alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Ulrich Vinzents

Ulrich Vig Vinzents (born 4 November 1976) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a right-back.

Club career

In Denmark
Born in Ringsted, Vinzents started his professional career at Lyngby Boldklub however with a limited amount of play. He moved on to Køge BK and played there for three seasons before coming back to his old club Lyngby. Back in Lyngby Vinzents established himself in the starting eleven and played for four seasons before once again leaving the club, this time to FC Nordsjælland. After a couple of season's at the club he transferred to OB for three seasons before he moved overseas to Sweden and Malmö FF.

Malmö FF
Vinzents transferred to Malmö FF in 2006 and took a spot in the starting eleven from the start. For the coming five seasons he missed as few as seven games as he was in good form and rid of injuries. For the 2010 season Vinzents showed that he had a good defense as well as offensive skills which he demonstrated frequently by shooting cross balls from the right flank. In 2010 Vinzents finally won his first title as Malmö FF became Swedish champions. Vinzents played 29 out of 30 possible league games and was one of the reasons for the team's successful defence.

Vinzents continued to play for the majority of Malmö FF's matches for the 2011 season with 23 Allsvenskan caps and 45 matches in total. He scored his first and only competitive goal for the club against Jönköpings Södra IF in Svenska Cupen on 11 May 2011. Vinzents signed a new contract on 22 June 2011 to keep him at the club for another season.

After captain Daniel Andersson decided to focus on his coaching role for the 2012 season Vinzents was given the captain's armband. However as Vinzents had some trouble with injuries throughout the season he only acted as captain for a few matches, most notably in his last match for Malmö FF on 4 November in an away game against AIK. On 1 November 2012, it was announced that Vinzents would leave the club after seven seasons. He was given a farewell ceremony on the pitch at Swedbank Stadion after the last home match of the season against Örebro SK.

Career statistics

Honours
Malmö FF
Allsvenskan: 2010

References

External links
  Malmö FF profile
  SvFF profile
 

1976 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's under-21 international footballers
Lyngby Boldklub players
Køge Boldklub players
FC Nordsjælland players
Odense Boldklub players
Malmö FF players
Allsvenskan players
Danish Superliga players
Danish 1st Division players
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Men's association football fullbacks
People from Ringsted
Footballers from Region Zealand
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Alfred Evensen

Alfred Bergiton Evensen (17 August 1883 – 2 May 1942) was a Norwegian musician who in 1918 became leader of the Norwegian Army Band after Lt. Peter Jøsvold retired from the position.

References
Johansen, Vegar (2006). The Norwegian Army Band, Harstad.

1883 births
1942 deaths
Norwegian musicians
Bandleaders
Katerine

Katerine is a surname or given name, and may refer to:

Given name 
 Katerine Avgoustakis (born 1983), winner of the 2005 Star Academy show in Belgium
 Katerine Moreno (born 1974), Bolivian swimmer
 Katerine Duska, Canadian-Greek singer and songwriter
 Katerine Savard (born 1993), Canadian competitive swimmer

Surname 
 Philippe Katerine (born 1968), French singer

Given names
1973 in Pakistan

Events from the year 1973 in Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (until 13 August), Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (starting 14 August)
Prime Minister: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (starting 14 August)
Chief Justice: Hamoodur Rahman

Governors
Governor of Balochistan: Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (until 15 February); Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti (starting 15 February)
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Arbab Sikandar Khan (until 15 February); Aslam Khattak (starting 15 February)
Governor of Punjab: Ghulam Mustafa Khar (until 12 November); Sadiq Hussain Qureshi (starting 12 November)
Governor of Sindh: Mir Rasool Bux Talpur (until 15 February); Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (starting 15 February)

Events 
 February, 1973 raid on the Iraqi embassy in Pakistan
 March, Bangladesh Liberation War
 10 April, the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan is passed.
14 August, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is elected Prime Minister of Pakistan.
 October, 1973 Arab-Israeli War

Births
 August 15 – Adnan Sami, music composer, singer, pianist

Births
 November 7  –  ((Adnan Aslam)),  Writer and lover

See also 
 List of Pakistani films of 1973

References 

 
Pakistan
Pakistan
1970s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan
Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland

Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (; BUND, ) is a German non-governmental organisation (NGO) dedicated to preserving nature and protecting the environment. The name means "German Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation". Its subtitle Friends of the Earth Germany indicates that BUND is a member organisation of the international network Friends of the Earth (FoE).

General facts 

With about 660,000 members and supporters the BUND is one of the biggest environmental organizations in Germany. It is also formally accredited by the Federal Republic of Germany and therefore has to be officially included if an encroachment into nature is being planned. In 2020, the organization gathered €41.1million mainly from member fees (71%).

The federal organization has its office located in Berlin and is represented by its president Hubert Weiger. There are 2,200 local groups and, like Germany itself, the BUND is divided into 16 state organisations. There are up to 20 working parties specialised such as in law, water, waste, health, forest, energy, and gene technology; everyone can participate. The working parties often include renowned scientist and participate in official parliament hearings, comment on new laws and develop ecologic concepts. Moreover, the expert knowledge is widely spread through workshops and brochures.

All members of the BUND under the age of 27 are automatically members of the youth organisation BUNDjugend.

