alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Clear

Clear might mean:

 Transparency
 Clear (Scientology), how you are when you have understood your mind
 In financial terms, the process of making good on an obligation, such as transferring the funds from the writer of a cheque to the receivor of the cheque
 To remove from current memory previous numbers or results in an adding machine
 An acronym for Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting, a software system used by the Chicago Police Department

Related pages
 Clearing

Basic English 850 words
Sertoli cell

A Sertoli cell  is a  cell found in the testes. Its main function is to help the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis - the process of turning stem cells into sperm. It was also called the "mother cell." The cell also helps in the creation of stem cells.

Name
Sertoli cells get their name from Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist. He discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy. He published a description of this cell in 1865.  As of 2006, two textbooks have been published that are almost entirely about the Sertoli cell .

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
1300

The year 1300 (MCCC) was a  leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s decade. The year 1300 wasn't a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland.
Public Brodcasting Service

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting TV service with many member TV stations in the United States. It is based in Arlington, Virginia. The equivalent service for radio in the United States is National Public Radio (NPR). The PBS stations will shut down in the future excluding New Jersey.

PBS Stations
 KERA-TV Dallas, TX
 WFWA Fort Wayne, IN
 WGBH Boston, MA
 WMPB Baltimore, MD
 WNED Buffalo, NY
 WNET Newark, NJ
 WBGU-TV Bowling Green, OH
 WQED (TV) Pittsburgh, PA
 KCTS 9 Seattle WA
 WTTW Chicago, IL
 WETA-TV Washington, DC
 WBRA-TV Roanoke, VA
 WETP-TV Sneedville, Tennessee

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Anti-Semitism on PBS?

1952 establishments in the United States
UPN

UPN (which originally stood for the United Paramount Network) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States. UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network. UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW, a joint venture between CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. division of Time Warner, which owned The WB before that network was also shut down in 2006 and merged with UPN to create The CW.

Programming

References

American television networks
Viacom
Columbia Broadcasting System
Television network

A television network is a network to provide television programming to many television stations. It is almost always a large company. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (for example, the ABC, Channel 4, PTV, CBC, BBC or PBS) began as radio networks.

A television network may broadcast many television channels. For example, BBC is a television network. It broadcasts its programs on many different channels including BBC One, BBC Two, BBC News, BBC World News, BBC Four and CBBC. Each channel will often have a group of programs that are similar in some way. For example, CBBC broadcasts children programs. The individual companies that create the content are television studios. A studio is often an affiliate of a network. For example, WAVY is a station in Hampton Roads, Virginia. It is an affiliate of the NBC network. WAVY is also the name of the channel that the studio creates and broadcasts locally on channel 10. It is called WAVY10.
1363

The year 1363 was a common year which started on a Saturday.

Events 
 Magnus IV, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg.
 Bosnian nobles revolt against the occupying Serbs.

1363
Tokyo Tower

Tokyo Tower is a tower in Shiba Park, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Tokyo Tower is 333 m (1093 ft) tall. It the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo.

The highest number of visitors was about 5.2 million a year (1959), about 710 thousand a month (1959.8), about 40 thousand a day (1960.3.30).

The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day. It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white. The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law.

In 2009, the Tokyo Tower was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

References

Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Skyscrapers in Japan
1109



Births 
 King Afonso I of Portugal (died 1185; birthdate disputed)

Deaths 
 Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury
1383



Events 
 January 22 – Marriage of King Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia.
 May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal
 July 7 – Death of the childless James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea and titular Latin Emperor.
 Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (now southern Greece).
 Otto, the widower of Joan I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (now eastern Italy).
 Duke Louis I of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (now western Turkey) but never uses the title of Emperor.
 October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal. A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383-1385 Crisis, begins in Portugal due to Beatrice being married to the King John I of Castile and Leon.
 The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.
 Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (now in western India).
 Löwenbräu beer is first brewed.
 Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep temple is built in present-day Thailand by King Kuena of Lanna.
 Construction of the Bastille is completed in Paris.

Births 
 Amadeus VIII of Savoy (died 1451)
 Yolande of Aragon, regent of Anjou (died 1443)
 Pope Eugene IV (died 1447)
 Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (died 1438)

Deaths 
 March 1 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (born 1334)
 June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
 June 8 – Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (born 1338)
 June 15 – John VI Cantacuzenus, former Byzantine Emperor
 October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal (born 1345)
1284

1284 was a leap year.

Births 
 April 25 – Edward II of England (died 1327), King of England
1141

1141 is a year starting on a Wednesday of the Julian Calendar.

