Mori - Yakumo - Oshamanbe
Shiribeshi Subprefecture
Kuromatsunai - Rankoshi - Niseko - Kyōwa - Niki - Yoichi - Otaru
Ishikari Subprefecture
Sapporo

History
National Route 5 traces its origin to the , a road designed by Horace Capron, in 1872. Capron was an American advisor to the Hokkaido Development Commission who was paid to assist in the development of Sapporo as a planned city. The Sapporo Hondō connected Sapporo to Hakodate at the southern end of the Hokkaido where sea connections to the main island of Japan, Honshu, were located. The Sapporo Hondō was completed in 1877.

On 4 December 1952, the Cabinet of Japan designated the Sapporo Hondō as First Class National Highway 5. On 1 April 1965, it was reclassified as National Route 5.

Gallery

Major junctions
The route lies entirely within Hokkaido.

See also

References

External links

005
Roads in Hokkaido
The Dining Rooms

The Dining Rooms is a band based in Milan, Italy which combines ambient and electronic music, described as downbeat. The band consists of Stefano Ghittoni and Cesare Malfatti.

Recent releases
In autumn 2008 "Other Ink" was released - which is the remix version of "Ink" - remixers involved are The Cinematic Orchestra, Populous, Christian Prommer and  Skwerl, among others. The remixes are coupled by a new version of Ink, recorded live at Teatro I during Promise (musical esistenzialista), and by "Exit a New York", featuring CharlElie Couture and originally released only for the French market.

In the spring of 2009, to celebrate ten years of The Dining Rooms, Schema Records releases "Christian Prommer's Drumlesson plays The Dining Rooms: The Jazz Thing", containing songs such as Hear us Now, Dreamy Smiles, M. Dupont, Thin Ice, Prigionieri del Deserto, Thank You?, Destination Moon, No Problem, Tunnel, Milano Calibro 9, Afrolicious, Ink and Pure and Easy.

Discography
 Subterranean Modern, Vol. 1 1999
 Remixes 2000
 Numero Deux 2001
 Tre 2003
 Versioni Particolari 2004
 Experiments in Ambient Soul 2005
 Versioni Particolari 2 2006
 Ink 2007
 If I could EP (2007)
 Other Ink 2008
 Christian Prommer's Drumlesson plays The Dining Rooms 2009
 Lonesome Traveller 2011
 Do Hipsters Love Sun (Ra)? (2015)
 Art is a Cat (2020)

References

External links

Schema Records artists
Acid jazz ensembles
Italian electronic music groups
Musical groups from Milan
Uspantek language

Uspantek (Uspanteco, Uspanteko, Uspantec) is a Mayan language  of Guatemala, closely related to Kʼicheʼ. It is spoken in the Uspantán and Playa Grande Ixcán municipios, in the Department El Quiché. It is also one of only three Mayan languages to have developed contrastive tone (the others being Yukatek and one dialect of Tzotzil). It distinguishes between vowels with high tone and vowels with low tone.

Phonology

Tone
Uspantek has two phonemic tones: high and falling (Can Pixabaj 2007:39). In writing, the high tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the vowel (ráqan 'my foot'), and the falling tone is represented by an acute accent mark on the first vowel followed by an unmarked vowel (júun 'one').

The high tone occurs in penultimate syllables when the final syllable contains a short vowel. Additionally, it occurs the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
Most possessive forms of inalienable nouns
Bisyllabic single morphemes, especially those with short /a/ or /i/ in the final syllable
Intransitive verbs with the suffix -ik
Most words with three syllables
Loanwords

The following types of words do not have tone.
Words with CVʼC structure do not add tone to penultimate syllables when affixes are added.
Monosyllabic words with long vowels that have no tone do not add tone to penultimate syllables when affixes are added.

The falling tone occurs in long vowels, and in the following contexts (Can Pixabaj 2007).
Monosyllabic words
Final syllable of a polysyllabic word

Phonotactics
The main types of syllable structures in Uspantek are CVC, CV, and CCVC (Can Pixabaj 2007:50).

References

Literature
Can Pixabaj, Telma Angelina, et al. 2007. Gramática uspanteka [Jkemiik yoloj li uspanteko]. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.
Tuyuc Sucuc, Cecilio. 2001. Vocabulario uspanteko [Cholyool Tzʼunun Kaabʼ]. Guatemala: Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala, Comunidad Lingüística Uspanteka.
Vicente Méndez, Miguel Angel. 2007. Diccionario bilingüe uspanteko-español [Cholaj tzijbʼal li Uspanteko]. Guatemala: Cholsamaj.

