alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Bohrium

Bohrium is a chemical element. At the periodic table of the elements it is at position 107.

The element is named in honor of Niels Bohr.

Mendeleev predicted that Bohrium would exist. He called the element eka-rhenium because of its location was near Rhenium in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of bohrium is like the chemistry of rhenium.

Other websites 

WebElements.com - Bohrium

Transition metals
Synthetic elements
Fermium

Fermium (symbol Fm) is a chemical element. It has an atomic number of 100, which makes it at position 100 at the periodic table. Fermium cannot be found in nature; it has to be made.  Scientists can create it by combining plutonium with neutrons at very high speeds and temperatures.  It is named after Enrico Fermi.

History 
Albert Ghiorso and other scientists at the University of California, Berkeley first discovered fermium.  They found the element in the fallout from the explosion of the first successful hydrogen bomb test.  This test was on November 1, 1952.  In the fallout, scientists also discovered another new element, Einsteinium.  Because of the Cold War, the US military did not allow the scientists to publish their results in a scientific journal.  However, they conducted other studies and published their research in 1954.  The studies of nuclear fallout were declassified and published in 1955.

A group in the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm also discovered isotopes of this element before the research of the Berkeley scientists was published.  However, most agree that the Berkeley scientists were the first to discover fermium.

Actinides
Synthetic elements
Potash

Potash is a generic term for a chemical compound. It means the mixture of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate left over in ashes. The wood was burnt to produce ashes, which were dissolved in water. The potash was then reacted with fat to produce soap.

Related pages
Potash alum

Potassium compounds
Longitudinal wave

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particle movement is parallel to the direction of the wave propagation. This means that the particles move left and right which in turn makes the other particles start to oscillate. This creates a wave. Longitudinal waves are also called pressure waves, and sound waves are the most common kinds.
As with other waves, the particles do not move with the wave. 

wave physics
Southbridge, Massachusetts

Southbridge is a city in the American state of Massachusetts. The city's nickname is "The Eye of the Commonwealth". It has a population of about 18,000. 

Southbridge has a lot of history and tradition. The city was once home to the largest optical manufacturer in the world: American Optical. American Optical moved somewhere in Mexico where workers would be paid smaller wages. It is now called the Mexican Optical. Southbridge has a great economy. It is often called a mixing pot of cultures. There are many different ethnic groups in Southbridge.

Population

References 

Cities in Massachusetts
Tibetan language

The Tibetan language is a language spoken in Tibet, a region of China. It is one of the main Han–Tibetan languages.

It is also spoken in other parts of the Himalaya region, including northern Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Ladakh).

It has been spoken for many centuries (since at least the 6th century, possibly earlier).

Tibetan has many dialects. People who speak different dialects often cannot easily communicate with each other orally.

The Tibetan written language is not known by most Tibetans and is not taught in many Tibetan areas.

References

Sino-Tibetan languages
Most Valuable Player

In sports, a Most Valuable Player award is an honour given to the player or players of a team that performed better than the other players throughout a league or contest. It was first used in professional sports, but is now used a lot in amateur sports and other things unrelated to sports, such as business and music awards. A similar award used in sports, often in soccer, is man of the match.

More reading
 

Sports words
Eastern Christianity

Eastern Christianity means the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, East Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. That are especially five families of churches: the Assyrian Church of the East, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Eastern Catholic Churches, and Eastern Protestant Christianity.

On the other hand, there are the Western traditions of Christianity which mainly represented by the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, and most non-Eastern Protestant denominations.

Other websites 
 Eastern Christian Churches 
 Eastern Catholics  Information concerning Christians of Eastern rites who are in communion with, and under the jurisdiction of, the Pope, the Bishop of Rome.
 A site advocating unity between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christians.
 Eastern Christian Bible Resources - contains Lamsa Bible and more
Love Hina

Love Hina is a Japanese manga. It was created by Ken Akamatsu. It tells the story Keitarô Urashima. Urashima is a Japanese student who tried to enter the famous university of Tokyo (Todai or Tokyô Daigaku). Love Hina exists also as an animated series.

Story
Keitarô Urashima is a 19-year-old boy who tries to study at the well known university of Todai. He tried three times and failed. He finally decides to go to the hotel of his aunt, the Hinata Hotel. When he got to the hotel, he found that it has been changed into a girls' hotel. The first time he met the people living in the hotel, they were not very happy to see him. Slowly, they began to accept him, even if he is clumsy and a pervert.

