alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Katie Leung

Katie Leung (born 8 August 1987) is a Scottish actress. She is most famous for her role as Cho Chang in the Harry Potter series. She was born in Dundee, Scotland.

Her parents, Peter and Kar Wai Li Leung, are Chinese immigrants. After her parents got divorced, she lived with her father in a £400,000 house in Motherwell, Scotland. Her two brothers and a younger sister, also lived with her. Her father owns a restaurant and a fast food business in Motherwell. Leung went to school at Hamilton College, a Scottish private school in Glasgow. She speaks fluent Cantonese and some Mandarin.

Leung has been named as Scotland's most stylish female and as the hottest Scotswoman by The Scotsman. She has also been in Teen Vogue and in Evening Standard.

Film & Television & Stage

Achievements

2008 

 Best Kiss Nominee 2008 MTV Movie Awards U.S. (alongside Daniel Radcliffe)

2007 

 Scotland's Most Stylish Female
 No. 80 on the Cosmogirl's Hot 100 List.

2006 

 Outstanding Newcomer Award, Asian Excellence Awards (Top 4)
 Young Scots Award (nominee)

References

1987 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
People from Dundee‎
Jazz fusion

Jazz fusion (or "jazz-rock fusion" or fusion) is a genre or style of music. Jazz fusion mixes jazz with rock. Some jazz fusion also uses funk, rhythm and blues and world music.

Jazz fusion is usually played with instruments, without singing. The songs are often longer than those in pop music. A jazz fusion song could be five to ten minutes long. A pop song is usually about three minutes long. Also, jazz fusion songs have a long solo played by instruments. Frank Zappa, for example, had long guitar solos in his music, which was of the jazz fusion genre. In jazz fusion, solos are improvised, or made up as they are played, during a performance.

Jazz fusion music is not heard much on the radio in the United States or Canada. In Europe, it is more popular on radio stations.

History
Jazz fusion began in the late 1960s in the United States. In the late 1960s jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and a band called The Tony Williams Lifetime began using electric instruments such as electric bass and electric piano in their jazz music. As well, jazz musicians began adding rhythms or beats from soul music, rhythm and blues, and rock music into their jazz music. Two important jazz fusion albums are In a Silent Way and Bitches Brew.

In the 1970s, more people began playing jazz fusion. It became more popular, so more people began listening to jazz fusion and going to jazz fusion concerts. In the 1970s, jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Jan Hammer and Chick Corea began using electronic synthesizers in their songs.

In the early 1980s, a new style of jazz fusion called "pop fusion" began being played. This new style of pop fusion was softer and slower than fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion was played a lot more on the radio than the fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion musicians include Lee Ritenour, Al Jarreau, Kenny G, Bob James and David Sanborn.
Steve Vai was an icon of jazz fusion in the 1980s and played extensive guitar based jazz fusion instrumentals.

Jazz music
Stadio Olimpico

Stadio Olimpico is a sports stadium in Rome, Italy.

Events 
 1960 Summer Olympics
 UEFA Euro 1968 Final
 1976 UEFA Champions League Final
 1984 European Cup Final
 1987 World Athletics Championships
 1990 FIFA World Cup Final
 1996 UEFA Champions League Final
 2009 UEFA Champions League Final
 S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma home matches

Sources

Sports buildings in Italy
Buildings and structures in Rome
1937 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Italy
Olympic venues
Arc de Triomphe

The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile is commonly known as Arc de Triomphe (meaning arch of victory). It is a famous monument in Paris. It is at the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle. This was formerly called the Place de l'Étoile at the western end of the Champs-Elysées. 

Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte commissioned it in 1806 after victory in the Battle of Austerlitz. It was inaugurated on 29 July 1836. It is a large arch, but it is not possible to drive underneath it. Jean-François Chalgrin designed it, and it has roughly 300 steps that lead to the top. It has four main sculptures and six reliefs. Just beneath the vault of the arch, there is the tomb of the unknown soldier. The names of French generals and battles are engraved on the walls.

Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Buildings and structures in Paris
Monuments and memorials in France
Tombs of Unknown Soldiers
Traffic light

Traffic lights (or traffic signals) are lights used to control the movement of traffic. They are placed at road intersections and crossings. The different colors of lights tell drivers what to do.

In South Africa, they call them robots.

Light cycles 
Traffic lights change their colors in the same order every time. In most English-speaking countries, traffic lights usually change in this order:
 Red light on: This tells drivers to stop.
 Green light on: This means the driver can start driving or keep driving.
 Yellow light on: This tells drivers to stop when it is safe to, because the light is about to turn red.

Lester Wire was credited with the invention of the electric traffic light in 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah.  Garrett Morgan, an African-American inventor, also developed a traffic signaling system, and was one of the first people to get a patent for a traffic light.

William Potts, a police officer, invented the first traffic light with three colors.

