alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Extratropical cyclone

An extratropical cyclone (also called a mid-latitude cyclone) is a type of cyclone. It is a large low-pressure weather area with clouds, rain and heavy wind. They occur in areas that are between latitudes 30° – 60° from the equator. They are not the same as tropical cyclones or low-pressure weather areas from polar zones. They are actually many masses of cold and warm fronts producing rain, heavy wind, and sometimes tornadoes and even hail.

An extratropical cyclone turns anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The shape is circular or oval.  The usual diameter is about 1000 km. These cyclones are usually connected with fronts. A front is a system of changes in weather. It is caused by a very cold air mass meeting a very hot air mass. In the cyclone, there is a system of warm front and cold front. The center of a cyclone is cloudier. There is also a very high chance of precipitation. The wind is strong and changes its direction, as the warm front passes. The weather is stable and fog is usual. As the cold front passes, there is a change of wind, the temperature decreases and rain is also common.

Some extratropical cyclones are made from tropical cyclones that become weak but do not die when they move over cold water. Sometimes, these weather areas can become even stronger than before as they turn into extratropical cyclones. When made from tropical cyclones, they can still have an eye (a place in the middle of a tropical cyclone that is not as windy, cloudy, or rainy). European windstorms are sometimes made when wind from the northwestern part of the Atlantic carry them more east and north towards Europe. Nor'easters often hit northeastern North America, and are made when it is cold, most often in late fall. Wind from the west part of the Atlantic moves them north. They become stronger, and drop snow on the areas it moves into. When a nor'easter drops in pressure and become stronger, by more than one millibar every hour, it is called a weather bomb. Hurricane Hazel was extratropical but still hurricane-level when it hit Toronto, for example.

Cyclonal defects usually occur in series called "the families of the cyclones". Usually, there is a belt of 3 or 4 cyclones in different stages. The cyclone has several stages of evolution. First, there is a stage of the origin of a cyclone. Second stage means that the cyclone is strengthening. At that moment, both the warm and cold front are very large. The system is moving very fast.  The cold front is generally faster, which means that it runs down the warm one. This causes an occluded front. The weather is similar to both types of fronts. The third stage ends with filling of the area with air. The pressure rises. Stage four means that the signs of cyclonal weather disappear.

Notable storms
A violent storm during the Crimean War on November 14, 1854, wrecked 30 vessels, and sparked initial investigations into meteorology and forecasting in Europe. In the United States, the Columbus Day Storm of 1962, one of many Pacific Northwest windstorms. Hurricane Sandy also became extratropical before it's landfall.

References

Tropical cyclones
Small solar system body

A small Solar System body (SSSB) is a term defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union to describe solar system objects which are not planets or dwarf planets:

All other objects orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" ... These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies.

Therefore, it refers to these objects that can be further grouped based on their orbit or what they are made of:
 all known minor planets that are not dwarf planets, i.e.:
 the classical asteroids (except the largest one, 1 Ceres);
 the Centaurs and Neptune Trojans;
 the smaller Trans-Neptunian Objects (except dwarf planets such as Pluto and Eris);
 all comets;
 It is not yet clear whether there will be a lower bound on the group of small solar system bodies, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids.

Some of the larger "small Solar System bodies" may be reclassified in future as dwarf planets, pending further examination to determine whether or not they are in hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly-round shape).

References

Minor planets
Solar System
Frankenstein

Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley. It is about a creature produced by a strange scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen. It was published when she was twenty-one. The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823.

Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, Switzerland, where much of the story takes place. Ideas about occultism were topics of conversation among her travelling companions, especially her future husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and his doctor John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by the result. She then wrote Frankenstein.

Since publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" is often used to refer to the monster itself. This usage is sometimes considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard the monster sense of "Frankenstein" as well-established and an acceptable usage. In the novel, the monster however is called "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it". Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster refers to himself as "the Adam of your labors", and elsewhere as someone who "would have" been "your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel."

Plot 

Victor Frankenstein is a scientist who wants to create life itself. He stitches together parts from the dead bodies of criminals executed at the gallows. He brings his creation to life during an electrical storm. The monster scares Frankenstein. He runs away.  The monster spends years looking for a place in the world.  Mostly, other humans are afraid of it.  After years alone, it decides to go back to Frankenstein to ask him to make another monster to be its wife.  Frankenstein chases the monster to the Arctic, and dies pursuing the creature. The monster vanishes into the fog.

Related pages 
Frankenstein's monster

References

1810s books
English novels
Horror novels
Science fiction books
ESPN

ESPN is an American sports television network owned by ESPN, Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company which own Sony Corporation which WarnerCBS 90% owns 20%. ESPN is an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network. The channel is headquartered in Bristol, Connecticut with other studios in Los Angeles, California. ESPN shows sporting events and games, and also has shows that show highlights of sporting events and that show people talking about sports. The network has also shown games or events other than sports, such as poker.

