alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
George Enrique Herbert

George Enrique Herbert is a Belizean gang leader and drug trafficker who worked with Mexican and Colombian drug cartels to distribute controlled drugs in Belize and the United States. He was convicted by a jury in Manhattan federal court on December 14, 2004 on multiple cocaine importation charges. He is married and has one child.

Background and Trial
Herbert was arrested in Belize and extradited to the United States. The four-count indictment charged Herbert with conspiring with others to import tons of cocaine into the United States between March 2001 and August 2002, and with three separate instances of shipping cocaine from the waters off Belize to Mexico, with the intent or knowledge that the drugs would be transported to the United States.

According to the evidence at trial, Herbert was enlisted in March 2001 by a corrupt Belizean government official working with the Mexican Juarez Cartel to assist in the smuggling of ton-quantities of cocaine from the Atlantic coast of Colombia to Calderitas, Mexico. Herbert, assisted by armed members of a Belize City street gang, the "George Street Crew," received the one-ton-plus cocaine shipments in the waters off Belize from speedboats dispatched by high-level cocaine supplier Mauricio Ruda-Alvarez. Herbert and his associates then transported the shipments through the reefs and small islands off Belize to the port of Calderitas, Mexico. in Calderitas, Juarez  Cartel operatives, assisted by corrupt Mexican police, took custody of the cocaine and shipped it to the US.

Conviction
On December 14, 2004, the jury found Herbert guilty on three counts of manufacturing or distributing of narcotics for illegal importation under 21 USC sections 959(a), 960(b)(1)(B)(ii), and 812 and 18 USC section 2, and one count of attempt or conspiracy to import or export narcotics. The jury also found that Herbert used firearms in furtherance of the narcotics crimes, and that he managed and supervised other offenses. Each of the four counts of conviction carries a mandatory minimum sentence of 10 years imprisonment and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Jorge Manuel Torres Teyer and Victor Manuel Adan Carrasco, leaders of the Juarez Cartel in Belize and the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, with whom Herbert conspired, pleaded guilty in Manhattan federal court in 2003, and were sentenced in May 2004. Mauricio Ruda-Alvarez, the Colombian cocaine supplier, was found murdered in the trunk of a car in Medellín in October 2002. The evidence at trial established that two months prior, in August 2002, Ruda-Alvarez had commissioned a failed attempt to kidnap Herbert over a shipment of cocaine Herbert had stolen.

Herbert is incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution Victorville, at Adelanto, California, and his projected date of release is June 1, 2032.

See also

The Yogurt Connection

Notes

Living people
Belizean drug traffickers
Belizean people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
People extradited from Belize
People extradited to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Prioneris sita

Prioneris sita, the painted sawtooth, is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in south India and Sri Lanka.

Description
.
Upperside: White with a slight greenish tint. Forewings and hindwings: The markings of the underside faintly visible through the wing.

Underside: Forewing: White, costa black and the apex suffuse with yellow. Hindwing: Rich chrome yellow up to a postdiscal band. Beyond this the ground color is white with a series of large terminal vermillion-red spots. These spots are rectangular or truncated cone shaped.

The antennae is brownish black. Head and thorax are covered with long bluish-grey hairs. The abdomen is greyish white.

Wingspan: 86–90 mm (3.40-3.55 in).

Mimicry

The painted sawtooth is a Batesian mimic of Delias eucharis, the common Jezebel, which has a much greater range, covering the entire Indian peninsula. Prioneris sita is only found in a small stretch of the Western Ghats, ranging from West-Central Karnataka, to the Nilgiris and Wayanad, south to Nilambur. It is a rare visitor to Travancore. The two can be told apart from the shape of the hindwing. The painted sawtooth has a much broader hindwing. The orange-red spots on the margin of the hindwing, in the painted sawtooth, are more squarish in shape whereas in the common Jezebel they are arrowhead shaped. The painted sawtooth also flies faster and inhabits dense forests. Unlike the common Jezebel it can also be found mud-puddling.

Life cycle
Larva: Dull blue green. The head and all the segments are dotted with minute blue tubercles, those on the head and sides are black tipped. Dorsal surface pubescent with a lateral fringe of soft white hairs below the spiracles.

Pupa: Bright green in color. Sharply pointed at the head, with two strong lateral points and keeled on the dorsal surface of the thoracic segments. There is an interrupted yellow dorsal line, and a short curved crimson line on each side below the thoracic segments bordering a small white irregular black speckled spot.