Births 
 Malcolm IV, King of Scotland (d. 1165)
 Nizami Ganjavi, Persian poet (d. 1209) (Maybe 1140 or 1142)

Deaths 

 February 11 – Hugh of Saint Victor, Saxon philosopher, theologian and mystic (b. c. 1078)
 February 13 – Béla II, King of Hungary and Croatia (b. c. 1109)
 April 12 or April 13 – Engelbert, Duke of Carinthia
 May – Aubrey de Vere II, Lord Great Chamberlain of England (b. 1062)
 June 10 – Richenza of Northeim, German empress (b. c. 1087/89)
 October 18 – Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (b. c. 1108)
 Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer, mystic and poet (b. 1048)
 Judah Halevi, Sephardi Jewish philosopher and poet (b. c. 1075)
 Alberich of Reims, Archbishop of Bourges (b. 1085)

References
1429

1429 was a common year.

Births 
 17 January – Antonio del Pollaiuolo (d. 4 February 1498), Italian painter
Vuelta Ciclista a España

The  (also , or simply Vuelta) is a long-distance bicycle race. The first race was in 1935. The Tour de France and Giro d'Italia were both very successful, and both run by newspaper companies. A newspaper called  in Spain decided to start a similar race in Spain. It is now one of the three "Grand Tours" of Europe and, after the  and the , is the third most important road cycling stage race in the world.

The leader of the race wears the red jersey. This is the same as the yellow jersey in the Tour de France. The leader of the combination classification wears a white jersey. The leader of the mountain climbers' competition wears a white jersey with blue polka-dots. The leader of the sprinters' competition wears a green jersey.

The race was run in the spring until 1995. Since 1995 it has been run in September.

Winners of the Vuelta a España 

 
UCI ProTour
Seminiferous tubule

Seminiferous tubules are long thread-like tubes found in each of the testicles where sperm is produced. The inner lining of the tubule contains Sertoli cells.

Other websites 
 Image 
 Diagram 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Seminal vesicle

The seminal vesicles are a pair of tube-like glands. They are found behind the bladder of males. They make about 70% of the content of semen (also called seminal fluid).

Anatomy 
Both vesicles are about 5 cm in length, but they are curled up. Each gland makes a ball shape on the wall of each vas deferens. There is a tube linking the seminal glands which opens into the vas deferens and prostate gland.

From inside to out, the layers making the vesicles are:
 Mucosa - folded to increase surface area
 Muscle
 Connective tissue

Use 
The seminal vesicles make most of semen, but during ejaculation, most of the ejaculate has sperm rather than semen in it. The use of seminal fluid is not known, since sperm do not move or survive well in semen. Some think that it acts as a fluid to stop sperm from another male impregnating the female so that the children of only one male can survive.

Seminal fluid has proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and flavins. The fructose gives sperm energy and 'food'.

Gallery

Other websites 
  - "The Male Pelvis: The Urinary Bladder"
  - "The Male Pelvis: Structures Located Posterior to the Urinary Bladder"

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Glands
Glans penis

The glans penis (or just glans) is the sensitive tip of the penis. It is also called the "head" of the penis. Slang names include "helmet" and "bell end". Usually, the glans is covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been circumcised.

Diseases 
The glans can become irritated or infected which occurs in a small number of males. It is more common in males who have poor hygene or are uncircumcised.

The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans. In children who have been circumcised and wear diapers, the opening of the penis has no protection. This can cause the urethra to get very narrow in a small amount of boys which can need surgery to reopen later.

The skin on the glans of an uncircumcised penis is very sensitive, and washing it too much with soap can cause dermatitis.

Circumcised men have a dry and wider glans that is leathery to the touch. There are special Moisturizer that a circumcised man can use on his glans to provide softer.

Anatomy 
The glans penis is a cap around the corpus spongiosum. It is attached to the Corpus cavernosum penis and at the tip of the glans is the urethra opening. The foreskin helps keeps the glans moist.

Related pages
 Corpus cavernosum
 Foreskin
 Penis
 Clitoris
 Frenulum
 Circumcision

Additional images

References

Other websites 

  - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Corpus Spongiosum and Corpora Cavernosa"
  - "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
1042



Events 
 Edward the Confessor becomes King of England.