The ESPN family of networks

Television
 ESPN (1979–present)
 ESPN on ABC (2006-present, replacing ABC Sports)
 ESPN International (1989–present)
 ESPN2 (1993–present)
 ESPNEWS (1996–present)
 ESPN Classic (1997–present)
 ESPNU (2005–present)
 ESPN Deportes (2004–present)
 ESPNHD (2003–present)
 ESPN2HD (2005–present)
 ESPN Plus (–present)
 ESPN PPV (–present)
 SEC Network (2014–present)

Internet
 ESPN Motion (2003–present)
 ESPN 360 (2005–present)

Radio
 ESPN Radio (1992–present)
 ESPN Deportes Radio (2005–present)

Films
 Ultimite X with Touchstone Pictures

Other websites 
 Official ESPN Website

1979 establishments in the United States
American television networks
Cable television
Sports media
Companies based in Connecticut
Advance Australia Fair

"Advance Australia Fair" is the official national anthem of Australia. 

Peter Dodds McCormick (–1916) wrote the music and the words for the song. It was first performed in 1878, but it only became Australia's official anthem in 1984.

Between 1878 and 1984, the song was used inside of Australia as a patriotic song. For a time the song announced the news from the Australian Broadcasting Commission. When Australia became a Federation in 1901, the song was sung by a choir of 10,000 people.

In 1977 there was a vote for the national anthem between four songs during the 1977 Australian referendum. The other three songs were:
 God Save the Queen, which was then the official national anthem
 Waltzing Matilda, often regarded as the unofficial anthem
 Song of Australia.
Advance Australia Fair received 43.29% of the vote, defeating the three alternatives: Waltzing Matilda (28.28%), Song of Australia (9.65%), and the existing national anthem God Save the Queen (18.78%). However, it was not until 1984 that the national anthem was changed to reflect the popular vote.

Other songs and marches have been influenced by Advance Australia Fair, such as the Australian Vice-Regal salute.

Lyrics
While the original lyrics are in English, because Australia is a very multicultural and multilingual nation, the lyrics have been unofficially translated into many other languages, including Chinese, Arabic, Vietnamese, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Korean, German, French and Polish. It has also been translated into many Australian Aboriginal languages, most famously Dharug but also others such as Pitjantjatjara, Warlpiri, Nyungar and Yugambeh-Bundaljung.

Sound file

References

 
National symbols of Australia
2006 Winter Olympics

The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006. This was the second time Italy hosted the Olympic Winter Games. The first time was the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo. Italy also had the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

The President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, opened the ceremony.  Stefania Belmondo was the torch-bearer.

1,548 men and 960 women were in the Olympics. There were 84 events.   The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was "Passion lives here".

Medals won by each nation

Venues

Olympic areas
Olympic events were mainly held in Turin. Other events such as skiing and snowboarding had to be held in mountain areas.

Turin
Many venues were located in the Olympic District in central Turin, including:
 Oval Lingotto – Speed skating
 Torino Esposizioni – Ice hockey
 Palasport Olimpico – Ice hockey (final)
 Stadio Olimpico – Opening and closing ceremonies
 Palavela – Figure skating, short-track speed skating
 Olympic Village

Other locations
 Bardonecchia – Snowboarding
 Cesana Pariol – Bobsleigh, Luge, Skeleton
 Cesana San Sicario  – Biathlon
 Pinerolo – Curling
 Pragelato – Nordic combined (ski jumping), Ski jumping
 Pragelato Plan – Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing)
 San Sicario Fraiteve – Alpine skiing (women's combined (downhill), downhill, and super-g)
 Sauze d'Oulx – Freestyle skiing
 Sestriere Borgata – Alpine skiing (men's combined (downhill), downhill, super-g)
 Sestriere Colle – Alpine skiing (combined (slalom), giant slalom, slalom)

Olympic villages
 Bardonecchia
 Sestriere
 Turin

References

 
2006 in sports
2000s in Italian sport
2006 in Europe
1665

1665 was a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 March 4 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.

Births
 February 6 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (d. 1714)
1764

1764 was a leap year.

Births 
 March 13 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845)
 September 25 – Fletcher Christian, leader of the Mutiny on the Bounty (d. 1793)

Deaths 
 April 15 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (born 1721)
 November 20 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician (born 1690)
1629

1629 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 February 11 – The Pilgrims leave England for North America to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Births
 March 9 – Czar Alexis I of Russia (d. 1676)
 April 14 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch scientist (d. 1695)
1692

Year 1692 was a leap year that started on a Tuesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January–June 
 March 1 – The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft.
 June 8 – During a famine in Mexico City, an angry mob torches the Viceroy's palace and ignites the archives; most of the documents and some paintings are saved by royal geographer Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.
 June 10 – Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged for witchcraft. 

 July–December 
 September 8 – An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England.
 September 14 – Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
 Salem witch trials:
 September 19 – Giles Corey is pressed to death, in an attempt to coerce a confession from him of witchcraft.   By the end of September, 14 women and 5 men have been hanged.
 September 22 – The last of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials are hanged; the remainder of those convicted are all eventually released.
 October 21 – In Barbados, a slave revolt is crushed.