External links
New Testament in Uspanteco

Agglutinative languages
Mayan languages
Indigenous languages of Central America
Mesoamerican languages
Languages of Guatemala
Tonal languages
Ernst Josef Fittkau

Ernst Josef Fittkau (22 July 1927 – 12 May 2012) was a German entomologist and herpetologist.

Career
In entomology he specialized in the Diptera, especially the family Chironomidae. In herpetology he specialized in crocodiles. He collected natural history specimens on every continent except Antarctica, beginning with South America in 1960. He was Director of the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology in Munich (Zoologische Staatssammlung München) from 1976 to 1992.

Legacy
Fittkau is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of South American lizard, Liolaemus fittkaui.

Publications
Fittkau EJ (1995). Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix. Rundgespräche der Kommission für Ökologie. Tropenforschung. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften 10: 29–38. (in German).

Source
Hausmann, Axel; Spies, Martin; Diller, Juliane (2012). "In memoriam Prof. Dr. Ernst Josef Fittkau (22. Juli 1927 - 12. Mai 2012)". Spixiana 35 (2): 161-176.   (pdf). (in German).

References

1927 births
2012 deaths
German entomologists
Dipterists
Tuʻuʻu Anasiʻi Leota

Tuʻuʻu Anasiʻi Leota is a Samoan politician and former Cabinet Minister. Previously a member of the Human Rights Protection Party,  he is now a member of the Faʻatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi (FAST) party.

Leota was an accountant. He worked for the Treasury as Controller Of Stores/Assistant Secretary of Stores before resigning to run for Parliament. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in 1996. In 2004 he was appointed Minister of Revenue in a Cabinet reshuffle following the death of Seumanu Aita Ah Wa. He was reappointed after the 2006 election. He ran unsuccessfully for deputy leader of the HRPP after the 2011 election, and was not reappointed to Cabinet. 

In June 2013 Leota outraged the Samoan Parliament by using offensive language during a debate. In February 2014 RNZ reported that he was one of three Samoan MPs who had left the ruling HRPP to form a new party after a dispute over abuse of power by Finance Minister Faumuina Tiatia Liuga. Leota claimed that he was still a member of the HRPP, and later claimed the report that he was leaving the HRPP was a joke.

He lost his seat at the 2016 election. He was re-elected in the 2021 election.

On 3 November 2022 Tuʻuʻu and fellow MP Ale Vena Ale resigned from the HRPP to become independents, saying they did not want to remain in a party led by a leader guilty of contempt of court. Following a court challenge, their seats were declared vacant on 19 July 2023. He was subsequently endorsed as a FAST candidate in the resulting by-election, in which he was successful. His win, along with FAST victories in the simultaneous by-elections in the Faleata No. 4 and Vaʻa-o-Fonoti constituencies, handed FAST a two-thirds majority in parliament. Tuʻuʻu was sworn back into parliament on 24 October 2023.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Samoa
Government ministers of Samoa
Human Rights Protection Party politicians
Faʻatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi politicians
Hamilton Dibble Jessup

Hamilton Dibble Jessup (May 2, 1806 – November 24, 1892) was a doctor, militiaman, and political figure in Canada West. He came from the founding family of Prescott, Ontario.

He was the son of Edward Jessup, Jr. and the grandson of Edward Jessup, a United Empire Loyalist. He studied medicine in Montreal and opened a practice in Prescott, Ontario. He served 10 terms as mayor of Prescott. 

Jessup first joined the Grenville Militia in 1829 as an Ensign eventually rising to Captain, and had commanded the Prescott Volunteer Battalion at the Battle of the Windmill in 1838. He raised and commanded the 1st Prescott Rifle Regiment in 1856 which later became the 56th Grenville Regiment of which was he Lieutenant-Colonel. He commanded the 56th Grenville Battalion during the Fenian Raids and was in command of Fort Wellington.

He represented Grenville in the 2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada. He was customs collector at Prescott from 1867 to 1885.

His older brother, Edward Jessup III, represented Grenville in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada.

