alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Eva Perón

María Eva Duarte de Perón (May 7, 1919 – July 26, 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón. She was born in Los Toldos. She was the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until she died and she served with her husband as a co-ruler of Argentina during those years. Before she died the Congress made her Spiritual Leader of the Nation. She was an actress before she married Perón.

Early life 
Eva grew up fairly poor and had wanted to become an actress since an early age. At sixteen, she left school and moved to Buenos Aires to pursue her dream of stardom. She got a job at a radio station there until she met Juan Perón at a charity concert held for the victims of the earthquake of San Juan in 1944. Soon, the two became very close and they were married on October 21, 1945. Eva was an active campaigner in Juan Perón's presidential campaign in 1946, and when he was elected, she continued to play an active government role.

Accomplishments 
By the time of her death, she was one of the most powerful women, or maybe even the most powerful woman, in the world. She is known for her work in many charitable and feminist causes, and became an icon to many people in Argentina. Evita was President of the Peronist Women's Party, a big and powerful political party made up of women who supported the Peróns' party. She ran the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Health. She helped legalize divorce in Argentina, as well as playing a leading role in enacting women's suffrage in Argentina. The Maria Eva Duarte de Perón Welfare Foundation gave a lot of funds, goods and medicine to the poor. The poor liked Evita Perón a lot. Her life inspired a musical called Evita and a movie based on the musical called Evita. The movie starred Madonna.

Death 
Her cancer was detected during a hysterectomy in November 1951, but the doctors were encouraged by Juan Perón, to keep it to themselves in order to not influence the presidential campaign negatively. When she died of cervical cancer in Buenos Aires, her corpse was embalmed After her husband was overthrown in a coup d'état in 1955, her body was lost for almost 20 years, until it was found in Italy. It was brought back to Argentina and buried with her husband after he died in 1974. It was brought back by the President Isabel Perón, who was married to Juan Perón years after Eva's death. In memory of her life's work, a giant portrait on the front of Argentina's Social Development Ministry was unveiled on 26 July 2011, exactly 59 years after her death.

References

1919 births
1952 deaths
Argentine actors
Argentine politicians
Cancer deaths in Argentina
Deaths from cervical cancer
Feminists
Former dictators
Argentine movie actors
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Argentina
Taxidermy

Taxidermy (which comes from the Greek word for "the arrangement of skin") is act of taking the skin of an animals and preserving it, by putting it on a fake body. If you perform taxidermy, you taxiderm. Taxidermed animals can be mounted and put on display, sometimes in a museum or a home. People who taxidermy animals are called taxidermists. Many hunters and fishermen taxidermine the animals they catch and kill for trophies. Ones that are on display in museums are used to make dioramas and for educational purposes. Some people taxiderm their pets and other street animals.

Biology
Richard Strauss

Richard Strauss (born Munich June 11 1864; died Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, September 8 1949) was a German composer.  He soon became very famous when he was a young man.  His tone-poems including Also sprach Zarathustra were played by orchestras all over Europe.  After 1900 he spent most of his time writing operas including Salome.  His opera Der Rosenkavalier, written in 1910, is extremely popular.  Strauss was the last great composer who wrote in a Romantic style.  He liked the music of Wagner who was a great influence on his music, but he also liked Mozart and his work also shows the elegance and grace of Mozart’s music.  Strauss was a very good conductor and often conducted his own music.  

He is not related to the Austrian Johann Strauss family famous for their waltzes.

Strauss, Richard
Strauss, Richard
1864 births
1949 deaths
20th-century German composers
Boston Marathon

The Boston Marathon is a famous marathon which is run every April in Boston, Massachusetts on Patriot's Day.  The distance of the race is 26.2 miles or 26 miles and 385 yards. To participate, runners need to qualify ahead of time by getting a certain time on another marathon first. This time is different depending on how old the runner is. (Every year, some runners who do not qualify are allowed in by raising money for charity).

2013 bombings

During the 2013 Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two explosions happened near the finish line at 2:49 PM EDT. Three people were killed and around 183 people were injured.

References

Other websites

Official website 

Marathons
Sports in Boston
April events
Captain Planet

Captain Planet is the main character of the animated television series Captain Planet and the Planeteers. He is a superhero summoned when the powers of Earth, Fire, Wind, Water, and Heart are put together. On June 27, 2013, Sony Pictures announced that they are currently producing a live-action movie based on Captain Planet.

References

Other websites

 Captain Planet Foundation
 Ted Turner's Captain Planet site 

 The Rubber Chicken - Captain Planet Comic Analysis 
 What Would Captain Planet Do? 
 Mother Nature Network 

Animated television characters

pl:Nowe przygody Kapitana Planety
Pl:Nowe ptzygody kapitana planety
85

85 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
Dacians led by Decebalus fought in two wars against the Romans from this year to AD 88 or 89.
Domitian stopped a Dacian invasion of Moesia
Jealous of Gnaeus Julius Agricola's success in Britain, Domitian recalled and  poisoned the general.
Domitian makes himself censor for life. This gives him the right to control the Senate.  His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy against him.
Baekje invades Silla in the Korean peninsula. The war continues till the peace treaty of 105.