Characters
 Keitarô Urashima: Keitarô is a 19-year-old boy who tries to study at Todai. He failed three times. When he was younger, Keitarô and a young girl made a promise to enter Todai when they were older. Keitarô still remembers this but cannot remember who this young girl was or what her name was.
 Naru Narusegawa: Naru is a 17-year-old girl. She was accepted to Todai. She is the best of her class. She has a bad temper and hits Keitarô when she is angry.
 Mutsumi Otohime: Mutsumi is a nice 20-year-old girl. She is clumsy and forgets things.
 Shinobu Maehara: Shinobu is a 14-year-old girl. She is very shy. She loves to clean and cook.
 Motoko Aoyama: Motoko is a 15-year-old girl. She is violent. She sometimes hits Keitarô with her sword.

References

Manga
Anime
Super Nintendo Entertainment System

The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (often shortened to SNES or Super NES) is a 16-bit video game console created by Nintendo, released first in 1990. It is the successor to the NES. It was called the Super Famicom in Japan, and the Super Comboy in South Korea. The console can display 2D graphics, with some limited support for 3D graphics with the Super FX chip. Super NES games are loaded from a cartridge. The major competitor for the Super Nintendo was the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, but it also competed with the TurboGrafx-16, the Neo Geo AES, and the Panasonic 3D0.

Notable games 
 Super Mario World
 Super Castlevania IV
 Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars
 Super Metroid
 Donkey Kong Country
 EarthBound
 The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past
 Super Mario Kart
 Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island
 F-Zero
 Star Fox

Nintendo video game consoles
Sega Saturn

The  is a 32-bit video game console made by Sega.  It was released in Japan on November 22 1994, in the United States on May 11 1995, and in Europe on July 8 1995.  Games were released on CD-ROMs. It is followed by the Dreamcast. The Saturn was the first Sega video game console which can display 3D graphics.  Accessories were available for the Sega Saturn, including a gun controller which was used to play Virtua Cop, and an analog controller.

The console was called Saturn because it was Sega's sixth games console, and Saturn is the sixth planet of the solar system.

Throughout the consoles lifespan it sold 17.4 million hardware units from November 1994 to March 2001 with 8.8 million sold in Japan and 4.1 million sold in the United States respectively. The Sega Saturn is considered a commercial flop, but has a very strong retro who has not given up on the Saturn.

Japanese models 
The Sega Saturn was quite popular in Japan, because of the commercial with Segata Sanshiro, a man who devoted his life to the Sega Saturn. The Japanese Sega Saturn was black, and it was later changed to gray.

European/North American models
In North America, the Saturn was not nearly as popular as it was in Japan. When it was first released, there were only a few games available, because the console's strange technology made it difficult to program for. That caused the PlayStation to be more popular in Europe. Another problem was that Sega released the Saturn sooner than they intended to, but did not tell shops about the new release date, meaning that many of them did not sell the Saturn at all out of anger. Sega had also made other consoles to try and be the first to use new technology, such as the Sega CD (an early console with games that came on CDs) and the Sega 32X (with better graphics than Sega's previous consoles), leaving some gamers without enough money to buy all three systems or angry at Sega for abandoning the 32X when the Saturn was released.

Notes

Saturn
Iðunn

Iðunn is a goddess in Norse Mythology. She is the goddess of youth, wife of Bragi, god of poetry. She guards the golden apples. These apples are eaten by the Norse gods to let them live until Ragnarok (the battle of the end of the world).

Norse gods and goddesses
GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)

GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter video game on the Nintendo 64. Its story is based on the 1995 movie GoldenEye. The main character of the game is James Bond, Agent 007. It is a 3D first person shooter style game. Its multiplayer mode is also very popular. The game has received a very positive reception and is often said to be one of the best games ever made.

In November 2010, a remake of the game was released for the Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS. However, it was not received as positively and it was criticized.

Levels 
There are 20 levels in the game, which are separated into 9 missions. Some missions only have one level while others have many. There are also 2 bonus missions.
 Mission 1 : Arkhangelsk – Bond is sent to help fellow agent Alec Trevelyan (Agent 006) in a secret laboratory.
 Mission 2 : Severnaya - Bond must sneak into a bunker and steal a key for the  satellite. 
 Mission 3 : Kyrgyzstan - Bond is sent to destroy a Silo and prevent rockets from taking off. 
 Mission 4 : Monte Carlo - Bond goes aboard a Frigate to rescue hostages and plant a tracker on an enemy helicopter.
 Mission 5 : Severnaya - Bond returns to the same place as Mission 2 and rescues the heroine, Natalya. 
 Mission 6 : St Petersburg - Bond learns that 006 is the leader of Janus, a crime group that is using the satellite for evil. Bond is later arrested, but breaks out and chases 006. 
 Mission 7 : Cuba - Bond follows 006 to Cuba and fights in a final showdown with his former friend.
Mission 8 : Teotihuacán - Bond goes to an ancient Aztec temple to blow up a secret rocket facility. It uses designs from the 1979 Bond movie Moonraker.
Mission 9 : el-Saghira - Bond visits a temple in Egypt to track down the evil Baron Samedi, a character from the 1973 Bond movie Live and Let Die.

