alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Robin Gerster

Robin Gerster is an Australian author who was born in Melbourne and educated in Melbourne and Sydney. Formerly a Professor in the School of Languages, Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics at Monash University, Gerster has written prolifically on the cultural histories of war and travel, and on Western representations of Japan. As a postgraduate, he won the Australian War Memorial's inaugural C.E.W. Bean Scholarship, for a research project on Australian war literature. The PhD thesis that emerged from this research was subsequently published as Big-noting: The Heroic Theme in Australian War Writing, which remains the landmark study in its field. In 1988, it won The Age Book of the Year Award in the non-fiction category.

In the 1990s he held the Chair in Australian Studies at the University of Tokyo – an experience which led to the controversial travel book, Legless in Ginza: Orientating Japan (1999). His book, Travels in Atomic Sunshine: Australia and the Occupation of Japan, won the New South Wales Premier's Prize for Australian History in 2009, and was shortlisted for the Queensland Premier's Non-Fiction Book Award and the Prime Minister's Prize for Australian History. It was republished in a new paperback edition, with an Afterword, in 2019.  Published in 2020, Hiroshima and Here: Reflections on Australian Atomic Culture is a cultural history of Nuclear Age Australia, focusing on the reverberating impact of the atomic bombings of August 1945, and the complexity of Australian responses to the fact and possibility of nuclear destruction.

Major works: author 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 _  (2020). Hiroshima and Here: Reflections on Australian Atomic Culture. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books/Rowman and Littlefield. .

Major works: editor 
 
 
 

1953 births
Academics from Melbourne
Australian historians
Living people
Meanjin people
Monash University alumni
Academic staff of Monash University
Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's tandem

The men's 2000 metre tandem was one of seven track cycling events on the Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. Each nation could enter up to 6 teams of 2.

Competition format

The tandem race was a sprint-style race with teams of 2 on tandem bicycles. The distance was 2000 metres, or approximately 3.3 laps of the 660-yard track. The time limit for the race was 4 minutes. The competition was held over three rounds (heats, semifinals, and a final). The first round consisted of 7 heats of 2 or 3 teams each, with the winning team in each heat as well as the fastest second-place team advancing to the semifinals. There were 2 semifinals of 4 teams each; the winning team in each semifinal as well as the faster second-place team advanced to the final. The final featured 3 teams, so all finalists received medals.

Results

First round

The fastest team in each of the seven heats and the fastest second-place team overall advanced to the semifinals.

The competition was held on Monday, July 13, 1908 starting at 4.15 p.m. (first four heats) and at 5.15 p.m. (remaining three heats).

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Heat 7

Semifinals

The fastest team in each heat as well as the fastest second-place team overall advanced to the final.

The competition was held on Wednesday, July 15, 1908 starting at 5 p.m.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final

The final was held on Wednesday, July 15, 1908 at 5.45 p.m.

Notes

Sources
 
 De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Cycling 1908".  Accessed 7 April 2006. Available electronically at  .

Men's tandem
Track cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Cycling at the Summer Olympics – Men's tandem
Gruffydd II ap Madog, Lord of Dinas Bran

Gruffydd Maelor II (died 1269) was Prince of Powys Fadog.

Lineage 

He was the eldest son of Prince Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor and inherited his father's lands and title in partial succession along with his four brothers Gruffydd Ial, Maredudd, Hywel and Madog Fychan. The Kingdom of Powys Fadog had previously been unified under one leader but now had five and was subjected to outside forces as well.

His father's policy of alliance with the large and powerful Gwynedd changed over his thirty-three year reign (1236-1269); pressure from Gwynedd, and Gruffydd's marriage to the daughter of an English landowner, caused him to seek support from the English king. However, support from England failed to arrive and in 1258 he was forced to submit to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Llywelyn was recognised as Prince of Wales under the terms of the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery and Gruffydd was confined to his castle for the rest of his life.

Marriage 

He married Emma (1224 - c. 1278), daughter of Lord Henry de Audley and Bertrade Mainwaring, members of the House of Stanley.

Death & Issue 

He died in 1269 (or 1270) leaving issue:

 Madog II, succeeded his father and was killed in battle with the English in 1277.
 Llywelyn.
 Owain, whose daughter, Gweirca ferch Owain, has the oldest dated grave slab in Wales.
 Gruffydd Fychan I succeeded his eldest brother in 1277 and died in 1289.
 Angharad d. 1308.  m (after 1261) William le Boteler of Wem, Shropshire (-1283). One of their children was William Boteler, 1st Baron Boteler (second creation).
 Margery ferch Gruffydd b. 1261 She married Sir John de Arderne.

Powys Fadog was divided, in accordance with Welsh custom, between his sons:
 Madog received Maelor.
 Gruffudd had Iâl (Yale) and Edeirnion, which included Glyndyfrdwy.
 Swydd y Waun (containing the commotes of Cynllaith and Nanheudwy) was divided between Llywelyn and Owain.

References

1236 births
1269 deaths
Monarchs of Powys
13th-century Welsh monarchs
Encyclopedia of World History

The Encyclopedia of World History is a classic single-volume work detailing world history.  The first through fifth editions were edited by William L. Langer.

The Sixth Edition contained over 20,000 entries and was overseen by  Peter N. Stearns. It was made available online until removed in 2009.