The BUND logo symbolises the earth as a green ball held by two protecting hands.

History 

The BUND was founded on 20 July 1975, as a federation of already existing regional groups. The BUND's co-founders were wildlife filmmaker Horst Stern, Frankfurt Zoological Society leader Bernhard Grzimek, politician Herbert Gruhl (CDU, ödp), conductor Enoch zu Guttenberg, forest conservationist Hubert Weinzierl and 16 others including Bodo Manstein and  Gerhard Thielcke.

The original name „Bund für Natur- und Umweltschutz Deutschland (BNUD)“ was changed in 1977 for better readability.

In 1989 the BUND became a member of Friends of the Earth International.

In 1990 five Associations were founded in East Germany.

BUND was founding member of the Berlin Energy Table which successfully pushed for a Referendum on the recommunalization of energy supply in Berlin in 2013.  The referendum however failed to obtain a sufficient number of yes votes despite a strong majority amongst those that did vote.

Publications
 The Meat Atlas is an annual report on meat consumption and the meat industry published in cooperation with Heinrich Böll Foundation, Friends of the Earth and Le Monde diplomatique.

References

External links 

 
 BUND Homepage
 BUNDjugend homepage (in German)
 Friends of the Earth Europe Homepage
 Friends of the Earth International Homepage

Environmental organisations based in Germany
Friends of the Earth
Organizations established in 1975
1975 establishments in Germany
Nature conservation in Germany
Deutscher Naturschutzring
Trimethylsilyl cyanide

Trimethylsilyl cyanide is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3)3SiCN. This volatile liquid consists of a cyanide group, that is CN, attached to a trimethylsilyl group. The molecule is used in organic synthesis as the equivalent of hydrogen cyanide.  It is prepared by the reaction of lithium cyanide and trimethylsilyl chloride:
LiCN + (CH3)3SiCl → (CH3)3SiCN + LiCl

Structure
The molecule exhibits the structure of a nitrile-like compound. The compound exists in a rapid equilibrium with a small amount of the isomeric isocyanide (CH3)3SiNC. By contrast, the nearly isostructural tert-butyl nitrile does not readily isomerize to tert-butyl isocyanide.  The isocyanide isomer can be stabilized by complexation to metals.

Reactions
Trimethylsilyl cyanide hydrolyzes to give hydrogen cyanide and trimethylsilanol:
(CH3)3SiCN + H2O → (CH3)3SiOH + HCN

In its principal application, it adds across carbon-oxygen double bonds, for example in an aldehyde, to form a new carbon-carbon bond:
 + (CH3)3SiC≡N → N≡C–Si(CH3)3
The product is an O-silylated cyanohydrin.

One use of this reagent is to convert pyridine-N-oxides into 2-cyanopyridine. This transformation is best done in dichloromethane solution using dimethylcarbamoyl chloride as the activating electrophile. It is possible to use benzoyl chloride but the yields and regioselectivity of the addition of the cyano group are lower.

Acetone cyanohydrin can be used to reversibly generate the cyanide anion.
(4)

Safety
Trimethylsilyl cyanide behaves equivalently to hydrogen cyanide, a potent poison. The compound can be disposed of by using a mixture of alkali hydroxide and bleach.

References

Nitriles
Trimethylsilyl compounds
1972 in Pakistan

Events from the year 1972 in Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government

President: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Chief Justice: Hamoodur Rahman

Governors

Governor of Balochistan: 
 until 11 April: Ghous Bakhsh Raisani 
 11 April-19 April: Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo 
 19 April-30 April: Ghous Bakhsh Raisani
 starting 30 April: Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hayat Sherpao (until 29 April); Arbab Sikandar Khan (starting 30 April)
Governor of Punjab: Ghulam Mustafa Khar 
Governor of Sindh: Mumtaz Bhutto (until 20 April); Mir Rasool Bux Talpur (starting 29 April)

Events

 Karachi labour unrest of 1972

January

 20 January -President (later Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto publicly announces that Pakistan will immediately begin a nuclear weapons programme.

 Pakistan temporarily withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations in protest at the international recognition of Bangladesh as an independent Commonwealth republic (Pakistan returns to the Commonwealth in 1989).

July

 2 July – India and Pakistan sign the Simla Accord in Simla, India, following the surrender of the Pakistan military to Indian forces in 1971 and the subsequent emergence of former East Pakistan as the independent country of Bangladesh.

 7 July – Sindh Assembly passed the Sind Teaching, Promotion and Use of Sindhi Language Bill, 1972 which established Sindhi language as the sole official language of the province resulting in 1972 Language violence in Sindh.