Births 
Ptolemy, Greek astronomer. (approximate date)

Deaths 
Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general, poisoned.
Treason

Treason is when a person acts against his/ her country. For example, somebody might help another country fight a war against or loot his country by keeping secrets or failing to protect his country. In history, treason has often included the assassination of leaders. Treason against the king was called high treason and treason against a lesser role was called petty treason. A treasonous person is called a traitor. 

Outside the field of law, the word "traitor" can be used to describe a person who betrays a group to which he or she belongs. These accusations can often be unclear when the accused do not consider themselves to be in the group.

Some famous traitors are Judas Iscariot, Marcus Junius Brutus, Benedict Arnold, Philippe Pétain, La Malinche and Vidkun Quisling.

Persons accused of treason can be many. During the Reign of Terror many thousands were executed as traitors. After World War II many thousands of Soviet soldiers who had been prisoners of war were immediately sent to Gulag as traitors.

In different countries

Australia 
Section 80.1 of the Criminal Code in the schedule of the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 defines treason. A person is not guilty of treason if his help is purely humanitarian.

The only appropriate punishment for treason is life in prison.

Canada 
Section 46 of the Criminal Code defines two types of treason. They are "treason" and "high treason". It is also illegal for any Canadian citizen to do anything defined in the code outside Canada.

High treason is punished by life in prison. Treason is punished by life in prison at most, or up to 14 years in prison.

New Zealand 
New Zealand has treason laws that are stated under Section 73 of the Crimes Act 1961. The punishment is life in prison, except for conspiracy. The punishment for conspiracy is 14 years at most. Treason was the last crime to be punished by death in New Zealand.

Very few people have been prosecuted for treason in New Zealand.

United States 
Treason is defined in the United States Constitution in Article III, Section 3. However, Congress has made laws that punish other actions that hurt national security. Some examples are the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts, or the 1917 Espionage Act.

The punishment for treason in the United States is death or at least five years in prison, and at least a $10,000 fine. In addition, traitors cannot hold any office in the United States.

Japan
Japan per se does not have a law of treason. Instead it has an separated offence against be involved in foreign aggression (this can be since from invasion to espionage) against the State of Japan (; literally "crime of foreign mischief"). 

Both Japanese and non-Japanese nationals can be equally convicted of said offence.

The Empire of Japan used to have a crime similar to the one of "high treason" in English-language countries (). This law was abolished with the American occupation of the country after World War II.

References 

Types of crime
Riot

Riots happen when many people meet to be violent. This can happen after sports events, demonstrations or as a protest. Rioters damage cars, buildings and attack other people, among other things.

The police are brought out to stop riots. In the Western world, they use shields and fight with soft weapons, for example with water cannons or rubber bullets, as well as with batons. When riots really get out of control, police also use tools that can hurt people, such as tear gas and pepper spray, and they put the rioters under arrest. Riots are very dangerous and can lead to certain deaths at times.

There have been many riots all over the world, especially in England, Northern Ireland, the United States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, France, Hong Kong and mainland China.

References
Johann Strauss I

Johann Strauß I (born Vienna, 14 March 1804; died Vienna, 25 September 1849) was as Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. He and his family were famous composers of dance music, especially waltzes. He is usually known as Johann Strauss I or Johann Strauss Sr (Senior), while his son, who was also called Johann, is usually known as Johann Strauss II or Johann Strauss Jnr (Junior). The waltz was just becoming popular in the early 19th century and Johann Strauss I wrote many delightful waltzes and other dance music for the court balls. His most famous tune is the Radetzky-March which became a musical symbol of the power of the Habsburg monarchy.

References 

1804 births
1849 deaths
Austrian composers
Austrian conductors
Romantic composers
Austrian Jews
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian violinists
Austrian classical musicians
Deaths from infectious disease
Musicians from Vienna
Johann Strauss II

Johann Strauss II (born Vienna, October 25 1825; died Vienna June 3 1899) was an Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as Johann Strauss I (or Johann Strauss Sr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jr). Strauss became very famous for his waltzes. He was known as the “King of the Waltz”. His most famous one was called An der schönen, blauen Donau (known in English as The Blue Danube).

Early life 
His father wanted him to go in for banking, but the young Johann took violin lessons in secret from a man called Franz Amon who was the leader of his father’s orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped ballet dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own concert which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father’s. He was soon becoming more famous than his father.

After his father died in 1849 the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title “k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor” (meaning; musical director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during Carnival time when there were lots of balls in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to Russia where he conducted some music by Tchaikovsky. Johann Strauss II was becoming the “king of the waltz”, the most famous musician in Austria.