Births

 June 28 – Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart, Princess of England, Scotland, and Ireland
 August 18 – Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Prime Minister of France (d. 1740)
 October 25 – Elisabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain (d. 1766)

Deaths
 July 19 – Rebecca Nurse, accused Massachusetts witch (b. 1621)

References
1702

1702 was a common year which started on Sunday.

Events
 March 8 – King William III of England dies. His sister-in-law, Anne, becomes queen.
date unknown
Delaware becomes a separate colony.
1640

1640 was a leap year which started on a Sunday.

Events
 The first university in Finland, the Academy of Åbo, is founded in Turku.
1633

1633 was a common year which started on a Saturday.

Events
 June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots, at St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh.
1631

The year 1631 was a common year which started on Wednesday.

Events
 May 18 – In Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
1635

1635 was a common year which start on Monday.

Events
 February 22 – The Académie française in Paris is founded as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.
 July 31 – The Royal Mail service is made available to the public by King Charles I of England.
 August 25 – The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.

Date unknown
 Dominica is claimed by France.
1575

1575 was a common year starting on Saturday.

Events
 February 13 – Henry III of France is crowned at Reims.
1760

1760 was a leap year which started on Tuesday.

Events
 March 20 – The Great Fire of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings.
 October 25 – King George II of Great Britain dies; his grandson George III becomes king.
1670

1670 was a common year which started on Wednesday.

Events
 April 29 – Pope Clement X succeeds Pope Clement IX as the 239th pope.
 July 18 – Spain recognises Jamaica and the Cayman Islands as English possessions by the Treaty of Madrid.
1673

The year 1673 was a common year which started on Sunday.

Events
 August 9 – Dutch forces under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge recapture New York City from the English (regained by the English in 1674).
1674

The year 1674 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 February 19 – England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. Part of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renames it New York.
1675

The year 1675 was a common year which start on

Events
 April – The South Atlantic Ocean island of South Georgia is discovered.
 June 24 – King Philip's War starts in North America.
 August 10 – Construction starts on the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

Births
 March 31 – Pope Benedict XIV (d. 1758)
1678

1678 was a common year which started on Saturday.

Events
 January 27 – The first fire engine company in what will become the United States goes into service.
 February 18 – John Bunyan publishes his Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress in London.
1722

1722 is a common year which started on Thursday.

Events 
 April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Dutch admiral Jakob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island.
1662

1662 was a common year which started on Sunday.

Events
 The Dodo bird goes extinct.
1663

1663 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events 
 March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the subantarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Dutch explorer Barent Barentszoon Lam.
1669

1669 is a common year which started on Tuesday.

Events
 March 11 – Mount Etna erupts, destroying the town of Nicolosi and killing 20,000 people.
 July – The Hanseatic League, 400 years after it was formed, holds its last official meeting in Lübeck.

Date unknown
 Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand.
 Antonio Stradivari makes his first violin.

Deaths
 December 9 – Pope Clement IX (b. 1600)
1523

The year 1523 was a common year starting on Thursday.

Events
 June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing its full independence from Denmark, ending of the Kalmar Union.
1511



Births 
 February 8 – Giorgio Vasari (d. 1574), Italian painter, architect and writer

Deaths
January 9 – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek classical scholar (b. 1424)
February 11 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England
June 6 – Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa
July 2 – Şahkulu, leader of the Şahkulu Rebellion
August 2 – Andrew Barton, Scottish naval leader (b. c. 1466)
September 6 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shogun (b. 1481)
October 18 – Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447)
 date unknown
Nicolás de Ovando (born 1460), Spanish soldier, governor of Hispaniola
 Diego de Nicuesa, Spanish conquistador and explorer
 Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish composer and music theorist (b. c. 1435)
 Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (b. 1482)
 Yusuf Adil Shah, founding leader of the Adil Shahi dynasty
 probable – Antoine de Févin, French composer (b. c. 1470)
1506

1506 was a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.

Births
 April 7 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit saint (d. 1552)
1693

1693 was a common year which started on a Thursday.

Events
 January 11 – 1693 Sicily earthquake: Mount Etna erupts, causing a devastating earthquake that affects parts of Sicily and Malta.
 February 8 – The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is granted a Royal charter from King William III and Queen Mary II of England.

Religion
 Some members of the Anabaptist movement in Switzerland splits from the group to start the Amish.

Births
 February 7 – Empress Anna I of Russia (d. 1740)
 March 7 – Pope Clement XIII (d. 1769)
 March 24 – John Harrison, English clockmaker (d. 1776)
Dracula

Dracula is a horror novel written by the Irish writer Bram Stoker. Bram Stoker published the novel in England in 1897. The character 'Dracula' may have been based in part on Sir Henry Irving (who was an actor and friend of Bram Stoker) and on Vlad III the Impaler (a Romanian king). The story is about a vampire called Dracula. A vampire is a kind of monster associated with death and the Devil.