See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 

Prioneris
Butterflies of Asia
Taxa named by Baron Cajetan von Felder
Butterflies described in 1865
Butterflies of Sri Lanka
Loch Ore

Loch Ore is a loch situated in Fife, Scotland. It forms the core of Lochore Meadows Country Park. It is used mainly for leisure purposes, especially yachting, although the uneven depth can make speed boating problematic.

The Roman General Agricola held winter quarters in A.D.83 on the edge of Loch Ore, soon after his invasion of Britain and before proceeding to meet Calgacus at the battle of Mons Graupius. The original loch was drained in the 1790s when the landowner, Captain Park, attempted to improve the estate and extend cultivation.  The project was not a success and the land formerly occupied by the loch remained boggy and difficult to exploit commercially.  The loch gradually returned in the mid 20th century, during the period when Lochore Meadows was a coal mine, and the mineral railway serving the pithead became an embankment surrounded by water.  The return of the loch was due to subsidence caused by mining, and the 'new' loch occupies a different site from the original one. The loch is now stabilised but its depth still fluctuates.  The islands in the loch are the remains of the former railway embankment.

The loch is the training site of many sports teams, including the University of St Andrews Boat Club.  The loch holds many events, such as the annual Scottish Open Water Championships where the swimmers compete in a 5 km, 2 km and 4×1 km relay swim, and Saints Regatta in September, run by the students of the University of St Andrews Boat Club.

See also
 List of lochs in Scotland

References

Ore
Ore
Lisa Ho

Lisa Ho (born 1960) is an Australian fashion designer born in Albury, on the New South Wales and Victorian border.

Early life

Ho began sewing at age 4 inspired by her grandmother of African descent, a tailor, whom Ho says she 'probably drove mad'. Ho made patterns out of newspaper and by age 10 had a sewing machine at the end of the kitchen table 'that nobody was allowed to move,' which she used every day to make things for herself and four sisters.

Ho attended Pennant Hills High School. She later trained in fashion design at East Sydney Technical College, graduating in 1981 and spent a year working for three  other companies, which she 'hated', before going out on her own.

Career 
Like many of Australia's fashion designers, fresh out of college in 1982, Ho started her career at the Paddington markets for only 6 weeks with her designs that quickly brought her retail and media attention and began the Lisa Ho brand.

The Lisa Ho brand was one of the most recognized brands in Australia and had a strong celebrity following with the signature pieces being worn by Delta Goodrem, Bec Cartwright, Sarah Wynter, Elle Macpherson, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Olivia Newton-John and Jennifer Lopez.

Her international reputation was first recognized during the Sydney 2000 opening ceremony, which featured a special segment she designed celebrating her role in Australian fashion. She was also asked to design the gown worn by Newton-John for her performance to welcome the Olympic athletes.

Ho's businesses employed 80 staff (excluding out-workers) across 12 signature stores and head office. Her label was also stocked in David Jones stores and available worldwide via her online store.

Business closure
On 8 May 2013, Lisa Ho Designs and Lisa Ho Retail were placed into administration. This came just months after the company announced plans to list on the Australian Securities Exchange. On 18 June 2013, the administrators announced the closure of Lisa Ho Group, including all Lisa Ho stores across Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The company reportedly was $12 million in debt and failed to attract buyers after going into administration.

Personal life
Ho is engaged to Nick Jacenko.

Ho was one of the victims of serial conman Hamish McLaren (ultimately losing her companies and $350,000 personally) who she met in 2011. She was interviewed during the award-winning 2019 podcast based on his crimes, Who the Hell Is Hamish?.

References

External links
 

1963 births
Living people
Australian people of Chinese descent
Australian people of German descent
People from Albury, New South Wales
Australian fashion designers
Australian women fashion designers
Australian women company founders
Australian company founders
National Art School alumni
Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre

Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre in Darjeeling, India, is a rehabilitation centre for the Tibetan refugees in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. It was established on 2 October 1959, after they followed Dalai Lama and escaped from Tibet. The production of Tibetan handicraft is the centre's main activity.

Location

It is located at hillside Lebong in Darjeeling District of West Bengal. The altitude is approximately  above sea level. The temperature variation is from 17°-1.5 °C, along with an annual  rainfall.