Preceding works

Publication history

First five editions
An Encyclopedia of World History: Advanced, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged.

Compiled and Edited by William L. Langer, Coolidge Professor of History, (Emeritus by 1968), Harvard University.

 
  free download

Sixth Edition (2001)

 Houghton Mifflin Company (September 2001) 
 James Clarke & Co Ltd. (January 2002) 
 Easton Press (2006)

1940 non-fiction books
1948 non-fiction books
1952 non-fiction books
1968 non-fiction books
1972 non-fiction books
2001 non-fiction books
World History
Houghton Mifflin books
20th-century encyclopedias
Palais Wilson

The Palais Wilson (Wilson Palace) in Geneva, Switzerland, is the current headquarters of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. It was also the headquarters of the League of Nations from 1 November 1920 until that body moved its premises to the Palais des Nations on 17 February 1936, which was constructed between 1929 and 1938, also in Geneva. In 1924, the building was named after  U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, who was instrumental to the foundation of the League of Nations. The treaty bodies also hold their sessions in the Palais Wilson. In 1932, a glass annex was built to host the 1932 Conference on Disarmament. The Secretariat of the International Bureau of Education occupied the building from 1937 to 1984. The annex was destroyed in a fire in 1987.

The building, located on the western side of Lake Geneva, is one of the most prominent on the waterfront. The five-story and 225-room building by Lake Geneva was originally constructed in 1873–75 as Hôtel National. When Switzerland joined the then newly created League of Nations in 1920, the premises became the world body's headquarters.

References

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights - Headquarters

Buildings and structures in Geneva
United Nations properties
Headquarters of the United Nations
Woodrow Wilson
Buildings and structures completed in 1920
Second Empire architecture
1920 establishments in Switzerland
Switzerland and the United Nations
Buildings and monuments honoring American presidents
League of Nations
20th-century architecture in Switzerland
Neolitsea

Neolitsea is a genus of about 85 species of evergreen shrubs and small trees in the laurel family Lauraceae. They range from Indo-Malaysia to East Asia to Australia. The leaves are alternate, clustered, or verticillate, rarely subopposite. Species are dioecious, with separate male and female plants.

The Australian species, of which there are three, are commonly known as bolly gums and are fairly common in the rainforests of the east.

Many species of Neolitsea have been analysed for essential oils and their biological activity.

Selected species
Neolitsea aciculata - a small tree; Japan, Taiwan
Neolitsea australiensis - Australia, Green bolly gum
Neolitsea cassia - Sri Lanka
Neolitsea cambodiana var. glabra synonym Neolitsea hongkongensis- Hong Kong
Neolitsea chuii -tree up to 18m, South China
Neolitsea daibuensis - a small tree; Taiwan
Neolitsea dealbata - Australia, tree up to 12m, Hairy-leaved bolly gum
Neolitsea fischeri - India
Neolitsea fuscata - Sri Lanka (unresolved name)
Neolitsea kedahense - Malaysia
Neolitsea mollissima - Malaysia
Neolitsea parvigemma - a small tree; Taiwan
Neolitsea sericea - tree up to 15m; Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China
Neolitsea vidalii - the Philippines

References

 
Lauraceae genera
Dioecious plants
Taxa named by George Bentham
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker
BDT

BDT may refer to:

 Baker Dearing Educational Trust, educational charity in the United Kingdom
 Ballistic deflection transistor, electronic devices for high-speed integrated circuits
 Bangladeshi taka (ISO 4217 code), the currency of Bangladesh
 Bangladesh Standard Time, sometimes abbreviated BDT to distinguish from British Standard Time (BST).
 BDT & MSD Partners, an American merchant bank
 The Best Damn Thing, a 2007 album by Avril Lavigne
 Black–Derman–Toy model, a short rate model in mathematical finance
 Bokoto language (ISO 639-3 code), a Gbaya language of the Central African Republic
 Bolshoi Drama Theater (Russian: Большой Драматический Театр имени Г. А. Товстоногова; БДТ), a theater in Saint Petersburg, Russia
 British Dependent Territories, former designation of British Overseas Territories
 Gbadolite Airport (IATA code), Gbadolite, DR Congo
Operation Hurricane (1944)

Operation Hurricane was a 24-hour bombing operation to "demonstrate to the enemy in Germany generally the overwhelming superiority of the Allied Air Forces in this theatre" (in the directive to Harris ACO RAF Bomber Command) and "cause mass panic and  in the Ruhr, disrupt frontline communications and demonstrate the futility of resistance" (in the words of the Official RAF History).

During the day of 14 October 1944, 957 RAF Bomber Command aircraft dropped  of high explosive and  of incendiaries on Duisburg.  Also during the day, USAAF VIII Bomber Command Mission 677 made PFF attacks on Cologne marshaling yards at Gereon, Gremberg, and Eifelter; as well as  Euskirchen. A second RAF raid on Duisburg during the night of  in two waves about two hours apart dropped a further 4,040 tonnes of high explosive and 500 tonnes of incendiaries. In some cases RAF crews flew both the daylight and night-time raids; a total of nearly eleven hours flying time in  During the same night the RAF also bombed Brunswick (), destroying the town centre.
Nearly fifty Mosquitos carried out nuisance raids and  from No. 100 Group targeted German night fighter operations.

In  RAF Bomber Command had flown  losing  dropping approximately  of bombs and killing over  in Duisburg alone.