Career 
Johann Strauss II wrote two operas: Die Fledermaus (The Bat) and Zigeunerbaron (Gypsy Baron). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called operettas because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of Hungarian and Viennese atmosphere.

Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on television on New Year's Day when they are played by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at their traditional New Year’s Day concert.

References 

1825 births
1899 deaths
Austrian composers
Austrian conductors
Austrian violinists
Romantic composers
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the head of the United States House of Representatives.  The Speaker is elected by the current members of the House. A person with more than half of the votes becomes Speaker.

Duties
The Speaker has always been a member of the majority party (the party with the most members) but does not have to be an elected member of the House (this has not happened yet). The job of the Speaker is to keep the House in order and to assign committee memberships and chairmanships.  It is an important and powerful position in government.

Background
Sam Rayburn is the only person to have served as Speaker of the House for more than ten years.

Theodore M. Pomeroy served as Speaker of the House for one day after Speaker Schuyler Colfax resigned to become Vice President of the United States; Pomeroy's term as a Member of Congress ended the next day.

Sam Rayburn, Henry Clay, Thomas Brackett Reed, Joseph William Martin, Jr., Frederick Muhlenberg, John W. Taylor, and Nancy Pelosi are the only Speakers of the House to have ever served in non-consecutive Congresses (i.e. another Speaker served in between each tenure).

Order of succession
The Speaker of the House is third in line for the Presidency of the United States. If the President of the United States dies or steps down, the Vice President of the United States becomes President.  If there is no vice president, the Speaker of the House automatically becomes acting president.

List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives 
It includes the congressional district and political affiliation of each speaker as well as the number of their Congress and time they spent in the position.

List of living former speakers

References

 
1789 establishments in the United States
Zatch Bell!

Zatch Bell! is a Japanese-American animated television series, anime, and manga. The series is about a teenage boy, named Kiyo, who found this boy named "Zatch". Zatch is actually a Mamodo. He came from the Mamodo World where hundreds of other Mamodos came from. However, another Mamodo, named Zeno, somehow erased Zatch's memory. Zatch can not remember anything of his past in the Mamodo World. The reason why all the Mamodos are in the real world is to battle. When one enters the world, they must find a human to be their partner and to use a book of spells that came with them. Only humans can read the spells and cause the Mamodo to do a certain action. Examples of these spells would be to create a lightning bolt, create a shield, or move very fast. As a person becomes stronger physically and emotionally new spells are written into the book so that the human can read and use them.

By burning the book, the Mamodo gets sent back to the Mamodo World. If the Mamodo gets badly beaten, he will also be sent away. The last Mamodo standing will be 'King' of the Mamodos. Zatch decides that he wants to be a Belovelent King or Kind King to stop all the battles. In their adventure, they come across many enemies and allies.

Characters

Zatch Bell
Zatch Bell is main character of this story.

Kiyo Takamine
Kiyo Takamine is another main character of this story. He is the partner of Zatch Bell. And he is very cool.

Tia
Tia is one of Zatch's friends.

Megumi
Megumi is one of Kiyo's friends. She is the partner of Tia. And she is a famous Japanese idol.

Zofis
Zofis is one of main antagonists. He is evil genius. He likes manipulate others.

Koko
Koko is the partner of Zofis.

References

Other websites
Information on the English anime
Hamburger

A hamburger or burger is an American fast food. It is a type of sandwich with a patty of cooked ground meat between the two halves of a bun. Tomatoes, onions, cheese, salad and dips may also be added. The hamburger may be eaten without a knife and fork, so it is a fast food which can be eaten anywhere. 

Hamburgers are named for a city in Germany called Hamburg. They were probably invented in Germany, though what we now know as a hamburger was created in the United States in the 19th century. Hamburgers appeared on menus in England and the United States in the 19th century, and became a popular food after the 1904 World's Fair.  What is called a hamburger throughout the world today was different than the first German hamburgers; German dishes often involved a steak or sausage between pieces of bread instead of ground meat.

Many American fast food restaurants, such as Burger King, Wendy's and McDonald's, serve hamburgers.

A cheeseburger is a hamburger that also has cheese.  Hamburgers can be served with other things besides cheese, such as chili, or even guacamole.

Even though the name has the word ham in it, it does not usually have ham.

References

Sandwiches
German food
American food
Richard Marsland

Richard Marsland (a.k.a. Armitage Shanks, 1976 - 2008) was an Australian comedy writer, actor, comedian and radio personality.

He was best known for his work on television shows, for example The Glass House and Rove Live. He also co-hosted on Triple M with Pete Helliar and Myf Warhurst, as well as a daily morning show in Adelaide called AM Adelaide. He then hosted the Late Date Show with Bessie Bardot on 2DayFM, 92.9 and Fox FM.

