alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1474

1474 was a year starting on a Saturday.

Events 
The Treaty of Utrecht was signed ending the Anglo-Hanseatic War in February

Births 

 Ludovico Ariosto (d. 1533), Italian Poet
 Giulia Farnese (d. 1524) mistress to Pope Alexander VI
 Juan Ponce de Leon (d. 1521), Spanish explorer
 Perkin Warbeck (d. 1499) English Throne Pretender

Deaths 

 Guillaume Dufay, Franco-Flemish Renaissance composer
1301



Births 
 August 5 – Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 19 March, 1330), youngest surviving son of King Edward I of England
1040s

The 1040s was a decade that began on 1 January 1040 and ended on 31 December 1049.

Significant people 
 King Macbeth of Scotland (d. 1057)
 Godwin, Earl of Wessex (d. 1053)
 El Cid (b. 1040)
1020s

The 1020s was the third decade of the 11th century.

Events 
 1021 – The Moorish taifa (state) of Valencia (in modern Spain) becomes independent, after being ruled by Slavic soldiers for about ten years.
 1024 – The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
 1024 – John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
 1027 – On March 26, Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor. 
 1027 – On May 14, Henri I is crowned king of France at Reims Cathedral.
 1027 – Aldred becomes abbot of Tavistock.
 1027 – Start of the Tibetan calendar.
 1028 – On November 12, dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.
 1028 – On November 15, Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.

Births 
 August 28, 1025 – Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan

References
1548



Births 
 Giordano Bruno (d. 17 February 1600), Italian philosopher, priest, mathematician, and astronomer
 8 July – Kim Jang-saeng (d. 3 August 1631), Korean scholar, politician, and educator

Deaths
 January 23 – Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer (b. 1490)
 February 26 – Lorenzino de' Medici, writer and assassin (b. 1514)
 March 23 – Itagaki Nobukata, Japanese retainer
 March 24 – Gissur Einarsson, first Lutheran bishop in Iceland
 April 1 – King Sigismund I the Old of Poland (b. 1467)
 May 30 – Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, Mexican Catholic saint (b. 1474)
 June 3 – Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish Catholic bishop of Mexico (b. 1468)
 June 6 – João de Castro, Portuguese explorer (b. 1500)
 June 14 – Carpentras, French composer (b. c. 1470)
 September 8 – Catherine Parr, Sixth and last Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. c. 1512)
 October 27 – Johannes Dantiscus, Polish poet and Bishop of Warmia (b. 1485)
 December 27 – Francesco Spiera, Italian Protestant jurist (b. 1502)
1487

1487 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 August – Bartolomeu Dias leaves Lisbon on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope.

Date unknown
 Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl dedicates the Great Temple Pyramid of Tenochtitlan with thousands of human sacrifices.

Births
 February 7 – Queen Dangyeong, Korean royal consort (d. 1557)
 February 8 – Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1550)
 February 15 – Henry of the Palatinate, bishop of Utrecht (d. 1552)
 April 10 – William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1559)
 July 5 – Johann Gramann, German theologian (d. 1541)
 July 16 – Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530)
 July 17 – Ismail I, Shah of Persia (d. 1524)
 August 27 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Schleswig and Holstein (d. 1514)
 September 10 – Pope Julius III (d. 1555)
 October 5 – Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1553)
 November 14 – John III of Pernstein, Bohemian land-owner, Governor of Moravia and Count of Kladsko (d. 1548)

Deaths 
 March 21 – Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (b. 1417)
 June 16 – John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (b. c. 1463)
 June 26 – John Argyropoulos, philosopher
 July 16 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1436)
 September 9 – Chenghua Emperor of China (b. 1447)
 September 14 – Mara Branković, Serbian princess (b. 1416) 
 September 30 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1400)
 October 22 – Antonio Bettini, religious writer (b. 1396)
 date unknown
 William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel (b. 1417)
 Tlacaelel, high priest of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)
1296

The year 1296 was a leap year which started on a Saturday.

Events 
 April 27 – Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England.

Births 
 August 10: King John I of Bohemia
1293

1293 was a common year.

Births 
 Philip VI of France (died August 22, 1350), King of France
1214

1214 is a year in the 13th century.

Events 
 Simon Apulia becomes Bishop of Exeter.
 June 20 – University of Oxford receives its charter.
 July 27 – Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
 Foundation of the German city of Bielefeld.
 The Emperor of Jin China surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis Khan who have been besieging Beijing for a year. He pays a huge ransom and then abandons Northern China, heading for Kaifeng.