Plot
A young solicitor (a type of lawyer) Jonathan Harker goes to the country Transylvania to sell a house in England to a nobleman named Dracula. After living in the castle for a week, he realizes that Dracula is a vampire. Dracula traps Harker in his castle with three other vampire women (who are called his brides) and goes to England, by hiding on a ship and killing the crew. When he gets to England, he bites a young woman called Lucy Westenra and turns her into a vampire. Lucy is then killed by Abraham van Helsing (a medical doctor) and the other characters in the book. Then Dracula bites Jonathan's wife Mina. Because of this, the other characters try to defeat Dracula, by chasing him back to Transylvania and killing him.

Ideas for the story 
People have written about where Stoker got his ideas for the Dracula story.  It has been said that Stoker's mother Charlotte telling him of the events of the terrible cholera plague in Sligo, Ireland may have given him some ideas.  These included:
 Doctors trying to stop people dying and then being killed.
 Smells and mists associated with terrible things.
 Roman Catholic priests bravely fighting the terrible things.
 People being buried when they were not dead and some not dying.
The idea of blood may have come from Bram's early years when he was unheathly and in bed all the time and doctors may have tried bleeding him to make him healthly.

Ideas for the person of Dracula may have been taken from Henry Irving.  Stoker worked for Irving at the Lyceum Theatre in London for 30 years.

Most famous adaptations of Dracula 
 1922,  (Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror). First adaptation of the novel. Directed by F. W. Murnau. Max Schreck has the role of Count Orlok. The movie director could not get permission to use the actual story from Stoker's widow, who ordered many copies of the movie to be destroyed after its release.
 1931, Dracula. Horror, directed by Tod Browning and starring Béla Lugosi as Dracula.
 1958, Horror of Dracula. Horror, stars Christopher Lee as Count Dracula.
 1979, Dracula. Horror, stars Frank Langella as Dracula.
 1979, Love at First Bite. Comedy, stars George Hamilton as Count Vladimir Dracula.
 1992, Bram Stoker's Dracula. Horror, directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Gary Oldman as Dracula.
 Dracula: Dead and Loving it. Comedy, directed by Mel Brooks and starring Leslie Nielsen as Count Dracula.
 Van Helsing is a 2004 movie that has Hugh Jackman as the title character (Gabriel Van Helsing) and Richard Boxburgh as Count Vladislaus Dracula.
2014, Dracula Untold, directed by Gary Shore

Online texts
 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45839
 Bram Stoker Online Full text and PDF versions of this novel.

References

1897 books
Irish novels
Horror novels
Vampire novels
1002

1002 (MII) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the second year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events
 January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne. Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne (Charles the Great).

Births 
 June 21 – Pope Leo IX (d. 1054)
 Adolf II of Lotharingia (d. 1041)
 Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Sunni Muslim scholar and historian (d. 1071)
 George I of Georgia (possible date; d. 1027)
 Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty (d. 1060)

Deaths 
 January 23 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
 April 30 – Eckard I, Margrave of Meissen, assassinated
 August 8 – Al-Mansur, chief minister of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, Spain
 October 15 – Otto-Henry, Duke of Burgundy (b. 946)
 Ealdwulf, Abbot of Peterborough, Bishop of Worchester and Archbishop of York
 Godfrey I, Count of Verdun
 Gunhilde, wife of Pallig, killed in the St. Brice's Day massacre
 John the Iberian, Georgian saint (possible date)
 Pallig, Danish chieftain, Jarl of Devonshire, killed in the St. Brice's Day massacre
 Rogneda of Polotsk, wife of Vladimir I of Kiev before his conversion to Christianity
 Sancho Ramírez of Viguera (possible date)
 Tahir, son of Khalaf I
 Udayadityavarman I of Khmer Empire

References
1570

1570 was a common year starting on Sunday.

Events
 February 8 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurs in Concepción, Chile.
 February 25 – Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis.
 July 14 – Pope Pius V issues Quo Primum, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.
1470



Events 
 March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster. 
 July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
 October 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London, and restores him to the throne.

Births 
 June 30 – Charles VIII of France (d. 1498)
 November 2 – King Edward V of England, one of the princes in the Tower (d. c. 1483)
1530

1530 was a common year.

Births 
 Filippo Azzaiolo (d. 1569), Italian composer

Deaths
 29 November – Thomas Wolsey (born between 1471 and 1476), English statesman and archbishop
1534

1534 was a common year.

Events
 Jaques Cartier explored Quebec and Montreal.

Births 
 Joan Waste (d. 1 August 1556), English woman burned to death because she would not stop being a Protestant
 10 February – Song Ik-phil (d. 8 August 1599), Korean politician
 23 June – Oda Nobunaga (d. 21 June 1582), Japanese daimyo
 1 July – Frederick II of Denmark (d. 4 April 1588), King of Denmark-Norway
 24 September – Guru Ram Das (d. 1 September 1581), fourth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism

Deaths
 26 May – Pope Clement VII (born 26 May 1478), 220th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
1708

1708 was a leap year which started on Sunday.