External links
Biographical sketch at Canadian Archival Information Network

1806 births
1892 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
Physicians from Ontario
Mayors of places in Ontario
Charles Sumner Schneider

Charles Sumner Schneider (1874 – March 10, 1932) was an American architect active in Ohio.

Schneider was born in Cleveland to Rev. William F. and Amanda (Esslinger) Schneider. He received his first architectural training in the office of Meade & Garfield, and afterwards studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He joined the Cleveland architectural office of William Watterson in 1901, and began independent practice in 1908. Schneider married Georgia P. Leighton on 14 September 1904; together they had 4 children. He died in Cleveland and was buried in Lake View Cemetery.

During his architectural career Schneider designed a number of offices, academic buildings, and residences. Perhaps his best-known work is Stan Hywet (1915), an Akron mansion based on several English country houses. His academic work includes the ornate Italian Renaissance-style Rockefeller Physics Building (1905) and Quad Hall (1925) at the Case School of Applied Science (now Case Western Reserve University), and Austin Hall at Ohio Wesleyan University. Other work includes the classical Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen Building (1921), Plymouth Church in Shaker Heights (1923), and the office building of the Cleveland Baseball Company at League Park.

References

Schneider, Charles Summer
Architects from Cleveland
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
1874 births
1932 deaths
Lona Williams

Lona Williams (born September 26, 1966) is an American television producer, writer, and actress.

Early life and education
Williams was raised in Rosemount, Minnesota, where her father, Les, was a middle school math teacher. Williams participated in a number of beauty pageants as a child and was crowned Minnesota's Junior Miss in 1985, before becoming the runner up in the year's America's Junior Miss, winning a $10,000 scholarship. She graduated from Rosemount High School shortly thereafter.

Williams attended the University of Minnesota and after she took a screen-writing course there, her teacher encouraged her to move to California to find work.

Career 
After working as an assistant on one show, Jerry Belson at The Tracey Ullman Show, helped her get a job as a writing assistant on The Simpsons. She occasionally provided voices for the show, including that of Amber Dempsey, a single-episode character from "Lisa the Beauty Queen". She noted: "I really was only a typist for the show. But by working on the script, I learned how the scripts were put together. I would go to work and type all day, and come home and work on my spec scripts for The Simpsons and Roseanne."

Bruce Helford hired Williams as a writer on the short-lived Someone Like Me before in 1995 signing her up as a writer and producer on The Drew Carey Show. She stayed for three seasons and wrote the screenplay Dairy Queens which was retitled and released in 1999 as Drop Dead Gorgeous. She also wrote the original script for the 2001 film Sugar & Spice (on which she is credited under the pseudonym Mandy Nelson). She co-wrote the script of Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse.

Filmography

Writing

Film

Television

References

External links
 

American voice actresses
American television writers
University of Minnesota alumni
1966 births
Living people
People from Rosemount, Minnesota
American women screenwriters
American women television writers
Actresses from Minnesota
Screenwriters from Minnesota
21st-century American women
Glyndyfrdwy

Glyndyfrdwy (), or sometimes Glyn Dyfrdwy, is a village in the modern county of Denbighshire, Wales. It is situated on the A5 road halfway between Corwen and Llangollen in the Dee Valley (the river Dee is Afon Dyfrdwy in Welsh).

History
 A Norman castle motte was built near the village in the 12th century to command the route through the Dee Valley. Known locally as Owain Glyndŵr's Mount (probably a corruption of mwnt meaning "motte"), only an eroded mound remains.

On 16 September 1400 Owain Glyndŵr was proclaimed Prince of Wales near this village, at his manor of Glyndyfrdwy, Owain Glyndŵr (the Baron of Glyndyfrdwy). His proclamation began the 15-year rebellion  against English rule in Wales. Glyndŵr's manor hall is likely to have been a square moated building that was defended by a water-filled moat, a palisade and a gate. In 1403, the site was devastated by the forces of Henry of Monmouth, the English Prince of Wales, who later became King Henry V.

 The Owain Glyndŵr Memorial Hall contains artefacts associated with Glyndŵr. It holds a copy of the Pennal Letter to King Charles VI of France, a document of 1405 ratifying the terms of a 1404 treaty between Glyndŵr and the French, a letter confirming the appointments of his Chancellor Gruffydd Young and his brother-in-law John Hanmer as Ambassadors to the French Court. It also has pictures of Glyndŵr's Parliament house in Dolgellau, a portrait drawn from his Great Seal and a replica seal.
 