Births 
 April 25 – King Louis IX of France (died 1270)
 Isabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241)

Deaths 
 September 14 – Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (born 1149)
 October 5 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1155)
 October 31 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1162)
 December 4 – King William I of Scotland
 John de Gray, bishop of Norwich
 Rostislav II of Kiev (born 1173)
 Vsevolod IV of Kiev
 Rurik Rostislavich, Prince of Novgorod
 Steksys, Grand Prince of Lithuania
1093



Events 
 Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne of Scotland.

Births 
 King Conrad III of Germany
 King Roger II of Sicily

Deaths 
 King Malcolm III of Scotland (b. 1031)
Labium

Labium (plural labia) is a Latin-derived term meaning "Lip". Labium and its derivatives (including labia, labial, labrum and labellum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva.

A variant of the word, labellum (plural: labella), is used by people studying entomology and botany.

References

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Rete testis

Rete testis is a network of small tubules found in the part of the testicle that carries sperm. They can sometimes get cysts.

Purpose 
The rete testis have concentrated sperm and fluid in them, and they help the epididymis to absorb this fluid. If the fluid is not absorbed, the person can be infertile.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Image at UC Davis 
 Diagram 
 Diagram 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
1st century BC

The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. Scientific notation does, however, use a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year −1'.

Related pages 
 Kofun period
Record

Record can mean:

A thing that is used to store information, such as --
vinyl record (also called a "phonograph record" or "gramophone record")
Compact disc
World record, an unsurpassed accomplishment or statistic
Record (computer science)
Record (technical) a document, originated by a qualified person or qualification body, that register or records data, parameters, variables, values and/or measurements pertaining to a specific technical activity.
Administrative records, a collection of documentation pertaining to personal information or transactions or organizational meetings.
 Any document for administrative use
 Vital record of life events
 Business record of economic transactions
 Medical record of a person's medical history and treatments
 Service record, usually associated with military service
 Minutes, a summary of the proceedings at a meeting
 Public record, information that has been filed or recorded by public agencies
Records (album), the 1982 album by rock band Foreigner
The Record (name of a number of newspapers and other publications)
Record (newspaper), a Portuguese sports newspaper.
Récord, a Mexican sports newspaper

Basic English 850 words
Monarchy of the United Kingdom

The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the head of state of United Kingdom and formal head of Church of England. The current monarch is Charles III who has reigned since 2022. The king is currently the head of the UK and 15 other nations known as the Commonwealth realms.

List of Monarchs of the United Kingdom

House of Stuart
 Anne (In England and Scotland, 1702 – 1707. In Great Britain, 1707 – 1714) First British Monarch.

House of Hanover
  George I (1714 – 1727)
 George II (1727 – 1760)
 George III (1760 – 1820)
 George IV (1820 – 1830) (Regent 1811–1820)
 William IV (1830 – 1837)
 Victoria (1837 – 1901)

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The royal household changed its name to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha after Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but Victoria stayed part of the House of Hanover. With monarchs it started in 1901. The name was changed in 1917 by George V.

 Edward VII (1901 – 1910)

House of Windsor
In 1917 King George V changed the royal house's name to Windsor because the United Kingdom was at war with Germany and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is a German name. 

 George V (1910 – 1936, changed name of house in 1917)
 Edward VIII (1936), abdicated
 George VI (1936 – 1952)
 Elizabeth II (1952 – 2022)
 Charles III (2022 – present)

In 1922 Ireland was split into the future Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland stayed part of the United Kingdom. However, the name was not changed until 5 years later and George V continued to be King of Ireland until he died ("of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India").

Lists of British monarchs
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Cosplay

is a short way of saying of "Costume Play". It is an act of dressing up to look like an anime, manga, video game, Japanese rock,  or K-pop character. A person who does this is called a Cosplayer. 

Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay. Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character and memorizing quotes. Masquerading, or "The Masquerade," usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.

Even though cosplaying comes from Japan, there are a number of cosplay communities in Malaysia, China, the United States, UK, Indonesia, and the Philippines, because of the popularity of Japanese animation, movies, and popular culture in those countries.

Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions. Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amongst otaku.

References

Anime
Cosplay
Las Vegas algorithm

A Las Vegas algorithm is an algorithm that uses randomness which has the consequence that the algorithm terminates with probability $p<1$. If the algorithm does terminate then it does so with a correct result (unlike a Monte Carlo algorithm which definitely terminates but with a result that is only correct with probability $p<1$). The algorithm  gambles with the resources used. It may take a very long times to give back a result, or it may not give back a result at all.

A simple example would be a version of the Quicksort. Quicksort is used to quickly sort things (mostly numbers). For this, each element is compared to a central element (called pivot). Depending on how this element is selected the sorting can take more time or less.