Notes

References
 Bishop, Patrick (2007). Bomber Boys: Fighting back 1940 — 1945, Harper Press, 2007, 
 McKillop, Jack. U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II:Combat Chronology October 1944,Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection of the United States
 Staff 

1944 in Germany
World War II strategic bombing of Germany
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United States
Madog II ap Gruffydd, Lord of Dinas Bran

Madog II was a Prince of Powys Fadog from 1269 to 1277.

Lineage and inheritance 
He inherited the throne on the death of his father Prince Gruffydd Maelor II.

Alliance with Gwynedd 
He was in alliance with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the prince of Gwynedd and all Wales as his effective overlord during the period following the Treaty of Montgomery.

Death and burial 
In 1275, Llywelyn married the daughter of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, the arch-enemy of the English king's father, Henry III. Simon's wife was Eleanor of England, the daughter of King John of the House of Plantagenet. 

When Llywelyn refused to offer a personal explanation, the king declared him a rebel and in 1277 invaded North Wales.

Although the king's primary target was Gwynedd, Powys Fadog stood in the way. Madog chose to support Llywelyn, and was consequently killed in the fighting. It is thought that Madog may have been buried at Valle Crucis Abbey, of which he was a patron.

Madog was succeeded by his younger brother Gruffydd. The conflict between Llywelyn and the King was settled by the Treaty of Aberconwy, which released Gruffydd and other Welsh princes from any allegiance to Llywelyn.

Sources 
'Littere Wallie'
'The History of Wales' Lloyd.

1277 deaths
Monarchs of Powys
Medieval Welsh killed in battle
13th-century Welsh monarchs
Year of birth unknown
Bayit VeGan

Bayit VeGan (, lit. House and Garden) is a neighborhood in southwest Jerusalem. Bayit VeGan is located to the east of Mount Herzl and borders the neighborhoods of Kiryat HaYovel and Givat Mordechai.

History

Bronze Age
A 4,000-year-old cemetery and many Canaanite artifacts were discovered in an archeological dig at the edge of Bayit Vagan.  The cemetery covers an area of more than half an acre (0.2 hectare), and burials are believed to have taken place there mainly in the Bronze Age, in 2200-2000 BCE and 1700-1600 BCE. Excavations began in 1995 but the most interesting finds were discovered in 2005.

Crusader period
The Orthodox monastery of Mar Saba owned a farmstead in this area in the 12th century, during the existence of the Catholic Kingdom of Jerusalem established by Crusaders.

British Mandate period
During the British Mandate, the army built one of its radar stations in Bayit Vagan. A synagogue, Beit Knesset Migdal ("The Tower"), now stands on the spot.

Bayit Vagan was the third neighborhood built in West Jerusalem in modern times.

State of Israel
A scale-model of the Second Temple designed by Prof. Michael Avi-Yonah based on the writings of the Roman Jewish historian Josephus, was located for many years on the grounds of the Holyland Hotel in Bayit Vagan. In 2007, it was moved to the Israel Museum.

Schools and Jewish religious institutions

Many schools and Jewish religious institutions are located in Bayit Vagan, among them Ateret Yisrael Yeshiva, Kol Torah Yeshiva, Netivot Chochma Yeshiva, Yeshiva University's Gruss Kollel and Torat Tziyon program, Yeshivat Torat Shraga, Tiferet Yerushalayim, Michlalah Jerusalem College for Women, Seminar Yerushalayim HaChadash, Yad Harav Herzog, Himmelfarb High School, Boys Town Jerusalem, and Netiv Meir Yeshiva High School. The Amshinover Rebbe has his court in Bayit Vagan, on Rabbi Frank Street. The Boyar School, a secular high school for gifted students from all over the country, is also located in Bayit Vagan.

Medical facilities
Shaare Zedek Medical Center is located at the entrance to Bayit Vagan.

Sports facilities

The Beitar Jerusalem soccer club has a practice field in the neighborhood.
Below the soccer field it's 2 tunnels for the new 16 route.

Hotels and guesthouses
In recent years, a hotel by the name of Malon Hen (Hebrew: מלון חן lit. Hen Hotel) was built on the corner of Hapisga Street, and the Bayit Vagan youth hostel on the same street was upgraded to a guesthouse.

Notable residents 
Yehoshua Neuwirth, rabbi
Ezriel Auerbach, rabbi
Ahuvah Gray, Baptist minister from the US who converted to Judaism

References

External links

Views of Bayit Vagan 

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Orthodox Jewish communities in Jerusalem
S̩

S̩ (minuscule: s̩) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from S with the addition of a vertical line below it. It is used in Yoruba to represent the sound  (like English "sh").

The line is sometimes replaced by a dot, i.e. Ṣ ṣ.

 is also the International Phonetic Alphabet symbol for a syllabic "s" sound.

Computer encoding
Unicode does not include precomposed characters for S̩ s̩ — they should be represented with a combining character, which may not align properly or may display as squares in some fonts. Nevertheless, the sequence of base character + combining diacritic is given a unique name.
In Unicode:
 S̩:  + 
 s̩:  + 

Latin letters with diacritics
Gruffudd Fychan I

Gruffudd Fychan I, Prince of Powys Fadog from 1277 to 1284, was the youngest of the four sons of Prince Gruffudd ap Madog, Lord of Dinas Bran.

