alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Reining

Reining is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.

History of the sport

Horses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history. The skills used today in reining originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.

What is reining

In competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop. They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles. There are twelve different patterns. The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria. First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance. The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider. For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points. The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse.

Other websites 
 British Reining - the governing body for the sport in Great Britain
 National Reining Horse Association
 The American Quarter Horse Association.
 sample reining pattern 
 United States Equestrian Federation
 Video about Reining
 The American Quarter Horse Association of the United Kingdom

References

Horse riding
Rani Lakshmibai

Lakshmana, the Rani of Jhansi (19 November 1828 — 18 June 1858) was an Indian queen and warrior.

She was one of the greatest leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and, became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to British rule in India.

Great Life
Manikarnika is born into a Maratha family. She was married to Gangadhar Rao, the Maharaja of Jhansi, in 1842, and became the Rani of Jhansi. After her marriage, Manikarnika became Lakshmibai, named in honour of the goddess Lakshmi. Before her marriage, she was known as Chabili (meaning "jolly ways"). In September 1851, Rani Lakshmibai had a son, Damodar Rao. He died at the age of four months. On the day before the Raja's death in November 1853, he adopted his cousin's child. His name was Anand Rao but, was renamed Damodar Rao, after their actual son. The Raja wrote a letter to the British government of India requesting that his widow should be recognised as the ruler of Jhansi after his death during her lifetime. After the death of her husband the head of the British government refused to allow her adopted son to become raja and Jhansi was ruled by the British. This was done by the "Doctrine of lapse" - if an Indian ruler died without a male child his adopted son would not succeed him; but the personal property of that king goes to his adopted son.

After all the British in Jhansi had been killed by Indian troops in June 1857 the Rani took over the administration provisionally until the British returned. She had to form an army to defeat the invading forces of Orchha and Datia. In March 1858, British forces led by Sir Hugh Rose came to Jhansi to take back the city from the Rani who now wanted independence. Jhansi was besieged and taken after strong resistance. Many of the people of the city were killed in the fighting and afterwards. The Rani escaped to Kalpi and jointly with the Maratha general Tantya Tope then seized Gwalior. In the battle of Kotah ki Serai in which their army was defeated Rani Lakshmibai was wounded and died on 18th June 1858.

References

More information
Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year: the Indian Rebellion of 1857. London: Sphere; pp. 111-126
Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999) Tournament of Shadows. Washington, DC: Counterpoint; pp. 138-145

Other websites

Timeline from the birth of Lakshmibai until her death
Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi
Rani Laxmi Bai

Indian monarchs
People of British India
19th century in India
1828 births
1858 deaths
Marathi people
Ukrainian hryvnia

Hryvnia is the national currency of Ukraine.

References

Other websites 
 History of Hryvnia 
 National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign  
 Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition 
 Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997
 First Ukrainian Money
 Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics
 How hryvnia was born

Currency of Europe
Economy of Ukraine
Chronos

Chronos (Ancient Greek: , "time", also written as Khronos or Chronus) is the Greek God of time. He is the personification of time in philosophy before Socrates, and in later literature. Chronos controls the past, present, and future of everything. Without Chronos, the other Greek Gods would have never existed.

In the Orphic cosmogony, Chronos never ages. He gives birth to Aether and Chaos, and made a silvery egg in the divine Aether. It produced the god Phanes, who is a hermaphrodite. Phanes gave birth to the first generation of gods and is the creator of the cosmos.

Greek gods and goddesses
Speyer

Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a city in  the state of Rhineland-Palatinate with about 50,000 inhabitants on the Rhine river. It lies  south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim. Around the year 500 the town gets the name Spira, named after the stream Speyerbach which flows into the Rhine river here.

The center of Speyer is dominated by the cathedral. Here are the tombs of several of the Salian emperors: the bodies, however, are believed to have gone missing during one of the French invasions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

References

Other websites 

speyer.de  the city website (partly in English)
museum.speyer.de  Historical Museum of the Palatinate (in English)
dom-speyer.de website of Speyer Cathedral (in German)
Model Map of Medieval Speyer
Technical (Transport) Museum 

1294 establishments
1290s establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Germany
1792 disestablishments
1790s disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in Germany
Goethe University Frankfurt

The Goethe University Frankfurt (German: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main) opened in 1914. With 38.000 students it belongs to the five largest universities in Germany and has the biggest library of them. The university has more than 600 teaching and researching professors; 16 faculties offer 170 courses of study.

Buildings and structures in Frankfurt
Colleges and universities in Germany
Education in Hesse
Thayer Academy

Thayer Academy is a private school that prepares people for college. It is in Braintree, Massachusetts. People from Grades 6–12 can become students there. The school was made in 1871, at the request of General Sylvanus Thayer. Thayer Academy is one of Greater Boston's most well respected private school's.