History

Situated at Lebong and locally known as Hermitage, the Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre (TRSHC) came into existence on 2 October 1959. In 1959, funds raised from local charity led to the starting of this centre by Zhu Dan (wife of Gyalo Thondup). The place initially provided emergency relief to Tibetan refugees who had come through a hazardous trek over the Himalayas into India. The Hill-side had a special significance for Tibetans, because the Thirteenth Dalai Lama had spent his exile in India from 1910 to 1912 following the Chinese invasion of Tibet at that time."It was within this view that a ten member committee was formed in Darjeeling to organise a rehabilitation centre to be known at the TIBETAN REFUGEE SELF HELP CENTRE. The founding members of the committee were: Mrs. Gyalo Thondup, President, Mr. T. Lawang, Mr. G. Tesur, Mr. Tenzing Norgay, Mr, & Mrs. Joksari, Mr. T. Tethong, Monsignor Benjamin, Mr. Chumbay Tsering and Miss Tesur. Later we had the pleasure of welcoming the following new members into the committee: Mrs. Laden-la, Col. & Mrs. Thapa and Mr. Dilip Bose." The centre was registered as charitable organization under the act of Government of India. Starting off with just four workers, today the centre is the home for 130 Tibetan family. The centre has been a part of multifarious activities which ranges from handicrafts, training of artisans, and craftsmen. These activities are primarily to the care of the sick, elders and needy destitute. The centre now comprises one créche, one nursery school along with a pre-primary school (up to +2 standard).

 started on 1 October 1959
 production of handicrafts is the centre's main activity
June 1960, the Centre started a small Nursery School

References

External links

Darjeelingnews.net
Facts about Tibetan-Refugee Self Help

Tourist attractions in Darjeeling
Tibetan people
Refugees in India
Tibetan diaspora in India
Prioneris clemanthe

Prioneris clemanthe, the redspot sawtooth, is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae, or the yellows and whites, and is found in Asia.

References
 

Prioneris
Butterflies of Asia
Taxa named by Henry Doubleday
Butterflies described in 1846
Delias agostina

Delias agostina, the yellow Jezebel is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites.

See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

References
 

agostina
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1852
Margaritifer Terra

Margaritifer Terra () is an ancient, heavily cratered region of Mars. It is centered just south of the Martian equator at  and covers 2600 km at its widest extent. The area reveals "chaos terrain", outflow channels, and alluvial plains that are indicative of massive flooding. Wind erosion patterns are also in evidence. A region within the terra shows some of the highest valley network densities on the planet. Ares Vallis is another notable feature, where the flood and flow patterns are in evidence; it was the landing site of the Soviet Mars 6 lander and NASA's Mars Pathfinder. It is also one of several proposed landing sites for the Mars 2020 Rover.

Holden and Eberswalde, craters in Margaritifer Terra, are thought to have formerly held lakes because they contain deltas and iron/magnesium smectite minerals which need water to form.  The Uzboi-Landon-Morava (ULM) system of paths for water flow is found in Margaritifer Terra. Researchers think that great flood channels in this region were carved quickly in just weeks or months by catastrophic outflows of groundwater. Because forming hematite requires liquid water, which could not long exist without a thick atmosphere, Mars must have had a much thicker atmosphere at some time in the past.

Margaritifer Terra was named in 1979, after the Pearl Coast, south India.  Part of it is found in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle and part in the Oxia Palus quadrangle.

Layers

Some of the images from this region display layers.  Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars.

Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together.

On April 1, 2010, NASA released the first images under the HiWish program, with the public suggesting places for HiRISE to photograph. One of the eight locations was Aureum Chaos.  The first image below gives a wide view of the area.  The next two images are from the HiRISE image.

Yardangs

Other images of Margaritifer Terra

See also
Areas of chaos terrain on Mars
Geography of Mars
Groundwater on Mars
Lakes on Mars
Uzboi-Landon-Morava (ULM)
 Dartmouth
 Astrobio.net
 J.A. Grant, 'Valley Evolution in Margaritifer Sinus, Mars'
 Geologic Map of MTM -15027, -20027, -25027, and -25032 Quadrangles, Margaritifer Terra Region of Mars United States Geological Survey

References

External links
 Lakes on Mars - Nathalie Cabrol (SETI Talks)

Terrae on Mars
Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
Oxia Palus quadrangle
Matehuala

Matehuala is a city in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí, situated at an elevation of about 1,500 m. Matehuala is also the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name, located in the northern part of the state, on the border with the southwestern corner of Nuevo León. The municipality of Matehuala has a population of 102,199, and an area of .

History

Pre-Colonial 
Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the Potosi Plateau region was inhabited by the indigenous Guachichiles, a group of  Chichimeca peoples that occupied the southen and central portions of the Mexican Plateau. A nomadic people, they generally lived in small mobile villages and were primarily hunter-gatherers, making them experts of the local herbs and vegetation in the arid region.