On his father's death in 1269 (or 1270) his share was the Lordship of Iâl (Yale) and Edeirnion, which included Glyn Dyfrdwy.

He was aligned to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, in the war of 1277.  In the peace treaty, it was agreed that he would not do homage to Llywelyn for Edeirnion, but to Edward Longshanks for Iâl (Yale). He again fought alongside Llywelyn during the War of 1282–1283, and lost his lands to the English following his defeat.

Nevertheless, the Earl of Surrey persuaded the king to allow him possession of his lands, which he held from the king as a tenant at will for the rest of his life. He died in 1289 leaving a young son, Madog Crypl, who was the heir of the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale, and the Castle of Dinas Bran, also knowned as Crow Castle. 

Madog was put in the wardship of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, who later started the construction of Holt Castle in the lordship, and commanded the Battle of Stirling Bridge against Sir William Wallace during the English invasion of Scotland. It was the First War of Scottish Independence.

Lord Tudur ap Gruffudd and Owain Glyndŵr, the last native Prince of Wales, were his great-grandsons, the grandson of Madog Crypl.

References 

 J. E. Lloyd, Owen Glendower: Owen Glyn Dŵr (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1931), 9-11.

1289 deaths
Monarchs of Powys
13th-century Welsh monarchs
Year of birth unknown
Dharani (director)

Dharani (born V. C. Ramani) is an Indian film director, who primarily directed Tamil films. He is best known for directing super hit Tamil action films Dhill, Dhool and Ghilli.

Career
He first directed the film Ethirum Pudhirum, loosely based on forest brigand Veerappan and his younger brother's death, starring Mammootty. Political controversies ensured its delayed release in 1999. It received critical acclaim and was awarded second place in the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film. The film's producer T. Ajay kumar made Dharani the director of his next production, starring Vikram, Dhill. The film was a box-office success and his next film Dhool, produced by A. M. Rathnam in 2003, again with Vikram along with Jyothika and Reemma Sen, was a box office success. He worked with A. M. Rathnam again for the film Ghilli starring Vijay and Trisha, that was a blockbuster movie and a comeback movie in Vijay's career. It was followed by Telugu film Bangaram, featuring Pawan Kalyan in the lead. In 2008, he directed Kuruvi, rejoining the lead cast of Ghilli. Unlike the previous success in Ghilli, Kuruvi was an average hit at the box office and was panned by critics. In 2011, he remade the 2010 Hindi film Dabangg in Tamil as Osthe, with Silambarasan in the lead role, which was again a critical and was declared an average hit.

Dharani announced that he would make a Telugu film titled Merupu with Ram Charan Teja and Kajal Aggarwal, and the film had an official launch in late April 2010. The film progressed slowly throughout 2010 and was later shelved by 2011. .

Filmography

All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.

Singer
"Thaarumaaru" (Uchathula Shiva)

External links

References

Telugu film directors
Tamil film directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Hindi-language film directors
Tamil screenwriters
Philip Magnus (historian)

Sir Philip Montefiore Magnus-Allcroft, 2nd Baronet, CBE JP (8 February 1906 – 21 December 1988), was a British biographer. He wrote under the name Philip Magnus.

Magnus-Allcroft was born in London, the son of Laurie Magnus and Dora Marian Spielmann, the grandson of the educationalist and Conservative politician Sir Philip Magnus, 1st Baronet. He was a member of a notable Jewish family; his paternal grandmother was the historian Katie Emmanuel and his maternal grandmother was Emily Sebag-Montefiore.

Educated at Westminster School and Wadham College, Oxford, Magnus succeeded to the title of 2nd Baronet Magnus in 1933.

During the Second World War he was a captain in the Royal Artillery and the Intelligence Corps, rising to the rank of major. He married Jewell Allcroft in 1943, and in 1951 added the name of Allcroft to his own by deed poll.

In later years, as well as writing, he served as a justice of the peace, Shropshire County Councillor, chairman of its planning committee and the records committee, chairman of the governors of Attingham College and governor of Ludlow Grammar School. Between 1970 and 1977 he was a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery. He lived in Stokesay Court, Shropshire, England.

Publications
Magnus-Allcroft (under pen-name Philip Magnus) was author of several biographies:

Edmund Burke: A Prophet of the Eighteenth Century, 1939
Sir Walter Raleigh, 1952
Gladstone – a biography, 1954
Kitchener – portrait of an Imperialist, 1958
King Edward the Seventh, 1964

Arms

References 

 Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. "Magnus"
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

1906 births
1988 deaths
British Jews
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Jewish historians
Magnus, Sir Philip, 2nd Baronet
20th-century English historians
Royal Artillery officers
Intelligence Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War II
English justices of the peace
Councillors in Shropshire
Madog Crypl

Madog Crypl (or Madog Crippil), also known as Madog ap Gruffydd Fychan (c. 1275–1304/6) was a descendant of the sovereign Princes of Powys Fadog and Lords of Dinas Bran.  He is sometimes described as Madog III of Powys Fadog.  However, he was only lord of some of the family lands under the English crown.

He was still a child at the death of his father, Prince Gruffydd Fychan in 1289, so that the lands were placed in the custody of the queen and then of Reginald de Grey, Justice of Chester and then Thomas of Macclesfield.  Madog ap Gruffydd asked the king for a suitable provision to be made for him, and seems to have been granted his father's lands.  These apparently consisted of Glyndyfrdwy and half of the commote of Cynllaith, comprising the area around Sycharth.