August

 14 August – Pakistan celebrates 25 years as an independent country.

Births

26 April – Sana Nawaz, actress
22 May – Zabir Saeed, journalist and editor
5 August – Aaqib Javed, cricketer and coach
3 October – Aijaz Aslam, actor

Deaths

28 May – Aziz ul Haq, Chairman of the Young People's Front, a Marxist group
29 May – Prithviraj Kapoor, actor and director
1 October – Riaz Shahid, film writer and director

See also
 List of Pakistani films of 1972

References 

 
Pakistan
Pakistan
1970s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan
Motorsports Hall of Fame

There are numerous Motorsports Hall of Fames:

Auto Racing Hall of Fame - United States
Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame - Canada
International Motorsports Hall of Fame - autoracers from around the world
Motorcycle Hall of Fame - United States
Motorsports Hall of Fame of America - United States
NASCAR Hall of Fame - United States
National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame - United States
National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame - United States
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame & Museum - United States
Off-road Motorsports Hall of Fame - off-road racers from around the world
SCCA Hall of Fame - Sports Car Club of America, United States

See also
List of halls and walks of fame
Libera me

"Libera me" ("Deliver me") is a responsory sung in the Office of the Dead in the Catholic Church, and at the absolution of the dead, a service of prayers for the dead said beside the coffin immediately after the Requiem Mass and before burial. The text asks God to have mercy upon the deceased person at the Last Judgment.

In addition to the Gregorian chant in the Roman Gradual, many composers have written settings for the text, including Tomás Luis de Victoria,  Anton Bruckner (two settings), Giuseppe Verdi, Gabriel Fauré, Maurice Duruflé, Igor Stravinsky, Benjamin Britten, Sigismund von Neukomm, Orlande de Lassus, Krzysztof Penderecki, Antonio Salieri, Lorenzo Perosi, Arnold Rosner and Patrick Gowers (first stanza only).

The responsory is begun by a cantor, who sings the versicles alone, and the responses are sung by the choir. The text is written in the first-person singular, "Deliver me, O Lord, from eternal death on that fearful day", a dramatic substitution in which the choir speaks for the dead person.

In the traditional Office, "Libera me" is also said on All Souls' Day (2 November) and whenever all three nocturns of Matins of the Dead are recited. On other occasions, the ninth responsory of Matins for the Dead begins with , but continues with a different text ().

References

Christian funeral music
Christian hymns in Latin
Catholic liturgy
Liturgy of the Hours
Latin religious words and phrases
Rampage (rapper)

Roger McNair, known professionally as Rampage (formerly Rampage the Last Boy Scout), is an American rapper who is a member of the Flipmode Squad. He is a long-time collaborator with his cousin Busta Rhymes.

Early life and music career
Rampage was born Roger McNair in Brooklyn, New York City on August 1, 1974, to Katherine McNair and Roger Williams, who are from Jamaica.

In 1992, McNair was given his first recording deal with Dallas Austin on Rowdy / Arista Records and released the single "Beware of the Rampsack". In 1993 Rampage made his first guest appearance on the song  “Spontaneous (13 MC's Deep)” off Leaders Of The New School's T.I.M.E. (The Inner Mind's Eye). In 1994, he recorded “Flava in Ya Ear In (Remix)” with Craig Mack, Notorious B.I.G., LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes. In 1996, he recorded the platinum single "Woo Hah!! Got You All in Check" with Busta Rhymes for the platinum album The Coming.

One year later, he was given a second recording deal with Elektra Records and released his gold solo LP, Scout's Honor... by Way of Blood, which included the top-40 hit "Take It to the Streets" and "Wild for da Night". In 1998, he released The Imperial with the Flipmode Squad, which gave them their first Source Award in 1999. Since then, he has recorded with Busta Rhymes on numerous platinum albums and has appeared on various projects including a remix of the multi-platinum single “Fallin'” by Alicia Keys.

Currently based in Phoenix, Arizona, McNair recently signed an independent record label deal for his company DeepFreeze Entertainment (DFE) with Sure Shot Records. On that label, he has released for promotional use a single of a new group signed to DFE named Total Vision. Lady Day, a rapper, is also on the roster.

Around 2005, McNair decided to relaunch his solo career and released an official mixtape called Demagraffix which was designed as a starter for his second album, Have You Seen?, released in 2006 by Sure Shot Records.

In May 2020, he released his single "#Selfie" produced by DJ Excel.

In the same year, 2020, a music video "Wild For Da Night" (featuring Busta Rhymes) came out.

Discography

Studio albums
 Scout's Honor... By Way of Blood (1997)
 Have You Seen? (2006)
 Lieutenant on Deck (2013)

Collaborative albums
 The Imperial as part of the Flipmode Squad (1998)

References

External links

1974 births
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Living people
Rappers from Brooklyn
American rappers of Jamaican descent
Musicians from Flatbush, Brooklyn
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
Exo (disambiguation)

Exo is a South Korean–Chinese boy band.

Exo or EXO may also refer to: 

 exo-, a medical prefix denotes something as "outside" another
 Exo (album), a 2012 album by Gatekeeper
 Exo (novel), a novel in the Jumper series by Steven Gould
 Exo (public transit), a regional public transit agency in greater Montreal, Canada
 Exo Inc., a company that makes protein bars using flour made from crickets
 Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO), a particle physics experiment
 Exo, a 2017 novel by Fonda Lee
 The Exo Building, an office building in Dublin, Ireland.