The game is one of the world's most highly acclaimed first-person shooter games and has been rated highly on many lists. Screwattack.com for instance put it first on its list of top ten first-person shooter games, taking the title away from games like Halo and Half Life 2.

Nintendo 64 games
1997 video games
James Bond
Shooter video games
Oronzio Maldarelli

Oronzio Maldarelli was an Italian born American sculptor and artist. He was born in 1892. He came to the United States from Naples, Italy as a child. He died in 1963 at the age of 71.

At age fourteen, he took lessons in drawing and clay modeling. After two years, he started to study at the National Academy of Design with Leon Kroll, Ivan Olinsky, and Hermon McNeil. In 1912, he entered the Beaux-Arts Institute. It was there that Jo Davidson and Elie Nadelman helped him out. He was a great artist at everything. In 1935, he started doing mostly just sculpture. Maldarelli is best known for sculptures of female forms that have great detail. Some of them took as long as 13 years. In 1941, Maldarelli won the Logan Prize ($500) for a detailed sculpture of a limestone head. He was a teacher at Columbia University for many years, teaching the art of sculpting.

1892 births
1963 deaths
American artists
Artists from Naples
Brights

The Brights is a group that was started by Paul Geisert and Mynga Futrell to make a name that sounds good for people who have views on life based on nature (naturalistic worldviews). They did not like that names like "atheist" and "non-believer" sounded bad to some people and they wanted a word that sounded better to these people.

Paul Geisert chose the word "bright." Mynga Futrell says a bright is a person who has views on life that are free of more-than-natural (supernatural) ideas. She says these persons' morals come from their views on life.

Well-known brights 
 Richard Dawkins
 Daniel Dennett
 Penn Jillette and Teller
 James Randi
 Richard Roberts
 Michael Shermer

Criticism 

Some people, both religious and non-religious, do not like the Brights using the word "bright" in this way. They believe it suggests that people with views on life based on nature are smarter than those with other views on life. However, this is not why the name was chosen; it tries to show that people with views based on nature are "looking on the bright side" of life.

Other websites 
 The Brights' Net – The originating hub of the Brights' Constituency
 Brights' Movement Forums
 Brights Online  – a brights' activist website
 Who Are The Brights? – by the co-founders of the Brights' Net
 The Bright Stuff – Daniel Dennett in the New York Times, 12 July 12 2003
 A Bright New World – Erik Strand in Psychology Today, Jan/Feb 2004
 Not Too "Bright"  - a review of the term 'bright' by Chris Mooney for CSICOP

Lifestyles
Dish

Dish can mean a plate or pan for food or a kind of food prepared for a meal. 

Some radio antennas are in the shape of dishes.

Food and drink
Kitchenware
Hinge

A hinge is something that connects two objects and lets them rotate. The most common examples are the hinges that connect doors to walls or door frames. To open a door on hinges, one pushes the side far from the hinges and the door rotates around the side with hinges.

Hinges can be very large or very small. Small hinges are used for jewellery boxes and other small things with lids. Very large hinges have been used at the bottom of buildings, to let a building sit on loose soil or mud without breaking.

Construction
Hardware (mechanical)
Producer

A producer is something or somebody that creates one thing or one being.

Entertainment producers 
In the entertainment industry, a producer is a person who makes things happen. The producer is of the person in charge of providing the money and hire people to do the job. It is also the job of the producer to deal with getting whatever is being made out to the public. A movie producer must find people to provide money to make the movie, hire the main actors and director for the movie, and get the movie distributed so that people can see it. Producers are commonly found dealing with movies, television, and music.

Executive producer 
In large entertainment companies, the title of executive producer is often given to people who provide a large amount of money to get something created. Other executive producers speak for the CEO of the company on how the movie or television program is made.

In smaller companies, especially for television series, the executive producer is often the creator of the series. Main writers who have been with the series for a long time are often given the title of executive producer.

Entertainment occupations
Italian wine

Italian wines are those produced in Italy, the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Italy. Many Italians drink it with every meal and in-between, and offer it to guests as soon as they arrive.

History 
Depending on the vintage, Italy is the world's largest or second largest producer of wine, along with France (each country is generally the source of around 1/5 of the world's overall production).

Statistics 
In 2005, Italy was second globally, producing about 20% of the global production of wine compared to France, which produced 22%.