Madog married Gwenllian, daughter of Ithel Fychan of Halkin and had a son Gruffydd of Rhuddallt, who was married on 8 July 1304 at the age of six to Elizabeth, daughter of John LeStrange of Knockin.

Death and Burial

Madog died circa 1304/1306 in his manor of Rhuddallt, probably in Glyn Dyfrdwy.

He was buried at Valle Crucis Abbey, Llangollen, an abbey founded by his grandfather, Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor. In 1956 the heraldic tomb slab of Madog was found at the Abbey and is now on display there. It is said to be the best preserved example of a stone monument in North Wales from this period. The carving shows a shield with a lion rampant, surrounded by the inscription in the upper half of the slab. A sheathed sword is diagonally set behind the shield and a spear runs vertically along the slab. The whole is decorated with vine leaves and bunches of grapes. The inscription reads:

HIC IACET : MA/DOC' : FIL' : GRIFINI : DCI : VYCHAN
This translates as: Here lies Madog son of Gruffydd called Fychan

Posterity 

Gruffydd of Rhuddallt became a ward of his father in law, who died in 1309.  Custody of his lands was then granted to Edmund Hakluyt, who sold the wardship to Roger Mortimer of Chirk.  However, he probably stayed with the LeStrange family, as Roger Mortimer disputed the validity of the marriage in 1305.  Gruffydd ultimately obtained possession of his lands in March 1321.  He held the two lordships by Welsh barony (pennaeth), which required him to serve in the king's army with his men at the king's expense.   In 1328, he settled his lands on himself and his wife in tail.  In 1332 he had custody of the manor and castle of Ellesmere, recently granted to his brother in law Eubolo LeStrange.  He died sometime after 1343.

Gruffydd was probably succeeded by his son Gruffydd Fychan II who is reported to have died shortly before 1370, and was the father of Owain Glyndŵr. However, some genealogical tables insert another generation with a Madog Fychan as son of Madog Crypl.

References
Welsh Princes based on Burkes Royal Families (1973)

Monarchs of Powys
1270s births
1300s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Womenswold

Womenswold is a village and civil parish centred  south-east of Canterbury, Kent, England, 1 mile to the east of the A2 road. The parish consists of three hamlets: Womenswold, Woolage Village and Woolage Green.

Historically, Womenswold has been recorded with various spellings, including Wymynswold and Wimlingswold. A further one may be Wymelyngewolde 

Originally 'Wymelyngewolde', from the combination of the possible personal name of ‘Wimel’ and the Old English ‘ingas’ meaning the ‘people of’ and ‘wald’ as a ‘forest’. Thus Womanswold, or 'Wymelyngewolde', means the ‘forest of the people of Wimel’.

The church of St, Margaret of Antioch covers all three hamlets, in Womenswold proper rather than the woodland, cereal and pasture fields within its bounds. A small mediaeval building without any side aisles, it is part of the Barham Downs group of churches.

References

External links

 Womenswold Parish Council
 Womenswold Church

Villages in Kent
City of Canterbury
Split album

A split album (or split) is a music album that includes tracks by two or more separate artists. There are also singles and EPs of the same variety, which are often called "split singles" and "split EPs" respectively. Split albums differ from "various artists" compilation albums in that they generally include several tracks of each artist, or few artists with one or two tracks each, instead of multiple artists with only one or two tracks each.

History
Split albums were initially done on vinyl records, with music from one artist on one side of the record and music from a second artist on the opposite side. As vinyl albums declined as a mass medium, CD issues have followed the practice. Although a CD is not turned over the same way as a vinyl, the term "sides" is still applied figuratively.
Since the early 1980s, the format has been used widely by independent record labels, and artists in punk rock, hardcore, grindcore, black metal, noise and indie rock circles. Splits usually receive an underground fanbase even if the artists featured are mainstream, as the success of split albums is most often not of a mainstream proportion.

Album types

References
Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit

The men's team pursuit was one of seven track cycling events on the Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of a pursuit-style event. Each nation could enter 1 team of 4 cyclists.

Competition format

In the team pursuit competition, teams started at opposite sides of the track. Each team raced three laps of the track, comprising 1980 yards (1810.5 m). The third cyclist in each four-man team to finish set the time for the team. The competition consisted of three rounds (heats, semifinals, and a final); in each round, 2 teams would compete in each heat. The winner of each heat would advance. The bronze medal was awarded based on the time of the two semifinal losers rather than a direct competition.

Results

First round

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

The Dutch team had a bye in the first round.

Heat 4

In the only contested heat in the first round, the German team eliminated the French.

Semifinals

Semifinal 1

The Canadians received third place overall as the faster of the two semifinal losers, while the British team moved on to the final.

Semifinal 2

Final

Notes

Sources
 
 De Wael, Herman. Herman's Full Olympians: "Cycling 1908".  Accessed 7 April 2006. Available electronically at  .

Men's team pursuit
Cycling at the Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit
Track cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics
30th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 30th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army in the First and Second World Wars.

History

First World War
The Brigade was originally raised as part of the 10th (Irish) Division and served with that formation throughout the First World War.