References 

Traffic
Railway signal

A railway signal or just signal is a mechanical or electrical machine that gives train drivers or engineers information about the line ahead. These traffic signals say whether the train must stop or may continue and what speed the train may go.

In Britain, modern signalling uses a system similar to road traffic lights. The signals are coloured lights mounted on a pole. A red signal means 'do not go further'. A yellow signal gives a warning to the driver that the next signal is showing a red.  Some signals can show two yellow lights, known as a "double yellow" and are warnings to the driver that the next signal is showing a yellow.  A green signal means 'you can continue'.

On older lines semaphore signals are still used.  These are poles with a coloured bar at the top, which can be moved so that it is either horizontal, or at an angle.  When a red bar is horizontal this means that the train must stop, and when it is pointing diagonally up or down it means that it's safe for the driver to continue.  There are also signals with yellow bars which give warnings in the same way as yellow lights on newer signals.

Related pages

 Communications-based train control

Rail technologies
Maitland, New South Wales

Maitland () is a city in  New South Wales, Australia. The city is on the Hunter River. Maitland is 200 km north of Sydney and 30 km northwest of Newcastle. Maitland is sometimes called the largest city that is not on the sea in New South Wales. The Maitland Gaol, which closed in 1998, is now a tourist attraction.

Other websites
 The Maitland City Council website
 The Maitland Gaol website

References

Cities in New South Wales
Benalla

Benalla is a city in Victoria, Australia. In 2016, 9,298 people lived there. Benalla is on the Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne. The town is on the Broken River, which often floods. Benalla has a station on the main railway line between Sydney and Melbourne. Benalla is widely known for it's annual 'Wall to Wall' festival which sees many tourists through the area to visit the wall art.

History
Major Thomas Mitchell went through this area on his way back to Sydney in 1836. One of the men with him, a convict named James Taylor, was drowned while trying to cross the Broken River. After Mitchell many farmers arrived with sheep to make new farms. The Reverend Joseph Docker (1793 - 1865) started a farm called "Benalta" in 1838 but later settled on the run Bontherambo, near Wangaratta. The name came from the Taungurung Australian aboriginal word meaning "musk duck". The name was later changed to Benalla.

Seven men, working for farmers George and William Faithfull, were killed by the aborigines at Winding Swamp on April 11 1838. The police under Captain Lonsdale killed many Taungurung people as punishment. Their ears were cut off and taken back to Melbourne as a trophy (prize).

The town of Benalla was surveyed in 1846.

Botanical gardens
The Benalla Botanical Gardens were started in 1886. They cover an area of . The gardens are well known for their collection of roses. The gardens also have three Ulmus x viminalis, an elm tree hybrid. These trees are listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust. They are the only known examples of the hybrid elm in Australia.

References

Cities in Victoria
Ned Kelly
Grafton, New South Wales

Grafton (, ) is a small city on the northern coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Clarence River and is 640 kilometres north of Sydney. The town is famous for its double-decker road/railway bridge.

References

Cities in New South Wales
Zupaysaurus

Zupaysaurus was a dinosaur that lived in South America 213 million years ago, during the Upper Triassic period. It was about 5 meters (15 feet) long. A dinosaur very similar to it, Dracovenator, lived in South Africa at the same time. 

During the Triassic period, all the continents were connected to form the supercontinent of Pangaea, and animals could migrate freely between them. Zupaysaurus was a carnivore.

Other websites 

Ceratosaurs
Zephyrosaurus

Zephyrosaurus was a small dinosaur. It was a relative of Hypsilophodon. It lived 132 million years ago, in the western part of what is now North America. It was 6 ft (2 metres) long and 3 ft (1 metre) high.

The remains are bones from various parts of the body. It had a steep face, a raised knob on the upper jaw, and a larger knob on the cheekbone. Some of the bones may have allowed movement within the skull (cranial kinesis) as well. Like other hypsilophodonts, it had beak teeth.

References 

Hypsilophodontidae
Hypsilophodon

Hypsilophodon was a small, fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur. It lived 125 million years ago, was 2.3 metres long (7/8 feet), including tail, and weighed about the same as a man.

It was originally thought to be a young Iguanodon which could climb trees. Later it was realised to be a different species, and to be a running dinosaur, not adapted for climbing.

Palaeobiology 
Like most small dinosaurs, Hypsilophodon was bipedal and ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running; a light-weight, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance. All this would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.

Hypsilophodon fed on low-growing vegetation, most likely preferring young shoots and roots in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-eight to thirty ridged teeth in the animal's jaw which, due to their alternate arrangement, appear to have been self-sharpening.  As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced.

The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, although a neatly-arranged nest has been found, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. Fossils of large groups have been found, so it is likely that the animals moved in herds. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly Hypsilophodon, have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic".