In 2005, Italy's share in dollar value of table wine imports into the U.S. was 32%, Australia's was 24%, and France's was 20%. Italian and Australian share has rapidly increased in recent years.

Sources 
Grapes are grown in almost every part of Italy, with more than 1 million vineyards under cultivation. Each region is proud of its carefully tended, neatly pruned vines.
 
Italian wines tend to be acidic, dry, light-to-medium bodied, with lots of flavour and smell.  Because of these characteristics, Italian wines are, in general, better drunk with food than they are beverages to be enjoyed on their own.

Vineyards 
In some places the vines are trained along low supports. In others they climb as slender saplings. The people of each region are also proud of the wine they make from their own grapes.

Winemaking 
Most winemaking in Italy is done in modern wineries. But villagers, you need to stick a banana on your head for being proper while making wine for their own use, sometimes tread the grapes with their bare feet until the juice is squeezed out. They believe this ancient method still makes the best wine.
SG Essen

The SG Essen (German: Startgemeinschaft Essen) is a swimming club in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). It is a union of the swimming sections of 13 sports clubs. The SG Essen is one of the most successful swimming clubs in West Germany. The women's team is in the first Bundesliga (national league), the men's team in the second.

The SG Essen's breaststroke swimmers are well known: Mark Warnecke, Anne Poleska, and Rebecca Horstmann. The chief trainer is Horst Melzer.

Other websites 
 Homepage of the SG Essen(in German)

Essen
Sports clubs in Germany
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
Swimming
Western civilization

Western civilization, western culture or the West is made up of European culturally derived societies (most notably in the Classical Roman heritage, Western Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), Democracy and Liberalism). This at least includes Western and Central Europe, English speaking North America, Australia and New Zealand. The identities of places such as Latin America, South Africa, Israel, the Philippines and Singapore are disputed due to those countries being a blend of both western and non western cultures. Despite also being geographically located in Europe, Eastern Europe is generally not seen as part of the Western world for geopolitical and cultural reasons.    

Until the 17th century, Western civilization was also called Christendom meaning the area where the Christian religion is in the majority (a view held by historian Arnold Toynbee).  By this definition, most parts of Africa would now also be part of Western civilization since many Africans have been converted to Christianity since the 1950s.

Westernization is the transformation of a non western culture to Western standards, with historical examples being the Romanization of "barbarian" Europe in the classical period, the Hispanization of South America, Central America and the Philippines in the 1500s, the Anglicization of North America and Australia in the 1700s, the Francization of North and West Africa in the 1800s and the current Americanization of many first world nations such as Singapore and Israel through Hollywood, pop music, and American popular culture.  

There are many supporters of westernization, and many who oppose it it expanding at the expense of local cultures.

Related pages 
 Western world
 Western Europe

References

Society
Culture
E (mathematical constant)

is a number. It is the base of natural logarithm and is about 2.71828. It is an important mathematical constant. The number  is occasionally called Euler's number after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, or Napier's constant in honor of the Scottish mathematician John Napier who introduced logarithms. It is equally important in mathematics as π and i.  is an irrational number, and Euler himself gave the first 23 digits of .

The number  has great importance in mathematics, as do 0, 1, , and . All five of these numbers are important and occur again and again in mathematics. The five constants appear in one formulation of Euler's identity. Like the constant ,  is also irrational (it cannot be represented as a ratio of integers) and transcendental (it is not a root of any non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients).

The number  is very important for exponential functions. For example, the exponential function applied to the number one, has a value of .

 was discovered in 1683 by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, while he was studying compound interest. The numerical value of  truncated to 20 decimal places is:

2.71828 18284 59045 23536...

Alternate definitions of  

There are many different ways to define . Jacob Bernoulli, who discovered , was trying to solve the problem:

 

In other words, there is a number that the expression  approaches as n becomes larger. This number is .

Another definition is to find the solution of the following formula:

Related pages 

 Imaginary unit
 Pi

References

Number theory
Irrational numbers
Transcendental numbers
Mathematical constants
Platelet

A platelet is a cell fragment that circulates in the blood. Platelets are involved in hemostasis through the making of blood clots. A low platelet count (number of platelets in the blood) can cause a person to bleed without their blood clotting (making scabs). A high platelet count can increase the risk of thrombosis (blood clots inside blood vessels), which stops blood from flowing properly.

Anatomy 
Platelets do not have a cell nucleus. They are disc-shaped, and are 1.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter. The body does not have a lot of platelets, so they can all be used up quickly. They contain RNA, a canalicular system, and several different types of granules; lysosomes (containing acid hydrolases), dense bodies (containing ADP, ATP serotonin and calcium) and alpha granules (containing fibrinogen, factor V, vitronectin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor), the contents of which are released when the platelet is activated.