See also 
 
 Ecto (disambiguation)
 Endo (disambiguation)
 XO (disambiguation)
 Exoplanet, a planet outside the Solar System
 Exoskeleton, an external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body
 endo-exo isomerism, a characteristic of some organic compounds
Merlo

Merlo may refer to:

 Merlo (company), a manufacturer of telescopic handlers based in Italy
 Merlo Partido, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
 Merlo, Buenos Aires, head town of Merlo Partido
 Deportivo Merlo, football team based here
 Merlo Station High School, in Beaverton, Oregon
 Villa de Merlo, San Luis Province, Argentina

People with the surname
 Beatrice Merlo
 Carmelo Merlo
 Claudio Merlo
 Enrica Merlo
 Enrique Gorriarán Merlo
 Francisco de Merlo
 Francisco López de Osornio Merlo
 Gastón Merlo
 Gianni Merlo
 Giuseppe Merlo
 Harry Merlo
 Ismael Merlo
 Jaime Jiménez Merlo
 Janet Merlo
 Jim Merlo
 Johann Jakob Merlo
 John Merlo
 Larry Merlo
 Liliana Merlo
 Luis Merlo
 Madeline Merlo
 María Luisa Merlo
 Maria Teresa Merlo
 Michele Merlo (cyclist)
 Michele Merlo (singer)
 Miguel Antonio de Merlo
 Mike Merlo
 Nelson Merlo
 Néstor Merlo
 Omar Merlo
 Paul Merlo 
 Reinaldo Merlo
 Rick Merlo
 Yoan "ToD" Merlo
 Carmen García de Merlo

See also
 Merlot
Dejvická (Prague Metro)

Dejvická () is a Prague Metro station on Line A. It lies at the eastern end of the main boulevard Evropská Třída.

History
The station was opened on 12 August 1978 as the western terminus of the inaugural section of Line A, between Leninova and Náměstí Míru. It was formerly known as Leninova after Vladimir Lenin, and renamed Dejvická in 1990 following the Velvet Revolution.

Dejvická station was built between 1973 and 1978 with a cost of 301 million Czechoslovak crowns.

The station served as the end of Line A until the extension to Nemocnice Motol was opened on 6 April 2015.

General information
The station serves and is named after the Dejvice district of Prague 6. The Dejvická Farmers' Market is located nearby and open on Saturdays.

Exits
The station has two exits
Western exit leading to Evropská Třída
Eastern exit leading to Victory Square ().

Gallery

References

External links 

 Gallery and information  
 dpp.cz 

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Prague 6
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Hradčanská (Prague Metro)

Hradčanská () is a Prague Metro station on Line A, between Dejvická and Malostranská stations. It is named after Hradčany, the district where Prague Castle is located (hrad means "castle" in Czech). However, the Castle itself is 10 minutes away walking from the station. This station originally had only one exit toward Milady Horákové street.  It now has multiple exits on this street, on each site of the tram tracks.  There is now also an exit directly onto Dejvická street.

The station was opened on 12 August 1978 as part of the inaugural section of Line A, between Leninova and Náměstí Míru.

The station vestibule, which extends under the tram stop, and into which the escalator tunnel enters directly in the middle, is lined with yellow stone. It has a Czech lion carved into it and an inscription reading "Veškerá moc v ČSSR patří pracujícímu lidu" ("All power in the CSSR belongs to the working people").

References

External links 
 Gallery and information (English)

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Lyon-Saint-Exupéry TGV station

Lyon-Saint-Exupéry TGV station (formerly Gare de Satolas TGV) is a railway station near Lyon, France, directly attached to Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport. The station was built as an addition to the airport to serve TGV trains on the LGV Rhône-Alpes, part of the main line running from Paris Gare de Lyon to Marseille Saint-Charles. It is situated about 20 km east of Lyon city centre.

Overview
Saint-Exupéry station was designed by Santiago Calatrava, cost 750 million Francs and opened on 3 July 1994, at the same time as the high-speed line to Saint-Marcel-lès-Valence. The building is mostly a combination of concrete and steel. The station has six tracks laid in a cutting. The two central tracks are isolated to permit trains to traverse the station at full speed (300 km/h) and have no platforms. The two external sets of tracks have 500 m long platforms. A small piece of land to the west is put aside for future expansion. Above the tracks, a 300 m long passenger concourse gives easy access to the platforms and is equipped with several travelators.

The railway station is linked to Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport by a footbridge equipped with a travelator. This airport is historically the first to be served by a high-speed station. This proximity to the airport has not helped the station and it sees little use as passengers mainly use Lyon-Perrache and Lyon Part-Dieu.

Criticism
Lack of interconnection with Lyon's urban transport network is frequently cited for the station's low usage. The arrival of the Rhônexpress express tram (opened August 2010) is unlikely to change this as Lyon residents will still find it easier (and cheaper) to use the stations within the city. The main "advantage" of the station is for travellers, arriving by plane, who are travelling onwards to the east. The underutilisation of the station has led to lower access charges than for the busier downtown stations, leading to low-cost operator Ouigo making it part of its network.