Births 
 Pope Urban II (died 1099)

Deaths 
 Michael V, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1015)
Charge

Charge could mean:
 Electric charge, the charge in electricity
 to take charge, or being in charge means to take or have authority and responsibility for decisions
 In firearms, to charge a weapon is to load it with a round and ready it for firing
 Charge (engine), the air or fuel/air mixture being fed into the intake in an internal combustion engine. Charge air usually refers to air that has not had fuel mixed with it.
 During the European Middle Ages, a charge (youth) often meant an underage person placed under the supervision of a nobleman
 Charge (warfare), a maneuver in battle where soldiers rush towards their enemy to engage in close combat
 In context of wartime operations, to charge with certain rights, such as guaranteeing persons held in custody are allowed those rights
 In money, a charge is any fee assessed, such as a charge for using an automatic teller machine (ATM), entering a museum, being late with a payment, etc.
 In basketball, a charge is an foul, called when an offensive player with the ball makes illegal contact with a defensive player who has legally established his position
CHARGE syndrome, birth defects in children
Charge card, similar to a credit card
 A pen spinning trick where the pen makes conic rotations between two fingers

In law:
A criminal charge is an indictment before a court by a prosecuting authority
A jury charge is are jury instructions given by a judge to a jury concerning the law applicable to the case under consideration
An equitable charge is a security interest similar in effect to a mortgage
490s



Events 
Possible timing of King Arthur's victory over the Saxons.
493 – Death of Saint Patrick.
494 – Pope Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.
494 – An earthquake devastates Latakia.
494 – Under Emperor Xiaowen the capital of Northern Wei, a state in China capital is moved from Datong to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history.

Births 

 495 - Amalasuntha

Deaths 

 496 – Pope Gelasius I

490s
390s

The 390s was a decade which ran from January 1, 390 to December 31, 399.

Events 
 Gildonic revolt in Africa Province (397–398)
60s

Note: Sometimes the 60s is used as shorthand for the 1960s, the 1860s, or other such decades in various centuries

Events and trends 
Rebellion in Roman Britain led by Boudica (60 or 61)
Great fire of Rome, 64
Great Jewish Revolt against Roman occupation begins (66–73)
The suicide of Roman Emperor Nero leaves the throne vacant. Several candidates for the throne emerge resulting in a year of civil war known as the Year of the four emperors (68–69).
Batavian rebellion in the Roman province of Germania Inferior (69–70).
The Gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke are being written.

Significant people 
Nero, Roman Emperor (54–68).
Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman Emperor (68–69).
Marcus Salvius Otho, Roman Emperor (69)
Aulus Vitellius, Roman Emperor (69)
 Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Roman Emperor (Vespasian, 69–79).
Paul of Tarsus, Christian evangelist
Boudicca, rebellious British queen
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman general
Julius Civilis, rebellious Batavian prince
Population pyramid

A population pyramid is a graph. It has two back-to-back bars. These bars show the population in groups of ages, with woman in one side and man in the other side.

The pyramids show the age distribution of the place, which can help in understanding and predicting the development of a country.

There are three types of population pyramids:
Stationary pyramid shows a constant population, with equal birth rate and death rate
Expansive pyramid shows a growing population
Constrictive pyramid shows a shrinking population

In this type of graph, a wide base means a very high birth rate and a narrow base means a low birth rate.

Population
To

To may mean:

 .to, the country code top-level domain for Tonga
 "Metropolis" in Japan (都); Tokyo is a metropolis
 "Province" in Korea (도; 道: to is the McCune–Reischauer spelling of do); see Provinces of Korea
 Romanisation of the Japanese kana と and ト.
 Terrell Owens, a professional football player in the NFL

Basic English 850 words
And

And or AND may be any of the following:
 Logical conjunction, a two-place logical operation used in logic and mathematics
 Binary and, a bitwise operator used in computer programming
 AND gate, a digital logic gate used in electronics
 The 3-letter and NATO country code for Andorra

Other 
 The standard abbreviation for the constellation Andromeda

Basic English 850 words
Quarry

A quarry is a type of open pit mine that is used to get rocks and minerals from the ground. Quarries are often used to cut stone from the ground in large pieces or blocks. These are called dimension stones. They are used for building things. Some quarries fill with water to make small lakes when they are no longer being used for mining.

The largest granite quarry in the world is run by Rock of Ages Corporation in Vermont, USA..

Related pages
 Mineral
 Mining
 Stone

References

Mining
Central Powers

The Central Powers were a group of nations fighting against the Allied Powers during World War I.

The members included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and their territories. The Central Powers lost the war. The Triple Entente was composed of France, Russia and the United Kingdom. These were later joined by Japan and Italy 

World War I
Military alliances
Soxhlet extractor

A Soxhlet extractor is a kind of laboratory equipment. It is made of glass. Franz von Soxhlet invented it in 1879.  It has a flask, an extraction chamber, and a condenser. It can be used for solid-liquid extractions. 

In this discontinuous extraction process, the extraction solvent inside the boiling flask is evaporated and re-condensed in the distillation column above. It then falls down onto the solid material requiring extraction. The chamber containing the solid material is connected to the boiling flask below by a syphoning mechanism seen in the Pythagorean cup, which allows the chamber to fill to a point, at which it will empty its contents and start to fill again and the extracted compounds will accumulate in the boiling flask below.

Uses 
Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid. It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent. Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor. The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves.