Blood
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe. Originally, it meant the countries that were under the influence of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople during the Middle Ages and the West meant the countries under the influence of the Roman Catholic and later Protestant Churches. Later, during the Cold War, it meant the European countries that were allied to the Soviet Union. It is now used to talk about the European post-Soviet states and the former Warsaw Pact. Others say that Eastern Europe is a region of mainly Slavic cultures, though other ethnic groups live there as well. Eastern Europe has a large Roma gypsy population.

According to the widest contemporary definitions - including those used by the UN Statistics Division, several other UN organizations and EuroVoc (the multilingual thesaurus of the EU) - the following states are in Eastern Europe:

 
 
 
 
  Was western in the Middle Ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
  Was western in the Middle Ages
  Was western in the Middle Ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
 
  Was western in the Middle Ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
  Was western in the Middle Ages
  Was western in the Middle Ages
 
 
 
  Was western in the Middle Ages
 
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
 
  Was western in the Middle Ages
  Was western in the Middle Ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
 

Partly recognized:
  (part of Western Asia)
 
  (part of Western Asia)

Alternatives 
Since January 1993 some groups have changed their definitions of Eastern Europe. Although the list above is still the most popular and widely accepted definition of this region, some experts divide the region further into subsections. According to such theories: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia are in Central Europe (the western sections of Belarus and Ukraine are also sometimes listed as Central European) or East-Central Europe. Finally, the countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania and Slovenia are occasionally grouped with a number of other countries into Southern Europe, but more often referred to as Southeast (or Southeastern) Europe.

Other websites 
 Civic Education Trends in Post-Communist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe 
 Information about Eastern European People 
 Business portal for Central and Eastern Europe
 Slavic and East European Resources
 The Slavonic and East European Review 
 The Slavic Review
Eastern Bloc

The term Eastern Bloc referred to the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the countries of the Warsaw Pact, along with Yugoslavia and Albania, which were not aligned with the Soviet Union after 1948 and 1960 respectively. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) arranged economic cooperation among the members. Although officially independent countries, they were Soviet satellite states.  The Eastern Bloc was created in 1947 by Joseph Stalin who was leader of the Soviet Union.

Communist governments were initially installed, mostly in places that had been controlled by the Axis countries and occupied due to the victories of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front (World War II). The process included extensive political and media controls, along with a Soviet approach to restricting emigration. Events such as the split of Josip Broz Tito and Berlin Blockade prompted stricter control. While certain oppositional factions in the Bloc had revolts, such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika experienced inefficiencies and stagnation throughout much of the Bloc preceding the Bloc's dissolution. Counterrevolutions in 1989 dissolved the Soviet Bloc.

A 2009 Pew Research Center poll showed that 72% of Hungarians and 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy.

Post-1991 Eastern Bloc associations

CSTO
Armenia
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russia
Tajikistan

SCO
People's Republic of China
India (from 2017)
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan (from 2017, also aligned with Western Bloc)
Russia
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan

African countries that have gained independence from Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and the United Kingdom
Angola
Burundi
Mozambique
Tanzania
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Mali
Chad
Guinea
Gabon
Niger
Burkina Faso

ALBA
Antigua and Barbuda
Bolivia
Cuba
Dominica
Grenada
Nicaragua
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Venezuela

Remaining communist or non-Marxist-Leninist states
People's Republic of China
Cuba
Laos
North Korea
Syria
Vietnam

References

20th century in Europe
Communism
International politics
Cold War
Truthiness

Truthiness is a word used by Stephen Colbert. It was first used on October 17, 2005 in the first episode of the television show The Colbert Report. The word is used to describe something that feels truthful. Facts and logic have nothing to do with truthiness. The truthiness of something is only measured by it instinctively feeling correct.

The word was picked as the word of the year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society on January 6, 2006. It was also selected by the Merriam-Webster dictionary on December 10, 2006 as its 2006 Word of the Year. It beat the term google to get Word of the Year.

Colbert on Truthiness
On the October 5 2005 Cobert Report, Stephen Colbert has this to say about truthiness:

"I will speak to you in plain, simple English. And that brings us to tonight's word: 'truthiness.' Now I'm sure some of the 'word police,' the 'wordinistas' over at Webster's are gonna say, 'hey, that's not a word.' Well, anyone who knows me knows I'm no fan of dictionaries or reference books. 
I don't trust books. They're all fact, no heart. And that's exactly what's pulling our country apart today. 'Cause face it, folks; we are a divided nation. Not between Democrats and Republicans, or conservatives and liberals, or tops and bottoms. No, we are divided between those who think with their head, and those who know with their heart.