Despite living in the Cretaceous, Hypsilophodon had a number of primitive, or basal, features. For example, there were five fingers on each 'hand' and four on each foot. Most dinosaurs had fewer digits by the Cretaceous period. Also, although it had a beak, Hypsilophodon still had pointed triangular teeth in the front of the jaw. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by this stage, lost the front teeth altogether (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in Hypsilophodon).

The group Hypsilophodontidae remained the same from the Upper Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It is possible that this was because the animals were almost perfectly adapted to their lifestyle, therefore selective pressure, it is assumed, was low.

Hypsilophodontidae 
The family named after Hysilophodon has these genera:

Agilisaurus
Anabisetia
Atlascopcosaurus
Drinker
Fulgurotherium
Gasparinisaura
Gongbusaurus (= Eugongbusaurus)
Hexinlusaurus.
Hypsilophodon
Jeholosaurus
Leaellynasaura
Notohypsilophodon
Orodromeus
Othnielosaurus.
Koreanosaurus.
Parksosaurus
Qantassaurus
Thescelosaurus
Yandusaurus
Zephyrosaurus

References 

Hypsilophodontidae
Dryosaurus

Dryosaurus was a small plant-eating ornithopod dinosaur that lived in forests of western North America around 150 million years ago.

Its family, the Dryosauridae, were precursors (ancestors) of the Iguanodons, and lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous.

References

Iguanodonts
Iguanodon

[[File:Iguanodon manus 1 NHM.jpg|thumb|A formidable weapon: the Iguanodons thumb.]]

 Iguanodon''' is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous period in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. It lived 125/126 million years ago (mya).

Discovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, Iguanodon was the second dinosaur formally named, after Megalosaurus. Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define the Dinosauria.

A large, bulky herbivore, Iguanodon is thought by some to be in the same family as the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of the genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.

Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time. New information is got from the fossils. Researchers have made suggestions about  the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour.  As one of the first scientifically known dinosaurs, Iguanodon is well known.

 Species 
There are at least two species recognised:I. bernissartensis, described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881, is the type species for the genus. This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in a coal mine in Bernissart, Belgium in 1878. The coal dates to the earliest Cretaceous period. 36 adult skeletons were excavated at this site, a coal mine. This is by far the largest find of this species. The species is large and strong.I. galvensis, described in 2015, is based on adult and juvenile remains found in deposits in Teruel, Spain, dating to about 126 mya.

 Posture and movement 
Because its front limbs were shorter than the hindlimbs, Mantell guessed it could move on two legs, as opposed to Owen, who thought it was quadrupedal. As it happens, it probably used both modes. Slow walking would be done on all fours, and faster running on the hind legs. Either way, the position of the body would be more horizontal than upright, with the tail held above the ground by its ossified (bony) ligaments (they can be clearly seen on the skeleton). It would defend itself against predators on its hind legs, using its strong front arms and dagger-like thumbs as weapons.

 Eating 
The teeth were close-set grinding teeth suitable for a browser. it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, Iguanodon'' had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to keep food in the mouth.

References 

Iguanodonts
Xylem

Xylem is a tissue in vascular plants. Its cells have thick, hard walls. Xylem tissue dies soon after it is formed and is the wood in the middle of a tree. The dead cells are like pipes, hollow and rigid.

Xylem is one of two tissues in the plant which transport substances that plants need to live. Substances that xylem transports include water and minerals obtained through the plant's roots, as xylem runs from the roots to the stems and leaves. The other transport tissue is the phloem, which transports energy in the form of sugar (as well as any other chemicals) from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Xylem cells are present in all parts of a plant, in stems, roots, and leaves. Water is carried against gravity by the negative pressure that builds up through the process of transpiration, which is the evaporation of moisture in leaves.

Xylem consists of four types of cells:

 Xylem parenchyma which are living cells with thin walls
 Xylem fibres
 Tracheids
 Xylem vessels

Most of these cells are dead cells and have thick walls.

Related pages
 Medullary ray

Vascular tissue
Plant physiology
Ceratosaurus

Ceratosaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic period, 156 to 145 million years ago. 

It was first described by O.C. Marsh in 1884. It had a horn on its nose, and a pair of small horns above its eyes. Unusually, for a theropod, Ceratosaurus had armour: small osteoderms ran down the middle of its back.

The animal had deep jaws and long blade-like teeth. A nearly complete skeleton was discovered in Garden Park, Colorado, in rocks belonging to the Morrison Formation.Other examples or close relatives have since been found.Ceratosaurus was a midle sized carnivorus dinosaur found in the jurassic period.Cerastosaurus was known for the large horns on the top of its head.Ceratosaurus was in the same time as the allosaurus,stegosaurus and many more.Ceratosaurus was ranged from 9.2 meters long to 11.6 meters long.

This made it a fast and dependable predator.Ceratosaurs had 4 fingers mostly used for grabing\clutching objects.Ceratosaurus teeth were around 1.7-2.1 inches tall. Scientists have found bite marks of ceratosaurus in many dinosaurs including,allosaurus,stegosaurus and more.