In 1866 the parish of Glyndyfrdwy was created from the former Corwen townships of Carrog, Mwstwr and Tir Llanerch, along with portions of Bonwm and Rhagat. The parish was in the traditional county of Merionethshire until 1974 when it became part of Clwyd under the Local Government Act 1972. In 1996 further changes placed it in the county of Denbighshire.

Transport
 The Great Western Railway line from Ruabon to Llangollen was extended via Corwen, Llanuwchllyn and Dolgellau to Barmouth. Glyndyfrdwy railway station was opened in 1866 and, later, a passing loop and second platform were added there. The line was closed in the 1960s under the Beeching Axe and Glyndyfrdwy station was eventually demolished. In 1977 a group of railway enthusiasts came together to form the Llangollen Railway, with the intention to restore and rebuild a large section of the line. The work was undertaken in stages and by 1991 the track had been  replaced as far as Glyndyfrdwy. On 17 April 1992 the first Llangollen Railway passenger train arrived at Glyndyfrdwy. In June 2023 the line was extended to Corwen.

Glyndyfrdwy was also the terminus of the Deeside Tramway, a narrow gauge railway built to serve the local slate quarries. The tramway was one of the last operating industrial railways in Britain that used wooden rails.

External links

 Llangollen Railway
 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Glyndyfrdwy and surrounding area

Villages in Denbighshire
Corwen
Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story

Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story (2005) is a film version of Giuseppe Verdi's 1851 opera Rigoletto (libretto by Francesco Maria Piave). Filmed in Siena in 2002, it was directed by Gianfranco Fozzi and produced by David Guido Pietroni and Maurizio De Santis distributed worldwide by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

Cast
Rigoletto, the Duke's jester (baritone) – Roberto Servile
Gilda, his daughter (soprano) – Inva Mula
Duke of Mantua (tenor) – Marcelo Álvarez
Sparafucile, an assassin (bass) – Andrea Silvestrelli
Maddalena, his sister (mezzo-soprano) – Svetlana Serdar
Giovanna, Gilda's Nurse (mezzo-soprano) – Paola Leveroni
Count Ceprano (bass) – Boschetti Giulio
Countess Ceprano, his wife (mezzo-soprano) – Emilia Bertoncello
Matteo Borsa, a courtier (tenor) – Giovanni Maini
Count Monterone (baritone) – Cesare Lana
Marullo (baritone) Andrea Cortese

Film details
Film Company: Roadhouse Movie
 Label: Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
 Producers: David Guido Pietroni and Maurizio De Santis
Stage director: Vittorio Sgarbi
Film director: Gianfranco Fozzi
Post Production: Christian Verzino
Costume Designer: Vivienne Westwood
Conductor: Keri-Lynn Wilson
Orchestra: Arturo Toscanini Foundation
Runtime: USA: 126 minutes
Country: Italy
Language: Italian
Sound Mix: Celeste Frigo, Mauro Casazza
Certification: Australia:G / UK:U
Bonus: Exclusive comic book inside "Rigoletto comix" by Enrico Simonato

External links

2002 films
2000s musical films
Italian musical films
Films based on works by Victor Hugo
Films based on operas by Giuseppe Verdi
Films set in the 16th century
Opera films
2000s Italian films
Chain gang (cycling)

In the sport of road cycling, a chain gang is a group of cyclists in a close knit formation usually of two parallel lines drafting behind the leader.

The formation comes from the fact that it is harder to cycle at the front of a group than in the shelter of another rider. The rider behind enjoys the slipstream of the rider in front. If one rider were to stay at the front all the time, they would tire and the whole group would slow down. If the lead is rotated, the effort is distributed across the group and the speed can be higher or the individual effort less.

This effect is very significant - up to a 40% reduction in effort for the slip-streaming riders while the lead rider also benefits from reduced drag (somewhat under 10%) due to the air not closing up after them.

The name chain gang is an allusion to the formation that riders adopt. The rider in the front of the group will take their share of the lead, then swing to the side and let the rest of the line come through, led by a new leader. The first rider then eases up and drops in behind the last rider in the line, staying in their slipstream until once again their turn comes to ride at the front.

When there are enough riders, turns at the front can be so brief that there is a continuous flow up and down, in two lines, so that cyclists take on the role of links in a chain. For that reason: chain gang.