Consider Harriet Miers. If you 'think' about Harriet Miers, of course her nomination's absurd. But the president didn't say he 'thought' about his selection. He said this:

(video clip of President Bush:) 'I know her heart.' 
Notice how he said nothing about her brain? He didn't have to. He feels the truth about Harriet Miers.

And what about Iraq? If you think about it, maybe there are a few missing pieces to the rationale for war. But doesn't taking Saddam out feel like the right thing?"

References

Other websites 

Video feed of Stephen introducing "Truthiness" on The Colbert Report 
"Truthiness: a flash in the pan?" from Language Log
Macmillan Dictionary on truthiness 
Global Language Monitor on Top Television Buzzwords 

Figures of speech

de:The Colbert Report#The WØRD
Multi-core processor

A multi-core CPU is a computer processor which has two or more sections. Each section of the chip executes instructions as if it was a separate computer. The actual processors are still on one chip. On this chip every core looks mostly like the other. They are several mostly independent cores which work together in parallel. A dual-core processor is a multi-core processor with two independent microprocessors. A quad-core processor is a multi-core processor with four independent microprocessors. As you might be able to tell from the prefix, the name of the processor is based on the number of the microprocessors on the chip.

History 
In the 20th century most computers used single-core processors and not multi-core processors.  Multi-core solutions were only used in unusual cases.  The usual way to make a computer faster was to increase the clock rate.  But at a frequency about 4 GHz the CPU would get too hot and take a lot of electricity.  This was the point when multi-core processors became more important.  Therefore, the demand for multi-core processors increased.  In the second half of 2006 the best processors were dual-core processors.  Since 2006 the development has gone on, so that the new processors get four, eight, or more independent microprocessors.  Today, single-core processors are not used in new personal computers, but they remain popular in embedded systems which do not need a fast processor.

Advantages
 A multi-core processor in a computer will work faster for certain programs.
 The computer may not get as hot when it is turned on.
 The computer needs less power because it can turn off sections that are not needed.
 More features can be added to the computer.
 The signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances, therefore they degrade less.

Disadvantages
 They do not work at twice the speed as a normal processor. They get only 60-80% more speed.
 The speed that the computer works at depends on what the user is doing with it.
 They cost more than single core processors.
 They are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-core processors.
 Not all operating systems support more than one core.
 Operating systems compiled for a multi-core processor will run slightly slower on a single-core processor.

Operating System Support 
The following operating systems support multi-core processors
 Microsoft Windows (Windows XP or newer)
 Linux
 macOS
 Most BSD-based systems
 Solaris

Computer hardware
Multi-core processors
Free world

The Free World is a term that was used during the era of the Cold War. It was often used by non-communist nations to describe themselves. It was used to describe the greater personal freedom that the people of non-communist countries (such as the United States and European democratic countries) had compared to the communist Soviet Union and its Communist Bloc allies. 

On the other hand, many of the non-communist countries that were allied with the "Free World" during the Cold War repressed people and sometimes had dictators as their leaders. This included countries in South America, Asia and Africa.

The President of the United States was often called  the "leader of the Free World". This was very common especially in the United States itself. The President of the U.S. is sometimes still called this.

Neil Young sang a song called "(Keep on) Rockin' in the Free World".

International politics
Democracy
2006 Dublin riots

The 2006 Dublin riots were a series of riots. They happened in Dublin, Ireland on 25 February 2006. The riots happened after the Gardai (police) tried to move a crowd(large group of people) of people who were blocking the road as a protest against a unionist demonstration. Fourteen people where hurt in the riots. Six of the people hurt were police.

2006 crimes
2006 in Europe
2000s crimes in Europe
2000s in the Republic of Ireland
February 2006 events
History of Dublin
Riots in Europe
List of acronyms and initialisms



0-9 
 2D - Two dimensions
 3D - Three dimensions
 4WD - Four-wheel drive

A 
APP - American Patriot Party

B 
 BASIC - Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
 BIOS - Basic Input/Output System

C 
CCTV - Closed-circuit television, China Central Television, Cork Community TV
CD - Compact Disk
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
COBOL - Common Business-Orientated Language
CIA - Central Intelligence Agency
CPU - Central Processing Unit

D 
 DVD - Digital Versatile Disc and Digital Video Disc

E 
E3 - Electronic Entertainment Expo
ESPN - Entertainment and Sports Programming Network

F 
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
FPS - First Person Shooter, Frames Per Second
FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslator
FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation

H
HTTP - Hyper Text Transport Protocol
HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

I 
Internet - Interconnected Networks

L 
LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

M 
Maser - Molecular Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiations
MMORPG - Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game
MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

N 
NAFTA -  North American Free Trade Agreement
NASA -  National Aeronautics and Space Administration