Second World War
The brigade was reformed on 24 April 1940 in the United Kingdom, as the 30th Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Claude Nicholson. It contained two regular army motor infantry battalions and a Territorial motorcycle reconnaissance battalion. It was intended to be part of the 1st Armoured Division, then forming in Normandy, but on 22 May it was hastily sent to Calais in France to defend the port against a German panzer division. After a siege there, lasting three days, the brigade was overrun late on 26 May.

The brigade was reformed again on 17 October 1940 as the 30th Independent Brigade Group (Guards), and later converted to the 6th Guards Tank Brigade.

Order of battle

 
(At Calais)
 1st Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)
 2nd Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps
 7th Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (1st Battalion, Queen Victoria's Rifles)
 3rd Royal Tank Regiment (under command)
 229th Anti-Tank Battery, Royal Artillery (under command)

(As 6th Guards Tank Brigade)
 4th Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 3rd Battalion, Scots Guards
 4th Battalion, Grenadier Guards

Infantry brigades of the British Army
Infantry brigades of the British Army in World War II
Boso of Merseburg

Boso of Merseburg (died 1 November 970) was the first Bishop of Merseburg in Saxony-Anhalt, and "Apostle of the Wends."

Boso, a native of Bavaria, was a Benedictine monk of Saint Emmeram's in Regensburg, from where he was summoned to the court of Otto I, who, considering the conversion of the lately subjugated Wends indispensable to the security of the German Empire, sent Boso to convert them to Christianity. In the beginning Boso's mission appeared useless, because of the hatred of the Wends for the Germans who had deprived them of their liberty. Boso however studied their language in order to preach to them in their own tongue, and gradually gained their trust and respect.

In 967 or 968, Boso was able to provide for the creation of three new bishoprics based at Merseburg, Meissen and Zeitz. He chose Merseburg as his own bishopric; Hugo, another Benedictine monk, became Bishop of Zeitz, and Burchard, of Meissen. All three were consecrated on Christmas Day 968, by their metropolitan, Adalbert of Magdeburg. Boso continued his missionary labours, but died on a visit to his native Bavaria. He was succeeded by Gisilher.

References

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People from Bavaria
Roman Catholic bishops of Merseburg
10th-century German bishops
German Benedictines
German Roman Catholic missionaries
970 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Vid, Croatia

Vid is a village in Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia, administered as a part of the city of Metković.

It is famous for the ruins of the Roman city of Narona. It has a museum of Roman history in the region, called Archeological Museum of Narona.

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 690, while it was 796 in 2011.

References

External links

  The official portal of Vid in Croatia
 Archeological Museum of Narona -Vid Croatia

Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Gerald Jacobs

Gerald Jacobs is a British author and the literary editor of The Jewish Chronicle. His book Sacred Games, an account of a Hungarian Jew, Nicholas (Miklós) Hammer, a Holocaust survivor, was published in 1995. Hammer was a Hungarian Jew conscripted into the Hungarian Jewish forced labour Battalion in 1944. The book recounts Hammer's subsequent time in a Nazi ghetto for Jews, and his suffering in Birkenau.

Nine Love Letters is Jacobs's first novel, published in 2016. It tells the story of two Jewish refugee families whose lives unexpectedly converge in post-war London.

Jacobs is the father of electronic musician Ben Jacobs, who performs as Max Tundra, and Becky Jacobs, a member of the band Tunng.

Bibliography
Judi Dench: A Great Deal Of Laughter - the authorised biography, Gerald Jacobs, Little, Brown and Company, 1985, 
Sacred Games, Gerald Jacobs, Penguin, 1995, 
Nine Love Letters, Gerald Jacobs, Quartet Books, 2016, 
Pomeranski, Gerald Jacobs, 2020

References

British Jewish writers
British editors
Living people
British literary editors
Year of birth missing (living people)
British male non-fiction writers
Flint Hill, Mississippi

Flint Hill is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi.

Flint Hill is located northeast of Caledonia.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lowndes County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi
Forreston, Mississippi

Forreston is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi.

Forreston is located southeast of Columbus near the Alabama state line. Forreston is located on the BNSF Railway. The community was likely named after a local plantation.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lowndes County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi
Conchapelopia

Conchapelopia is a genus of flies belonging to the family Chironomidae (the non-biting midges).

Species

Species include:

Eurasian species

C. aagardi Murray, 1987 - Britain, Germany, Norway
C. abiskoensis Goetghebuer, 1940 - Finland, Sweden
C. flavifrons (Johannsen, 1905)
C. garim Na & Bae, 2010 - Korea
C. hittmairorum Michiels & Spies, 2002 - Europe, North Africa
C. intermedia Fittkau, 1962 - Scandinavia, Germany
C. melanops (Meigen, 1818) - Palaearctic, North Africa, Near East
C. pallidula Meigen, 1818 - Europe, Near East
C. seoulpia Na & Bae, 2010 - Korea
C. triannulata (Goetghebuer, 1921) - Europe, Near East
C. viator (Kieffer, 1911) - Palaearctic, North Africa

Nearctic species

C. aleta Roback, 1971
C. bruna Roback, 1971
C. currani Walley, 1925
C. fasciata Beck and Beck, 1966
C. mera Roback, 1971
C. pallens (Coquillett, 1902)
C. paramelanops Roback, 1971
C. rurika Roback, 1957
C. telema Roback, 1971
C. varna Roback, 1981

African species
C. cygnus (Kieffer, 1923)
C. trifascia (Freeman, 1954)

References

Fauna Europaea
Nomina Insecta Nearctica

Tanypodinae
Kolola Springs, Mississippi

Kolola Springs is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi.