The technique is hard to perfect because it demands riders cycle close to the rider in front at speed, sometimes just centimetres from their tyre. It also demands trust in others in the group because, that close, no rider would be able to avoid hitting the one in front if the pace suddenly slowed. For that reason, the leading rider takes responsibility for taking the line through the smoothest path they can and at a constant speed. They should also indicate with hand gestures the upcoming bumps or obstacles on the road by pointing their finger in the corresponding direction the hazard is coming, in a manner that can be seen by the following rider, who is likely staring at their rear wheel. (Pointing their finger down on the left if they are about to closely pass by a pothole on this side, etc.) The following rider can then relay the information to the next and so on, creating a "chain of information" so the whole group is safe.

The technique is often used in training for races but it can be seen in races themselves, usually when a small group of riders gets ahead of the main field, or in team time-trials, where the chain-gang technique is paramount.

Chain gangs can also be referred to in the US as pace lines and in the UK as bit-and-bit, although this term is not in common use within the British cycling community.

See also
Peloton

Notes

Road bicycle racing terminology
Juan Francisco Marco y Catalán

Juan Francisco Marco y Catalán  (24 October 1771 in Bello, Teruel – 16 March 1841 in Rome) was a Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal. He belonged to the Roman Curia.

He was created cardinal in December 1828 by Pope Leo XII.

Catalán participated at the Papal conclave, 1829 which elected Pius VIII, and at the Papal conclave, 1830–1831 which elected Gregory XVI.

References

External links 
 

1771 births
1841 deaths
19th-century Spanish cardinals
Morpho Eugenia

Morpho Eugenia is a 1992 novella by A. S. Byatt first published in complete form with The Conjugial Angel as Angels & Insects. Named after a butterfly species, it details the key events of the life of a Victorian naturalist, William Adamson, at first seemingly struggling to move up in class and settle down with a beautiful, mysterious aristocrat, Eugenia. When he begins a study of garden ants with the household tutor, Matty Crompton, he discovers the endless layers of interpretation that hide truths (but not The Truth) behind what he has taken for granted about God, science, England, gender, and family.

The novella is notable for its use of blend of postmodern and Victorian fiction, as well as philosophy and science. However, its integral use of hybridity, reflexivity, and hypertextuality make it a postmodern work overall.

Reception
The novella received mixed reviews upon publication. The Independent identified Morpho Eugenia as the stronger of the two novellas published as Angels & Insects and in particular hailed Byatt's "gaudy panache and sly Gothic tricksiness." The London Review of Books meanwhile criticized the works as being "far more remote [...] than any Victorian fiction."

Adaptation
The novella was adapted into the movie Angels & Insects in 1995 directed by Philip Haas and starring Mark Rylance as William Adamson and Kristin Scott Thomas as Matty Compton.

References

1992 British novels
British novellas
British novels adapted into films
Chatto & Windus books
Novels by A. S. Byatt
Postmodern novels
Heydar Babaya Salam

Heydar Babaya Salam () is an Azerbaijani poetical work by Mohammad Hossein Shahriar, a famous Iranian Azerbaijani poet. Published in 1954 in Tabriz, it is about Shahriar's childhood and his memories of his village Khoshgenab near Tabriz. Heydar Baba is the name of a mountain overlooking the village.

In Heydar Babaya Salam Shahriar narrates a nostalgia from his childhood in a village in Iranian Azerbaijan.

In describing Heydar Baba, Shahryar uses the Azeri Turkish word regime toward Azerbaijanis. Here, in every part of Azerbaijan, a Heydar Baba rises up and becomes a gigantic wall that supports and protects Azerbaijan against its foes.

Sources

External links
English and Turkish Translation of Heydar Babaya Salam  (University of Michigan)
Audio file (mp3) of Heydar Babaya Salam 
Salam bih Haydar Baba and Salam bé Heydar Baba: in Azerbaijani, with Persian translation by Bahman Fursi (1993)  - See: Copac library catalogue
English translation
Şəhriyar - Heydər Babaya salam-1 (audio)

Further reading 
 

1954 poems
Azerbaijani poetry
Gustav Solomon Oppert

Gustav Solomon Oppert, (30 July 1836 – 1 March 1908) was a  German Indologist and Sanskritist. He was a professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, Presidency College, Madras, a Telugu translator to government, and a curator in the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library. He was a professor in Madras from 1872 to 1893. He was also editor of the Madras Journal of Literature and Science from 1878 to 1882. After traveling in north India from 1893 to 1894, he returned to Europe in 1894.