P
Perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
PHP - PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
POP - Post Office Protocol
POSH - Port Out, Starboard Home

R
Radar - Radio detection and ranging
RAM - Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
RPG - Role Playing Game
RTFM - Read The Fine ( or Flippin' ) Manual
RTS - Real Time Strategy

S 
SCUBA - Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Sitcom/SITCOM - SITuation COMedy
SKU - Stock Keeping Unit (bar code on products)
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Sonar - Sound navigation and ranging
SWAT - Special Weapons And Tactics

T 
 TBS - Turn-Based Strategy
 TV - Television
TNA - Total Nonstop Action

U 
USB - Universal Serial Bus

W
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
WWW - World Wide Web
WWE - World Wrestling Entertainment
WWF - World Wrestling Federation

X 
XWD - Cross Wheel Drive

Lists
Warsaw Pact

Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about financial liability in air travel, and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the People's Republic of Poland.
The Warsaw Pact, officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was an organization of Central and Eastern European socialistic and people’s democracy states. The states were all allies and would fight together if one of them was attacked. While in theory all the countries in the organisation were equals, the smaller countries were controlled by the Soviet Union. The countries in the Warsaw Pact were East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania however Albania withdrew in 1968 following the 1968 Warsaw Pact Invasion Of Czechoslovakia and so did Romania. 

It was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland in response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Warsaw, on 14 May 1955 and official copies were made in the languages of Russian, Polish, Czech, and German. The Pact lasted until the end of the Cold War when some members quit in 1991, following the collapse of the Eastern bloc and political changes in the Soviet Union.

All of these countries, except the Soviet Union, have now joined NATO.

Members 
Most member states were considered puppet states of the Soviet Union. Additionally, Mongolia, North Korea, Vietnam and (until 1961) China were observer states.

References

Notes

1955 establishments in Europe
1991 disestablishments in Europe
Political organizations based in Europe
Military alliances
1950s treaties
Communism
Cold War
History of the Soviet Union
Warsaw
European organizations
Central Europe

Central Europe is the area around the Alps and Carpathian Mountains lying between the regions of Eastern and Western Europe. It includes countries that may also be referred to as Eastern or Western European. The understanding of the concept of Central Europe varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. 

The region usually includes: 

 Poland
 Slovakia
 Hungary
 Slovenia

 Austria
 Switzerland
 Liechtenstein
 Germany
 Czech Republic

Alternative Definitions 
If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half.  When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in Eastern Europe: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered Western Europe instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the UN and EU also make use of them.

In addition, other countries such as Croatia and the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively.

References

Regions of Europe
Four-wheel drive

A Four-wheel drive (also called 4WD and 4x4) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward. This is as opposed to a two-wheel drive vehicle. 4WDs are often used off road. Part-time and full-time four wheel drive vehicles uses a transfer case as part of the drivetrain to direct power to one or both axles. By having a transfer case the driver can shift the vehicle into either "two-wheel-drive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode (part-time systems). Many transfer cases also have a low power range that multiplies the engine power when in four-wheel drive (called four-wheel low gear).

Types 

There are basically four types of four-wheel drive.

Part-time 4-wheel drive 
Part-time systems are the most basic type. They are also still the most popular type for using off-road. The can be shifted (mechanically or electrically) from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive. This gives them the versatility to operate both on and off-road. When the four-wheel drive system is engaged, the two axles turn at the same speed. There usually is no center differential. For that reason part-time four-wheel drive should not be used on dry pavement. If operated for any distance on dry pavement tire damage and drivetrain damage is very possible. Because it operates off-road, the vehicle typically has a higher Ride height. This is to go over obstacles on uneven ground without damage. Even when operated in two-wheel drive on-road, this system will not get the fuel economy of a comparable two-wheel drive vehicle. Locking hubs are available on some models. They help to get better fuel mileage by disengaging the front axle differential.

Full-time 4-wheel drive 
This is the original four-wheel drive. It was and still is designed for serious off-roading. Common on full-time four-wheel drives are locking differentials. These prevent one wheel slipping on the same axle if the other has traction. These systems do not get good gas mileage due to their typical weight.

All-Wheel Drive 
All-wheel drive (AWD) uses a center differential to direct a percentage of the power to both axles, depending on conditions. All wheel drive is not designed specifically to go off-road but is for traction in rain, snow or ice on the road. Body-on frame SUVs are typically designed for off-road use. Unibody crossovers are usually only equipped with the lighter-duty all-wheel drive. However the unibody built Grand Cherokee and newly designed Durango are available with four-wheel drive.