Thayer Academy

Well known students 

Tiffany Kelly, Miss Massachusetts USA 2006
Tony Amonte, professional hockey player
Jeremy Roenick, professional hockey player
Mike Jones, college basketball player
John Cheever, Pulitzer Prize winning writer
Dave Silk, 1980 US Olympic hockey team member (gold medal)
Sally Weston, Famous interior designer
Brooks Orpik, Professional ice hockey player (Pittsburgh Penguins)

Other websites 
 School Web page 

Schools in Massachusetts
1871 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Massachusetts
Siegfried

This page is about the character in the book called the Nibelungenlied. For Wagner's opera see Siegfried (opera).

Sigurd (Old Norse: Sigurðr) is a strong hero in the Nibelungenlied, an epic poem written about the year 1200. He killed the dragon Fafnir and took its treasure, the Nibelungenschatz. After killing the dragon, he bathed in its blood and so changed his skin, so that he could not be wounded any more. The earliest extant representations for his legend come in pictorial form from seven runestones in Sweden and most notably the Ramsund carving (c. 1000) and the Gök Runestone (11th century).

But a leaf fell from a linden tree above while he was bathing and landed on his back, and the little patch of skin that it covered did not touch the dragon's blood, so that Siegfried remained vulnerable (he could be hurt) in that one spot.

Siegfried wants to marry Kriemhild, the sister of Gunther, kin of the Burgundians in Worms. But before he is allowed to marry her he has to help Gunther to win against Brünhild, the queen of Iceland. He does it with the help of a cloak which lets him become invisible.

After their marriage Siegfried and Kriemhild live in Siegfried's kingdom for some years. Then they come to visit Worms and Kriemhild's family again. Brünhild, the wife of Gunther, and
Kriemhild argue about who is of higher rank. Now Kriemhild tells Brünhild that Siegfried helped Gunther in his fight against her and that he gave a proof of this victory to Kriemhild. Therefore, Brünhild becomes so furious that she decides that Siegfried must be killed. This is done by Hagen, one of Gunther's men, while Siegfried is drinking from a well during a hunt in the Odenwald. Hagen also takes the treasure of Siegfried from Kriemhild and throws it into the Rhine.

The name Siegfried in German means "victory peace".

Siegfried appears in two of the four operas in Wagner's Ring cycle: the third opera is called Siegfried and the fourth one is called Götterdämmerung'' although originally Wagner called it "Siegfrieds Tod" ("The Death of Siegfried"). Wagner makes several changes to the story.

References

Fictional European people
James II of England

James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. He was King James II in England and Ireland, and King James VII in Scotland. He was also Duke of Normandy from 31 December 1660. He lost his kingdoms in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He did not succeed in taking them back in a war, and he spent the rest of his life in France.

He was the last Roman Catholic king in the British Isles. Some of his people did not like his religious ideas, leading a group of them to disobey and fight against him. This was called the Glorious Revolution in England and Scotland. King James and his son, James Francis Edward went into exile. The king was replaced by his Protestant daughter, Queen Mary II, and her husband King William III and II. They became rulers in 1689. 

The belief that James, not William III or Mary II, was the one true ruler became known as Jacobitism (from Jacobus or Iacobus, Latin for James). James made one serious attempt to recover his throne when he landed in Ireland in 1689. After his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, he returned to France, living the rest of his life under the protection of King Louis XIV. His son James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender) and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart (The Young Pretender and Bonnie Prince Charlie) attempted to restore the Jacobite line after James's death, but failed.

Issue

Notes

References 

1633 births
1701 deaths
Kings and Queens of England
Kings and Queens of Ireland
Kings and Queens of Scotland
British Roman Catholics
Jacobite pretenders
1680s in Europe
17th century in Scotland
Fichtelgebirge

The Fichtelgebirge is a mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. It extends from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, where it is continued by the much higher Ore Mountains.

The highest mountain is the Schneeberg (1051 m). Rivers rising from the Fichtelgebirge are the White Main (German: Weißer Main), the Saxon Saale, the Ohře (German: Eger) and the Fichtelnaab which later joins the Waldnaab. Cities on the edge of the mountains include Bayreuth and Hof.

The mountains slope gradually away to the north and the south, but there is a steep slope to the west, where the Red Main forms the boundary of the mountains.

The Fichtelgebirge attracts many tourists both during summer and winter, mainly for hiking and skiing, but also to see the large rock formations.

Geography of Bavaria
Mountain ranges of Germany
Ore Mountains

The Ore Mountains (German Erzgebirge, Czech Krušné hory) are a mountain range in Germany and the Czech Republic. They form the border between both countries for 150 km, extending from the western border of Saxony to the Elbe river. They are named for their plentiful metal ores.