Early life 
Oppert was born in Hamburg on 30 July 1836 and counted Julius Oppert and Ernst Oppert among his eleven siblings. He  obtained a PhD in 1860, having attended four universities - Bonn, Leipzig, Berlin and Halle - and in 1866 became an assistant librarian at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, England. He also took a similar post at Windsor Castle for Queen Victoria.

Orientalist 
In 1872, Oppert was appointed professor of Sanskrit at the Presidency College in Madras. He stayed in that post until 1893, when he left to conduct a tour of north India, China, Japan and the United States before returning to Berlin to become privat-docent in Dravidian languages at the university.

Oppert's significant writings are On the classification of languages (1879), On the weapons, army, organisation and Political Maxims of the ancient Hindoos (1880), Lists of Sanskrit manuscripts in Southern India (2 Vol. 1880-1885), Contributions to the history of Southern India (1882), and On the original inhabitants of Bharatavarsha of India (1893).

In the last of these, Oppert used extensive philological research to support the idea of the Dravidians as the original inhabitants of India.  Among popular Dravidians, Oppert counts Thiruvalluvar, who wrote the Thirukkural, and Avvaiyar, the Tamil poet saint.

He edited the book entitled Ramarajiyamu or Narapativijayamu written in Telugu by Venkayya, when he was working ay Presidency College. It was published by Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons in 1923.

Death 
Oppert, who was unmarried and childless, died in Berlin on 1 March 1908. He was buried there at the Weissensee Jewish cemetery.

References

Further reading 

1836 births
1908 deaths
German Indologists
Jewish orientalists
19th-century German Jews
Writers from Hamburg
German male non-fiction writers
University of Bonn alumni
Leipzig University alumni
University of Halle alumni
Berlin University of the Arts alumni
Academic staff of the Berlin University of the Arts
Academic staff of Presidency College, Chennai
People associated with the Bodleian Library
German librarians
Gruffydd Maelor I

Gruffydd Maelor (died 1191) was Prince of Powys Fadog in Wales.

He is known as Gruffydd Maelor I to distinguish him from his grandson, Gruffydd Maelor II, Lord of Dinas Bran. He married into the House of Stanley later Earls of Derby.

Lineage 
He was a son of Prince Madog ap Maredudd by Susanna, daughter of King Gruffudd ap Cynan of the House of Aberffraw. He was to be the founder of the principal ruling family of northern Powys during the 13th century.

Inheritance 
On his father's death in 1160 Powys was divided between his three sons (Gruffydd, Owain Brogyntyn and Owain Fychan), a nephew (Prince Owain Cyfeiliog) and a half-brother (Prince Iorwerth Goch ap Maredudd).

Gruffydd received the Lordship of Maelor (also known as Bromfield) and the Lordship of Iâl (also known as Yale), as his allotted portion of Powys. These lordships later merged and became the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale, belonging to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, who was later defeated at the Battle of Stirling Bridge by William Wallace.

Gruffydd later added Nanheudwy, Cynllaith Owain and Mochnant Is Rhaeadr after the death of his half-brother Owain Fychan in 1187.

Unification of northern Powys
His inherited and acquired lands in effect unified and reunited most of northern Powys forming what became known as Powys Fadog after it was inherited by his son.

Marriage 
He married Princess Angharad, his cousin and daughter of Owain Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd.

Death and issue 
He died in 1191, leaving issue:

 Madog, who succeeded his father.
 Owen, joint ruler with his brother, died 1197.

References and sources 
Prof. T Jones Pierce MA FSA, The History of Wales (Aberystwyth)
Lloyd, History of Wales

Specific

1191 deaths
Monarchs of Powys
12th-century Welsh monarchs
Year of birth unknown
Welsh princes
House of Mathrafal
The Lordship of Bromfield and Yale
Limited good

In anthropology, limited good is the theory commonly held in traditional societies that there is a limited amount of "good" to go around. In other words, the amount of land, money, etc. available is held to be finite, so every time one person profits, another loses.

Societies that subscribe to this philosophy tend to display strong levels of equality among members and to be strongly resistant to social change.