The Guachichiles were known as fierce warriors.

Colonial 
Some sources claim that the name "Matehuala" was derived from a warning war cry of the Guachichiles that translates to "do not come [here]!"

In the early 16th century, Spanish expeditions sought metals and mining opportunities in the Altiplano region. Captain Gabriel Ortiz de Fuenmayor and a contingent of soldiers, adventurers, and missionaries entered from Zacatecas, founding San Francisco de Matehuala in 1550. The Chichimec War erupted in 1549, lasting 40 years, causing the abandonment of Matehuala. Viceroy Luis de Velasco organized expeditions between 1551 and 1553 to end the war, using allies to settle for peace and create settlements.

The conflict continued until 1568 when frontier presidios were established. King Philip II sought peace negotiations, leading to conferences attended by indigenous leaders. In 1638, Matehuala's possession changed hands due to language barriers. By the 17th century, mineral discoveries boosted Matehuala's economy.

In 1706, the town's second founding occurred after a commission verified land ownership. In 1786, New Spain was divided into intendancies, including San Luis Potosí. In 1799, a parish was established in Matehuala, although conflicts between Spaniards and indigenous people resurfaced due to fees for newcomers. The mining boom in Real de Catorce led to economic growth in Matehuala. Finally, in 1808, Matehuala was designated a villa, marking a significant historical event.

Government

Municipal presidents

Notable people
Juan José Ortega, film director and producer (1904–1996)
Octavio Medellín, artist and sculpturor (1907–1999)

Notable buildings
 The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Matehuala has the same architectural style as the Church of Saint Joseph des Brotteaux, in Lyon, France. Its construction started in 1898 and was never finished.
 Iglesia Santísima de Guadalupe

References

External links

Gobierno Municipal de Matehuala Official website
www.portalmatehuala.com
www.matehuala.com.mx
Pagina Oficial de la Delegación D-II-86 Matehuala
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
San Luis Potosí Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

Populated places in San Luis Potosí
Delias sanaca

Delias sanaca, the pale Jezebel, is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae. The species was first described by Frederic Moore in 1857.

See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

References
 

sanaca
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1857
Darjeeling Municipality

Darjeeling Municipality is responsible for the civic administration of the town of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Established in 1850, it is one of the oldest municipalities in West Bengal and one of the oldest city administrative bodies in India.

Structure
The municipality refers to the board of Councillors, with one Councillor being elected from each of the 32 wards of Darjeeling town and also some non-elected members who are nominated by the state government. The Board of Councillors elects a chairman from among its elected members.

According to the West Bengal Municipal Act, 1993, Darjeeling municipality is run by the Chairman-in-Council system of governance, and consists of the chairman, the Vice Chairman and seven other members of the board of Councillors. The Chairman is the executive head of the municipality and the municipal administration is under his control. The Chairman nominates the Chairman-in-Council and distributes the various functions of the municipality. The Chairman presides over the meetings of the Chairman-in-Council as well as the board of Councillors, and in his absence the Vice Chairman chairs the meetings. The administrative functions of the municipalities are dealt through the committees and are headed by the Chairman-in-Council.

External links
 
 Urban Management in Darjeeling Himalaya: A Case Study of Darjeeling Municipality. The Mountain Forum

References

Gorkhaland
Darjeeling
Municipalities of West Bengal
Delias berinda

Delias berinda, the dark Jezebel is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites. The species was first described by Frederic Moore in 1872.

See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

References
 

berinda
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1872
Taxa named by Frederic Moore
Delias descombesi

Delias descombesi, the redspot Jezebel is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites.

Description

Male

Upperside: opaque white. Forewing: costa and terminal margin very narrowly black; extreme base, apex broadly and termen submarginally more or less thickly irrorated (sprinkled) with black scales, the width of this blackish border decreases posteriorly along the termen. Hindwing: termen narrowly black, the black markings of the underside show dusky bluish through transparency.
 
Underside, forewings: black; an obliquely placed short broad bar along the discocellulars and a subterminal series of outwardly pointed spots, of which the anterior three lengthen into streaks, white; the anterior and posterior margins of the cell and broad streaks, that do not reach the terminal margin, on each side of veins 1 to 4, grey. Hindwing: rich chrome yellow; costa and termen broadly black; interspaces 1 to 7 with outwardly pointed, broadly triangular, yellowish-white diffuse spots on the black terminal margin, the black on the inner side of these spots produced conically inwards; the black in interspace 7 centred with an elongate, outwardly somewhat diffuse, oval vermilion streak.