The Ore Mountains are famous for many Christmas traditions. As the ores silver and tin were not found any more in the mines, former miners had to look for new ways to feed their families. In addition to lace making and weaving, the inhabitants went into wood carving. Nutcrackers, "smoking men", "pyramids" (carousels with figures of the Christmas story or from mining) and Schwibbogen (wooden arcs with candles in the windows, symbolising the opening of a mine) are some of many Christmas goods made in the Ore Mountains. Seiffen in the East Ore Mountains was a centre of the wooden toy industry.

Geography of the Czech Republic
Geography of Saxony
Mountain ranges of Europe
Mountain ranges of Germany
Ústí nad Labem Region
Manifest (transportation)

A manifest or ship's manifest is a document that lists the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. It is made for the use of customs and other officials. If the list is just a list of passengers, it is a passenger manifest or passenger list. A list of cargo is a cargo manifest or cargo list. The manifest may be used by people having in interest in the transport to insure that passengers and cargo listed as having been placed on board the transport at the beginning of its passage continue to be on board when it arrives at its destination.

Related pages 
 Passenger name record

Documents
Transport
Stenonychosaurus

Stenonychosaurus (meaning "narrow claw lizard") is a genus of troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada based on a foot, fragments of a hand, and some caudal vertebrae.

A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of Stenonychosaurus and had informalised the genus "Troodon", synonymising it with Latenivenatrix.

Description 

Stenonychosaurus was a small dinosaur, up to  in height,  in length, and up to  in mass.They, like most related dromaeosaurs such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus had retractable sickle-like claws on their feet.

References

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Henry IV of England

Henry IV (April 3 1367 – March 20 1413) was a King of England.  He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, which is why he was often called "Henry Bolingbroke".

Rise to power 
His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of King Edward III, and  had a lot of power in the reign of King Richard II.

Henry and Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk argued in 1398.  King Richard ordered Henry to live outside England for ten years (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt) but Thomas de Mowbray was exiled from England for life.

The next year John of Gaunt died, and Richard would not allow Henry to inherit Gaunt's land. Instead, Henry had to ask for the lands from Richard. 

Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury.  Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. 

With Arundel as his advisor, Henry Bolingbroke began a military campaign, took land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire.

Henry gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV.  He sent King Richard to prison (who mysteriously died in prison) and by-passing Richard’s seven-year-old heir presumptive Edmund de Mortimer. 

Henry was crowned on 13 October 1399.  It was the first time since the Norman Conquest in 1066  that the monarch made a public speech in English. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with them, especially over religious matters. On Arundel's advice, Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics, mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.

1367 births
1413 deaths
House of Lancaster
15th century in England
Dukes and Duchesses of Aquitaine
Thalassodromeus

Thalassodromeus was a pterosaur found in northern Brazil. It was 60 cms long and had a wingspan of 1 metre and a head crest on its skull.

Pterosaurs
Pterodactylus

Pterodactylus (Pterodactylus Antiquus) was a small pterosaur. It lived in the later Jurassic period, at the same time as many dinosaurs. Pterodactylus is typical of the short-tailed pterosaurs. The sub-order continued to the end of the Cretaceous, but Pterodactylus is only known from the latest Jurassic.  
The first specimens were found at Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Also found in these strata was the famous Archaeopteryx. 

These carbonate strata formed in warm lagoons. Pterodactylus may have lived on small islands in the lagoon, or on the coast. Perhaps it lived further inland and was blown here in a storm. The high salinity would support little life, so the pterosaurs would have fed in some other area.

The first specimen was found in the 18th century, and a description published in 1784. Later, Georges Cuvier worked out that it was a flying reptile. A juvenile pterosaur came to light in 1817, and showed clearly that Cuvier had been right. Now, 30 specimens of the genus are known.

Pterosaurs
Rutiodon

Rutiodon was a type of phytosaur. Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that lived during the time of dinosaurs. Its nostrils were far back on the head, close to the eyes. It was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America trying to catch a Coelophysis. It jumped out of the water. and roared without warning.

Archosaurs
When Dinosaurs Roamed America

When Dinosaurs Roamed America is a 2001 television movie from the Discovery Channel. The movie is narrated by John Goodman. This movie tells us about species of dinosaurs that lived in North America through the ages of the Mesozoic era. The backgrounds of the movie are real places of America.

Featured creatures

Late Triassic Segment 
Coelophysis
Rutiodon
Desmatosuchus
Icarosaurus
Traversodon
Unidentified mammal, probably Morganucodon or Megazostrodon
quoll (live-acted, probably appeared by accident)
locust (animated)

Early Jurassic Segment
Dilophosaurus
Megapnosaurus (identified as Syntarsus, which it was called at the time)
Anchisaurus (in terms of size and general appearance it resembles a Massospondylus)

Late Jurassic Segment
Camarasaurus
Allosaurus
Apatosaurus
Stegosaurus
Dryosaurus
Ceratosaurus
Unidentified pterosaur, probably Pterodactylus