Related pages
 Solubility

Laboratory equipment
Analytical chemistry
Frenulum

A frenulum (or frenum) is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far.

Frenulum as a term in zoology is dealt with under wing coupling.

Human anatomy 
There are several frenula in the body, including several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia.

Oral tissue 
Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip. These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth. A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.

Vulvular tissue 
In the female, genital frenula can be found in the clitoris and where the labia minora meet at the back.

Penile tissue 
The word frenulum on its own is often used for the frenulum preputii penis. This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa. It help contract the prepuce over the glans. It may be removed during circumcision.

It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity. This does not cause a great deal of pain  but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss. This is not a medical emergency. The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped.

Related pages
 Circumcision
 Foreskin
 Wing coupling

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Mouth
Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Ejaculatory duct

Ejaculatory ducts are part of the human male anatomy. They cause the reflex action of ejaculation. Each male has two of them. During ejaculation, semen moves through the ducts and leaves the body through the penis.

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Corpus cavernosum penis

The corpus cavernosum penis (or corpus cavernosum urethrae) is one of two sponge-like sections of tissue in the male penis. They contain most of the blood during an erection. The term literally means "cave-like body"

Process 
The corpus cavernosum are placed along the length of the penis. They are found along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis. The spongy tissue fills with blood. The blood comes from arteries down the length of the penis. The blood fills the corpora cavernosa. This causes it to swell. When swollen, it holds 90% of the blood involved in an erection. This increases both the length and circumference of the penis.

Blood can leave only through a system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum. The expanding tissue constricts these veins. This preventing blood from leaving. The penis becomes rigid as a result. 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Torchwood

Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme. It is about a secret organisation protecting the Earth from aliens. It has been shown on TV channels in Britain including BBC One, BBC Two, and BBC Three. It can be viewed on Netflix and is sometimes shown on American TV channels including Starz . The show is a spin off of the British television series Doctor Who. It follows the Cardiff, Wales section of a secret group called the Torchwood Institute. The Torchwood Institute examines things that aliens cause to happen on Earth. They also collect alien equipment to use.

The series is set in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales. Series 1 takes place after Doctor Who Series 2. Series 2 takes place in between Doctor Who Series 3 and Series 4. Because the shows are science fiction and some characters live forever, it is hard to track down the exact times in which Doctor Who and Torchwood overlap.

Torchwood stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, the leader of the Cardiff Torchwood Institute. Barrowman also played Harkness in Series 1, Series 3 and Series 4 of the current Doctor Who (2005). Eve Myles plays Gwen Cooper, a policewoman who joins the group. Gareth David-Lloyd stars as Ianto Jones, a person who helps out and is a love interest of Jack. Jack Harkness, Ianto Jones, and Gwen Cooper are the central cast members. Also, Naoko Mori plays scientist Toshiko Sato. Burn Gorman plays Doctor Owen Harper.

Because the show is set in and around Cardiff, many of the local attractions like the Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay are shown in the series. Country settings around Glamorgan are also used many times in the series.

The programme is aimed at adults and older teenagers.

The third series is a five episode long story named Children of Earth. Children of Earth has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, and Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones.

The fourth series is a ten episode story named Miracle Day. Miracle Day has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness and Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper.

List of episodes

Series 1 episodes (2006-2007)

Series 2 episodes (2008)

Children Of Earth episodes (2009)

Miracle Day Episodes (2011)

References

Other websites 

 BBC - Torchwood
 BBC - Torchwood on Twitter
 BBC - Torchwood on Facebook
 BBC - Torchwood on YouTube

2006 British television series debuts
2000s British drama television series
2000s LGBT television series
2000s science fiction television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s LGBT television series
2010s science fiction television series
BBC television dramas
British LGBT television programmes
British science fiction television series
Doctor Who
Glamorgan
LGBT drama television series
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Bulbourethral gland

A bulbourethral gland (or Cowper's gland) is one of two small glands found in the reproductive system of human males. They are like Bartholin's glands.

Anatomy 
Bulbourethral glands are found near the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia. The bulbourethral glands are about the size of a pea. They appear to slowly get smaller as a person gets older.

They are made of several lobules held together by a fibres.

Uses 
During sexual arousal each gland makes a clear liquid known as pre-ejaculate or "pre-cum". This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through. It also helps clean out any urine or dirt.