Most often, a Las Vegas algorithm is used to pick the pivot randomly.

Randomised algorithms
Game theory
Factorial

The factorial of a whole number , written as  or , is found by multiplying  by all the whole numbers less than it. For example, the factorial of 4 is 24, because . Hence one can write . For some technical reasons,  is equal to .

Factorials can be used to find out how many possible ways there are to arrange  objects.

For example, if there are 3 letters (A, B, and C), they can be arranged as ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA. That is be 6 choices because A can be put in 3 different places, B has 2 choices left after A is placed, and C has only one choice left after A and B are placed. In other words,  choices.

The factorial function is a good example of recursion (doing things over and over), as  can be written as , which can be written as  and finally as . Because of this,  can also be defined as , with 

The factorial function grows very fast. There are  ways to arrange 10 items.

Applications 

The earliest uses of the factorial function involve counting permutations: there are  different ways of arranging  distinct objects into a sequence. Factorials appear more broadly in many formulas in combinatorics, to account for different orderings of objects. For instance the binomial coefficients  count the  combinations (subsets of  from a set with  and can be computed from factorials using the formula

Related sequences and functions 

Several other integer sequences are similar to or related to the factorials:

 Alternating factorial
 The alternating factorial is the absolute value of the alternating sum of the first  factorials,  These have mainly been studied in connection with their primality; only finitely many of them can be prime, but a complete list of primes of this form is not known.

Notes 
Factorials are not defined for negative numbers. However, the related gamma function () is defined over the real and complex numbers (except for negative integers).

Related pages 
 Exclamation mark
 Permutation

References

Other websites
 Calculation of Factorial (0≤N≤40000)

Recursion
Mathematics
Combinatorics
Integer sequences
Lichtenfels

Lichtenfels may refer to:

Places
 Lichtenfels, Hesse in Germany
 Lichtenfels, Bavaria in Germany
 Lichtenfels station
 1. FC Lichtenfels, a German association football club
 Lichtenfels (district) in Bavaria
 Lichtenfels, Greenland, a former settlement

People with the surname
 Friedrich-Karl Freiherr von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels (1907–1940),  German Major in the Luftwaffe during World War II
 Julius Lichtenfels (1884–1968), German fencer
 Eduard Peithner von Lichtenfels (1833–1913), Austrian painter
 Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (1821–1891), German gynecologist and obstetrician
  (1885-1977), grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels
 Gustav Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (1855–1924), German general of World War I

Ships
 SS Lichtenfels (1929), a heavy lift ship, built for the DDG Hansa shipping company
Neustadt bei Coburg

Neustadt bei Coburg is a German city in the North of Franconia. It has an population of about 17,000. It is near Coburg. Its mayor is Frank Rebhan (SPD).

Sister cities
 Sonneberg, Germany
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France
 Member in the City Friendship Neustadt (Newton) in Europe

Traffic
Next important traffic routes are in Coburg.

References

Other websites

Coburg (district)
Kronach

Kronach is a town in Upper Franconia, Germany, in the Frankenwald area. It is the capital of the district Kronach.

Geography

Place
Kronach is at the southwestern edge of the Franconian Forest. The rivers Haßlach, Kronach and Rodach unite in Kronach.

Town districts
Kronach is divided into the following districts:

 Bernsroth
 Birkach
 Blumau
 Dennach
 Dörfles
 Fischbach
 Friesen
 Gehülz
 Glosberg
 Gundelsdorf
 Höfles
 Kestel
 Knellendorf
 Kreuzberg
 Krugsberg
 Neuses
 Ruppen
 Seelabach
 Seelach
 Stübental
 Vogtendorf
 Vonz
 Wötzelsdorf
 Ziegelerden

Twin towns – sister cities
Kronach is twinned with:
 Hennebont, France
 Kiskunhalas, Hungary
 Rhodt unter Rietburg, Germany

References

Other websites

Official website 

Kronach (district)
Rödental

Rödental is a German town in the north of Franconia. There are about 14,000 people living in Rödental. Rödental and Coburg have grown together like one city. The mayor of Rödental is Gerhard Preß.

References

Other websites

Coburg (district)
Rocko's Modern Life

Rocko's Modern Life is an American animated sitcom television series that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 2006. A comic book series based on the cartoon was made by Marvel Comics the following year. The television special, Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling was released in 2019.

Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friend Heffer, a turtle named Filbert, and his not-so-friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead. The show's story line was based on Rocko's everyday life.

Rocko was voiced by Carlos Alazraqui.

1993 American television series debuts
1990s American animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
1996 American television series endings
American children's television series
Adult animated television series
English-language television programs
Jörð

Jörð (or Jord) is a giantess (jötun) and goddess in Norse mythology. Her name means "earth". She is also called Fjörgyn.