Middle Cretaceous Segment
Nothronychus
Dromaeosaurus (identified as dromaeosaur)
Zuniceratops
Coelurosaurus (identified as coelurosaur)

Late Cretaceous Segment
Tyrannosaurus
Triceratops
Anatotitan
Quetzalcoatlus
Purgatorius (live-acted by opossum)
Ornithomimus (not identified, revealed on web)
Spider (live-acted)

Other websites 
 Video Gallery

2001 movies
Animated movies
Television movies
English-language movies
Discovery Channel
Cigar

A cigar is a form in which tobacco is smoked.  It is usually larger than a cigarette.  Cigars are made of different types of tobacco which are cured in many different way to produce unique flavors and fragrances.  Most quality cigars are rolled using a tobacco leaf, though more and more cigars have been rolled using different types of paper to replace the tobacco leaf.  This results in a cleaner looking cigar.  Commercially produced cigars are rolled and packed using machinery, and quality control and smokeability cannot be truly verified.  Hand rolled cigars prove to still be the best option, but are more costly.  
Cuba is known worldwide for their cigars.  Many other countries also produce cigars, most notably in the Central America and Caribbean island areas.

Smoking
Bahá'u'lláh

Bahá'u'lláh, also spelled Bahaullah, which means "Glory of God", was a Persian nobleman who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.

He was born in the city of Tehran, in Persia, in 1817 and died in 1892. His followers consider him a messenger of God. One of his teachings was that all men and women are equal and that all the religions believe in the same God.

References

Other websites 
 The Life of Bahá'u'lláh – A Photographic Narrative

Bahá'í Faith
1817 births
People from Tehran
1892 deaths
`Abdu'l-Bahá

`Abdu'l-Bahá was a Persian man who was born on May 23, 1844 and died on November 28, 1921.  His father was Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.  

`Abdu'l-Bahá spent most of his adult life in prison or under arrest, because of his father's new religion.  Bahá'u'lláh called him the "Expounder" of his word, meaning that only `Abdu'l-Bahá had the right to say what Bahá'u'lláh's writings mean.  This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.

Bahá'í Faith
1844 births
1921 deaths
Bahá'ís
People from Tehran
Shoghi Effendi

Shoghi Effendi (1 March 1897-4 November 1957) was a Persian man. He was the great-grandson of Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith. 

After Bahá'u'lláh died, Shoghi Effendi's grandfather, `Abdu'l-Bahá lead the Bahá'ís.  `Abdu'l-Bahá died, he left a "will and testament" that said that Shoghi Effendi was the "Guardian", and that his job was to guard and lead the Bahá'í Faith.  `Abdu'l-Bahá's will said that only Shoghi Effendi could interpret `Abdu'l-Bahá's or Bahá'u'lláh's books and letters.  This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh or `Abdu'l-Bahá meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.

1897 births
1957 deaths
Persian people
Religious leaders
Bahá'í Faith
Bahá'ís
Will (law)

A will or testament is a legal document that explains the last wishes of someone after they die. It is sometimes called a "last will and testament".

A person writes a will and testament before they die, and usually writes what they want to happen to their estate (money and their things) after they die. A will may also provide for other issues including,
 Stating preferences for funeral arrangements,
 Designating a guardian for a minor child,
 Preventing will contests, and
 Making gifts to charities.

When a person passes away, the person's will may be probated, meaning that a probate court will authorize a representative to carry out the deceased person's wishes. Depending upon where probate occurs, the representative may be called a personal representative, executor or administrator.

References

Death customs
Documents
Property law
Uhlan

Uhlan is the name for a type of Polish soldier of light cavalry, armed with lance (a kind of spear). The respect for such Polish troops caused that in the beginning of the 19th century great part of European armies created similar military units. In most European armies, the units of that kind took the name of lancers. In the Russian, Austrian, and German armies, the units of Polish lancers had kept the original name of Uhlans.

Poland
Army
Not

The word not negates the meaning of the word or phrase following it; see No.

Not, NOT, NOTs, or NOTS may also refer to:

 ... Not!, an expression used to contradict a statement before it, popular during the early 1990s
 Negation, unary operator in logic depicted as ~, ¬, or !
 NOT gate, a digital logic gate (commonly called an inverter)

Related pages 
 And (disambiguation)
 Negative (disambiguation)
 Knot
Chin

The chin is the bottom part of the face. It is under the mouth and is the forward part of the jaw.

The chin is unique to present-day humans, our species. It is not present in the anthropoid apes, nor in any other hominin. Neanderthals did not have a human-type chin. In medical anatomy, the chin is called the "mental eminence".

Its absence in Homo floresiensis is grounds for thinking that small hominin was not of our species.

It is thought that our chin may have become shaped like this to improve the muscle attachments of the lips and tongue. Chins can be larger or smaller, depending on the person. Even though chin sizes vary a lot, it is usually further forward than the rest of the face in normal humans.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Face
Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anne of Great Britain (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was the Queen of England (which included Wales), Scotland and Ireland. During her reign, the kingdoms of England and Scotland came together to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain (the first form of the United Kingdom). For this reason, she is the first monarch to rule over the UK.