Train services
The station is served by the following services:

 High speed services (TGV) from Paris to Grenoble
 High speed services (TGV) from Paris to Valence, Montélimar and Avignon
 High speed services (TGV) from Paris to Valence, Montélimar, Avignon and Miramas
 High speed services (TGV Ouigo) from Marne-la-Vallée to Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Avignon and Marseille Saint-Charles
 High speed services (TGV Ouigo) from Marne-la-Vallée to Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Nîmes and Montpellier
 High speed services (TGV Ouigo) from Paris to Grenoble, Albertville and Bourg-Saint-Maurice (seasonal)

References

External links 
 
 

Santiago Calatrava structures
Railway stations in France opened in 1994
Saint-Exupery
Airport railway stations in France
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Buildings and structures in Rhône (department)
Malostranská (Prague Metro)

Malostranská () is a Prague Metro station on Line A. The station is 32 meters under Klárov street in Malá Strana, Prague 1, situated next to the gardens of Wallenstein Palace.

History
The station was opened on 12 August 1978 as part of the inaugural section of Line A, between Leninova and Náměstí Míru.

The architect was Zdeněk Drobný, whose design of the station interior was inspired by the historical environment of the Malá Strana. The station is decorated with replicas of baroque sandstone sculptures and artistic wrought-iron bars. In the vestibule, there is a copy of the allegorical statue of Elpis from the Gallery of Statues of Virtues and Vices in Kuks by Matyáš Bernard Braun, and in the entrance hall a copy of the statues of Mercury and Venus from Valeč Chateau, by his nephew Antonín Braun.

The glass entrance hall includes a cafe space enclosed by metal bars with motifs of Malá Strana house signs by Jan Smrž. Adjacent to the station is a small park with a fountain in the courtyard in front of the Wallenstein Palace Riding School, which was designed in collaboration with architect Otakar Kuča.

Exits
This station has an exit to Klárov street, where a major tram transfer point is located. It was impossible to build a second exit underneath, because of the proximity to the Vltava river.

Gallery

References

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Staroměstská (Prague Metro)

Staroměstská () is a Prague Metro station on Line A. It was opened on 12 August 1978 as part of the inaugural section of Line A, between Leninova and Náměstí Míru.

General information
The station is located under Kaprova street in the Old Town (its name means 'Old Town' [station]). There is currently one entrance through an escalator tunnel from the corner of Kaprova and Valentinská streets (with the Old Jewish Cemetery, Municipal Library and Rudolfinum within one or two minutes walk). There were also plans to build a second escalator tunnel with an entrance from the northeast corner of the Old Town Square which would use and show to the public a preserved cellar of a medieval house (like the ruins of a medieval bridge at Můstek station), but this has been postponed indefinitely due to financial constraints.

The architect of this station is Lubomír Hanel. The design is characteristic of the A line, with the ceiling and the walls tiled using anodized aluminum panels, and the pillars tiled with white marble.

Gallery

References

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Limyra

Limyra () ( was a small city in ancient Lycia on the southern coast of Asia Minor, on the Limyrus River ().

History

Already flourishing in the second millennium BCE, the city was one of the oldest and most prosperous in Lycia; it gradually became one of the most flourishing trade centres in the Greek world. 

In the 4th century BCE Pericles, Dynast of Lycia supported a rebellion of satraps in Asia Minor against the ruling Persians and adopted Limyra as the capital of the Lycian League; subsequently it came under control of the Persian Empire. 

The Persians eventually regained rule through Mausolus, the Carian satrap at Halicarnassus. 

After Alexander the Great ended Persian rule, most of Lycia was ruled by Ptolemy I Soter; his son Ptolemy II Philadelphos supported the Limyrans against the invading Galatians and the inhabitants dedicated a monument, the Ptolemaion, to him in thanks.

Limyra is mentioned by Strabo (XIV, 666), Ptolemy (V, 3, 6) and several Latin authors. 

Augustus had adopted his grandson Gaius Caesar in 17 BCE (aged 3) as his heir. In 1 BC (aged 19) Gaius Caesar was sent to Syria and in 2 AD he went to Armenia, which the Parthians had recently invaded. Gaius successfully placed a pro-Roman king on the Armenian throne but was seriously wounded after being tricked. In 4 AD, during his return to Rome, Gaius died from his wounds at Limyra.

The Site

The lower city is at the base of the acropolis hill and includes two separate walled areas. 

The five necropolises dating from the 4th c. BCE and before demonstrate the city's importance. The mausoleum of Pericles is particularly notable for its fine reliefs and exquisite sculptures such as Perseus slaying Medusa and one of her sisters.

A gate in the western city leads down through a marshy area towards the cenotaph of Gaius Caesar, grandson and heir apparent of Augustus, a massive structure standing on a stone podium and dating from around 4 CE.

The Romans cut a theatre into the hill which held 8000 spectators. It was commissioned in the second century CE by an important Lycian benefactor named Opramoas of Rhodiapolis. Also from this period are a bathhouse with a complex heating system and the colonnaded streets. 

The Roman Bridge at Limyra, east of the city, is one of the oldest segmental arch bridges in the world.

Ecclesiastical history

Limyra is mentioned as a bishopric in Notitiæ Episcopatuum down to the 12th and 13th centuries as a suffragan of the metropolitan of Myra.

Six bishops are known: Diotimus, mentioned by St. Basil (ep. CCXVIII); Lupicinus, present at the First Council of Constantinople, 381; Stephen, at the Council of Chalcedon (451); Theodore, at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553; Leo, at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787; Nicephorus, at the Council of Constantinople (879-880).

In the Annuario Pontificio it is listed as a titular see of the Roman province of Lycia.