Events
 July 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Allied forces commanded by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated the French at the Battle of Oudenarde.
 August 18 – War of the Spanish Succession: The British capture Minorca, Spain.
1656

1656 was a leap year which started on Saturday.

Events
 December – The pendulum clock is invented by Christian Huygens.
1586

1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday.

Events
 Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician, demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
1576

1576 was a leap year which started on Sunday.

Events
 August 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage, enters the bay now named after him.
1477

1477 was a common year.

Events
The University of Tübingen was founded in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Births 
 January 25 – Anne of Brittany (d. January 9, 1514), Duchess of Brittany
1646

The year 1646 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 February 16 – First English Civil War: The Battle of Great Torrington, Devon, the last major battle of the conflict, is fought.
 December 21 – Temperatures around the world start to decline as part of the Little Ice Age.

Deaths
 December 22 – Peter Mogila, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (b. 1596)
1551



Births 
 19 September – Henry III of France (d. 2 August 1589), King of France and of Poland
 8 October – Giulio Caccini (d. 10 December 1618), Italian composer and singer

Deaths
 17 May – Shin Saimdang (b. 29 October 1504), Korean artist, poet, writer, and scholar
United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services. It was a part of the United States Army until September 18, 1947. The USAF is the largest and most of technologically advanced air force in the world.  It has thousands of aircraft in service including bombers, fighter aircraft, transports and other kinds, and hundreds of Intercontinental ballistic missiles.  Hundreds of thousands of men and women are on active duty in the Air Force and others are in the Reserves and the United States National Guard.

Officer ranks

Warrant officers
The Air Force warrant officer ranks, while authorized by law, are not used.

Enlisted airmen

References

Other websites
Find a grave memorial of a World War II "WASP" {Women Air Service pilot}

 
Military aviation
European Broadcasting Union

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU), known in French as L'Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision (UER), and unrelated to the European Union, was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organizations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in the coastal resort of Torquay in Devon, England. In 1993, the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), an equivalent organisation of broadcasters from Central and Eastern Europe, was merged with the EBU.

Members

Full Members
 The names of the broadcasting companies not in Roman script are either in English or French, the official languages of the EBU.

Future & Potential EBU Members 
 Liechtenstein: currently Liechtenstein has no national television or radio station, but if they get one it will be possible for them to join the EBU (this technicality had affected them once before when they were not allowed to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 1969)
 Kosovo: RTK - currently an associate member
 Syria: ORTAS (Organisme de la Radio-Télévision Arabe Syrienne) - currently an associate member only
  Morocco: The second commercial channel of Morocco 2M TV have asked for membership to the EBU. It is still unknown if Morocco will participate in the Eurovision Song Contest or the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.

Other websites 
 EBU Website

References

Television networks
1320s

The 1320s was the decade that started on January 1, 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329.

Events 
 In North America, after arriving in different areas in Mexico, the Aztec settle in a swampy area near Lake Texcoco, and found the city of Tenochtitlan.
20s

The 20s was a decade that started on 1 January 20 and ended on 31 December 29.
Note: Sometimes the '20s is used as shorthand for the 1920s, the 1820s, or other such decades in various centuries

Significant people 
Tiberius, Roman Emperor (14–37).
1465

1465 was a common year.

Births 
 Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (d. 1524), Spanish soldier, conquered and governed Cuba for Spain
1545

1545 was a common year.

Births 
 Lady Mary Grey (d. 20 April 1578), sister of Lady Jane Grey
 8 July – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (d. 24 July 1568), son of King Philip II of Spain

Deaths
 18 October – John Taverner (b. about 1490), English composer and organist
1340s



Deaths 
 1346, March 15 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (b. 1271)

Events and trends 
 The Black Death spreads across Europe.
 The Battle of Sluys is fought between the ships of the navy of the Kingdom of England and those of the Kingdom of France.
 August 26, 1346: Edward III of England defeats Philip VI of France at the Battle of Crécy. This battle is famous for the destruction of the French cavalry by English longbowmen. This was also the first time cannons were used in battle.
1110s



Events and trends 
 1111 Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II
 1112 The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop
 1113 Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris
 1119 Knights Templar Order established in Jerusalem
1200

1200 (MCC) is a    common year. Had the Gregorian calendar existed that year or before, the year 1200 would have been a century leap year and a leap year starting on Saturday.

Events 
 University of Paris received charter from Philip II of France
 The Kanem-Bornu Empire was established in northern Africa around the year 1200
 Mongol victory over Northern China — 30,000,000 killed

Births 
 Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (died 1265)
 Ulrich von Liechtenstein, German nobleman and poet (died 1278)
 Adam Marsh, English Franciscan (approximate date; died 1259)
 John Fitzalan, Lord of Oswestry
 Matthew Paris, English Benedictine monk and chronicler (approximate date; died 1259)
 Rabbi Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (died 1270)
 Dogen Zenji, founder of Soto Zen (died 1253)

Deaths 
 Joscelin III of Edessa
 Zhu Xi, Chinese philosopher (born 1130)
 Gilbert Horal, 12th Grand Master of the Knights Templar
1300s

The 1300s was a decade that began on 1 January 1300 and ended on 31 December 1309.