In December 2008, Marsland died. The cause of his death is not known.

On Air Nicknames 
 Marsland had many nicknames given to him by the Get This hosts. They also often refer to his Wikipedia page and the constant battle between Wikipedia moderators and users expanding the list and vandalising the page.

 His 'self-assigned' nickname, used as a pseudo-stagename was "Armitage Shanks" (the name of a manufacturer of bathroom fixtures and plumbing supplies)
 His favourite nicknames were "Marslando Calrissian" and "Dikipedia"
 His least favourite was "Mars Bar"

References

Other websites 
 Alphabetical list of Marsland's nicknames

Australian movie actors
Australian comedians
People from Adelaide
1976 births
2008 deaths
Australian radio personalities
Actors from South Australia
Ed Kavalee

Edward Robert Kavalee (born 30 June 1979) (also known as The Prize King) is an Australian actor and radio host.  Ed is a graduate of Screenwise, Australia's Leading Film & TV School for actors in Sydney. He is on Santo, Sam and Ed’s Sports Fever!, with Santo Cilauro and Sam Pang

He was on the Get This radio show on Triple M in Australia with Tony Martin.  He was also part of the cast of Thank God You're Here, and host of TV Burp.

Kavalee is an experienced Theatresports performer, and is part of the ensemble cast on Working Dog Productions' improvised comedy show Thank God You're Here.

Kavalee said on Get This on September 26, 2006 that he auditioned for a role playing Buddy Holly in an American telemovie but was too tall.

References

Other websites 
 
 Official Ed Kavalee page on Triple M 
 Get This official page on Triple-M's Melbourne web site 

Australian television actors
Living people
1979 births
Australian radio personalities
Meow

A meow or miaow is a noise made by cats. There are different types of meows, such as ones that mean the same thing as "hello," ones that ask for food, or ones that let people know when they are annoyed, among other things.

The meow is used by kittens to their mother. It is a plea for attention, and experts think pet cats use it because they often need owners to do things for them. Adult cats do not meow to other cats.

Different languages have different ways of spelling "meow." For example, English has been using the meow spelling since 1842 and before that, it used the miaow, miau, or meaw spellings. Spanish and German still use the miau spelling while French uses the miaou spelling. 

Cats in Ancient Egypt were called "Mau".

References

Cats
Experience

Experience is knowledge a person gets by doing something or watching someone else do it.  Experience is learning through actions. 

Some religious groups and teaching methods value learning by experiencing.
For example, if someone wants to learn about the game chess, they would play several games. By making mistakes and learning from them, they learn more rather than just reading about playing.

Types of experience
Experience is often divided into four types:  

Someone who experienced by watching or doing something himself is said to have first-hand experience.

When one person tells another person, the other person has second-hand experience.

When an experience is felt or enjoyed through imagined participation, the person has had a "vicarious experience".

A religious experience is a spiritual event seen by someone. Holy books like the Bible talk about visions or dreams where men like Moses, Daniel or Jesus met God. Mystics also describe these events, and offer advice. William James wrote a famous book about the kinds of religious experience.

Proverbs about Experience
 "Only the foolish learn from experience — the wise learn from the experience of others." Romanian proverb. (Fools go out, make their own mistakes and learn from them. Smart people learn from others' mistakes.)
 "Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other." Benjamin Franklin (Fools refuse to learn in school from textbooks or teachers. Fools choose to learn only from their own mistakes. They will not learn in a school classroom.) or (Experience is a great teacher and teaches many of life's most important lessons, but only fools will refuse to get new knowledge in other ways too. Examples of other ways to learn things are listening, reading, remembering, and reasoning.)

Related pages 
A priori and a posteriori
Empiricism

Other websites 
 http://www.primeguru.com (Site discontinued) Learn from other's experiences and let others learn from your experiences

 

Basic English 850 words
Everyday life
Fresh Meadows, Queens

Fresh Meadows is a neighborhood in northeastern part of the borough of Queens in New York City, which is bordered to the east by Francis Lewis Boulevard, to the south by Union Turnpike, to the north by Kissena Park, and to the west by Utopia Parkway and Fresh Meadows Lane.

Fresh Meadows is also the name of a housing development (housing estate) in the neighborhood, along 188th Street. The Fresh Meadows buildings were built in the late 1940s and were for lower middle & middle-class people. It is one of three housing areas built by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company after World War II, the others are Stuyvesant Town in Manhattan and Parkchester in the Bronx.

The Long Island Expressway runs through the neighborhood. Main streets are 188th Street, Horace Harding Expressway, 73rd Avenue, Utopia Parkway, and Fresh Meadows Lane.

The 107th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) covers this neighborhood.

Kissena Park and Cunningham Park are both located next to Fresh Meadows.