Gallery

References

Catholic titular sees in Asia
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Populated places in ancient Lycia
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Former populated places in Turkey
Finike District
Pentavalent antimonial

Pentavalent antimonials (also abbreviated pentavalent Sb or  SbV) are a group of compounds used for the treatment of leishmaniasis.  They are also called pentavalent antimony compounds.

Types
The first pentavalent antimonial, urea stibamine, was synthesised by the Indian scientist Upendranath Brahmachari in 1922. Though it caused a dramatic decline in deaths due to leishmaniasis, it fell out of favour in the 1950s due to higher toxicity compared to sodium stibogluconate.

The compounds currently available for clinical use are:
 sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam; manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline; available in United States [through the Centers for Disease Control only] and UK), which is administered by slow intravenous injection.
 meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim; manufactured by Aventis; available in Brazil, France and Italy), which is administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection.

The pentavalent antimonials can only be given by injection: there are no oral preparations available.

Alternatives
In many countries, widespread resistance to antimony has meant that amphotericin or miltefosine are now used in preference.

Side effects
Cardiotoxicity, reversible kidney failure, pancreatitis, anemia, leukopenia, rash, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, myalgia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminase elevation.

References

Antiprotozoal agents
Antimony(V) compounds
One Devonshire Gardens

One Devonshire Gardens (officially known as Hotel du Vin at One Devonshire Gardens) is a luxury hotel located in the West End of Glasgow, Scotland. The hotel holds a licence as a marriage venue.

History
Devonshire Gardens is a B-listed terrace of five townhouses, constructed in the 1870s. The hotel was opened by Ken McCulloch in 1986 in Number One, although it has since expanded to occupy all five houses, Number Four being the last acquired. The hotel now has forty-nine bedrooms, and in 2006 was acquired by the Hotel du Vin chain, which also operates Malmaison hotels. Celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay ran the hotel's restaurant, Amarylis, until 2004.

Awards
Fine Dining Restaurant of the Year – Scottish Restaurant Awards 2009
Glasgow Hotel of the Year – Scottish Hotel of the Year Awards 2008
Scottish National Hotel Chef of the Year – Scottish Hotel of the Year Awards 2008

See also
Glasgow International Hilton Hotel

References

External links
 

Category B listed buildings in Glasgow
Hotels in Glasgow
Listed hotels in Scotland
Restaurants in Glasgow
Můstek

Můstek () is a Prague Metro station that serves as an interchange point between lines A and B, situated under the lower end of Wenceslas Square. Each line has a separate set of platforms which are connected by a series of corridors. After the excavation of the area, a medieval bridge was discovered and the meaning of the area name Můstek  ("Little Bridge") was fully understood.

The Line A station was opened on 12 August 1978 as part of the inaugural section of Line A, between Leninova and Náměstí Míru. The line B station was opened on 2 November 1985, as part of the inaugural section of Line B between Sokolovská and Smíchovské nádraží.

Můstek A has two exits through escalator tunnels (one on both ends of the middle aisle) with one vestibule below lower (NW) end of the Wenceslas Square where the preserved medieval bridge can be seen and the other below the central part of the square. A system of corridors connects the station of Line A with station of Line B located roughly in the same location, but several metres deeper. Můstek B has one escalator tunnel with a vestibule below Jungmann Square.

The station was renovated in 2015.

Gallery

References

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Muzeum (Prague Metro)

Muzeum () is a Prague Metro station providing the interchange between Lines A and C, and serving the National Museum. It is located at the top end of Wenceslas Square.

The Line C station was opened on 9 May 1974, with the first section of the Prague Metro, between Sokolovská and Kačerov. It is a single hall station,  long and only  deep. Two escalators and a staircase go to the vestibule.

The Line A station was opened on 12 August 1978 as part of the inaugural section of Line A, between Leninova and Náměstí Míru. It is a three-bore station with a shortened,  middle tunnel. It is  long and  deep. The station at Line A was damaged during the 2002 floods and station at Line C was terminus.

Nearby Attractions
National Museum
Wenceslas Square

References

External links 

 Gallery and information 

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1974
1974 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Náměstí Míru (Prague Metro)

Náměstí Míru (, English: Peace Square) is a Prague Metro station on Line A. It is located in Vinohrady district under Korunní Street and has one exit through an escalator tunnel with a sub-surface vestibule under the plaza of the same name. The exit of the metro station is in the immediate vicinity of the Church of St. Ludmila and Vinohrady Theatre. The station was completed along with the first section of Line A, between Leninova and Náměstí Míru, and opened on 12 August 1978. It served as a terminus until the extension of Line A to Želivského station on 19 December 1980.

Náměstí Míru is the deepest station of the Prague Metro, its platform is situated 53 metres below surface. The station has the longest escalators in European Union (length 87 m, vertical span 43.5 m, 533 steps, taking 2 minutes and 21 seconds to ascend or 2 minutes 19 seconds to descend without walking). Náměstí Míru, however, is not the deepest point within the Prague Metro network; this record belongs to the tunnel between Hradčanská and Malostranská stations (68 m below surface).

The station is named after the  under which it is located. During the 2002 European floods the station became the western terminus for its line, with trains running to Skalka.