The term was coined by George M. Foster in his 1965 article, Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good, "American Anthropologist." The concept has been described by Allen as the rural counterpart of the culture of poverty. The Mexican peasants (in Tzintzuntzan, Michoacán) Foster studied were seen by him to lack interest in new opportunities because of their perception of the world as a "competitive game." This led to a high level of distrust and envy and fragile and constantly shifting patterns of alignment.

See also
Fixed pie fallacy
Zero-sum bias

Sources 
 Foster, George M. (1965) Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good, American Anthropologist New Series, Vol. 67, No. 2, Apr., pp. 293–315 
 Kennedy, John G. (1966) Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good": A Critique, American Anthropologist New Series, Vol. 68, No. 5, Oct., pp. 1212–1225

References 

Anthropology
Distribution of wealth
Mahadevpur

Mahadevpur is a village in Mahadevpur mandal in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district of Telangana, India.

It is located in the north-east of the district near the border with Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh. The mandal has borders with Maharashtra in the north, Chhattisgarh in the east, with Khammam district and Warangal district in the south-east. It is famous for red chilli corp.

References

Villages in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district
Mandal headquarters in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district
Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor

Madog ap Gruffudd, or Madog ap Gruffudd Maelor, was Prince of Powys Fadog from 1191 to 1236 in north-east Wales, and Lord of Powys. He was the founder of Valle Crucis Abbey in the lordship of Yale.

Early life 

He was elder son of Prince Gruffydd Maelor and his wife, Angharad, a daughter of King Owain Gwynedd. He succeeded his father jointly with his brother, Owen, in 1191 and on Owen's death in 1197 became the sole ruler of Powys north of the River Rhaeadr and the Afon Tanat.

Madog consolidated the possessions of his father, Prince Gruffudd Maelor, and the territory he ruled became known as Powys Fadog in his honour, the remainder of the old kingdom formed Powys Wenwynwyn. (Fadog is a lenited form of his name, Madog.) 

After his death in 1236, this area—comprising Welsh and English Maelor, Ial (Yale), Cynllaith, Nanheudwy and Mochnant Is Rhaeadr—was still referred to as Powys Fadog although it was divided up between his five sons.

Madog was close to his cousin, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, initially, but gradually distanced himself and also kept aloof from 1212 when his cousin had managed to reform the Welsh Confederacy and looked instead to King John of England, in whose pay he was, as an official ally of the English king. 

By 1215 he decided to ally with his cousin and remained so.

Establishment of and burial at Valle Crucis Abbey 

On 28 January 1201, Madog founded the Cistercian abbey of Valle Crucis Abbey, Llangollen, Wales. The abbey was founded with monks from nearby Strata Marcella abbey. 

He is buried at Valle Crucis Abbey in the abbey church, as are several of Madog's descendants. The exact site of his burial is unknown.

He is either a great-grandfather or great-great-great-grandfather of Owain Glyndŵr.

Marriage and children 
He had married Esyllt (Isolda). He had issue:

 Gruffudd Maelor II, who succeeded his father,
 Gruffudd Iâl, died 1238
 Maredudd, died 1256
 Hywel, died 1268
 Madog Fychan, died 1269
 Angharad.

References 

1236 deaths
Monarchs of Powys
12th-century Welsh monarchs
13th-century Welsh monarchs
Year of birth unknown
The Lordship of Bromfield and Yale
Total War: 2006

Total War: 2006 is a 1999 future history novel by Simon Pearson. It describes a speculative future in which small revolutions beginning around 2001 ignite into a worldwide nuclear conflict by 2006.

Plot
The future history the book lays out begins in 2001 with many minor conflicts taking place around the world, such as the end of the Algerian Civil War, victory belonging to the Islamist fundamentalists; Morocco following suit; and a military coup in Turkey to prevent such a development.

Meanwhile, the United Kingdom and the United States invade Iraq as the final action of a failing US president whose nation is attempting to draw ever more into isolationism. North Korea announces that it possesses nuclear weapons; a second Korean War follows closely followed by an attempted Chinese invasion of Taiwan which is easily stopped by American air power.

In 2003, Russia has a military coup which (officially) restores the communists to power, closely followed by an invasion of the Baltic States resulting in a conventional war with NATO. Whilst the attention of the west is drawn here however Saudi Arabia also has a take over by Islamic fundamentalists.