Gallery

References 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Glands
Rugby

Rugby could mean:

The sport of rugby football, which may be played in many different forms or ways:
Rugby union - (often referred to as Rugby or Union)
Rugby sevens - (often referred to as Sevens)
Rugby league football - (often referred to as League)
Touch rugby - (often referred to as Touch)
Wheelchair rugby
Tag Rugby
Rugby coaching

Places:
Rugby, Warwickshire, England, UK
Rugby (borough)
Rugby and Kenilworth  constituency
Rugby constituency - Former constituency
Rugby, New South Wales, a small town in Australia
Rugby, Cape Town, South Africa
Rugby, North Dakota,USA
Rugby, Tennessee, USA
Rugby, Brooklyn, USA
Rugby Park, Scotland (Kilmarnock FC's stadium)
Rugby Park Stadium, rugby stadium in New Zealand

Other meanings:
Rugby School
Rugby (automobile)
Rugby railway station
Rugby Ralph Lauren, a brand from Ralph Lauren
Fermion

A fermion is a category of elementary particles. They are very small and very light. Fermions can be thought of as the building blocks of matter because atoms are made up of fermions. Paul Dirac named them fermions in honor of the famous scientist Enrico Fermi.

An electron (a charged particle) is a fermion, but a photon (the particle of electromagnetic radiation) is not.  The spin numbers of fermions are 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. Because their spin is not a whole number, they follow the Pauli exclusion principle: no two fermions can share a quantum state (which includes position in space), if they have the same quantum numbers, such as spin. In other words, fermions can collide with each other. This behavior is not in the other class of elementary particles called bosons: you can have many bosons, for example photons, in the same place at the same time. The motion of fermions follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics.

Most well known fermions have spin of 1/2. An example of a type of fermion with a spin of 1/2 is the electron. The electron belongs to a group of fermions called leptons.

Fundamental fermions (fermions that are not made up of anything else) are either quarks or leptons. There are 6 different types of quarks (called "flavours") and 6 different types of leptons. These are their names:
 Quarks — up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom
 Leptons — electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino

Each of these fermions also has an anti-particle associated with it, so there are a total of 24 different fundamental fermions. The anti-particle is similar to the original particle, but with opposite electrical charge. The "up", "charm", and "top" quarks have electrical charge of +2/3. Their anti-particles have charge -2/3 (anti-up, anti-charm, anti-top). The other three quarks (down, strange and bottom) have charge -1/3, and their anti-particles have charge +1/3. The electron, muon, and tau leptons all have charge of -1, and their anti-particles (anti-electron or "positron", anti-muon, anti-tau) have charge +1. All the neutrinos and anti-neutrinos have charge 0. The main difference between quarks or leptons with the same charge is their mass.

The supersymmetric counterpart of any fermion is called a "sfermion."

Elementary particles
Boson

A boson is a particle which carries a force. It has a whole number spin (spin is a property of subatomic particles).  Bosons carry energy. 

A photon is an example of a boson as it has a spin of 1 and carries electromagnetism. Mesons are also bosons as they carry nuclear force.

Bosons are different from fermions, which are particles that make up matter, because bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics. (This means that you can put two of them in the same place at the same time; the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply.) 

Gauge bosons carry fundamental forces. There are three known gauge bosons, which are elementary particles.  For example, the photon carries the electromagnetic force. The three types of gauge bosons are: photons for electromagnetism, gluons (eight kinds) for strong force, and W and Z bosons (three kinds) for weak force. Other theoretical gauge bosons are predicted, such as gravitons for gravity. The Higgs boson is another fundamental particle of a type called a scalar boson.

Paul Dirac named this class of particles "bosons" in honor of a famous Indian scientist called Satyendra Nath Bose.

The bosons include the photon, the gluon, the Z boson, W boson and the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson also might be classified by itself. Since none of them have a charge, the antimatter version of them will also not have any charge.

Elementary particles
| Subatomic particles
Pilosa

Pilosa is an order of mammals in the superorder Xenarthra.
To this order belong the sloths, suborder Folivora and the anteaters, suborder Vermilingua.

Xenarthrans
Mammals of South America
Dead Kennedys

Dead Kennedys are a hardcore punk band from San Francisco. The band was led by Jello Biafra. Other original members were Klaus Fluoride, D.H. Peligro, and East Bay Ray. The band plays songs with strong political messages. During the 1980s, they had many fans in the punk rock music scene.

The Dead Kennedys formed in June 1978. In 1980, one of their songs called "California Über Alles" became popular in the punk music scene. In 1980, they recorded and released a song called "Holiday in Cambodia". That same year, they made their first album, Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables. In the early 1980s, the band toured all over the United States, Europe, and Australia.

In July 1987, the band broke up. After they broke up, they were charged with the crime of obscenity. A person saw the band's album Frankenchrist and complained to the Attorney General for the State of California and to Los Angeles prosecutors. The album included a picture that showed nine penises. In August 1987, the criminal trial ended but the jury could not make a decision. The album was banned from many record stores in the United States.