Part-Time All-Wheel Drive 
Part-time All-wheel drive (AWD) operate as a front-wheel drive under normal conditions. When traction is lost for any reason, the system automatically sends a portion of the engine's power to the rear wheels. As soon as the system detects good traction, it disengages the rear wheels and shifts back to front drive. This is a less expensive system that adds less weight to the vehicle (usually a car). This makes it popular on compact vehicles. It typically gets better fuel economy than all-wheel drive vehicles. They do not have a low range or a transfer case.

References 

Automotive technologies
2D

2D or two-dimensional objects have two measurements: width and length, like a square. 2D objects do not have depth, like 3D objects.

The simplest 2D shape is a triangle. A 2D object can have any number of sides, making shapes such as pentagons and hexagons. The sides can bend to make different angles. 2D objects can even have sides that go through each other.

Two dimensional space is a mathematics tool, and it has many kinds of uses in computer science, geometry, the making of software, and also in paper.

Computing
Geometry
Microraptor

Microraptor was a small feathered dinosaur. It was a basal theropod related to Velociraptor and Deinonychus. It had flight feathers, and could glide and probably fly. About two dozen well-preserved fossil specimens were found in Liaoning, China. They come from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, 125 million years ago. 

Adult specimens are 42–83 centimeters (1.4–2.7 ft) long, so Microraptor was one of the smallest dinosaurs.

Flight

Context 
Microraptor is one of a number of 'dinobirds' found in the same area of China. They were buried in volcanic ash during huge eruptions.
"The evolution of powered flight in birds from theropod dinosaurs is recognized as the key adaptive breakthrough that contributed to the biological success of this group...  Hundreds of small, exquisitely preserved, feathered theropods were discovered in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of northeastern China as they died some 125 million years ago, smothered in the "Cretaceous Pompeii"... Both anatomy and phylogeny strongly suggest that these theropods... offer new insights into the origins of feathers and flight, favoring the arboreal ('trees-down') over the cursorial ('ground-up') hypothesis".

Details 
Microraptor was among the first non-avian dinosaurs discovered with the impressions of feathers and wings. Three specimens of M. zhaoianus have been described in detail, in addition to two specimens of M. gui and three specimens of M. sp. described by Xu and colleagues in 2003, from which most feather impressions are known.
 
Unusual even among early birds and feathered dinosaurs, Microraptor is one of the few known bird precursors to sport long flight feathers on its feet as well as its forearms and hands. This led Xu Xing to describe it as a "four winged dinosaur", and to speculate that it may have glided using all four limbs for lift. Their bodies had a thick covering of feathers. A diamond-shaped fan on the end of the tail gave stability during flight. 

Sankar Chatterjee found that, in order for Microraptor to glide or fly, the fore and hind wings must have been on different levels (as on a biplane) and not overlaid (as on a dragonfly). Using this biplane model, he calculated possible methods of gliding, and determined that Microraptor most likely launched itself from a perch, swooped downward in a deep 'U' shaped curve and then lifted again to land on another tree. The feathers not directly employed in the biplane wing, like those on the tibia and the tail, could have been used to control and alter the flight path. The hind wings would also have helped control the gliding flight. 

Chatterjee also used computer algorithms to test whether or not Microraptor was capable of true, powered flight, in addition to gliding. The data showed that Microraptor could sustain some level powered flight, so it is possible that the animal flew as well as glided.

References 

Dromaeosauridae
Fossils
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
Opera (web browser)

Opera is a web browser that formerly included e-mail, webfeed reader, and IRC Chat. There are versions available for several operating systems. These include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Linux. There are also version for mobile phones, personal digital assistants, game consoles, and interactive televisions.

Opera is developed by Opera Software which is based in Oslo, Norway.

History 
Opera was created in 1994 at Telenor, which is Norway's largest telecommunications company. In 1995, Opera became its own company called Opera Software ASA.

Opera was first released publicly with version 2.0 in 1996, which only ran on Microsoft Windows.  With the release of Opera 4.0 in the year 2000, other operating systems were supported.

Features 
 Security: Opera helps protect against computer viruses. When accessing a certain page opera will warn the user beforehand that the site may impose a threat to their computer. The user can decide to open the web page or not. 
 Tabs: Users can save an unlimited number of tabs on their computer, so the next time that the users utilized their PC the pages will still be there. The order of the tabs can be changed, by dragging and dropping them in their needed location.  
 Blocking: Users  can block unwanted spam and pop ups, and the blocking features allow the individual to inactivate certain elements. 
 Resizing: Users can use the zoom button to change the size of the text on the screen, also the ‘Fit to Width’ button is available to change the size of the web page to evade horizontal scrolling.

Related pages
 List of IRC clients

References

Other websites 
 

IRC clients
Web browsers
Opera ASA