Events and trends 
 1308 – Avignon Papacy established, which splits and weakens the Roman Catholic Church
1100s



Events and trends 
 The Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture rises (approximate date).
 The great Buddhist centre of learning at Nalanda is destroyed by invaders.
 The city of Cusco, Peru is founded.
 Emperor Huizong of Song starts to rule in China.
 1102 Bolesław III becomes king of Poland.
 The Hohenbaden castle is built in Baden-Baden, Germany.
 1104 The volcano Hekla erupts in Iceland, destroying settlements.
 1107 Emperor Toba ascends the throne of Japan.
1964 Summer Olympics

The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, were held in Tokyo, Japan from October 10, 1964 to October 24, 1964.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan

Other websites
 IOC page for the 1964 Summer Olympics

References 

1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic Stadium

Olympic Stadium is the name given to the main stadium of the Olympic Games.

Summer Olympics Stadia 
Panathinaiko Stadium
Vélodrome de Vincennes
Francis Field
White City Stadium
Stockholm Olympic Stadium
Antwerp Olympisch Stadion
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir
Amsterdam Olympisch Stadion
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Olympiastadion Berlin
Wembley Stadium
Helsinki Olympic Stadium
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Stadio Olimpico
National Olympic Stadium
Estadio Olímpico Universitario
Munich Olympiastadion
Stade Olympique, Montreal
Luzhniki Stadium
Seoul Olympic Stadium
Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys
Centennial Olympic Stadium
Telstra Stadium
Athens Olympic Stadium

Winter Olympics Stadia 

Stadium
Stadiums
1330s

The 1330s was a decade that began on 1 January 1330 and ended on 31 December 1339.

Events and trends 
 The poet Petrarch coins the pejorative term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the western Roman Empire in 410 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
1350s

The 1350s was a decade that began on 1 January 1350 and ended on 31 December 1359.

Events and trends 
 The Ottoman Turks enter Europe
 The Hanseatic League begins to meet
1360s

The 1360s was a decade that began on 1 January 1360 and ended on 31 December 1369.

Events and trends 
 William Langland writes Piers Plowman
1370s

The 1370s was a decade that began on 1 January 1370 and ended on 31 December 1379.

Events and trends 
 Mamai was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde, who resided in the western part of this nomadic state, which is now the Southern Ukrainian Steppes and the Crimean Peninsula. He split apart from Khans of the Golden Horde, trying to establish his own state.
 The Krashovani settled in the Banat, fleeing the Ottoman offensive in Serbia.
1390s

The 1390s was a decade that began on 1 January 1390 and ended on 31 December 1399.

Events and trends 
1392
Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General Yi Seonggye led a coup d'état, overthrowing the kingdom of Goryeo and founding the kingdom of Joseon
End of the reign of Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
1394 Expulsion of Jews from France

1395 End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family

1397
 Richard Whittington aka Dick Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London
 John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset
1398
Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed
Construction of the Stecknitz Canal as one of the oldest artificial waterways of the world
Timur arrived on the bank of the Indus River, and proceeded to sack Delhi
1399 Henry IV becomes King of England
1080s



Events and trends 
 1080 King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes Roman liturgy in Catholic church in place of Mozarabic Rite.
 1084 Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks 
 1086 Emperor Shirakawa starts his cloistered rule
 1087
 William II becomes king of England
 End of the formal reign of Emperor Shirakawa, but not of his cloistered rule
 Emperor Horikawa ascends to the throne of Japan
 The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari
 1088
 Succession of Pope Urban II (1088–1099)
 Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny
Captain Underpants

Captain Underpants is a popular series of children's books by Dav Pilkey. Most of the books take place in Piqua, Ohio.

Characters

Main 
 George Beard - A 9 3/4-year-old black-skined boy with a flat top. He wears a tie.
 Harold Hutchins - A next-door-neighbor and frend of George. He is 10 years old and has a bad hare cut.
 Mr. Benny Krupp - Mr. Krupp is the mean school principal of George and Harold.
 Captain Underpants - The alter-ego of Principal Krupp. He one day got superpowers.
 Melvin Sneedly - George and Harold's smart nemesis. He wears glasses and a bow tie.
 Ms. Ribble - The fourth grade teacher of George and Harold.
 Sulu And Crackers - George and Harolds pets.
 Yestreday Gorge and Harold Doubles of the 2 boys of the same name.

Recurring (Appearing more then once) 
 Harold's sister
 Henry Hutchins - Harold's grandfather
 Jane Beard - George Beard's great-grandmother
 Ingrid Ashley and Larry Zarrow - The local TV reporters for Eyewitness News (Channel 4).