Discography

Studio albums
 Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables - September 1980 (# 33)
 Plastic Surgery Disasters - November 1982
 Frankenchrist - October 1985
 Bedtime for Democracy - November 1986

Extended Play records
 In God We Trust, Inc. - December 1981

Singles
 California Über Alles - June 1979
 Holiday in Cambodia - May 1980
 Kill the Poor - October 1980 (# 49)
 Too Drunk to Fuck - May 1981 (# 31)
 Nazi Punks Fuck Off! - November 1981
 Bleed for Me - July 1982
 Halloween - December 1982

Videos
 The Early Years Live - July 1987
 The Lost Tapes - July 2003
 Live at DMPO's on Broadway - February 2004
 Farewell Tour Again with Dead Kennedys - May 2014

Other websites

 Official site of the Dead Kennedys
 Alternative Tentacles - Record Label Launched by Dead Kennedys

1978 establishments in California
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Hardcore punk
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from San Francisco
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
1980s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
1986 disestablishments in the United States
Bad Brains (band)

Bad Brains is an American band. They play hardcore punk music that is mixed with reggae music. The band formed in 1977 and is still playing now. The members are H.R. (singer),  "Dr. Know" (guitarist), Darryl Jenifer (bassist) and Earl Hudson (drummer).

The band originally formed in Prince Georges County, Maryland. It is close to Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. During most of their time together, Bad Brains has lived in Washington, D.C.  

The Bad Brains had a big effect on many hardcore punk bands, including Minor Threat who are also from Washington, D.C. They also had a big effect on the hardcore punk singer Henry Rollins. Rollins was the singer for the hardcore band Black Flag.

References 

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
Reggae bands
American punk bands
Hardcore punk
Musical groups from Maryland
Musical groups from Washington, D.C.
1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Musical groups established in 1977
Xenarthra

The Xenarthra is a superorder of mammals. It is a group of placental mammals (infraclass Eutheria). They live at present only in the Americas, and are anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. 

Their origins can be traced back as far as the Palaeogene (about 60-65 million years ago (mya), shortly after the Mesozoic) in South America.  Xenarthrans developed and diversified extensively in South America during its long period of isolation, invaded the Antilles by the early Miocene, and then spread to Central and North America as part of the Great American Interchange. 

Nearly all of the once abundant big xenarthrans, such as ground sloths, glyptodonts, and pampatheres went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene.

Xenarthrans differ from other placental mammals in several ways. The name Xenarthra means 'strange joints', and was chosen because their vertebral joints have extra articulations and are unlike those of any other mammals. The males lack external testicles, which are instead placed between the bladder and the rectum.  Also, xenarthrans have the lowest metabolic rates among the therians.

References 

 
Mammals of South America
Channel 4

Channel 4 is a television channel that broadcasts to the United Kingdom. It started on 2 November 1982. On 10 December 2010, Channel 4 started a High Definition version of their channel on Sky+ HD.

Programmes they have shown
Countdown
Brookside
Big Brother
Channel 4 News
The Simpsons
Animal Stories
Friends
Fifteen To One 
Hollyoaks
Deal Or No Deal
Dispatches
Right to Reply
Shameless
Friday Night Dinner
Ackley Bridge

1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
British television channels
Channel 4
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

The B-52 Stratofortress is a bomber which, with in-air refueling, can fly long distances to reach targets anywhere in the world. The B-52 can carry up to 70000 lbs of bombs and weapons in its large bomb bays, and on wing hard points.

This airplane is one of the most significant in modern aviation history on several levels. It was created in 1948 as a strategic nuclear bomber, and first flew in the early 1950s. The B-52 fought its first war, under the code name of "Arc Light" in Vietnam from 1965 through 1973. The B-52 is a direct ancestor of many of the airliners which have made Boeing Aircraft, one of the most successful privately owned aerospace company in the world. The B-52 will stay in military service until around 2040. It is not clear what will replace it as the United States Air Force's main strategic bomber.

Boeing aircraft
United States Air Force aircraft
Hudson River

The Hudson River is in the State of New York in the United States. It is about 315 miles (507 km) long. The river runs from Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy in Essex County in the north part of the state to New York Harbor in New York City at the south part of the state. It is named for Henry Hudson.

The Hudson River is a special kind of river called an estuary. There is some salt in the water from New York City north until Poughkeepsie. It is then fresh water from Poughkeepsie north until Lake Tear of the Clouds. The border for the salt in the water moves when the tide rises and falls. The Hudson is part of the Erie Canal from New York City to Albany. The Hudson River used to have a lot of pollution from industry, but it is becoming cleaner now.

The lower part of this river separates New York from New Jersey and is sometimes called the North River.