Dinosaurs of Africa
Jurassic dinosaurs
Ceratosaurs
Carnotaurus

Carnotaurus was a predatory dinosaur. It lived 70 million years ago on the Cretaceous period. It was a large theropod which lived in South America. Although there is only one well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the southern hemisphere. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the Chubut Province of Argentina.

Carnotaurus is a member of the Abelisauridae, a group of large theropods. They lived only in the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana. They were the dominant predators of the later Cretaceous of Gondwana. They occupied the ecological niche filled by the tyrannosaurids in the northern continents.

Description 
Carnotaurus was a lightly built, bipedal predator,  in length and weighing . As a theropod, Carnotaurus was highly specialized and distinctive. It had thick horns above the eyes, a feature not seen in other carnivorous dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck. Also, it had small, vestigial forelimbs, smaller even than those of Tyrannosaurus.

The remains include skin impressions showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping scales about 5 mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.

The distinctive horns and muscular neck may have been used in fighting rivals of its own species. Rivals may have fought with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of Carnotaurus remain unclear. Some studies suggest the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as sauropods, while other studies find it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. Carnotaurus was well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.

Palaeoecology 
The animal lived in an environment of estuaries, tidal flats or coastal plains. The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include  lungfish, turtles, crocodiles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals. Turtles are represented by at least five taxa. In 2011, the discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from the La Colonia Formation was announced.

Media 
It appears in the movie Dinosaur (2000), when two Carnotaurus were killing other species of Iguanodon, Parasaurolophus, Pachyrhinosaurus or Stygimoloch. And in Jurassic World 2: Fallen Kingdom (2018), when fighting a Sinoceratops and gets taken down by the iconic "Rexy" the Tyrannosaurus rex. Later on in the movie, it escapes the "Lockwood Manor" in Michael Crichton's book "The Lost World" (1995)

References 

Abelisauridae
Dinosaurs of South America
Chubut Province
Dilophosaurus

Dilophosaurus (meaning 'double-crested lizard') was a medium-large dinosaur from 190 million years ago.

Dilophosaurus has been examined several times over the years and has been put into no less than nine different theropod groups. It may be related to the smaller Coelophysis. Specific details of its life-style are few. Some of its fossils were found in terrain which was a low-lying slow-moving river system at the time. The animal was obviously a carnivore.

Dilophosaurus was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America scaring off a pack of Megapnosaurus and eating an Anchisaurus.

References 

Theropods
SimCity 4

SimCity 4 is the fourth sequel to the SimCity computer game. It was created by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts.

New Features 

The main new feature in this game is the addition of 'God Mode'. This is one of the three elements of gameplay. Players can add mountains, lakes, rivers and canyons to their landscape.

Another feature is "MySims" mode, a mode that lets players import their Sims from the game The Sims and add them into their city. This lets players see what they are thinking.

Cities are grouped into regions, which allow different cities in the same region to be connected. They can be connected by road or train, and cities could share water. Some regions come with the game, but you can create your own.

RCI 

RCI stands for residential (housing), commercial, and industry demand. The higher the demand, the faster the city grows. No demand or negative demand causes buildings to be empty and run down.

City Growth 

Big buildings show up when you have high density zones. The amount of people living in the city changes the amount of skyscrapers built in the city. Skyscrapers can be built when residential population reaches 30,000, and when commercial population reaches 45,000.

References 

 

2003 video games
SimCity
Elasmosaurus

Elasmosaurus was a 46 foot long swimming reptile that lived in the North American Inland Sea. It was a plesiosaur. 

It was first discovered in 1868 by a scientist named Edward Drinker Cope who accidentally put the head on the tail. It had 71 cervical vertebrae. 

It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water. Aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs. All the longer-necked families were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish. The large number of neck vertebrae is probably linked to the modest degree of flexibility between adjacent vertebrae.

References 

Plesiosaurs
Movement (music)

Long pieces of classical music are often divided into movements.  They are like different sections of the piece. Movements can be quite short, or extremely long.  If you listen to a symphony it may often be divided into four movements.  In the time of Haydn and Mozart the four movements were normally: a fast movement, a slow movement, a dance-like movement (minuet) and a fast movement to end the work.

Concert programmes usually show how many movements there are in the work that is being performed.  It may show this using Italian musical terms (e.g. Allegro meaning fast, Presto meaning very fast or Andante meaning a gentle walking pace).   Here is an example:

Robert Schumann:   Symphony no 4 in D minor op.120

 Andante con moto – Allegro di molto
 Romanze: Andante
 Scherzo: Presto
 Finale: Allegro vivace - Presto

Sometimes an orchestra will take a minute or two to retune their instruments, especially in a symphony by Mahler or Shostakovich where one movement might be as long as 25 minutes.  At other times the conductor or performer will want to go almost straight on with hardly any break.  Sometimes the composer shows that there should be no break at all between movements.