Fresh Meadows is also home to St. Francis Preparatory School, the largest Catholic high school in the United States. Francis Lewis High School, P.S. 26 (Rufus King school), M.S. 216 (George J. Ryan Middle School), and P.S. 173 (The Fresh Meadows School) are other schools in the neighborhood.

Queens (New York City)
1940s establishments in New York (state)
Neighborhoods of New York City
Miranda (moon)

Miranda is one of Uranus' moons. It is the smallest, and the one which has the least rotation time. Gerard Kuiper discovered it in 1948, February 16th and named it after Miranda, Prospero's daughter in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Sometimes it is also called Uranus V. 

It's one of Uranus' strangest moons. Its complex surface may indicate partial melting of its interior, with icy material drifting to the surface. 

The probe Voyager 2 made some photos in 1986. These are the only images that exist, so far. Geologically, it is the most active body in the Uranus system. The grooves and troughs reach depths of a few kilometers (or miles) and expose materials of different albedos (reflectivity). The features suggest a long, complex geologic evolution of this satellite.

Gallery 

Uranus' moons
100s

The '''100s'span from 100 to 109.

Events 
 In the first century Dio Chrysostom writes that Lions are extinct in Europe.
 Trajan leads a military campaign against the Dacians, 101-106.
 Tacitus writes his work Historiae.
 In the more northern cities of the Roman Empire, rich people start to use central heating.

References
130s

The 130s was the decade that started on January 1, 130 and ended on December 31, 139.

Events
130 - The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.
 131 - The Temple of Baalshamin is built in Palmyra.
132 - Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer.
 136 - Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope.
 138 February 25 – Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, if Pius adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
139 - Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar.

Important people 
 Hadrian, Roman Emperor

References
Saint Thomas

Saint Thomas or St. Thomas may refer to:

People 
 Thomas the Apostle (died AD 72), Jewish-Christian Apostle and Saint of the 1st century
 Thomas Becket (died 1170), also called Saint Thomas of Canterbury and Saint Thomas the Martyr
 Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Catholic philosopher and theologian
 Thomas More (1478–1535), English lawyer, philosopher, author, statesman

Places

France
 Saint-Thomas, Aisne, France
 Saint-Thomas, Haute-Garonne, France

United States
 St. Thomas, Minnesota
 St. Thomas, Missouri
 Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, an island in the Caribbean Sea

West Indies region
 Saint Thomas, Barbados
 Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica
 Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

Africa
 São Tomé (St. Thomas), an island in São Tomé and Príncipe
Konrad Adenauer

Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer (born 5 January 1876 in Cologne; died 19 April 1967 in Rhöndorf (part of Bad Honnef)). From 1949 to 1963 he was the first Bundeskanzler (chancellor) of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1951 to 1955 was foreign secretary the same time.

Adenauer was the third of five children of a court secretary in Cologne. His family was Catholic. Konrad Adenauer started his political career in 1906 in the city assembly of Cologne. From 1917 to 1933 and again in 1945 he was mayor of Cologne.
Adenauer was a member of the Catholic Zentrum Party. When the Nazi Party took power he lost his job. At first he worked with the Nazis, but after the conspiracy to kill Hitler failed in 1944 he hid for his own safety.

After the war he became mayor of Cologne again, but lost the job after a few months.

In the Parlamentarischer Rat of West Germany, he was one of the top politicians and the President. He founded the CDU at the same time.
He was important in making Bonn the West German capital instead of Frankfurt am Main.

In 1949 he was elected as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He made sure West Germany joined the side of the western capitalist countries in the Cold War. He also helped West Germany join NATO. He was reelected three times.

In 1964 he stopped being chancellor. He was a member of the Bundestag until his death at 91 years old.

Other websites 

(

1876 births
1967 deaths
Anti-communists
Chancellors of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
German mayors
German mayors (Weimar Republic)
German Roman Catholics
Government ministers of Germany
Nazi German politicians
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Cologne
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Prussian politicians
Time People of the Year
Miri Ben-Ari

Miri Ben-Ari is a hip-hop violinist.  She was born in Israel in 1978 and was brought up in a small town near Tel Aviv. She was trained as a classical violinist.  She was a prodigy and was praised by famous violinists like Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Stern.  

At the age of 16 she took herself to the United States.  She spoke no English at the time. In New York City, she met several musicians such as the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis who supported her.  She became interested in contemporary R&B (Rhythm and Blues) and hip-hop. In January 2001 she appeared in the Carnegie Hall with the rapper Wyclef Jean.  Later that year her TV performances on Showtime at the Apollo added to her fame. Her second jazz album, entitled Song of The Promised Land features the dance single Peace in the Middle East as well as two tracks together with Wynton Marsalis.  She has now sold millions of records, and is known as “the hip-hop violinist”.  This was the title of a record released in 2005 by Universal which includes the single “Sunshine to the Rain” featuring Scarface and Anthony Hamilton.  In 2004 she toured world-wide with rapper Kanye West.   She has a very personal sound which is a mixture of Classical, jazz, hip-hop, R&B and world music.  She won her first Grammy award in 2005 for co-writing “Jesus Walks” which received a trophy for the “Best Rap Song” in 2005.