Bridges that cross the Hudson River 
 George Washington Bridge
 Tappan Zee Bridge
 Bear Mountain Bridge
 Hamilton Fish Newburgh-Beacon Bridge
 Franklin D. Roosevelt Mid-Hudson Bridge
 Kingston Rhinecliff Bridge
 Rip van Winkle Bridge
 New York Thruway (Interstate 90-Interstate 87) Bridge
 Interstate 90 Bridge

Hudson River
George Washington Bridge

The George Washington Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Hudson River. It connects part of New York City, New York to Fort Lee, New Jersey. It is  long. It was designed by Othmar H. Ammann. Building began on October 21, 1927. The bridge was opened on October 25, 1931. It cost $59 million. A second level was added below the main level and opened to traffic on August 29, 1962. There are also walkways for pedestrians and bicyclists on the north and south sides of the bridge.

The main span of the bridge is  long. It is  wide. It is suspended by four cables. Each cable weighs 28,450 tons and is made from 26,474 individual wires. The total length of all the wire in the four cables is .

Ammann chose the location for the bridge because the river was narrower at this point. The banks on either side were high. That meant the bridge could be tall enough for ships to pass underneath, without having to build long rising bridge approaches.

References

Other websites 

Hudson River
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
Bridges in Manhattan
1931 establishments in New York (state)
1962 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New York (state)
Freddy Krueger

Freddy Krueger is a fictional character from the A Nightmare on Elm Street movies. He was created by Wes Craven and he is the bad guy of the movies. In the first movie a mom told her kid that a long time ago, Freddy killed a bunch of people's kids and the parents got mad and they burnt Freddy. Right before Freddy died some ghosts told Freddy that he can come back to life if he will take over dreams, and Freddy said yes, so he became a vengeful spirit who kills people in their dreams.

Story
In suburban Ohio, Freddy went after the kids of the parents that killed him. During their nightmares, Freddy would be there and he would kill them in their dreams, and whatever Freddy did in the dream would happen in real life. Then there was this girl named Nancy, she had nightmares about Freddy, and wanted to kill him to stop him from killing anymore. So on purpose, one night she fell asleep to fight Freddy.

Movies
There have been 8 movies involving Freddy Krueger, a crossover battle movie between him and Jason Voorhees, and a remake was made in 2010. The first 8 starred Robert Englund as Freddy, but in the new one, a man named Jackie Earle Haley plays him.

What he wears

Claw glove
In the movie Freddy has this claw he wears, it has fingernails built into it made out of knives. This is a very dangerous weapon, he kills people with it. He has had the same glove throughout all of the 7 movies. But there was another movie, New Nightmare, where his claw was remodeled to look scarier.

His clothes
Freddy wears a dirty, torn, old red and green sweater and pants. He also wears a dirty brown hat. Freddy's classic outfit was changed in the movie called New Nightmare

A Nightmare on Elm Street
Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Fictional murderers
Horror movie characters
Mortal Kombat guest characters
Salt mine

A salt mine is a mine where salt is taken from the earth. Very often, this is done in the mountains. It is different from a salt evaporation pond, where salt is taken from salt water. Getting salt from different layers of rock in a mountain used to be a very dangerous job. The Romans used to sentence prisoners to this kind of labour.

Usually the salt is mixed with rock that has chlorides and sulfates. 

Empty salt mines are used very often as a storage area, for example, for unused radioactive elements (from nuclear power plants). Salt mines are empty if there is no salt left to take, or if taking the salt that is left would be too expensive.

Mining
Virtuoso

A virtuoso is someone (usually in the performing arts) who is an expert in his or her field. 

A musical virtuoso is one who plays a musical instrument very well.  Musicians who have exceptional talent and can play extremely fast and difficult music are "virtuosi" (plural of "virtuoso").  In the 19th century Niccolò Paganini was a virtuoso violinist as well as a composer.  Franz Liszt was a virtuoso pianist and composer.

Musicians may sometimes talk about “virtuoso music” meaning music which is so difficult that only a virtuoso could play it.

References 

Music
Performing arts
Nancy Pelosi

Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi (born March 26, 1940) is an American politician. She served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2019 to 2023. She was also Speaker from 2007 to 2011. She represents the 12th district of California, which is part of the city of San Francisco. She was first elected to Congress in 1987. 

Pelosi is a member of the Democratic Party. She is the first woman to lead a major party in the United States Congress. She is also the first woman and the first Italian-American to be the Speaker of the House. On January 3, 2019, Pelosi was elected speaker for the second time. This would make her the first former speaker to become speaker again since Sam Rayburn in 1955.

In the 2022 midterm elections, Republicans won control of the House, thus ending her second speakership. She announced her retirement as the leader of the House Democratic Caucus, but said she would remain a member of the House. On November 29, 2022, the House Democratic Caucus appointed Pelosi Speaker Emerita of the United States House of Representatives.