Audiences in the olden days often used to clap between movements, but usually these days they wait until the end of the work to applaud.

The German word for “movement” (in this musical sense) is “Satz” which really means “sentence”.  A movement is like a sentence: a collection of things that belong together to make sense.  All the movements together are like several sentences: they tell the whole story.

Musical forms
Port Hedland, Western Australia

Port Hedland is a city on the north coast of Western Australia. It has 13,000 people living there. It is the largest city in the Pilbara Region. It has a very large mineral port, because of one of the world's biggest iron deposits.

Cities in Western Australia
Worms, Germany

Worms (pronounced /voɐms/) is a city in southwestern Germany in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). It lies on the River Rhine. Worms is famous for its local Liebfraumilch wine. It is an industrial center, producing chemicals and metal goods. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.

Along with Cologne and Trier, Worms is one the oldest cities in Germany.  But, there is a disagreement which of the three is actually the oldest. The town is mentioned in the Nibelungenlied, an old Germanic saga. The town was also very important because of Martin Luther who defended his case against the emperor Charles V in Worms.

The Cathedral of Saint Peter is a very large church in the town. It is one of only three Romanesque cathedrals in Germany. The other two are in Mainz and Speyer. The Worms cathedral is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Germany.

References

Other websites 

 The Official website  of the town of Worms (in English)
 Nibelungenmuseum website (in English)
 wormser-dom.de, website of the Worms Cathedral with pictures (in German; click on the "Bilder" link in the left pane)

Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Imperial free cities
Sex toy

A sex toy is a device that helps humans get more pleasure when they have sex or when they masturbate. Sometimes these devices are also called adult toy, or marital aid. "Marital aid" may also apply to herbs or drugs that have such an effect. Herbs with such an effect are aphrodisiacs. Pornography is not called a sex toy. Neither are condoms or methods of birth control. 

Sex toys can be bought in sex shops. There are also special trade fairs for them. And many online stores sell them on the internet.

Crab-eating Macaques on Bali have been seen as they used stones to sexually stimulate themselves.

History 

The idea of a sex toy isn't new. Some, shaped as phalluses, have been made since the Neolithic. There are paintings from Ancient Engypt that show dildoes.  

Artifacts from the Upper Paleolithic of a type called bâton de commandement could have been used for sexual purposes.  Few archaeologists consider these items as sex toys, but archaeologist Timothy Taylor put it, "Looking at the size, shape, and—some cases—explicit symbolism of the ice age batons, it seems disingenuous to avoid the most obvious and straightforward interpretation. But it has been avoided."

Legality 
Sex toys are illegal in some countries. India considers them obscene, and sellng or trading them is banned. In Malaysia, selling dildoes is banned as well.

Effects 
There has been research into sex toys, to see if their use is good for health or not. Most studies show that most  people  have a positiive experience about using sex toys. They report that they are sexually aroused and satisfied more often, that it was easier to get an orgasms (especially for women), and that there was a more playful approach to sex and the fun of something new during sex. There are stores that specialise on toys for women. Some organizations link the sale of sex toys with sexual education and aim to support women's sexual empowerment. In clinical settings, more positive effects have been found: Sex toys are used for therapies, for example, in the context of therapy for orgasm disorders. They can also enable people with disabilities to have more sexual activity.

Types 
Types of sex toys include: 

 Dildo 
 Vibrator (sensual)

References 

Sex toys
Compsognathus

Compsognathus was a small carnivorous theropod dinosaur, from the end of the Jurassic period, around 144 million years ago. It was about a metre long, and ran on two legs, using its long tail to keep its balance.

Compsognathus is known from two nearly complete specimens, one from Germany (89 cm 35 in long), and another from France (125 cm 49 in long). The German specimen was found in the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, over 150 years ago.

The larger French specimen (MNHN CNJ 79) was discovered in 1972 in the Portland limestone, near Nice in southeastern France. Although originally described as a separate species called Compsognathus corallestris, others have since renamed it as another example of Compsognathus longipes.

It is one of the few dinosaurs whose diet is known with certainty: the remains of small, agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens. Also it was once the smallest dino on earth but now that belongs to the Micropachycephalosaurus

Historical importance 
Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of it nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, Archaeopteryx, with Compsognathus. These two fossils were found in the same rocks: Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic, about 144 million years ago. Huxley showed that the two were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of Archaeopteryx. He showed the basic affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united them under the title of Sauropsida. Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.

Diet
The remains of a lizard in the German specimen's thoracic cavity show that Compsognathus preyed on small vertebrates. Marsh, who examined the specimen in 1881, thought that this small skeleton inside Compsognathus belly was an embryo, but in 1903, Franz Nopcsa concluded that it was a lizard. Ostrom identified the remains as belonging to a lizard of the genus Bavarisaurus, which he concluded was a fast and agile runner owing to its long tail and limb proportions. This in turn led to the conclusion that its predators, Compsognathus, must have had sharp vision and the ability to rapidly accelerate and outrun the lizard. The Bavarisaurus is in a single piece, indicating that the Compsognathus must have swallowed its prey whole. The French specimen's gastric contents consist of unidentified lizards or sphenodontids.