1978 births
Living people
Jazz musicians
Jewish Israeli musicians
Israeli violinists
Alderaan

Alderaan is a fictional planet found in the Star Wars series of movies created by George Lucas. It is the home of the characters Princess Leia Organa and Senator Bail Organa. The surface of Alderaan is only seen for a short time at the end of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005). The entire planet is destroyed in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) when the Death Star fires a laser beam at the planet, which then explodes, killing everyone on it.

Star Wars planets
San Francisco Municipal Railway

San Francisco Municipal Railway (or MUNI) is the public transit agency that runs buses, cable car, and subway service in the city of San Francisco, California. MUNI runs diesel and trolleybuses that run throughout San Francisco, three Cable Car lines that run through the Financial District and Chinatown (with service to Fisherman's Wharf) and the Market Street surface, seven light rail lines that run below Market Street and two Historic Streetcar lines.

Muni operates 365 days a year and connects with other transportation services, such as Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Caltrain commuter trains, along with AC Transit, Golden Gate Transit and SamTrans buses and ferries from Golden Gate Ferries and San Francisco Bay Ferry.

Services

Bus
Muni operates forty-four local bus routes; two are operated during weekday peak hours. A number of routes have different terminals during evenings and/or weekends. Some routes also operate short turn route services during peak hours to deal with crowding on buses.

Rapid lines have an R following their route number. Muni operates five Rapid bus routes. The Rapid routes largely follow the route of the local buses but have fewer stops on the corridor.

Express lines have an X, AX, or BX following their route number. Muni operates twelve express bus routes. Most of the express routes run on highways and on one-way traffic. These express routes also operate during peak hours.

Muni operates fourteen owl routes. Owl routes are operated at midnight. Some local daytime routes are shortened during owl service. And some owl routes also cover big or small parts of daytime bus routes.

Muni Metro

Muni operates seven light rail lines and has its own subway tunnel underneath Market Street. Each of these routes is named with a letter instead of a number.

Heritage streetcars

Muni operates two historic streetcar lines, these routes are operated by streetcars and are mostly treated as tourist attractions by tourists.

Cable Cars

Muni operates three cable car lines, these routes are based out of the cable car barn at Mason and Washington streets.

Gallery

References

Other websites

NextBus for Muni, a GPS system that predicts vehicle arrival times.
Market Street Railway

 
Companies based in San Francisco
1912 establishments in California
Cartilage

Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching.

Its main function is to connect bones together. It is also found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. Another function of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first developed. It also helps to protect the places where bones work against each other: the joints. In some fish like sharks (Chondrichthyes), cartilage forms the whole of the skeleton.

Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The cells are supplied by diffusion. So, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cartilage also does not contain nerves, making the hard tissue painless if damage is caused. However, the breaking of a cartilage often results in damage to tendons and muscles, which certainly does cause pain.

There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection.

Parts 
Cartilage is made of special cells (called chondroblasts) that produce a large amount of matrix outside the cells. The matrix is composed of 
collagen fibres, 
a ground substance rich in proteoglycan. This is a protein linked to glycans. 
different types of  fibres. These are collagen , elastin and reticulate fibers.

Notes

Other websites 

 University of Kansas Medical Center Cartilage tutorial 
 Public domain text from Gray's anatomy dated 1918, so probably needs updating
 I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false?

Skeletal system
Animal tissues
Dokkyo University

Dokkyo University is a university in Soka city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan.  This university is well known for its Foreign Language Department.

History 
Dokkyo University started in 1883.

Colleges and universities in Japan
Organizations based in Saitama Prefecture
Helmut Schmidt

Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician. He was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1974 to 1982.

Helmut Schmidt was born in Hamburg in 1918. He finished school in 1937 with the Abitur. Afterwards he had to join the working service and later the army. At the end of World War II, he was a First Lieutenant. He became a prisoner of war in 1945.

After he was set free, he started to study macro economy. He finished his studies in 1949. Then he started to work for the administration of Hamburg.

Schmidt joined into the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1949. In 1953, he became a member of the Bundestag first time. From 1961 to 1965, he was Senator in the state government of Hamburg.

From 1969 to 1972, he was Minister of Defence of West Germany. From 1972 to 1974 he was Minister of Finance.

After Willy Brandt gave up his job as Bundeskanzler, Helmut Schmidt was elected as new chancellor.

In July 2013, it was discovered that Schmidt bought 38,000 cigarettes due to a fear of them being banned in Europe.

Schmidt died in Hamburg on 10 November 2015 from complications of surgery he had to cure a blood clot in his left leg. He was 96 years old.