Becoming Queen 
Anne was born during the reign of her uncle, King Charles II. After Charles' death, Anne's father James II became King of England. James was unpopular because he was Catholic. James was replaced by Anne's older sister, Mary II and her husband William III. Mary and William had no children. Anne became Queen of of England, Scotland, and Ireland on 8 March 1702 after the death of William.

Kingdom of Great Britain 
In her first speech to the Parliament of England, Anne said it was important to united England and Scotland. In 1707, they both formed to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Personal life 
Anne was married to Prince George of Denmark, who died in 1708. Anne was pregnant 17 times but none of her children survived to adulthood. In her 30s, she became very ill and obese.

Death 
Queen Anne died on 1 August 1714. Doctors say she died because of stress and overall poor health. Because of the Act of Settlement and the fact that Anne had no surviving children, the next King of Britain was George I, her cousin.

References

1665 births
1714 deaths
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens of Scotland
Kings and Queens of Great Britain
17th century in Scotland
Kind

Kind has different meanings:

Kind means a group of things or people that/who have same features or category.
Kind means friendly.

Basic English 850 words
Knot

A knot is a fixed looping of a piece of string or rope. Knots are often used for binding things together. While a knot is often made from rope, it can also be made from many other things. In fact, a knot is actually the condition a long flexible object is in. For example, hair can be tied in a knot. The ends of balloons are tied in a knot to prevent the air from escaping. The average person over 5 or so years of age is likely capable of tying a knot; most of these knots people tie are probably with their shoelaces. Ribbons are also tied in a knot so as to appear pretty, as when wrapped around a gift. In addition, knots are also made by sailors in many different forms and for many different purposes. There are even people who have adopted knot-making as a hobby.

Related pages

 List of knots

More reading
 

Basic English 850 words
Goslar

Goslar is a historic city in Germany. About 43,000 people live there.

History 

The German Emperor Henry I founded Goslar in 922. In the 11th century Goslar became seat of a Pfalz, a temporary seat of the Emperor. In 1253 Goslar became a Free City (that means without being ruled a Duke) in the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Hanseatic League.

Henry 4th a Holy Roman Emperor came from Goslar.

In the Thirty-year War Goslar belonged to the loyalists of the Emperor, although its territory belonged to a Protestant region. The Swedish King Gustav II Adolph punished Goslar for supporting the imperial forces. After 1642 Goslar came under the rule of the Welfs.

In 1803 Goslar lost its status as a Free City and belonged to Prussia. Napoleon made Goslar a part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.

In the 19th century Goslar lost its economic base. Now it lives mainly on tourism.

Climate

References 

Imperial free cities
MTV

MTV (originally an acronym for Music Television until 2010) is an American cable television network. They are based in New York City. The channel launched on August 1, 1981. They used to only show music videos. The first music video shown on MTV was Video Killed the Radio Star by The Buggles. Today, the channel shows many different television programs aimed at adolescents and young adults.

References

Other websites
 Website

1981 establishments in New York (state)
Bundesautobahn 45

The Bundesautobahn 45 (in German: A 45), is a Motorway from the Ruhr area till Hanau.

The highway begins in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia and crosses Hesse. The A 45 ends in Bavaria.

Cities along the A 45 

 Dortmund
 Hagen
 Lüdenscheid
 Siegen
 Wetzlar
 Gießen
 Hanau

Exits on the A 45 
 Waltrop (planned)
 (2) Dortmund-Nordwest  
 (3) Castrop-Rauxel-Ost 
 (4) Dortmund-Hafen
 (5) Dortmund-West  
 (6) Dortmund-Eichlinghofen
 (7) Dortmund/Witten 
 (8) Dortmund-Süd 
 (9) Westhofen  
 (10) Schwerte-Ergste
 (11) Hagen 
 (12) Hagen-Süd
 Rölveder Mühle/Kaltenborn
 (13) Lüdenscheid-Nord
 (14) Lüdenscheid-Mitte
 Sauerland
 (15) Lüdenscheid-Süd
 (16) Meinerzhagen
 (17) Drolshagen
 (18) Olpe 
 (19) Olpe-Süd 
 (20) Freudenberg
 Siegerland
 (21) Siegen 
 (22) Siegen-Süd
 (23) Wilnsdorf
 (24) Haiger/Burbach 
 (25) Dillenburg  
 Dollenberg 
 (26) Herborn-West 
 (27) Herborn-Süd 

List incomplete

 ()

North Rhine-Westphalia
Hesse
Bavaria
Transport in Germany
Roads in Europe
AFC Ajax

Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Ajax Amsterdam, AFC Ajax, or simply Ajax) is a football club from Amsterdam, Netherlands. They play in the Eredivisie, which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands. Players like Johan Cruyff, Van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Jari Litmanen played for this club.