Jörð is the wife of Odin, king of the gods, and the mother of Thor. Her parents are Annar and Nótt.

Snorri Sturluson says Jörð was included among the Asynjur.  Her name occurs most often in Skaldic and Eddic poetry in phrases that refer to Thor as "the son of Jörð".  There is some confusion, however, because in some parts of the Poetic Edda the word "Fjörgyn" appears in phrases referring to Thor, such as in the poem "Voluspa", where Thor is described as "the son of Fjörgyn".  Scholars explain the confusion by pointing out that Fjörgyn, as an Old Norse noun, means "earth" when used in the feminine form.

Norse gods and goddesses
Asgard

Asgard (Old Norse: Ásgarðr - “Enclosure of the Æsir; Court of the Ás”) is one of the Nine Realms in Norse mythology, home to the tribe of deities known as the Æsir. Asgard lies at the top of Yggdrasill’s highest branches, and the only thing connecting Asgard to Midgard is the mystical rainbow bridge Bifröst. 

At the center of Asgard lies the bountiful field of Iðavöllr; there the Æsir meet to feast, make revelry, and discuss important issues. The male gods meet in a hall called Glaðsheimr, the goddesses in the hall Vingólf. *According to the poem Grímnismál (as found in the Poetic Edda), Glaðsheimr is the field in which Valhalla was located.

Popular Culture
In the science fiction series Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff series, Stargate Atlantis, "Asgard" is the name of a highly advanced, fictional race of beings who are extraterrestrial in origin.  

Asgard appears frequently in Marvel Comics. Similar to the original mythological location, it is one of the Nine Realms, home to a race of beings known as the Asgardians, whom the Germanic peoples (in particular Norsemen) once worshipped as gods. It is often seen and referenced in both film, and television shows.

Spellings
Other spellings: Ásgard, Ásegard, Ásgardr, Asgardr, Ásgarthr, Ásgarth, Asgarth, Ásgardhr
 Common Swedish and Danish form: Asgård
 Norwegian: Åsgard (also Åsgård, Asgaard)
 Icelandic, Faroese: Ásgarður

Norse mythology
Midgard

Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure". It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from. The term is an English version of the Old Norse language.

Old Norse 
Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead. Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall.

According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.

Places in Norse mythology
Alien (movie)

Alien is a 1979 British-American science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott. It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures.  The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and kills the crew of the spaceship Nostromo. The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash.

The extraterrestrials in the movies are usually called Xenomorphs.

Alien was a box office success (it made a lot of money). It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups). Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first action movie to have a strong female heroine.

There are three sequels to this movie: Aliens (1986), Alien³ (1992), Alien: Resurrection (1997), and a cross-overs: Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007).

The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: In space no one can hear you scream.

Other websites 
 
 Executive producer Ron Shusett on making Alien - video interviews and transcript

1979 horror movies

1970s English-language movies
1979 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alien movies
American monster movies
British science fiction movies
British horror movies
Movies set on fictional planets
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Saturn Award winning movies
Isabella of Castile

Isabella of Castile (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and León. She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal. 

Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off. She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally. She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him.  The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509. Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).  

When Isabella’s brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen. Her brother Enriques’s daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead. After a war, Isabella became queen. At the same time, Isabella’s husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon. They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain. Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus’ trips to find the Americas. In their time, the Americas were called “The New World”. She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country. After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen.

References

 Weissberger,Barbara, 2008. Queen Isabel I of Castile: power, patronage, persona. Tamesis, Woodbridge, p.20-21.
 Boruchoff, David A. 2003. Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: critical essays. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 

Kings and Queens of Spain
1451 births
1504 deaths
1911 Revolution

The Xinhai Revolution was a revolution in China in 1911. It consisted of many revolts and rebellions. At the end of the Xinhai Revolution the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated. China changed from a monarchy to a republic.

Revolutions
20th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
20th century in China
1911
Sonneberg

Sonneberg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The nearest large city is Coburg. The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people. The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel.