References

Other websites

 Biography at the German Historic Museum (German)
 Chancellor Site (German) 
 Helmut Schmidt University (English)
 Talks:
 Die Selbstbehauptung Europas im neuen Jahrhundert (German, 2000)
 Kröten und Paragrafenwahn (German, 2006)
 Schmidt's talk on the occasion of China's Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visiting Hamburg (English, 2006)
 Interview on nuclear strategy in Europe  for the WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
 Booknotes interview with Schmidt on Men and Powers, 15 April 1990. 
Men and Powers: A Political Retrospective on Google Books.

1918 births
2015 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Deaths from surgical complications
Members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Glinde

Glinde is a town in the province of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, about 20 km away from Hamburg.

History 
The name Glinde is found in a document from March 25 1229 for the first time. In the document, Earl Adolf IV. of Schauenburg and Holstein gave the village to a Cistercian convent. (The convent moved to today's town of Reinbek.) The King of Denmark and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Frederick I of Denmark, got all the convent had during the Protestant Reformation. In 1544 his son Christian III gave a part of it to each of his brothers. The owner changed again several times.

In 1948, the town administration of Glinde, Oststeinbek, Havighorst and Schönningstedt were brought together to the Amt Glinde. Schönningstedt left that combination in 1949 and Havighorst left it in 1973. So Glinde und Oststeinbek became independent villages.

On June 24, 1979, (on the 750th anniversary of the village), Glinde became a town.

Politics

Partnerships with other towns 
 Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire (near Nantes in the west French Département Loire-Atlantique)
 Kaposvár (Main town from the province of Somogy south of Lake Balaton in Hungary).

Population 
1803: 220
1933: 544
1939: 2.173
1948: 5.059
2002: 16.124

Literature 
 Wolfgang Bachhofer: Glinde. 1929 bis 1979. Eine junge Stadt stellt sich vor. Glinde 1979.

Other websites 
www.glinde.de

Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Provost

In the United States, the Provost is the chief academic officer of a college or university.  Different schools have different rules for what the Provost does, but most Provosts deal with issues about hiring and dismissing professors and giving out tenure, handling complaints about academic programs, and deciding what the general academic policies are for the school.  In other countries, the Provost is sometimes the leader of the whole college or  university.

Colleges and universities
Robert Kocharian

Robert Kocharian is the president of Armenia. He is the second president Armenia has had since it left the Soviet Union.  On August 31 1954 Robert Kocharian was born in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the city of Stepanakert. As president of Armenia, Kocharian has been talking to the president of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, about what to do with the land of Nagorno-Karabakh, which the two countries had a war over.

Armenian politicians
Prime Ministers of Armenia
1954 births
Living people
Heather McCartney

Heather McCartney (born Heather See on December 31, 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is the daughter of Linda McCartney, and the adopted daughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney.

When Linda, a magazine photographer, visited England on an assignment, she brought along daughter Heather, who soon had babysitters like guitarist Eric Clapton. When Linda began a relationship with McCartney, Heather's presence was a plus, as McCartney loved children and was eager to start a family. 

Six-year-old Heather makes a brief appearance in the movie Let it Be, visiting McCartney in the studio while the Beatles were at work. She dances around as they play, jumps out at Ringo Starr from behind a cymbal (Starr, a father himself, pretended to be scared), and sits on McCartney's lap, while he checks a microphone.

Heather gained a half-sister the next year, as mother Linda became pregnant with McCartney's baby, and the two were married. McCartney adopted Heather, who took his name, and Mary McCartney (named for Paul's own mother) was born early in 1970. Another sister, Stella, became the fashion designer Stella McCartney. A brother, James Louis McCartney, became a musician.

1962 births
Living people
People from Tucson, Arizona
Paul McCartney
Jan Kerouac

Jan-Michelle Kerouac (born February 16, 1952 - died June 7, 1996) was the daughter of writer Jack Kerouac, by his second wife Joan Haverty. A writer herself, Jan's books included Baby Driver and Trainsong. She also appeared in some documentary programs about her father, giving her side of his life story.

Death
On June 5, 1996, Kerouac died in Albuquerque, New Mexico a day after her spleen was removed. She had suffered kidney failure five years earlier and was on dialysis. She is buried in Nashua, New Hampshire, next to her father's parents.

References

Other websites
Jan Kerouac Obituary
New York Times story

1952 births
1996 deaths
Writers from New York (state)
Survivor

A survivor is a person or animal which continues to live after something happens which might have killed them. They might be one person who lives when ten people die in a car crash.

Survivor could also mean:

Gaming 

 Resident Evil: Survivor, a 2000 arcade game
 Survivor (video game), an action game released in 1987 by the Spanish software house Topo Soft
 Survivor (board game), board game based on the show.