Kolola Springs is located on U.S. Route 45, north of Columbus and west of Caledonia. According to the United States Geological Survey, a variant name is Shinns Spring.

Kolola Springs may be derived from a Chickasaw name meaning "singing springs". The springs were purported to have medicinal qualities and contain sodium, calcium, and large parts of iron.

The community is also located on the BNSF Railway.

A post office operated under the name Kolola Springs from 1928 to 1953.

Kolola Springs was once home to the Jones Motel, which was located along U.S. Route 45.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lowndes County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi
Mississippi placenames of Native American origin
Lord Reid

Lord Reid may refer to:
 James Reid, Baron Reid (1890–1975), Scottish Unionist politician and judge
 John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan (born 1947), Scottish Labour party politician, cabinet minister, and chairman of Celtic F.C.
US Lacrosse Intercollegiate Associates

The US Lacrosse Intercollegiate Associates (USLIA) are programs created by US Lacrosse, the national governing body for lacrosse in the United States, to foster intercollegiate teams for both men and women prior to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) organizing national championships for men in 1971 and for women in 1982.  After the NCAA became involved, US Lacrosse shifted its focus to supporting collegiate teams at NCAA schools that did not actually field varsity teams.  This has eventually expanded to also include National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics schools, because the NAIA at that time did not recognize lacrosse as a sanctioned sport.  

These programs were designated the US Lacrosse Men's Division Intercollegiate Associates (MDIA) and US Lacrosse Women's Division Intercollegiate Associates (WDIA).  Over time, it was decided that the MDIA had become too complicated for US Lacrosse to administer and on August 24, 2006, the MDIA Board of Directors announced formation of a new organization called the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA) as its replacement.  It was agreed that the MDIA would cease to exist, that the new MCLA would run its own national tournament and control its own budget, but still sit on US Lacrosse boards and committees.  The WDIA in January 2011 was also reorganized and renamed the Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA).

Men's division
See Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA)

Women's division
See Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA)

External links
 US Lacrosse
 Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA)
 Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA)

College lacrosse in the United States
Lacrosse governing bodies of the United States
McCrary, Mississippi

McCrary is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi.
McCrary is located southeast of Columbus and northeast of New Hope on the Mississippi/Alabama state line.

McCrary is located on the former Mobile and Ohio Railroad and had a freight and passenger station. The community was once home to a cotton gin and sawmill.

A post office operated under the name McCrary from 1898 to 1910.

Roland McMillan Harper passed through McCrary while documenting the plant life of Mississippi.

It has been postulated that Hernando de Soto crossed into Mississippi from Alabama at McCrary.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lowndes County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi
Robert Fudali

Robert Fudali may refer to:

 Rob Darken (born Robert Fudali), Polish heavy metal singer and guitarist
 Robert F. Fudali, American geochemist
Kawasaki Superbike Challenge

Kawasaki Superbike Challenge (known in Europe as Kawasaki Superbikes) is a multiplatform racing video game where the player takes the role of a Kawasaki factory rider in an unnamed fictional racing series.

Gameplay
Kawasaki Superbike Challenge is a motorcycle racing game that uses the same engine as the Sega Genesis game F1. It includes 14 standard-length race tracks, plus the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race, available in both training and Championship modes. The game is unlicensed (except by Kawasaki), so all riders and teams are fictional.

The game has more polygonal roadside objects than F1, and there is still a Turbo mode, allowing for faster racing at the expense of some of the detail. Players are given the ability to turn on or off weather (during rainy days the graphics are darker and the bike has less traction). The number of laps on each course can be 5, 10 or 15, and there are four skill levels. Some changes have been made to how the vehicle handles, to emphasize the switch from cars to bikes.

Reception
Reviewing the Genesis version, GamePro praised the numerous options, responsive controls, complex tracks, and balanced challenge with "enough variety to suit all skill levels", but criticized the undetailed landscapes, "blocky" polygons, and lack of visual effects to accentuate the action. They more wholeheartedly approved of the Game Gear version, applauding the graphics, fast pace, two-player mode, and most particularly the numerous modes and customization options, and concluding that "Handheld racing doesn't get much better than this."

A critic for Next Generation panned the Super NES version, chiefly for the lack of any sense of speed. He further remarked that "Flat-shaded 'polygon' blocks dot the sides of the road, which only serves to confuse rather than decorate, the 'first-person' perspective rather effectively hides the road, and you could even describe the control as sluggish, except that sluggish isn't strong enough a word." He gave it one out of five stars.

Next Generation reviewed the Genesis version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "eventually the redundant, mundane races and lack of character traits in bikers make this game uninteresting."

References

1994 video games
Domark games
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Racing video games
Game Gear games
Sega Genesis games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Teque London games
Video games developed in France
Video games set in Austria
Video games set in the Czech Republic
Video games set in England
Sports video games set in Germany
Sports video games set in Italy
Sports video games set in Japan
Video games set in Malaysia
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in the Netherlands
Video games set in Portugal
Video games set in San Marino
Video games set in Spain
Video games set in Sweden
Single-player video games
Penns, Mississippi

Penns, also known as Penn or Penns Station, is an unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Mississippi. Penns is located south of Artesia on U.S. Route 45.