Sister cities
 , Göppingen
 , Neustadt bei Coburg

Sights

Museums
 Schlauaquarium Nautiland
 Heimattiergarten
 German Toy Museum
 Astronomiemuseum

Buildings
 Sternwarte
 Citychurch St.Peter
 Militarychuch St. Aegidien
 Old City hall
 New City hall
 House of AOK
 Main station

Regular meetings
 International Jazz Days of Sonneberg
 Sonneberger Vogelschießen
 Sonneberger Kneipenfest
 Sonneberger Musikmeile
 Doll Theater Weeks
 International Doll Festival (with Neustadt bei Coburg)
 City festival

Traffic
 B 89 Konach-Meiningen
 A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl about  away from Sonneberg there is the Connectionpoint Neustadt bei Coburg-Sonneberg. It is next to Coburg.
 With the train to Coburg and to Eisenach
 Next airports in Coburg and Suhl

References

Sonneberg Rural District
Hildburghausen

Hildburghausen is a German town in the south of Thuringia. The next towns in size are Suhl and Coburg. Its population is ca. 13,000. Its mayor is Steffen Harzer.

Sister cities
 Pelhřimovin
 Würselen (Germany)

References

Other websites

  

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Haßfurt

Haßfurt (; English: Hassfurt) is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Haßberge district. It is on the river Main, 20 km east of Schweinfurt and 30 km northwest of Bamberg.

References

Haßberge (district)
Eisfeld

Eisfeld is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 6,000. The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz.

Sister cities
 Ahorn (Germany)
 Ham (France)

Traffic
 B 4 Nürnberg-Coburg-Erfurt-Hamburg
 A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl

The next important airports and train stations are in Coburg

References

Other websites

  

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Bad Colberg-Heldburg

Bad Colberg-Heldburg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. It is near the Franconian city of Coburg. The population is 2,260. The mayor is Anita Schwarz. Before 1993, there were eight different municipalities (villages, cities) that merged into the current city.

Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Heldburg.

References

Other websites 

 Bad Colberg-Heldburg official city website

Former municipalities of Germany
Heldburger Unterland Verwaltungsgemeinschaft
Schleusingen

Schleusingen is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is  north of Hildburghausen, and  southeast of Suhl.

The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000. The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer.

Sister city 
 , Plettenberg

Traffic 
 A 73 Coburg-Suhl
 The next important train stations and airports are in Coburg and Suhl.

References

Other websites

 Schleusingen on the net

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Ummerstadt

Ummerstadt is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Hildburghausen and Coburg. With a population of 527, it's one of the smallest towns in Germany. The mayor of Ummerstadt is Christine Bardin.

References

Other websites

Heldburger Unterland Verwaltungsgemeinschaft
Seßlach

Seßlach is a German city in the north of Franconia. The nearest large cities are Coburg and Ebern. The population of Seßlach is about 4,000. The mayor of the city is Hendrik Dressel. The movies Luther and Der Räuber Hotzenplotz were made there.

References

Other websites

Coburg (district)
Ebern

Ebern is a town in Haßberge, Bavaria, Germany. It is  southwest of Coburg and  northwest of Bamberg. Its population is about 8,000. Its mayor is Robert Herrmann.

Its name comes from , the German word for boar.

Villages of Ebern
The borough of Ebern covers an area of  within which are 18 villages as well as the town of Ebern itself.

Creation legend 
The legend is that one day two hunters were chasing a wild boar. It was finally hit, but with two spears, one from each of the hunters. They could not decide who threw the spear that caused the boar to die. The boar finally broke down exactly at the border between Seßlach and Ebern, with its head in Ebern, and its body in Seßlach, so they divided it. That is why the town Ebern is named after the boar, and the town's flag carries the head of the boar.

References

Haßberge (district)
Bad Staffelstein

Bad Staffelstein is a small town in the Bavarian Administrative Region of Upper Franconia in Germany. It has about 10,000 residents.

Geography

Location
The municipal territory of Bad Staffelstein extends on both sides of the Main river. It is northeast of Bamberg in Lichtenfels.

Subdivisions
Bad Staffelstein consists of the following Stadtteile:

References

The information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent.

Further reading

Antiquarian
Heinrich Karl, Staffelsteiner Chronik. Staffelstein 1905.

Modern
 Karl-Ludwig Ostertag-Henning,  Der Apfelbaum im Gottesgarten. Staffelstein 1998, 
 Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 1. Staffelstein 2000, 
 Günter Dippold und Alfred Meixner (Hrsg.), Staffelsteiner Lebensbilder. Staffelstein 2000, 
 Günter Dippold, Bad Staffelstein. Kleinod im Gottesgarten am Obermain.  Stuttgart 2001, 
 Bildende Kunst in Staffelstein. Hrsg. vom Arbeitskreis Kunst der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein. Volume 2. Bad Staffelstein 2002,

Other websites

 

Spa towns in Germany
Lichtenfels (district)
Ludwigsstadt

Ludwigsstadt is a town in Kronach, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.