The Islamic Alliance is united behind a Saladin-like figure and forms an alliance of convenience with Russia launching its attack on the West, the principle acts of terrorism being a midget submarine attack on San Francisco harbor and an attack on RAF Brize Norton by home-grown Islamic terrorists.

At the end of the book, much of the Middle East is in ruins, biological weapons launched by the Islamic Alliance against Israel having been met with an implementation of the Samson Option by the Israelis, with nuclear weapons launched at cities across the Islamic crescent by the dying Jewish state. In a desperate bid to prevent Israel from laying waste to much of the world in its death throes, the US President authorizes a nuclear strike on Israel itself.

References

British science fiction novels
1999 novels
Future history
Thomas Joseph-Watkin

Thomas Morgan Joseph-Watkin (1856–1915) was a barrister and long-serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. Having spent much of his early life as a cowboy in Texas, Joseph-Watkin began his career at the College of Arms as Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary in April 1894. On 20 June 1913, Joseph-Watkin was appointed Chester Herald of Arms in Ordinary to replace Henry Murray Lane.  This appointment lasted until Joseph-Watkin's death on 31 July 1915.

See also
Heraldry
Pursuivant
Herald

References

The College of Arms
CUHAGS Officer of Arms Index
His armorial shield

1856 births
1915 deaths
English genealogists
English officers of arms
British expatriates in the United States
Off the Desk

Off The Desk is a live album by Fairport Convention. It was recorded on Fairport Convention's Winter Tours during 2004 and 2005 and the double CD features many tracks previously unavailable as live recordings.

Track listing

Personnel
Simon Nicol – vocals, guitar
Dave Pegg – vocals, bass guitar, mandolin on "Canny Capers"
Ric Sanders – violin, mandolin on "Morris Medley"
Chris Leslie – vocals, bouzouki, mandolin, violin, Native American flute
Gerry Conway – drums, percussion

special guests on "Wait for the Tide to Come In":
PJ Wright – slide guitar
Anna Ryder – accordion

Release history

External links
 

Fairport Convention live albums
2006 live albums
Calaveras River

The Calaveras River is a river in the  San Joaquin Valley of California.

It flows roughly southwest for  from the confluence of its north and south forks in Calaveras County to its confluence with the San Joaquin River in the city of Stockton.

The Spanish word calaveras means "skulls." The river was said to have been named by Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga in 1806 when he found many skulls of Native Americans along its banks. He believed they had either died of famine or been killed in tribal conflicts over hunting and fishing grounds.

Later, human remains were of the native Miwuk people killed by Spanish soldiers after they banded together to rise against Spanish missionaries. The Stanislaus River is named for Estanislau, a coastal Miwuk who escaped from Mission San Jose in the late 1830s. He is reported to have raised a small group of men with crude weapons, hiding in the foothills when the Spanish attacked. The Miwuk were quickly decimated by Spanish gunfire.

In 1836, John Marsh, Jose Noriega, and a party of men, went exploring in Northern California.  They made camp along a river bed in the evening, and when they woke up the next morning, discovered that they had camped in the midst of a great quantity of skulls and bones.  They also gave the river the appropriate name: Calaveras.

New Hogan Lake is the only lake on the river. It is formed by New Hogan Dam, which was completed in 1963. The dam was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, primarily for flood control. The dam also provides drinking water, water for irrigation, hydroelectricity and recreation, including fishing, camping, swimming and water skiing.

The Mormon Slough, a distributary of the Calaveras, splits away about five miles east of Linden, California. In east Stockton, the Stockton Diverting Canal reconnects the Mormon Slough and the Calaveras. Downstream from this flood control channel, the often dry Mormon Slough continues on its southerly path, through downtown, to the Stockton Channel. The Calaveras makes a northerly arc, passing through farmland, orchards, and the University of the Pacific Stockton Campus, then alongside its namesake Brookside district, before flowing into the Deepwater Channel about three miles downriver from the Mormon Slough. Thus much of central Stockton, being completely surrounded by these waterways, is itself one of the many river islands which make up the San Joaquin Delta.

References

External links
United States Army Corps of Engineers - New Hogan Lake
Columbia Gazetteer of North America
Friends of the Lower Calaveras River
Calaveras River Watershed Stewardship Group
Calaveras River Water Quality Study

Rivers of Calaveras County, California
Tributaries of the San Joaquin River
Geography of the San Joaquin Valley
Rivers of Northern California