Size 
Compsognathus was once thought to be the smallest dinosaur. However, if we assume the smaller specimen was a juvenile, then there are other slightly smaller species. The smallest dinosaur is probably Anchiornis; other candidates are: Micropachycephalosaurus; Caenagnathasia; Microraptor; and Parvicursor.

References 

Coelurosaurs
Micropachycephalosaurus

Micropachycephalosaurus, a tiny thick headed lizard, is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It was a herbivore, and lived in what is now Shandong, China. It was one of the smallest dinosaur ever discovered, just over a meter long, but with the longest name. Before it was discovered Compsognathus was the smallest known dinosaur.

The lack of the skull roof means the fossil cannot be placed at family level. It might or might not be a pachycephalosaur. Butler and Zhao therefore classified it as an indeterminate member of the Cerapoda. In 2011, cladistic analysis showed that Micropachycephalosaurus is a basal member of the Ceratopsia. In this context, basal does not mean 'ancestral'; the fossil is far too late for that. It means simply 'unspecialized', or lacking derived traits.

Related pages 
Wannanosaurus

References 

Cerapods
Velociraptor

Velociraptor  was a predatory dromaeosaur of the Upper Cretaceous, about 75–71 million years ago.

It was a slender, lightly built carnivore. It was about two meters long (nearly seven feet) and 0.62 meters tall at the hip, which is bigger than the size of the common chimpanzee.

Velociraptor had one sickle-shaped claw on its foot which measured 6.5 centimeters along its length, and a smaller one on each hand. Velociraptor was warm blooded and had feathers.

Fossils from China suggest that the whole clade had similar traits.

Fossils of Velociraptor were first found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1922. In 1988, scientists from China found Velociraptor skeletons in northern China.

A famous Velociraptor, discovered in 1971, was found attacking a Protoceratops in a fossil from Mongolia.

Feathers 
In September 2007 researchers found quill knobs on the forearm of a Velociraptor found in Mongolia. These bumps on bird wing bones show where feathers anchor, and their presence on Velociraptor indicate it also had feathers.

Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on Velociraptor as evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making Velociraptor and other large members of this family secondarily flightless. This idea has since been discarded; the unmodified forearms count against it. Therefore, the feathers in the ancestors of Velociraptor had another function. The feathers of the flightless Velociraptor may have been used for display, for covering their nests while brooding.

The majority view is that dinosaur feathers were primarily adaptations for temperature regulation, and that other uses came later. Velociraptor was not able to fly.

Species 
Specimens from two species have been found:
V. mongoliensis in Mongolia
V. osmolskae in Inner Mongolia, China

In both cases the ecology of the time was dry, with sand dunes with occasional streams.

Media 
Films such as Jurassic Park and some of The Land Before Time films helped make Velociraptor popular. However, the raptors in Jurassic Park were far larger than the real thing. They were the size of Utahraptor, a really large member of the same clade. The films also exaggerate its probable intelligence.

Relevant pages 
 Origin of birds

References 

Dromaeosauridae
Feathered dinosaurs
Rhea (moon)

Rhea (; ) is Saturn's second largest moon.  It is made of ice and rock.

Ring system 

Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal Science on March 6, 2008.

Notes

References 

Saturn's moons
Mimas (moon)

Mimas (from the Greek Μίμᾱς) is one of Saturn's largest moons. It is also called Saturn I. Mimas is best known for its large crater, Herschel. In the centre of the crater is a very high mountain. Mimas was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel on September 17, 1789. It resembles the Death Star from Star Wars. The moon is believed to have created the Cassini Division. This is a 4,800 km gap between Saturn's A and B rings.

Discovery and naming
Mimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. He discovered it on September 17. Herschel discovered it along with another Saturnian moon, Enceladus
Mimas was named after one of the Titans in mythology. Mimas was the giant.

Surface
Mimas is full with craters like our Moon. But unlike the craters on the Moon, Mimas has icy craters like going through an icy object.
Mimas has craters, but the most famous is the Herschel crater. It is 130 km (80 mi) in diameter. The diameter of Herschel is about 1/3 of Mimas. If a comet or asteroid that hit Mimas were to hit Earth, the crater would be seen from space with all the Earth shown in view.
Mimas would evaporate away if it was too close to the Sun.

Exploration
Mimas has been visited by 4 or 5 spacecrafts.

Pioneer 11
Voyager 1
Voyager 2
Cassini

References

Saturn's moons
Aphrodisiac

An aphrodisiac is a type of food or drink that gives one a higher libido. The name comes from the Greek goddess Aphrodite. A food or drink that makes a person less aroused is called an anaphrodisiac.