Penns is located on the Kansas City Southern Railway. In 1900, the community had a population of 100. In 1918, the Mobile and Ohio Railroad closed their station in Penns.

A post office operated under the name Penns from 1888 to 1920.

The Penn Company operated an apiary in Penns and shipped queen bees throughout the United States. Hay and lumber were also shipped from Penns.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lowndes County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi
Madog Fychan

Madog Fychan was a member of the family of Princes of Powys Fadog, though he never gained the title, being brother of Gruffydd Maelor II. He was an ally to Dafydd ap Llywelyn in his campaign to attack English possessions in Wales in 1245 and sided with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1258 in his claim to the title of Prince of Wales. He died in December 1269.

Ancestry and Ambiguity 
Some sources cite Madog Fychan ap Madog ap Gruffydd, also known as Madog Fychan, as the brother of Gruffydd Maelor II and grandson of Gruffydd Maelor I, Prince of Powys Fadog, existing c.1230–1269. Other genealogical tables insert another generation lower down with Madog Fychan as son of Madog Crypl (c. 1275–1304/6). However, it is more likely that Madog Crypl's son was Gruffydd, who was succeeded by Gruffydd Fychan II, the father of Owain Glyndŵr.

References
Sewell genealogy
Welsh Princes
J. E. Lloyd, Owen Glendower: Owen Glyn Dŵr (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1931), 9-17 (not mentioned).
https://biography.wales/article/s-MADO-FYC-1269
A History of Wales: from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
Littere Wallie, 1940  

13th-century Welsh people
Flora of North America

The Flora of North America North of Mexico (usually referred to as FNA) is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America, including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenland. It includes bryophytes and vascular plants. All taxa are described and included in dichotomous keys, distributions of all species and infraspecific taxa are mapped, and about 20% of species are illustrated with line drawings prepared specifically for FNA. It is expected to fill 30 volumes when completed and will be the first work to treat all of the known flora north of Mexico; in 2015 it was expected that the series would conclude in 2017. Twenty-nine of the volumes have been published as of 2022.

Soon after publication, the contents are made available online.

FNA is a collaboration of about 1,000 authors, artists, reviewers, and editors from throughout the world.

Reception 
The series has been praised for "the comprehensive treatments [that] allow botanists to examine taxonomic and geographical traits of genera across the North American continent, rather than being limited by keys developed for one's own state or region".

Reviewing volume 3, Paula Wolfe found the series worth recommending, and praised it for high standards.

References

External links

 

 
Florae (publication)
Botany in North America
Missouri Botanical Garden
Bhadravati

Bhadravati, Bhadrawati or Bhadravathi may refer to:

 Bhadravati, Karnataka, an industrial city and taluk in India
 Bhadravati, Maharashtra (formerly Bhandak), a city and municipal council in India
Power Piggs of the Dark Age

Power Piggs of the Dark Age is a 2D platform game developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Titus Software. It was released in 1996 for the Super NES in North America, and in the PAL regions the following year. A Sega Mega Drive version was planned but never released.

Gameplay

The video game takes place during the Dark Ages. In control of a group of humanoid pigs, the player's object is to defeat a warlock named the Wizard of Wolff, a humanoid wolf with strange magical powers. Each of the Power Piggs was planned to use their own medieval weapon and uses it to defeat minor enemies that lie in his path. However, the actual released version of the game featured only one playable character, Bruno, in spite of all three still appearing on the title screen.

The first stage is a typical medieval town but it only gets more surreal from there.

Doughnuts are seen as food in the game for the main characters. One of the main characters is a knight named Bruno; his secondary weapon happens to be pastries that explode on contact with the enemy.

Several in-game passwords help to reveal a mini-game in addition to hidden messages within the coding of the game itself.

Reception
Doctor Devon of GamePro  praised the player character's move set, the cartoon-style graphics, the humorous sound effects, and the fast-paced music, though he acknowledged that Power Piggs of the Dark Age lacks the sophistication of some of the more recent platform games.

Allgame gave the game a score of 3 stars out of a possible 5, with the reviewer offering some praise for the game's graphics.

References

External links
 
 

1996 video games
Surreal comedy
Slapstick comedy
Side-scrolling video games
Platformers
Piko Interactive games
Titus Software games
Radical Entertainment games
Cancelled Sega Genesis games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Video games about pigs
Fictional knights in video games
Video games about wolves
Wizards in fiction
Anthropomorphic mammals
Anthropomorphic wolves
Fictional rivalries
Video games about magic
Works about royalty
Fantasy video games set in the Middle Ages
Video games set in castles
Video games scored by Marc Baril
Video games developed in Canada
Loftur Sæmundsson

Loftur Sæmundsson (died 1163; Modern Icelandic: ; Old Norse:  ) was a chieftain of Oddi at Rangárvellir in the south part of Iceland. He was a member of the Oddaverjar family clan  and was the son of Sæmundur fróði who had established a school at Oddi.  He was married to Þóra Magnúsdóttir, daughter of king Magnus III of Norway. Loftur was the father of Jón Loftsson  who adopted Snorri Sturluson.

References 

Loftur Saemundsson
1133 deaths
Loftur Saemundsson
Year of birth unknown