Early life
Pelosi was born in University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center in Towson, Maryland and she is of Italian heritage. Her father, Thomas D'Alesandro, Junior, was Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland. He served five terms in Congress. Her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, also was Mayor of Baltimore. He died in October 2019, aged 90.

Pelosi graduated from Trinity College in Washington, D.C. in 1962. She and her husband, Paul Pelosi, have five children: Nancy Corinne, Christine, Jacqueline, Paul and Alexandra. They also have five grandchildren.

Political activity

On September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced the start of first impeachment hearings into Donald Trump. In December 2019, the House formally impeached Trump, though he was later acquitted in the Senate.

On January 14, 2021, Pelosi announced the start of the second impeachment hearings into Donald Trump. In February 2021, the Senate acquitted Trump with a vote of 57 senators voting "guilty" to 43 "not guilty". 

On August 5, 2022, China imposed sanctions on Speaker Pelosi and her immediate family. This was because she visited Taiwan on August 2.

References

1940 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
Politicians from Baltimore
Politicians from San Francisco
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Delaware River

The Delaware River is a large river estuary in the Northeast United States. It is about 280 miles (450 km) long. It begins in the Catskill Mountains in southeast New York State and ends at the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay. It forms the border or part of the border between the states of Pennsylvania and New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey and also between Delaware and New Jersey. The cities of Trenton, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are on the Delaware River.

Another name for this river is the South River. It is named for Thomas West, 3rd Lord De La Warr, a colonial Governor of Virginia.

Other websites
A historical map made in 1639 of the Delaware River

Rivers of New York (state)
Rivers of Delaware
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Rivers of New Jersey
Mal Evans

Malcolm 'Mal' Evans (27 May 1935 – 5 January 1976) was a road manager and assistant to The Beatles, the most popular rock and roll band of the 1960s.

Evans was hired to help Neil Aspinall, who was the band's original road manager. Tall and strong, Evans was sometimes called "The Gentle Giant". His wife was called Lil.

Aspinall's and Evans's jobs changed through the years. At first they were in charge of driving the Beatles's musical equipment to places where they were to perform, setting it up ahead of time, and taking it down later to prepare for their next show. As the band became popular, they had other people to help.

Evans sometimes served as a bodyguard to the Beatles, protecting them from fans who got out of control, or might want to hurt members of the band. He also sometimes forged their autographs on photographs, when the band themselves did not have the chance to sign them, and helped choose girls from concert audiences to meet later with the band. (Aspinall also did these duties.) After the Beatles stopped performing live in 1966, he worked for them in other ways.

Along with playing musical instruments on a few of their songs (organ on "You Won't See Me", trumpet on "Helter Skelter", tambourine on "Dear Prudence", and an anvil on "Maxwell's Silver Hammer"), and singing on "Yellow Submarine" and "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)", Evans also helped with lyrics from time to time. Paul McCartney paid him in cash for help with "Fixing A Hole", instead of giving him co-credit.

Evans appeared on-camera in both Magical Mystery Tour (as a magician), and Let it Be. He is seen during the rooftop concert in Let it Be, stalling the police who had come to stop the Beatles from performing. The sound of their music had caused a traffic jam on the street below.

He was also responsible for Badfinger being signed to the Beatles's record label, Apple Records.

Evans was fired in 1970 by Allen Klein, who had taken over many of the jobs once held by the late Beatles manager, Brian Epstein. Later Evans separated from his wife, and moved to the United States. During 1974 he was a companion and helper to John Lennon, who was staying in Los Angeles while separated from his wife, Yoko Ono.

Early in 1976, Evans had a fight with his girlfriend, who called the police when he locked himself in a room with a air rifle. Fearing he might hurt other people, the police shot him dead. The policeman in charge admitted the shooting "was all a mistake".

Evans wrote an autobiography, Living with the Beatles Legend, which has never been published in full, but extracts were printed in 2005.

1935 births
1976 deaths
English autobiographers
People from Liverpool
People shot and killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
The Beatles
Camucamu

Camucamu (Myrciaria dubia), also called camu camu, cacari, and camocamo, is a type of tree that lives in the Amazon Rainforest.  Its fruit is high in Vitamin C.

Trees
Myrtaceae
Geddy Lee

Geddy Lee (born Gary Lee Weinrib on July 29, 1953 in Toronto, Ontario) is the Canadian bass guitarist, singer, and synth player of the rock band Rush. He is known for melodic basslines and high pitched singing. 

In the 1970s, Geddy Lee mainly used Rickenbacker 4001 basses. For the Grace Under Pressure album he used Steinberger basses. From the mid-80's to mid-90's he used Wal basses. Currently, he uses Fender Jazz basses.

1953 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Singers from Toronto
Progressive rock singers