Some things thought by some to be aphrodisiacs are ginko, ashwaganda, oysters and chocolate.

Human sexuality
Protoceratops

Protoceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia. It was shown in a fossil being attacked by a Velociraptor.

Ceratopsids
Vidar

Víðarr (Old Norse: "the wide ruling one") is the god of vengeance in Norse mythology. A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and the giantess Gríðr. During Ragnarök, when the monstrous wolf Fenrir swallows Odin whole, Víðarr is told to avenge his father's death, as he takes Fenrir by the jaw and tears his head apart, killing Fenrir. He will ultimately survive Ragnarök, as he will then meet with his brother Váli in Iðavöllr, where Asgard once lay; there they are joined by their brothers, Höðr and Baldr, as well as Thor's sons, Magni and Móði. After Ragnarok Víðarr will rule after Odin.

Norse gods and goddesses
Anchisaurus

Anchisaurus was a small sauropod dinosaur from the early Jurassic. It was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America getting attacked by a pack of Megapnosaurus and eaten by a Dilophosaurus.

Dinosaurs of Africa
Sauropods
Jurassic dinosaurs
Segisaurus

Segisaurus was a small dinosaur from the Triassic. It was a relative of Coelophysis.
 

Coelophysidae
Psittacosaurus

Psittacosaurus was a small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Asia, about 130 to 100 million years ago. It was more basal than other members of the Ceratopsia: it was bipedal, and had no horns or frill on its head. What made it a ceratopsian was its beak.

It is the most species-rich dinosaur genus, but there is no general agreement on these species. Nine to eleven species are named for fossils found in different regions of China, Mongolia and Russia, with a possible additional species from Thailand.

All species of Psittacosaurus were gazelle-sized bipedal herbivores with a high, powerful beak on the upper jaw. At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back, possibly with a display function. Psittacosaurs were early ceratopsians. They developed  adaptations of their own, but they also shared features with later ceratopsians, such as Protoceratops and the elephant-sized Triceratops.

Ceratopsids
Feathered dinosaurs
Zuniceratops

Zuniceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur. It grew up to 13 feet (or 4 meter long. His dinosaur family came from Asia.
His scientific name is Zuniceratops christopheril, had 2 tons.

Ceratopsids
Quilmesaurus

Quilmesaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Cretaceous period. It lived 95 million years ago.

Tetanurans
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia

Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov (12 August 1904 – 17 July 1918) was the heir apparent of Russia during the Russian Revolution. He would have become Tsar Alexei II. He was the youngest of five children and the only son of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alexandra Fyodorovna. His sisters were Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia.

He had the genetic blood disorder hemophilia. He inherited the disorder from his mother. The disease can be traced back to his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father gave up the throne in 1917 and his family was exiled and then murdered in Ekaterinburg in 1918.

In 2000, Alexei and his family were canonised as saints by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In 2008 his body was one of those found near the site where the family was murdered. DNA tests proved all 5 of the Tsar's children had been killed.

Other websites 
 AkexeiRomanov.org includes Articles on Alexei, 3D images and more
 FrozenTears.org A media library of the last Imperial Family.
 The Romanov Memorial
 The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of murder of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
 Account of Alexei's life, told in first person 
 Tsarevich Alexei 

1904 births
1918 deaths
Assassinations in the Russian Revolution
Russian royalty
Russian Orthodox saints
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Murdered children
Zalmoxes

Zalmoxes is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania. It was a relative of Iguanodon and, like all its order, it was a herbivore. 

Most of the skeleton is known with exception of the end of the tail, the hands and the feet.

References 

Ornithopods
Oviraptor

Oviraptor is a genus of dinosaur that is today Mongolia. Oviraptor was a relatively large-brained dinosaur which cared for its eggs. In 1924, an Oviraptor fossil was found on top of some eggs, and some thought that it had been eating the eggs. Others thought that the fossilized Oviraptor was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg thief.

Oviraptor lived in the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago. Only one definite specimen is known (with associated eggs), from Mongolia, though a possible second specimen (also with eggs) comes from the northeast region of Inner Mongolia, China.

Oviraptor is usually drawn with a distinctive crest, similar to that of the cassowary. However, re-examination of  several oviraptorids show that this well-known, tall-crested species may actually belong to a relative of Oviraptor, the genus Citipati. It is likely that Oviraptor did have a crest, but its exact size and shape are unknown due to crushing in the skull of the only recognized specimen.

Judging by its relatives, Oviraptor probably had feathers. It had a toothless beak, but its feeding habits are unknown. The only Oviraptor fossil preserved the remains of a lizard in the region of its stomach cavity, implying that the species was at least partially carnivorous.