History
The club was founded on March 18, 1900. The founders were Floris Stempel, Carel Reeser  and Johan Dade. It was the second attempt to found Ajax. In 1894 they tried it too. Ajax is named after the mythological hero Ajax the Great.

Ajax promoted to the highest level in 1911. Their coach was Jack Kirwan. Because Sparta Rotterdam had almost the same kit (clothes), they had to change it.

Stadium 
The name of the stadium is Amsterdam ArenA and has an attendance (which means the number of seats) of about 52.000. The Amsterdam ArenA was opened on 14 August 1996 by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Their previous stadium was named De Meer.

League position

Former position

Players

Current squad

Players out on loan

Retired numbers
14 –  Johan Cruyff (Forward, 1964–73, 1981–83). Number retired on 25 April 2007 at Cruyff's 60th birthday celebration match.
34 –  Abdelhak Nouri (Midfielder, 2016–17)
                                                     

                                  Apres Maccabi Tel Aviv * Red Bull Slazbourg  ou vas Joue Oscar Gloukh ( apres Euro 2024 - Paris 2024 ou Word Cup 2026 qui vas  Joue avec Israel )  בזרת השם ***
                                  
                                  
                                  
                                         1. Ajax Amsterdam ( Eredivisie) 
                                         
                                         
                                           2. Genova Fc ou Inter Milan ( Series A)  
                                           
                                           
                                              3. Paris St Germin (  Uber ligue 1 ) 
                                              
                                              
                                                 4.  Olympiacos ( Grece Supe Ligue)

References
Fungicide

A fungicide is a poison. It is used to kill fungi that are considered unwanted.

Biochemistry
Fungi
Pesticides
Chad Kroeger

Chad Robert Turton (better known as Chad Kroeger) is a Canadian singer and guitarist for the rock band, Nickelback. He was born on November 15, 1974, in Hanna, Alberta, Canada. 

Kroeger is of American, English, German, Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss-German, and Welsh descent. Kroeger became engaged to Canadian singer Avril Lavigne in 2012. The couple married in 2013 and separated in 2015.

Nickelback consists of four band members. Chad Kroeger (vocals, lead guitar), Mike Kroeger (bass guitar), Ryan Peake (rhythm guitar) and Daniel Adair (drums).

References

1974 births
Living people
Canadian rock singers
Canadian rock guitarists
Musicians from Alberta
Consecutive integer

Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers. In a set of consecutive numbers, the mean and the median are equal.      

If n is a number, then the next numbers will be n+1 and n+2. 

Examples  

Consecutive numbers that follow each other in order:

 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 -3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Consecutive even numbers 
Consecutive even numbers are even numbers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.

If n is an even integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive even numbers.

For example - 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,18 etc.

Consecutive odd numbers
Consecutive odd numbers are odd numbers that follow each other. Like consecutive odd numbers, they have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.

If n is an odd integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive odd numbers.

Examples

3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc.

−23, −21, −19, −17, −15, -13, -11

Integers
Beowulf (hero)

Beowulf is the hero of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf. He was the son of Ecgþeow, a banished warrior of the Wægmundings. Ecgþeow had killed a man from another clan and had to flee to the Danes. The Danish king Hroðgar accepted him as one of his warriors. The king also paid to repay the blood feud that was threatening Ecgþeow.

When King Hroðgar came upon difficulties because his land was raided by the giant Grendel- a descendant of Cain, and cursed-, Ecgþeow's son Beowulf came to help him with twelve warriors. During the night, Grendel arrived to attack the sleeping men. Grendel gruesomely slaughtered one man before anyone awoke, but Beowulf attacked him. Beowulf had earlier decided to fight without his sword because he thought it would be shameful to fight with unequal weaponry. He, however, outmatched Grendel in strength and tore off his arm. Grendel fled back to his cave, where he died and his arm was fixed to the wall like a trophy. During the following night, Grendel's Mother arrived and Beowulf had an even harder fight against her, as she stole back her son's arm and retreated to her underwater cave. Beowulf followed her and spent a day sinking to the bottom of the lake, and they fought it out a while before Beowulf saw a sword, which conveniently was the only sword that could possibly kill Grendel's mother. He stabbed her with it, and she died. The sword dissolved and he found and beheaded Grendel's body. He brought back the head as a trophy. Beowulf was greatly rewarded for both of these feats, and he and his men were showered in glory and riches. All the gold was presented to their king, and Beowulf was rewarded with a great sword, land, a hall, and the throne of the Geats when the current king dies.