Náměstí Míru is intended to be part of the new Line D, with trains running between the station and C-line station Pankrác. The D-line station is intended to be built closer to the surface, meaning the existing station on the A-line will continue to be the deepest on the network.

References

External links

 Gallery and information on angrenost.cz 
  Gallery, Video and information on allpraha.com 
 Gallery and information on metroweb.cz 

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1978
1978 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Prague 2
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Jiřího z Poděbrad (Prague Metro)

Jiřího z Poděbrad () is a Prague Metro station on Line A, located in Vinohrady, Prague 3. In January 2023 it closed for reconstruction.

General information
The station was named after the eponymous square it lies under, which was named after George of Poděbrady. Jiřího z Poděbrad is an underground trispan station. The main materials used on walls and ceilings are anodized aluminium, marble and granite. The only exit leads to an underground vestibule, which is connected with the platform by escalator tunnel. The station was opened on 19 December 1980 as part of the extension of the line between Náměstí Míru and Želivského.

In January 2023 the station closed to undergo a year-long reconstruction, with trains passing through without stopping. The reconstruction will involve replacing the escalators and installing new lifts for step-free access.

In popular culture

At the beginning of the Radiohead song "A Reminder," the female voice of the Metro's automated announcement system can be heard announcing this station. It is also used in the song "Mind the Gap" by Calexico.

Gallery

References

External links 

 Gallery and information 

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1980
1980 establishments in Czechoslovakia
George of Poděbrady
Prague 3
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Flora (Prague Metro)

Flora is a Prague Metro station on Line A. It is located under the shopping mall Atrium Flora, on the border of the Vinohrady and Žižkov districts near the Olšany Cemetery. The station was opened on 19 December 1980 as part of the extension of the line between Náměstí Míru and Želivského.

Characteristics
Flora is a three-bore station with a short, 33 meter middle tunnel, 6 pairs of boarding zones and prefabricated, cast-iron panels on the station walls. It is 108 meters long and only 26 meters deep, making it one of the shallowest stations on the entire line. From the middle bore, an exit escalator goes through a tunnel to an underground vestibule (4.75 meters underground), which is attached to the shopping mall Palác Flora (2003). One can access Palác Flora by going through the immediate right exit after going up the escalator. There are six more exits from the vestibule to the street. The station is covered in gold and wine-colored die-cast aluminum panels, and also with decorative gray stone. Construction of the station cost 254 million Czechoslovak crowns.

Gallery

References

External links

 Gallery and information 

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1980
1980 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Nepenthes merrilliana

Nepenthes merrilliana (; after Elmer Drew Merrill) is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines.  It produces some of the largest pitchers in the genus, rivalling those of N. rajah.

The species is native to northern and central Mindanao as well as neighbouring Dinagat and Samar. Its presence in southern Mindanao is uncertain. It inhabits coastal forest areas on steep slopes at elevations of 0–1100 m above sea level.

Nepenthes surigaoensis is closely related to N. merrilliana and was for a long time considered a heterotypic synonym of this species. Nepenthes samar is another closely allied species.

Natural hybrids
N. alata × N. merrilliana [=N. × merrilliata]
? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya]
N. bellii × N. merrilliana
N. merrilliana × N. mindanaoensis
N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis

References

Further reading

 Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. 
 Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
 Cantley, R. 2000. Nepenthes of the Philippines. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
 Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. 
 Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
  Gronemeyer, T. 2008. Nepenthes auf den Philippinen – Ein Reisebericht. Das Taublatt 60(1): 15–27.
  Gronemeyer, T. & V. Heinrich 2008. Wiederentdeckung von Nepenthes surigaoensis am Naturstandort auf den Philippinen. Das Taublatt 60(1): 28–33.
 Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract
 Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140.
  Mansur, M. 2001.  In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
  McPherson, S. & T. Gronemeyer 2008. Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen Eine Fotodokumentation. Das Taublatt 60(1): 34–78.
 Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. 
  Meimberg, H. 2002.  Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
 Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. 
  Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes merrilliana Macf.. In: . [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 58–59.

Carnivorous plants of Asia
merrilliana
Endemic flora of the Philippines
Flora of Mindanao
Flora of the Visayas
Plants described in 1911
Vulnerable flora of Asia
Kiryat Shmona Airport

Kiryat Shmona Airport ()  is a public Israeli airport located 2 km east of the northern town of Kiryat Shmona. The airport is operated by Kiryat Shmona Travellers Inc.

History
Its history was checkered based on lack of economic viability and local political differences. Arkia handled domestic flights until end of 2003, when it closed down due to a lack of passenger traffic. Now rights to fly a domestic route to and from the airport are held by Tamir Airways, while rights to operate the landing strip are owned by a separate company that is in a dispute with Tamir Airways. In 2006, the new airport terminal was opened. Tamir Airways announced that it would stop flying to Upper Galilee shortly before the Second Lebanon War broke out, but they changed their mind because they saw it as a "mission of national importance". Nevertheless, they ceased their (twice a day) flights to Sde Dov Airport on June 1, 2007. The next closest airport is Ben Ya'akov near Rosh Pina, 30 km south.