Literature 

 Survivor (1988 novel), a novel by Christina Crawford
 Survivor (novel), a novel by Chuck Palahniuk
 "Survivor" (story), the last novella in Accelerando by Charles Stross
 Survivor (Octavia Butler novel), a 1978 novel by Octavia Butler

Music 

 Survivor (album), an album by Destiny's Child
 "Survivor" (song), the second single from Destiny's Child's third album, Survivor
 Survivor (band), a rock band whose hits include "Eye of the Tiger" and "Burning Heart"
 Survivor (Survivor album), an album by Survivor (band)
 Survivor (Funker Vogt album), an album by Funker Vogt
 Survivor Records, a British Christian Music record label

Television 

 Australian Survivor, a television series based on the popular American reality show Survivor
 Celebrity Survivor, an Australian television series based on the popular reality television show Survivor
 Survivor (TV series), a reality television show
 Survivor (UK TV series), the British version of the American reality show Survivor
 Survivor Series, an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view event held in November by World Wrestling Entertainment

Other 
 Survivor (horse), a racehorse which won the first Preakness Stakes in 1873
 Survivor (tournament), a series of writing tournaments that are held three times a year
 Survivor: The Ride!, a roller coaster in Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, California
Exclusive disjunction

Exclusive disjunction (also called exclusive or, XOR) is a logic operation on two values. It is often represented by the symbol  (or ). It will be true, if exactly one of the two values is true. Otherwise, it will be false. This also means that the result of 'XOR' will be true precisely both the values are different. Same values will result in a false.

The best way to remember a XOR operation is: "One or the other, but not both".

Because of that, this is different from inclusive disjunction.

Truth table 
The truth table of  (also written as , , or ) is as follows:

Related pages 

 Boolean algebra
 Logical conjunction
 XOR gate

References 

Logic
Logical connectives
Forchheim

Forchheim (; East Franconian: Forchham) is a German town in Upper Franconia. Next bigger cities are Nürnberg, Bamberg, Fürth, Erlangen and Coburg. There live is about 32.000 people.

Forchheim is  high and has an area of .

Photo gallery

References

Other websites 
 www.forchheim.de (official Webpage in German)

Towns in Bavaria
Forchheim (district)
César Cui

César Cui (18 January 1835, Vilnius – 26 March 1918, Petrograd) was a Russian composer. He is the least known of the five Russian composers who were nicknamed the "Moguchaya Kuchka" ("Mighty Handful"), a group which included Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin. Cui’s father came from France and his mother from Lithuania. 

Like most Russian composers in the 19th century he was an amateur composer. His main job was as an expert on military fortifications. He became a professor in this subject and wrote important textbooks about military defences. He became a general.

Cui liked his friends from the Moguchaya Kuchka, but was often very critical of music by other Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff. This may have been because he was jealous of their success. He did not find orchestration easy. Balakirev helped him a lot with the orchestration of some of his compositions. He was best when writing songs and short piano pieces. He liked to write music that sounded Far Eastern in character. Cellists like to play a short piece he wrote called "Orientale".

Russian composers
Romantic composers
1835 births
1918 deaths
People from Vilnius
Alexander Borodin

Alexander Porfir'yevich Borodin (born St. Petersburg October 12th 1833; died St. Petersburg February 27 1887) was a Russian composer. Like many Russian composers of the 19th century he was an amateur musician. His main job was Professor of Chemistry at the University of St Petersburg. He had to compose in his spare time. When he was ill he had more leisure to write music. He used to tell his friends: “Please do not say: ‘I hope you are well’, please say: ‘I hope you are ill’”.  Borodin’s most famous opera is called Prince Igor. He wrote many fine songs, chamber music and orchestral music, including two symphonies. The Nocturne from his String quartet no 2 is especially well-known.
In his music, Borodin showed Russian power and the heoric characters. His main means of expression was melody.
When he was young he learned French, Swedish and English, but later Italian.

Borodin died of a heart attack.

1833 births
1887 deaths
Russian chemists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Saint Petersburg
Romantic composers
Russian composers
Permit

A permit is a written document that has been given by a government source. Permits let a person do something that he could not do without the permit. Permits are commonly gotten for these reasons:
To work at a job
To drive a car
To build something. This includes digging.

Related pages
Licence

Law
Corrosion

Corrosion is the breakdown of materials due to chemical reactions. It is usually oxidation with air molecules and often in the presence of water. Corrosion also occurs when an acidic/basic corrosive substance touches another material. When a material corrodes, its physical properties change. Problems with corrosion are mostly with metal, though other materials can corrode. Corrosion is a form of erosion. Some materials, such as stainless steel, are highly resistant to corrosion. Metals that may corrode can be protected by plating, painting, and other means.

One form of high temperature corrosion can lead to the formation of compacted oxide layer glazes, which under certain circumstances reduces wear. 

Iron corrosion is called rusting.

Chemical processes
Metallurgy