Villains

 Dr. Diaper - An evil scientist who wears a diaper.
 The Talking Toilets- Toilets that can oley shout "YUM, YUM, EAT 'EM UP!"and eat people, created when George and Harold wrote it in a comic book, and fed it to a machine that makes living 3D copys of 2D drawings created by Melvin Sneedley.
 The Turbo-Toilet 2000- The leader of the talking toilets. He appeared on his own in book 11.
 Jennifer - An evil alien.
 Zorx and Klax - Jennifer's Frends. They tried to help him take over Earth.
 Professor Poopypants- A mad scientist from New Swissland that forced everyone to change their name to what the Name Change-o-Chart 2000 says. He later changed his name to Tippy Tinkletrousers.
 Wedgie Woman - Ms. Ribble after hypnosis from George and Harold.
 Evil George and Evil Harold - George and Harold's evil twins from the alternate dimension. They first met when a horrible accident with the time machine occurred.
 Captain Blunderpants - Captain Underpants' evil twin from the alternate dimension.
 Nise Mr. Krupp - The Nice Counterpart of Mr. Krupp from the alternate dimension.

Plot 
The plots of Captain Underpants books 6 - 12 add up into one big plot.

Forms

Books 
There are 12 Books, The First one is known as The Adventurers Of Captain Underpants, The next one being called Captain Underpants And The Attack Of The Talking Toilets.

Spin-offs 
Captain Underpants Has 2 spin-offs:
 Super Diaper Baby
 Dog Man

Film 
All of the Captain Underpants Films are made by DreamWorks Animation.

Movie 
(See Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie)

TV Show 
There is a 2018 TV show named The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants. It ran all the way into 2020.

It had 3 seasons and 3 specials.

20th-century American novels
American children's books
1328



Events 
 May 1 – Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton – England recognises Scotland as an independent country after the Wars of Scottish Independence.
 May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon under threat from Pope John XXII.
 May 27 – King Philip VI of France is crowned.
 August 23 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.
 Augustiner brew Munich.

Births 
 May 7 – Louis VI the Roman, Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg (died 1365)
 June 25 – William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (died 1397)
 September 21 – Hongwu Emperor of China (died 1398)
 September 29 – Joan of Kent, wife of Edward, the Black Prince (died 1385)
 October 9 – King Peter I of Cyprus (d. 1369)
 Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (died 1423)
 Emperor Go-Murakami, emperor of Japan (died 1368)
 Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (died 1360)

Deaths 
 February 1 – King Charles IV of France (born 1294)
 August 23 – Nicolaas Zannekin, Flemish peasant leader, killed in the battle of Cassel
 September 27 – Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar and philosopher of Harran (born 1263)
 November 16 – Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shogun (born 1276)
 Meister Eckhart, German theologian (born 1260)
 Yesün Temür Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1276)
1070s

The 1070s was a decade that began on 1 January 1070 and ended on 31 December 1079.

Events 

 1071 Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army.
 1072 Normans conquer Palermo in Sicily 
 1073 Japan changes emperors
 1078 Romanesque church begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
1050s



Events 
 1050
 Hedeby is sacked by King Harald Hardraade of Norway during the course of a conflict with King Eric Estridsson of Denmark.
 King Anund Jacob of Sweden is succeeded by Emund the Old. (See Swedish monarchs.)
 1051 Zenkunen War starts in Japan. It will continue until the early 1060s. Part of Clan disputes of the Heian period. 
 1054
 A powerful supernova is observed. It is so bright that it can be seen in daylight. The supernova remnant left by the event is now known as the Crab Nebula.
 Pope Leo IX and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other's excommunication, finalising the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.
 1055
 Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad.
 Pope Victor II attains papacy.
 1057
 Change of Scottish Monarch from Macbeth to Lulach
 Pope Victor II dies, Pope Stephen IX attains papacy.
Makalani

Makalani is the name given to a certain palm tree, growing in northern Namibia (Southern Africa). The local Owambo people call a full grown palm tree "Omulunga" and a sapling "Oshivale." These palm trees grow very high and it takes many years for a Makalani sapling to grow into a full-grown tree.

The seeds look like small coconuts, and the local people, the Owambos and Himbas, peel the outer ginger looking skin and carve the inner hard core to certain objects of art. The inner core is white with a dark brown skin, the size of a golf ball, and it is hollow inside. The Makalani fruit (Ondunga/Onduga)is very useful to the local people. It can be eaten and can also be used to brew Ombike/Owalende: the Oshiwambo brew that looks and taste similar to Whiskey.  
There are now also some hotels, restaurants, and guesthouses which have adopted the name Makalani (in Namibia). These include Makalani Sugar processors, Makalani Holdings and Makalani Airtime Distributors.

Arecaceae
Trees
Trowbridge

Trowbridge is the county town of Wiltshire, a county in England. It is on the River Biss in the west of the county, 8 miles (13 km) south east of Bath, Somerset, separated by the Mendip Hills, which rise 3 miles (4.8 km) to the west. The town is also 38 miles (61 km) south of Gloucester and 20 miles (32km) south east of Bristol.