Female

Upperside: black. Forewing: a broad oblique apical cell-bar and a curved subterminal series of somewhat hastate (spear-shaped) spots, white. Hindwing: apical two-thirds of costa and the termen broadly black, the rest of the wing yellowish white sparsely irrorated with black scales; the vermilion streak in interspace 8 on the underside shows through by transparency, and the broad terminal black border has a subterminal very obscurely marked series of whitish spots. Underside: forewing as in the male but the grey bordering restricted to very narrow streaks along the median vein and veins 2 to 4. Hindwing: differs from that of the male as follows: the rich chrome yellow replaced by dull white touched with yellow along the dorsal margin and in the cell and lightly irrorated in cell and interspaces with black scales, the inner margin of the black terminal border produced in the interspaces into more elongate cones. In both sexes: antennae black, head, thorax and abdomen above greyish; beneath white.

Wingspan of 83–90 mm.

Distribution
The species is found in India in the states of Sikkim and Assam, Nepal, Bhutan, the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar and extending to Thailand, Cochinchina in Vietnam and on the Malay Peninsula.

References

descombesi
Butterflies of Asia
Insects of Pakistan
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1836
Albert Norton Richards

Albert Norton Richards,  (December 8, 1821 – March 6, 1897) was a Canadian lawyer and political figure. He represented Leeds South in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1874. He served as the second Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia from 1876 to 1881.

He was born in Brockville in Upper Canada in 1821, the son of Stephen Richards and Phoebe Buell. He studied law with his brother William Buell Richards and was called to the bar in 1848. Richards practised law in Brockville and in Victoria, British Columbia. He was one of the founders of what is now the Vancouver-based law firm of Richards Buell Sutton.

In 1863, he was appointed Queen's Counsel. He was elected to the 8th Parliament of the Province of Canada in 1863, but was defeated in 1864 when he accepted the post of Solicitor General for Canada West and so was required to run again for the same seat. In 1867, he was narrowly defeated by John Willoughby Crawford in Leeds South but was elected in 1872. In 1869, he was named Attorney General in the provisional government of the Northwest but was turned back by the rebels at Pembina. In 1874, he moved to British Columbia. On June 27, 1876, he was sworn in as Lieutenant Governor there. After his term in this office, he returned to Ontario for three years, then went back to Victoria where he practised law, dying in Victoria in 1897. Richards served as Treasurer (chief elected officer) of the Law Society of British Columbia from 1889 to 1892 and from 1894 to 1897.

Richards was married twice: to Frances Chaffey in 1849 and to Ellen Chaffey Chislett in 1854. The painter Frances Richards (1852–1934) was his daughter from his first marriage.

Richards Street in Vancouver is named after him.

References 

1821 births
1897 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Lieutenant Governors of British Columbia
People from Brockville
Lawyers in British Columbia
Canadian King's Counsel
Nikola Tesla Museum

The Nikola Tesla Museum () is a science museum located in the central area of Belgrade, Serbia. It is dedicated to honoring and displaying the life and work of Nikola Tesla as well as the final resting place for Tesla. It holds more than 160,000 original documents, over 2,000 books and journals, over 1,200 historical technical exhibits, over 1,500 photographs and photo plates of original, technical objects, instruments and apparatus, and over 1,000 plans and drawings. Very little is on display in the small ground floor exhibition space.

The Nikola Tesla Archive was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003 due to its critical role regarding history of electrification of the world and future technological advancements in this area.

History
The Nikola Tesla Museum is housed in a residential villa built in 1927 according to the designs of Dragiša Brašovan, a distinguished Serbian architect. The building was used for various purposes until December 5, 1952, when the Nikola Tesla Museum was founded in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Certain items for the museum were shipped from New York City to Belgrade, Yugoslavia, on September 7, 1951, as a result of efforts by Sava Kosanović, Tesla's nephew and closest relative and his attorney Philip Wittenberg.

Exhibitions
The permanent exhibition was arranged in 1955. It consists of four rooms on the ground floor. From time to time there have been some modifications, but for many years the basic concept has remained the same. Its first part is primarily a memorial exhibition, while the second part is an interactive one, with 3D computer generated models of Tesla's inventions. From time to time, the museum organizes thematic exhibitions of documents, photographs and other material in order to display some periods from Tesla's inventive life.