References 

Airports in Israel
Želivského (Prague Metro)

Želivského () is a station on Line A of the Prague Metro. The station is located under Vinohradská street next to the Olšany Cemetery. It is named after the Jana Želivského street, which is itself named after Jan Želivský. The station was opened on 19 December 1980 as the eastern terminus of the extension of the line from Náměstí Míru. On 11 July 1987 the line was extended to Strašnická.

Characteristics 
The station is a three-bore buttressed tunnel with ten pairs of boarding and deboarding accesses. It is 148 meters long in total, but the boarding platform spans only 100 meters. The walls of the station are covered with brown and gold, anodized, aluminum mouldings. The single lobby under Vinohradská Avenue is 5.6 meters underground. The lobby is connected to the street by three exits with escalators and to the platform by one long tunnel with escalators running in both directions. Behind the station are two hold yards and one reverse track capable of storing an entire train. Extension of the A-line to the Strašnická Station was achieved by boring tunnels from these auxiliary spaces. The reverse track is still used for reversing and storing trains even though the Želivského Station is no longer the terminus of the line. The construction of the station in 1980 cost approximately 301 million Czech crowns.

The station has not been renovated since its construction and therefore still exhibits the original design of the first versions of the A-line. The system of overhead lighting units in the escalator tunnel along with the aluminum paneled walls function as a damper against the sound of the escalators which are loud by design. The lower spaces of the station have been subject to leaks which have in turn caused rust on the aluminum panels.

Gallery

References

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1980
1980 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Strašnická (Prague Metro)

Strašnická () is a Prague Metro station on Line A, located in Strašnice, Prague 10. It was opened on 11 July 1987 as the eastern terminus of the extension from Želivského. On 4 July 1990, the line was extended to Skalka. The station is located under Starostrašnická Street,  below the surface. The station has only one concourse leading to Starostrašnická, which is connected to a fixed platform with stairs and a ramp for disabled passengers. The interior of the station is paneled with dark brown tiles. Construction of the station cost 241.4 million crowns.

Gallery

References

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1987
1987 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Prague 10
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Skalka (Prague Metro)

Skalka is a Prague Metro station of Line A, located in Strašnice, Prague 10. It was opened on 4 July 1990 as the southern terminus of the extension of the line from Strašnická. On 27 May 2006 the line was extended to Depo Hostivař.

The station appears in the music video of One Armed Scissor a song by the band At The Drive In.

Gallery

References

Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1990
1990 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Prague 10
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 20th century
Stanhopeinae

Stanhopeinae is a subtribe of plants in the tribe Cymbidieae.

The subtribe in the strict sense, have viscidia and stipes that are thin and strap-like, they are adapted for attachment to edge of the bee's scutellum or to a leg. Pseudobulbs are usually ribbed/four-angled or flattened. Leaves are generally thicker than Coeliopsidinae. Roots are smooth, without prominent root hairs. The column foot is lacking or not distinct. Unpollinated flowers quickly abscise and fall from the inflorescence, unlike members of Coeliopsidinae which include Coeliopsis, Lycomormium, and Peristeria. Stanhopeinae and Coeliopsidinae are now considered closely related sister subtribes.

Within Stanhopeinae the members can be further grouped in six clades based on morphological traits and molecular analysis.
Braemia Clade: Braemia
Gongora Clade: Cirrhaea & Gongora
Acineta Clade: Acineta, Lacaena, Lueddemannia & Vasqueziella
Polycycnis Clade: Kegeliella, Polycycnis & Soterosanthus
Stanhopea Clade: Coryanthes, Embreea, Stanhopea & Sievekingia
Houlletia Clade: Horichia, Houlletia, Jennyella, Paphinia, Schlimia & Trevoria

The genus Archivea is only known by a watercolor painting by T. Duncanson in the herbarium archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. No pressed specimens or living material is known, so it can not be grouped into a specific clade.

All species in this subtribe are exclusively pollinated by male euglossine bees, which are attracted to the floral fragrances, and collect them. One orchid species may attract only one or a few species of bees from dozens of species in the habitat.

Genera
Acineta
Braemia
Cirrhaea
Coryanthes
Embreea
Gongora
Horichia
Houlletia
Kegeliella
Lacaena
Lueckelia
Lueddemannia
Paphinia
Polycycnis
Schlimia
Sievekingia
Soterosanthus
Stanhopea
Trevoria
Vasqueziella

In synonymy:
Archivea
Endresiella: see Trevoria
Jennyella
Stanhopeastrum: see Stanhopea

References

Further reading
  (1983): Orchid floral fragrances and male euglossine bees: methods and advances in the last sesquidecade. Biol. Bull. 164: 355-395.
Gerlach, G. (2003)  "The subtribe Stanhopeinae: biology and systematics" - Proceedings of the European Orchid Conference and Show (ed. J. Hermans and P. J. Cribb), pp. 135–142.  Naturalia Publications, Turriers, France.
 W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams and Mark W. Chase Subtribal and generic relationships of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on Stanhopeinae: combined molecular evidence, American Journal of Botany. 2000;87:1842-1856

External links
 Botanical Garden Munich: One of the most extensive photo collections of Stanhopeinae.
 The Stanhopea Pages website.

 
Orchid subtribes