Later on in life, Beowulf ruled over his native Geatland for 50 years until a dragon attacked after a golden goblet was stolen from its cave by a slave. He travels to its cave and successfully slays it, but is severely injured in the melee. He was bitten in the neck, and the venom will kill him. The dying Beowulf then crowns a young warrior called Wiglaf as his successor (as he himself does not have children and all his predecessors have died). Wiglaf is one of the 12 soldiers he took with him to fight the dragon, but the only one who stayed when they saw he was losing. He is then burned on a pyre with all of his gold he won by slaying the dragon.

In Adaptions
There have been many fictional books and films made based on Beowulf. Beowulf appeared in most of them. 
 In 2007, a movie was made about Beowulf.

Germanic mythology
Clan

A clan is a group of people who – following a tradition – belong to the same kin. The word comes from the Goidelic languages, and means 'family'. It is similar in meaning to the more general word tribe.

In Europe, the best-known clans system is that in Scotland, which still has some effects today, especially in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. It existed before the land was unified under a Scottish king, and continued long afterwards. Clans also
existed in Ireland. 

Family
Relationships
Social groups
Muon-catalyzed fusion

Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure. There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron. The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) than an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion. This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.

To create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen). The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom. Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together. This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule. A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron. Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes. Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together. The following process is called nuclear fusion. The 2 nuclei join together and "glue" together. But, their weights do not just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy. This is the energy used.

Now, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction. Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost. This stops the reaction.

Positives and negatives 
The good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy. The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost. This process is still a long way from being used for business.

Nuclear physics

de:Kalte Fusion#Myonen-katalysierte Fusion
Nomad

Nomadic people (or nomads) are people who move from one place to another, instead of living in one place. The best known examples in Europe are gypsies, Roma, Sinti, and Irish travelers. Many other ethnic groups and communities are traditionally nomadic; such as Berbers, Kazakhs, and Bedouin.

People are nomads for many reasons. Most nomads are family men herding their livestock, such as cattle, or horses from pasture to pasture. These people have to change places because of the weather. Other nomads are traders and craftsmen (people who make things), traveling to exchange goods or to practice their craft where it is needed.

Nomads who follow their herds usually live in tents with few things inside, like the Mongols. Nomads who trade or practice crafts usually have wagons in which they travel, because wagons are better for carrying goods.

The Sámi of Lapland are semi-nomadic tribe following a herd of reindeer. They are a migratory people who lead their own herd of reindeer to winter feeding grounds and then return them in the spring to their feeding ground close to a permanent home base, where their family lives. This cycle happens every year.  

The skills of nomadic life can also be useful in mobile warfare, and have been used in attacking sedentary agricultural and urban people. Genghis Khan and the Mongol hordes, for example conquered vast areas in Asia by organizing themselves as cavalry.

References 

Nomadic people
Simple living
Geodesic dome

A geodesic dome is a structure shaped like the top half of a sphere, made of many little shapes, usually triangles.  It often is made of glass, concrete, or steel. They are cheap to make, and bigger than square buildings. 

The first geodesic dome was designed after World War I by Walther Bauersfeld, chief engineer of the Carl Zeiss optical company, for a planetarium to house his planetarium projector.  An initial, small dome was patented and constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Zeiss plant in Jena, Germany. A larger dome, called "The Wonder of Jena", opened to the public in July 1926.

Later, they were promoted by the American engineer, Buckminster Fuller. He coined the term "geodesic". Many kits are available. 

A variation on geodesic domes are monolithic domes

References 

Buildings and structures
Coprolalia

Coprolalia is a condition that affects about 15% of people with Tourette syndrome.  Someone with coprolalia will use words that make people feel uncomfortable so often that it is hard to control. This is often in the form of a stream of curse words.

People who have Tourette syndrome are not the only people who experience coprolalia. For example, it can happen in people who have had a stroke, or who have schizophrenia.

References

Medical signs
Obscenity
Billy Talent

Billy Talent, before called Pezz, is a Canadian punk rock band from Mississauga, Ontario. The name Billy Talent was inspired by the guitarist "Billy Tallent" from the Michael Turner novel Hard Core Logo. They performed and recorded together for about 10 years before becoming famous.

Members
Benjamin Kowalewicz - vocals
Ian D'Sa - guitar, vocals
Jon Gallant - bass, vocals
Aaron Solowoniuk - drums

Albums
Billy Talent (2003)
Billy Talent II (2006)
Billy Talent III (2009)
Dead Silence (2012)
Afraid of Heights (2016)
Crisis of Faith (2022)

Other websites
 Official site
 Billy Talent at MySpace
 Billy Talent exclusive video interview on peta2 

1993 establishments in Canada
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian rock bands
Canadian punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Ontario
Musical groups established in 1993
People from Mississauga
Massospondylus

Massospondylus was a dinosaur from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Jurassic periods. It was described by Richard Owen in 1854. It is one of the first dinosaurs to have been named. The remains were found in South Africa. 

The dinosaur was bipedal. It was probably a plant eater (herbivore).