Reconstruction
Reconstruction of the Nikola Tesla Museum started on November 3, 2006. The first phase of the project was scheduled to have been complete by the end of 2006. The garden on the roof of the museum was designed to be enclosed by glass windows, which would turn the roof into a computer room. This reconstruction is now complete, and the museum is available to visit.

Gallery

See also
Nikola Tesla Memorial Center, museum in Smiljan, Croatia
Nikola Tesla
Wardenclyffe tower
Wireless energy transmission
Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
Genčić Family House

References

External links

 

Nikola Tesla
Science museums
Museums in Belgrade
Museums established in 1952
1952 establishments in Serbia
Vračar
Momchilovtsi

Momchilovtsi ( ) is a Bulgarian village and ski resort in the Central Rhodopes, about 15 km northeast of Smolyan. It has an ethnographic museum, an art gallery and a number of churches and chapels (24 in the village and the vicinity), the most famous of which is the SS. Constantine and Helen Church built in 1836. The houses, mostly large 2 or 3-storey buildings, are amphitheatrically set at 1,352 m above sea level.

The village also has a kindergarten and a school. Local children can attend classes until the 8th grade, after which most of them continue their education in the nearby town Smolyan. A number of educational activities and concerts are organized by the local culture centre - 'chitalishte Svetlina' - on a regular basis.

Thracian and Roman artifacts have been discovered close to the village. It is thought that it was founded by exiles from Raykovo (now part of Smolyan) that sought to escape forcible conversion to Islam by the Ottomans. The present village is named after Momchil Voyvoda, a medieval fighter against the Ottoman invasion that had a fortress in the area. Momchilvotsi is a large village compared to others in the Rhodopes, with 1,456 inhabitants  and 550 houses, and has completely preserved its Christian character unlike many other villages in this mountainous part of the country.

In the 2000s Momchilvotsi began to establish itself as a centre of tourism, more specifically snowboarding and village tourism, with small family hotels and sports facilities being established.

The village's dairy production was the inspiration for the Chinese drinkable yogurt brand Momchilovtsi.

References

External links
 Nikola Gruev's gallery of Momchilovtsi
 Momchilovtsi at Visit.bg
 Momchilovtsi at Rozhen.com
 Mountain sport and tourism centre in Momchilovtsi

Villages in Smolyan Province
Delias acalis

Delias acalis, the redbreast Jezebel, is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites.

Description

Delias acalis resembles Delias pasithoe in both sexes; the differences are as follows: Upper, forewing: the white spot at apex of cell replaced by an upper and a lower grey scaled spot that crosses the discocellulars, which are black; the postdiscal series of hastate (spear-shaped) spots converted into broad greyish diffuse streaks of which the streak in interspace 3 is shifted more inward than the others. In the rf the broad subbasal greyish streaks in interspaces 1 and 2 and in the cell are longer than in the female. Hindwing black; basal area to middle of cell deep vermilion, traversed by the black veins; interspaces la, 1 and posterior medial portion of 2 powdered thickly with greyish-white scales in the male; remainder of interspace 2 bright yellow; interspaces 3 to 8 with broad diffuse grey streaks that do not reach the termen, the streaks in interspace 5 extend into apex of cell; in female similar, but interspaces 2 to 5 with still broader yellow streaks, of which those in interspaces 4 and 5 cross over the discocellulars into the apex of the cell. Underside: similar to the upperside, the grey markings paler, almost white; hindwing in both sexes with the basal vermilion patch extended to the base of the dorsal margin: humeral angle at base of wing with an ochraceous spot; apex of cell and broad streaks in interspaces 1 to 8 yellow fading to yellowish white anteriorly: the veins narrowly black, which colour broadens triangularly at their apices and so forms anteriorly a more or less irregular terminal black margin. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in D. pasithoe.

Distribution
S.China;Nepal; Sikkim; Bhutan; Assam; Burma: Tenasserim; extending to Java and the Malay Peninsula.

References

External links
 http://yutaka.it-n.jp/pie/20120001.html

acalis
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1819
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Godart
Ascendant subgroup

In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be ascendant if there is an ascending series starting from the subgroup and ending at the group, such that every term in the series is a normal subgroup of its successor.

The series may be infinite. If the series is finite, then the subgroup is subnormal. Here are some properties of ascendant subgroups:

 Every subnormal subgroup is ascendant; every ascendant subgroup is serial.
 In a finite group, the properties of being ascendant and subnormal are equivalent.
 An arbitrary intersection of ascendant subgroups is ascendant.
 Given any subgroup, there is a minimal ascendant subgroup containing it.