Geography
It is in the valley of the Loquitz River, a tributary of the Saale, in the Thuringian-Franconian Highlands of the Thuringian Slate Mountains and the Franconian Forest mountain ranges. Being  north of Kronach, the Bavarian border with the state of Thuringia runs about  north of the town centre, with Thuringian Saalfeld in a distance of c.  down the Loquitz. Ludwigsstadt is the only municipality of the State of Bavaria north of the Rennsteig ridge.

References

Kronach (district)
Teuschnitz

Teuschnitz () is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 19 km north of Kronach, and 15 km east of Sonneberg.

References

Kronach (district)
Wallenfels

Wallenfels is a town in Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 11 km east of Kronach, and 32 km west of Hof.

It is a twin town of Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England.

Geography
Wallenfels is on the B 173, between Hof and Coburg. Bordering communities are Kronach, Marktrodach, Schwarzenbach am Wald, and Presseck.

References

Kronach (district)
Lauscha

Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.

Lauscha is in the middle of the Thuringian forest.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Neuhaus am Rennweg

Neuhaus am Rennweg is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is about 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Themar

Themar is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in the south of Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km northwest of Hildburghausen, and 14 km southwest of Suhl.

It was first named in 796 as Tagamari and today Themar consists out of the districts Wachenbrunn and Tachbach, with a population of about 2,900 inhabitants. The town church is the St Bartholomew's Church. 
The mayor of Themar since 2000 is Hubert Böse.

Main sights 
 St Bartholomew's Church
 St. John's Church
 defensive wall
 town hall
 market place

Notable people
 Adam Werner (1462–1537), Humanist, teacher, poet, lawyer and professor of theology at the university in Heidelberg
 Johannes Haym (16th century), Cathedral vicar in Augsburg, author and publisher of hymns
 Joachim Zehner („Decimator“) (1566–1612), Founder of the „Zehnerschen Bibliothek“ in Schleusingen
 Johann Trier (1716–1790), Organist and composer
 Johann Friedrich Fuchs (1774–1828), Medical doctor
 Eduard Gottlieb Amthor (1820–1884), School principal, publisher, bookseller and writer
 Karl Pfauter (1905–1993), Diplomat
 Karl-Heinz Löffler (1927–2016), Soccer player
 Karl Blau (1930–1994), Politician in DDR
 Claus Oefner (1938–2017), Musician
 Gernot Güntherodt (* 1943), Professor for physics

Sustainability
In the last 5 years Themar has invested in sustainable energy production systems. A small local heat network was installed with a cogeneration unit of 15 kW electric and 30 kW thermal energy. Also photovoltaics (6 kWp) and a heat pump (20 kW) which is using the water and thermal energy from the river Werra have been established. These renovations were completed in March 2019. In total Themar is saving carbon dioxide emissions of 14,200 kg per year.

References

Other websites

Towns in Thuringia
Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Schalkau

Schalkau is a German town in the south of Thuringia. Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is  west of Sonneberg, and  north of Coburg.

The population of Schalkau is about 3,500. The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner.

The former municipality Bachfeld was merged into Schalkau on 31 December 2019.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Römhild

Römhild is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 2,000. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge verwaltungsgemeinschaft

References

Other websites

Verwaltungsgemeinschaft in Hildburghausen
Mily Balakirev

Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.

Russian composers
Romantic composers
People from Nizhny Novgorod
1837 births
1910 deaths
Vincenzo Bellini

Vincenzo Bellini (Catania, November 3 1801 - Puteaux, near Paris, September 23 1835) was an Italian composer and opera composer.

Bellini was well liked for his melodies. His first success was Il pirata in 1827. It was followed by I Capuleti e Montecchi in 1830. Then came his most famous operas La sonnambula (1831), Norma (1831) and his last I puritani (1835).

His second to last work Beatrice di Tenda (1833) was less successful.

Although his operas never left the repertoire, they became popular again in the 1950s due largely to soprano Maria Callas, followed by Joan Sutherland in the 1960s.

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera and Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1801 births
1835 deaths
Bellini, Vincenzo
Bellini, Vincenzo
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
People from Catania
Charles-Valentin Alkan

Charles-Valentin Alkan (30 November 1813 - 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music. Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play. Franz Liszt,  Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer. Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.

From the 1860s to 1873 he did not show in public very much, and composed some of his works.

Alkan was a close friend of Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.

Other websites

19th-century French composers
Romantic composers
French pianists
1813 births
1883 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Kalki

Kalki is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Hindus believe that there are four stages of time. The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yuga. In this stage of time, people are very bad. To make the world good, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and kill the bad people. People will change then, and become good people. A new stage of time will begin, called the Satya Yuga or the first stage of life. He is deciding to only come when everybody on Earth is very cruel. Kalki will come after Buddha, his work is to punish people who not changed their behaviour even after Buddha taught the right way. Kalki will come within this millennium. He will take birth in India. Lord Kalki will be expected to incarnate on the Shukla Paksha Dwadashi Tithi(12th day of the bright fortnight) in the Hindu month Vaishakha. According to some beliefs, he will appear at the end of this Kali Yuga which is about 432,000 years away.