References 

Dinosaurs of Africa
Jurassic dinosaurs
Sauropodomorphs
Triassic dinosaurs
MIRC

mIRC is a popular shareware Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client for Microsoft Windows. It was created in 1995 by Khaled Mardam-Bey in C. Its most recent update (7.25) was made in 2012. It is licensed as Proprietary. It comes free of charge for 30 days and then you have the choice to buy it for US$20, or continue using but the program will ask you to buy it at each launch.

Related pages
 List of IRC clients

Other websites 
 Official website

IRC clients
For Dummies

The ...for dummies is a series of books that try to explain something very simply. The series was created in 1991 by Dan Gookin. The first book was about the computer operating system  MS-DOS. Dan Gookin created the book, because in 1987 a person wanted a book that was simple and easy to read, as the person considered computer books to be dull at that time. After MS-DOS for dummies, came PC's for Dummies by Gookin, and Andy Rathbone. Other popular ...For Dummies books are The Internet for Dummies by John Levine, Carol Baroudi, and Margaret Levine Young, and Beginning Programming for Dummies by Wallace Wang. The book cover is usually yellow and black, with the name in white letters on the black part.

Other websites
For dummies website

Non-fiction books
Learning
The Source (Charmed)

The Source is a fictional character in the television series Charmed. The Source of All Evil is vanquished by the Power of Three in the fourth season of the show. Cole Turner (Phoebe's fiancee) takes his place as the ruler of the Underworld. Once he is killed, the Charmed Ones are free.

Television characters
Charmed
Takasaki line

The  is a  railway line that runs from Omiya station in Saitama Prefecture to Takasaki Station in the Gunma Prefecture. It runs diagonally from south to north in Saitama prefecture and is owed and operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East Japan). The national highway route 17 and its historical predecessor Nakasendo run near this line.
The fare between Takasaki and Omiya of the Takasaki line is 1280 yen.
The colors of the cars are green and orange. So it looks similar to the Utsunomiya line.
The maximum speed of this train . So it is possible to go Takasaki from Omiya in about an hour and a half.
The Takasaki line including local trains and rapid trains has generally six standard-runs per hour in daytime. According to the time, the train might be crowded with students and company employees in major cities, for example, Ageo, Okegawa, Kitamoto, Kounosu, Kumagaya, Fukaya, Honjo.

Japanese railways
Refraction

Refraction is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave's  speed. Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. Different types of medium include air and water. 

When a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, the wave will change its speed and its direction. For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes into water, the wave will slow and change direction. In this property when the light is transmitted through a medium, polarisation of electrons take place, which in turn reduces the speed of light, thus changing the direction of light.

As light goes into a medium which is denser, the light ray will 'bend' toward the normal. When it goes back into the less dense medium (with a lower refractive index), it will bend back through the same angle as when it came in (if the surface at exit is parallel to the surface at entry).

An example of how refraction works is placing a straw in a cup of water, with part of the straw in the water. When looking at a certain angle, the straw appears to bend at the water's surface. This is because of the change in density of the medium and thus, bending of light rays as they move from the air to water.

A good and simple way to understand how light works is to think of it like a car. When the car hits the gravel surface (this is the medium) on an angle, the tire that hits it first will slow, causing it to turn in that direction. Therefore, if light hits a medium on the right having a greater refractive index, it will bend right. The amount of bending is given by Snell's law and corpuscular theory of light. Lenses work by refraction.

When light refracts in a prism, it splits into colours of the rainbow because some wavelengths bend more than others. 

In optics the refractive index or index of refraction n of a substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or other radiation, goes through that medium. It is defined as 

where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium. Snell's law uses refractive indexes to calculate the amount of refraction.

Notes 

Wave physics
Fargo

Fargo usually refers to:
 Fargo, North Dakota, United States
 Fargo (1996 movie), a crime movie by the Coen brothers
 Fargo (TV series), an American black comedy–crime drama television series

Fargo may also refer to:

Other places

United States
 Fargo, Arkansas
 Fargo, Georgia
 Fargo, Indiana
 Fargo, Benton County, Indiana
 Fargo, Ohio
 Fargo, Oklahoma
 Fargo, Wisconsin

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Fargo (1952 movie), an American western movie directed by Lewis D. Collins
 Fargo, a character from the anime series Bubblegum Crisis
 Fargo, a character from the video game Chrono Cross
 Douglas Fargo, a character from the TV-series "Eureka"
 "Fargo", a track by Caravan Palace on the 2019 album Chronologic

Military
 Fargo-class cruiser, a ship design of the United States Navy
 , the first Fargo-class cruiser
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (NATO reporting name: "Fargo"), a Soviet fighter plane
 USS Fargo (CL-85), original name for the  aircraft carrier

Vehicles
 Fargo Trucks, originally made by the Chrysler Corporation, later by Askam
 Isuzu Fargo, a commercial vehicle

Other uses
 FARGO (programming language)
 Fargo (surname)