See also
 Descendant subgroup

References
 
  

Subgroup properties
Philoria

Philoria is a genus of frogs native to eastern and southern Australia. These frogs are all confined to mountain areas, with 7 species occurring in the mountains of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. One species occurs in Victoria. All species are listed as endangered, except the Baw Baw frog, which is listed as critically endangered. They are small to medium-sized frogs that live in water saturated sites, such as sphagnum bogs and seepages on rocky slopes. The eggs are laid in foam nests hidden from light. The tadpoles remain within the nest and live entirely on the yolk.

Some taxonomists class only the Baw Baw frog (Philoria frosti) in the genus Philoria and class the other 5 species in the genus Kyarranus because of osteological features, size differences (Philoria frosti is larger) and the presence of a large gland behind each eye (parotoid gland).

Species
There are seven species in the genus Philoria:

References

 
Amphibians of Australia
Amphibian genera
Carhuaz

Carhuaz, Peru is the capital of the province of Carhuaz. It is located in the Ancash Region, Carhuaz Province, Carhuaz District.

Geography 
It is situated at 34 km from Huaraz, at 2,688 msnm. Its temperature average is from 12 to 14 degrees Celsius. Near this city, the hot springs of Monterrey and the airport of Anta are located.

History 

Carhuaz was created by law 7951 of December 14, 1934. It is similar to those of the other cities of the Callejón de Huaylas. Its name derives from  qarwash which means yellow, that is to say, the color of the retama flowers (broom flowers) that covers the hills that are contiguous to the city.

From its main square, the snow-capped mountain Wallqan (6,126 m) can be seen. This mountain is known as the second Waskaran. The city displays a Hispanic and colonial style, keeping its old casonas.

The zone, located in the right margin of the Santa river, has a moderate and agreeable climate. It also has abundant agricultural products, especially fragrant fruits. In the surroundings, there are propitious places for hunting tarukas, partridges and viscachas, as well as for fishing trout.

At 8 km to the south of Carhuaz the village Marcará is located from where a road of 4 km departs. This road leads to the mineral-medicinal fountains of Chancos which has been dubbed "the Fountain of Youth". Other hot springs are the ones from La Merced and La Providencia.

See also
Ancash Region
Carhuaz Province

References

Populated places in the Ancash Region
Casma

Casma is a city in the coastal desert of Peru, located  northwest of Lima. It is the capital of Casma Province and the third most populous city in  the Ancash Region with an estimated population of 29,343 (2015). It is located in the lower Casma Valley, covering an area of 1,205 km2.

The name of the city may derive from the extinct Quingman language.

Santa Maria Magdalena is the city's patron saint, whose day is celebrated on July 22.

Some of the largest prehistoric monuments around the world are situated around the city, in the Casma and Sechin valleys. These include Sechin, Chanquillo, Mojeque and Las Aldas.

The nearby Pacific coastline boasts beaches such as La Gramita, El Litro, Punta el Huaro and Tortugas.

Archaeology

Sechin Bajo Archaeological Site 

In February 2008, German and Peruvian archeologists working at Sechin Bajo uncovered a stone and adobe ceremonial plaza which they dated to 5,500 years ago. This makes it the oldest known monument in Peru and one of the oldest structures ever found in the Americas.

The pyramid, main square, and circular sunken courtyard complexes extend over  in length.

Chankillo Archaeological Site 

The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo (Chanquillo) run north to south along a low ridge within a fourth-century BCE architectural complex in the Casma Valley, in northern coastal Peru.

From hypothesized observing positions within nearby buildings to the west and east, the towers form an artificial, toothed horizon that roughly spans the annual rising and setting arcs of the Sun. The Chankillo towers are interpreted as marking positions of the apparent annual solar movement along the horizon, and as evidencing Sun cults, preceding the Sun pillars of Cusco by almost two millennia.

Las Aldas Archaeological Site 

Las Aldas (or Las Haldas) is located on the Pacific coast, about  south of the Casma River and dates from 1800 to 1000 BC.

The lack of fresh water source nearby has led archaeologists to surmise that the people of Las Aldas traded seafood and other maritime resources for agricultural produce with the urban centers located inland, such as those of the Casma Valley and the Norte Chico civilization to the south.

Notes
1.The Thirteen Towers of Chankillo and their connection to the rising and the setting arcs of the Sun has not been proven.