According to Nostradamus prophecies Kalki is the Chyren who will be king of whole world. He establish rightness in earth after defeating the whole world. He will punish bad people without mercy. It is said that he will be ruthless to cruel people. Kalki will establish a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga, before becoming king of the world. It is said that Krishna told Arjuna on the battlefield that right after his death, there will be the beginning of the Kali Yuga. He says 5000 years after his death (6000 B.C.) will come a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga. After the Kali Yuga Golden Age which will last approximately 10,000 years, he will establish the real Satya Yuga by defeating Kali (Demon) who is also known as the prince of evil in vedic scriptures.

The Shrimad Bhagwat Purana describes in detail the incarnations of Lord Vishnu. There is a description of Lord Kalki in the second chapter of the 12th wing of the same Purana. In which it is said that Lord Kalki will be born as a son in the house of an ascetic Brahmin named Vishnuyasha at a place called Shambhala in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Lord Kalki will destroy the sinners from the world by riding on a horse or vehicle named Devadatta and re-establish religion.

References 

Hinduism
Hindu mythology
Thomas Arne

Thomas Arne (born in London, baptized 28 May 1710; died in London, 5 March 1778) was an English composer and violinist.  He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century.  He wrote music for lots of plays.  He had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes.  Songs such as Where the Bee Sucks are still very popular.  His best known tune is Rule Britannia which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms.

English composers
British violinists
Classical era composers
1710 births
1778 deaths
Johann Nepomuk Hummel

Johann Nepomuk Hummel (born Pressburg November 14 1778; died Weimar October 17 1837) was an Austrian composer and pianist.  He was a child prodigy.  Mozart thought he was so talented that he taught him free of charge.  Hummel became one of the greatest pianists and composers in Europe.  He always wrote in a Classical style, he never became an early Romantic like Beethoven.
He also wrote a concerto for trumpet, which is fairly famous.

1778 births
1837 deaths
Austrian composers
Classical era composers
People from Bratislava
Austrian pianists
Alphabetical order

Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list. It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire. It became commonplace after the Renaissance. 

Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting. Note also, that there are different ways to sort numbers, and special characters, such as letters with diacritics.  German has the letters ä,ö,ü, and ß.

 Option one: the letter with diacritics is treated the same way as the one without, ä is treated as a, ö as o and ü as u. (Known as DIN 5007-1, usually used for encyclopedias)
 Option two: the letter is treated the same as some replacement: ä is replaced by ae, ö be oe, ü by ue, and  ß by ss (Known as DIN 5007-2, used for phone books)

Note that these may be different by language: Danish also has a letter ä, but sorts it after z, and not treated like a as in German.

English 
A list of items like Eric, Lydia, Andrea, and Bob is organized by their first letter.  A comes before B, and B comes before E, and E comes before L in the alphabet.  When alphabetical order is used:
Andrea
Bob
Eric
Lydia

If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters.
Larry
Leonard
Linda
Lydia

After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted.

The words a, an and the are ignored.  Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma.  Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too.
A Long Day's Journey Into Night
The Long Goodbye
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
The Long Road Home
Long Voyage Back
The Long Walk
A formula can be used to systematically ignore a, an and the. For Microsoft Excel, it would be:

=IF(LEFT(A2,2)="A ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-2),IF(LEFT(A2,3)= "An ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-3),IF(LEFT(A2,4)="The ",RIGHT(A2, LEN(A2)-4),A2)))

That can also be listed like this:
Long Day's Journey Into Night, A
Long Goodbye, The
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
Long Road Home, The
Long Voyage Back
Long Walk, The

Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name.
Gene Hackman
Tom Hanks
Katharine Hepburn
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Names are often written with the last names first.
Hackman, Gene
Hanks, Tom
Hepburn, Katharine
Hewitt, Jennifer Love

Numbers can be sorted in two ways.  Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest.  This is the normal way to sort numbers.
1
3
9
18
27
81

Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words.  This way is often used for numbers in titles.
Eighteen
Eighty-one
Nine
One
Three
Twenty-seven

Alphabet
Bad Rodach

Bad Rodach is a German town in the north of Franconia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is about 7,000. Its mayor is Gerold Strobel.

References

Other websites 

Spa towns in Germany
Coburg (district)
M.I.A.

Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born 18 July 1975 in Hounslow, London) is an artist, movie graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name M.I.A. Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music. 

M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output. 

In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album The Menace, by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."

"Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.

M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of Arular on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album Arular.

One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making Piracy Funds Terrorism, a mash-up mixtape of Arular tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.

Arular 
in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, Arular, which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.

Kala 
Kala is M.I.A.'s second album. Track listing as follows:
 Bamboo Banga
 Bird Flu
 Boyz
 Jimmy
 $20
 Mango Pickle Down River
 World Town
 Paper Planes
 Come Around

1977 births
Living people
Musicians from London
Artists from London
Rappers
People with dyslexia
Key (music)

Most music is in a particular key.  This means that one of the 12 notes (C, D flat, D, etc.) sounds like the “home note”.  When the piece finishes it normally comes to rest on this home note (also called: the “tonic”).  The piece will be built on the notes of the scale that starts on that note. There are two kinds of key (like there are two kinds of scale): major and minor.  Sometimes the key of a piece is in its title: "Minuet in C", "Sonata in F sharp major".  If the title does not say “major” or “minor” it is normally taken to be major.

Related pages
circle of fifths
tonality
key signature
transposing instrument
Otaku

Otaku is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "お宅" (otaku), meaning "your house", that has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby. Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study, and is oftentimes (esp. in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga. The term can also be compared with Hikikomori.

In Japan, otaku is generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society. However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies. Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or nerd. In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic" and is not typically perceived as derogatory.

References

Slang
Anime and manga terms
Haddock

The haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is a saltwater ray-finned fish. It is from the family Gadidae, the true cods. 

The haddock is the only species in the monotypic genus Melanogrammus. It is found in the North Atlantic Ocean and the nearby seas. In these areas. the haddock is an important fish for fisheries. It is very important in northern Europe. In this area, it is sold fresh, frozen and smoked. Smoked varieties of the fish include the Finnan haddie and the Arbroath smokie.

Related pages 

 List of fish common names

References 

Gadiformes
Edible fish
Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht (also called Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, ) was a two-day pogrom that happened against Jews in Nazi Germany and parts of Austria. It was between 9 and 10 November 1938. About 30,000 Jews were moved to concentration camps, and over 1,500 synagogues were pillaged and partly destroyed. Also, almost all Jewish cemeteries in Germany and Austria were destroyed. This marked the change from discriminating against Jews to actively persecuting and deporting them.

Herschel Grynszpan (sometimes also spelled Grünspan), a 17-year-old Jew living in Paris, learned that his whole family had been made to go back to Zsbaszyn in Poland, even though the younger children had been born in Germany. He got a gun, and with this he fired shots at Ernst Eduard vom Rath, who was a secretary of the German embassy in Paris. This was on 7 November. Vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November.

The motive of Grynszpan is unclear. In a judicial hearing in 1942, he said it was revenge. He meant to shoot the ambassador, but hit the secretary instead.

The NSDAP used this event as an excuse to seize Jewish property. There had been a similar event in February 1936 but there were almost no consequences. Then, a Jewish student, David Frankfurter, had fired shots at the NSDAP secretary Wilhelm Gustloff. At that time, the NSDAP could not act because of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Photo gallery

Further reading 
 Schultheis, Herbert. Die Reichskristallnacht in Deutschland nach Augenzeugenberichten (Bad Neustädter Beiträge zur Geschichte und Heimatkunde Frankens 3). Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale: Rötter Druck und Verlag. 1985. .

1938 in Germany
1930s in Austria
Nazism
Judaism in Austria
Judaism in Germany
November events
Pogrom

Pogrom (from Russian:погром (pogrom); from "громить" IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot attacking people and property. The target of the attack is a group of people because of their ethnic identity or religion, usually Jews. In a pogrom, the local authorities such as the police do not arrest the rioters and do not come to the aid of the victims.

In a pogrom, the target people's homes, businesses, and places of worship are destroyed. People of the target group are physically attacked and some are murdered.

Related pages 
Babi Yar
Kristallnacht

References

!
990s

The 990s was a decade that began on 1 January 990 and ended on 31 December 999.

Events
 Sei Shonagon writes The Pillow Book, a compilation of her daily observations, thoughts and feelings as an attendant to Empress Sadako in Japan's Imperial Court.
New

New or NEW can mean:
Harry Stewart New (1858–1937), U.S. journalist and political figure.
the IATA airport code for New Orleans Lakefront Airport
the ISO 639 language code for the Nepal Bhasa language, also known as Newari.
New a box office hit Tamil movie released in 2004
new is a built-in operator in the C++ programming language.

Basic English 850 words