Trowbridge has been a market town for a long time. The Kennet and Avon Canal has been a very important part of the town's growth because it allowed coal to be moved from the Somerset Coalfield. This began steam-powered wool production in mills, which the town is famous for. The town was a very important producer of clothes and blankets in the south west of England. Because of this, in the late 18th century and early 19th century, it had the nickname of "The Manchester of the West".

The civil parish of Trowbridge had 33,108 people in the 2011 census. The parish goes over the areas of Longfield, Lower Studley, Upper Studley, Studley Green and Trowle Common. Parishes that are next to Trowbridge include Staverton, Hilperton, West Ashton, North Bradley, Southwick and Wingfield. Some towns close to Trowbridge are Bradford on Avon, Westbury, Melksham, Frome and Devizes.

References 

Towns in Wiltshire
County towns in England
Billie Jean King

Billie Jean King (born Billie Jean Moffitt on November 22, 1943 in Long Beach, California) is an American retired tennis player. She is considered one of the greatest female tennis players. She won many championships during her career, which started in 1959 and ended in 1983. She was known for speaking against sexism in sports and society. She started the Women's Tennis Association, World TeamTennis, and the Women's Sports Foundation. Her most famous match was in 1973. It was called "The Battle of the Sexes" and was with Bobby Riggs, who had been a champion in the 1930s and 1940s. She loved playing tennis but had to stop after an injury.

Her brother is baseball player Randy Moffitt.

Billie Jean King grew up poor. It was hard for her parents to support her. Her father was an engineer for a fire department. Her mother was a housekeeper. Her father had two jobs. Her mother sold Tupperware to pay for King’s tennis competitions. King’s family could not pay to join their local tennis club. Therefore, King learned at public tennis courts. 

King was interested in fighting for the rights of women in tennis. When she was seventeen years old, King played doubles in Wimbledon. She and her partner, Karen Hantze, won the match. They became the youngest women players to win that match at Wimbledon. Even though she won this competition, she didn't want to focus on tennis completely yet. 

King joined a community college and married Larry King. Later, she played tennis again and spoke against sexism. She is famous for winning a competition called the Battle of the Sexes against Bobby Riggs in 1973. This was one of the first tennis matches when a man played against a woman. Winning this match really helped her speak about sexism. She used tennis and the Battle of the Sexes to prove that women are as good at sports as men. She was important in tennis and helped the voice of women.

Personal life
King is lesbian.

References 

1943 births
American tennis players
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
Lesbian feminists
LGBT people from California
LGBT sportspeople
Living people
Sportspeople from Long Beach, California
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Time People of the Year
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Fabio Cannavaro

Fabio Cannavaro (born 13 September 1973) is an Italian retired football player. He was the captain of Italy's winning FIFA World Cup squad in 2006. He is considered one of the best defenders in history.

Cannavaro had originally played several famous football club in Italy, such as Napoli, Parma, Internazionale Milano and Juventus. He won several champions of Italian Serie A in the past, and a UEFA Cup in 1999. In 2006, he turned to Spain to join the Spanish giant Real Madrid, as a defender of the team.

Cannavaro is a famous defender who represent Italy national team for over 100 times, joining three times of FIFA World Cup. In 2006 he led the national team to win the champion of World Cup, and then won the World Footballer of 2006. As few defenders can be very popular, some people comment that Cannavaro has excellent talent, just like German legend Franz Beckenbauer.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Napoli||rowspan="3"|Serie A||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1993/94||27||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|1994/95||29||1||4||0||3||0||36||1
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="7"|Parma||rowspan="7"|Serie A||29||1||1||0||6||0||36||1
|-
|1996/97||27||0||1||0||2||0||30||0
|-
|1997/98||31||0||6||0||7||0||44||0
|-
|1998/99||30||1||7||0||8||0||45||1
|-
|1999/00||31||2||3||0||9||1||43||3
|-
|2000/01||33||0||7||0||6||0||46||0
|-
|2001/02||31||0||5||0||9||0||45||1
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||28||0||0||0||12||1||40||1
|-
|2003/04||22||2||3||0||9||0||34||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||38||2||0||0||9||1||47||3
|-
|2005/06||36||4||3||0||9||0||48||4

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Real Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||32||0||1||0||6||0||39||0
|-
|2007/08||33||0||1||0||6||0||40||0
|-
|2008/09||29||0||1||0||7||0||37||0

|-
|2009/10||Juventus||Serie A||||||||||||||||
394||13||43||0||89||3||526||16
94||0||3||0||19||0||116||0
488||13||46||0||108||3||642||16
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||12||0
|-
|1998||11||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||14||0
|-
|2001||9||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||6||1
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||15||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||8||1
|-
|2009||10||0
|-
|2010||5||0
|-
!Total||136||2
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players 
Footballers from Naples
Ballon d'Or winners
FIFA World Player of the Year winners
Italy at UEFA Euro 2000
Italy at UEFA Euro 2004