Relatives 
In 1976, Barsbold put six more brooding (nest sitting) specimens into the genus Oviraptor, but these were later reclassified in the new genus Conchoraptor. Another specimen, IGN 100/42, is perhaps the most famous, owing to its well-preserved complete skull and large size. This specimen was referred to the genus Oviraptor by Barsbold in 1981, and was presented as Oviraptor in popular magazines and scientific studies. However, this specimen, with its distinctive tall, cassowary-like crest, was re-examined by the scientists who described the nesting oviraptorids, and found to resemble them more closely than the original specimens of Oviraptor. For this reason, they removed IGN 100/42 from the genus Oviraptor, suggesting it was a species of Citipati.

References 

Oviraptorosauria
Fossils
Oyster

Oysters are a family of bivalves with rough, thick shells, the Ostreidae. Some other types of shellfish are also called 'oyster'. Many species are edible, and are usually served raw. They are also good when cooked. 

In the past, they were an important food source, especially in France and Britain. They used to grow in huge oyster beds, but were "overfished" in the 19th century. Nowadays they are more expensive, so eaten less often.

Oysters are usually harvested before they are fully grown. Left to themselves, they do grow quite large. A recent example was an oyster which was 11 inches long (29cm) and 3.7 lbs in weight (1.7kg). The BBC report says "The family (firm) estimated it could be between '15 and 20 years old' due to its size. The world's largest oyster was 13.97 inches long (35.5cm) and  4.21 inches (10.7cm) in width. It was found in Denmark in December 2013, Guinness World Records said".

Oysters are picked up from their muddy beds by dredging. The oysters are "shucked" from their shells before sale. Shucking is done with a short knife inserted between the upper and lower shell. The adductor muscle, which holds it closed, is cut away, and that releases the oyster. The oyster is sold loose but within its shell. Shucking method:

Insert the blade, with moderate force and vibration if necessary, at the hinge between the two valves.
Twist the blade until there is a slight pop.
Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed.

The seawater the oysters were in does not stay in the oyster. Oysters (and shellfish generally) are purified while still alive before sale. That starts after they are harvested. The oysters are put into tanks pumped with clean water for 48 to 72 hours. That protects the consumer from any foul bacteria that the oyster might have picked up from the sea or river water.

Some of the unrelated 'oysters' are the pearl oyster, Pinctada, which is a clam, and a few mussels which look a bit like oysters when they are taken out of their shells.

References 

Bivalves
Seafood
99

AD 99 was a year in the Julian calendar. It started on a Tuesday. It was not a leap-year.

Events 
Mirrors made of glass backed with a sheet of tin replace mirrors made only out of metal.
 Kushan king Kanishka, who was king when his kingdom was most powerful, sends messengers to Rome to plan a surprise attack against Parthia.

Deaths 
Musonius Rufus, Roman philosopher.
Sony Ericsson

Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a mobile phone manufacturer.  The company is a joint venture that was established in 2001 by Japanese consumer electronics company Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson.  The two companies no longer make mobile phones independently.

Other websites 
 Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications 

Telephone companies
Sony
2001 establishments in Sweden
2001 establishments in Japan
Benign

The word benign is often used to refer to a medical condition that will not become life-threatening if it is not treated, but can also mean that something is not harmful.  It is often used in relation to tumours that do not metastasise to other parts of the body.  Tumours that are referred to as being benign may still be life-threatening because of other reasons.  Because of this, the term applies mainly to their biological behaviour.

Tumors that are benign may be at risk of changing into malignancy.  These are termed "premalignant".

Medicine
Frankfurt U-Bahn

The Frankfurt U-Bahn is an underground railway network in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. It is run by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt, short VGF. It has 9 lines and a network of 65 kilometers (40 miles) and has exactly 86 stations, apart 27 underground and 59 above ground. Two lines, the U2 and the U3 crosses the city border in Oberursel and Bad Homburg.

Lines 

Rapid transit systems in Germany
Frankfurt
Geraldton, Western Australia

Geraldton is a city and port in Western Australia 424 km north of Perth. 29,996 people live there, which makes it the fifth-largest city in Western Australia.

Today the city is an important for mining, fishing, wheat, sheep and tourism.

It hosts the Geraldton Gold Cup, a horse race.

Cities in Western Australia
Frankfurt Airport

Frankfurt Airport ( ) is the biggest airport in Germany, the third largest in Europe in terms of passengers, and second-largest in Europe in terms of cargo. It is in Frankfurt.

In 2005, 52 million passengers flew from Frankfurt and 1.89 million tonnes of cargo.

The airport has two train stations, the terminal for the commuter trains is under the terminal and the station for the long-distance trains is five minutes to walk.

Until 2005, the Rhein-Main Air Base was in the south of the civil airport.  Frankfurt airport recorded its all-time hottest temperature in July 2015 at 101.8 °F (38.8 °C).

References

Other websites

1936 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Germany
Airports in Germany
Buildings and structures in Frankfurt
Marki

Marki is a town near Warsaw, in Poland. About 23,300 people live there.

Towns in Masovian Voivodeship