References

External links
 Scientists determine ancient Peruvian citadel was earliest solar observatory in the Americas
 Chankillo, Peru, Ancient Solar Observatory?

Populated places in the Ancash Region
Huarmey

For the Province of the Ancash Region in Peru, see Huarmey Province

Huarmey is a coastal town in the Ancash Region, Peru. It is one of the five districts and also the capital of the Province of Huarmey. It is located crossing the Pan-American highway from south to north after leaving the department of Lima in Paramonga and at 82 km from the Fortaleza River. It was created by law 24034 on December 20, 1984.

At certain times of the year, the settlers fish abundant shrimps in the Huarmey River. This river fertilizes the valley and flows from south to north.

The port of Huarmey is located at 5 km to the south, through a detour that begins in the Pan-American highway.

Huarmey is 83 km from the next major city, Casma.

This city is largely undeveloped, though is one of the main cities of the Ancash Region. Huarmey has its own beaches and it has facilities for camping and surf. The water is very cold all year round, despite the high temperatures of the city.

Huarmey is on the site of the Punta Lobos massacre, a 14th-century pre-Columbian Chimú human sacrifice and mass burial site.

References

Populated places in the Ancash Region
Populated places established in 1984
1984 establishments in Peru
Massey

Massey may refer to:

Places

Canada
 Massey, Ontario
 Massey Island, Nunavut

New Zealand
 Massey, New Zealand, an Auckland suburb

United States
 Massey, Alabama
 Massey, Iowa
 Massey, Maryland

People 
 Massey (surname)

Education 
 Massey College, affiliated with the University of Toronto
 Massey University, New Zealand
 Massey High School, in Auckland, New Zealand

Other uses 
 Massey Energy, an American coal-producing company
 USS Massey (DD-778), a US Navy destroyer 
 Massey Brothers, a British coachbuilder based in Pemberton, Wigan, purchased by Northern Counties in 1967
 Massey product, a cohomology operation of higher order generalizing the cup product
 Massey Ferguson, an American heavy equipment company
 An alternative reading of Masei, the final parashah of the Book of Numbers

See also
 Massee, a surname
 Massey (surname)
 Massie (surname)
 Massie (disambiguation)
Appias lalage

Appias lalage, the spot puffin, is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in India, Indochina and Hainan.

Description

See also
List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

Notes

References
 
  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.

External links
 Our Common Butterflies page by Dr. PR Arun

Appias (butterfly)
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1842
Giancarlo Prete

Giancarlo Prete (5 February 1943 – 9 March 2001) was an Italian actor.

After he worked in the cinema as stuntman, Prete went to Alessandro Fersen's acting school (where he later returned as a teacher) and began to act in many films and in television serials.

In the following years Prete worked as dubbing director and acted only in television productions (including the Space: 1999 episode “The Troubled Spirit” as Dr. Dan Mateo).

He was married to Elizabeth Jacinto and had a son named Alessandro, who is also an actor.

Filmography

1943 births
2001 deaths
Drama teachers
Italian male film actors
Italian male television actors
Male actors from Rome
Deaths from brain cancer in Italy
Appias indra

Appias indra, the plain puffin, is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae, that is, the yellows and whites, which is found in south and southeast Asia.

Description

Food plants
Drypetes oblongifolia and Putranjiva roxburghii, both from the plant family Putranjivaceae.

See also
Pieridae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 

Appias (butterfly)
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Singapore
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1857
Temporal Process Language

In theoretical computer science, Temporal Process Language (TPL) is a process calculus which extends Robin Milner's CCS with the notion of multi-party synchronization, which allows multiple process to synchronize on a global 'clock'. This clock measures time, though not concretely, but rather as an abstract signal which defines when the entire process can step onward.

Informal definition 

TPL is a conservative extension of CCS, with the addition of a special action called σ representing the passage of time by a process - the ticking of an abstract clock. As in CCS, TPL features action prefix and it can be described as being patient, that is to say a process  will idly accept the ticking of the clock, written as

Key to the use of abstract time is the timeout operator, which presents two processes, one to behave as if the clock ticks, one to behave as if it can't, i.e.

provided process E does not prevent the clock from ticking.

provided E can perform action a to become E'.

In TPL, there are two ways to prevent the clock from ticking. First is via the presence of the ω operator, for example in process  the clock is prevented from ticking. It can be said that the action a is insistent, i.e. it insists on acting before the clock can tick again.

The second way in which ticking can be prevented is via the concept of maximal-progress, which states that silent actions (i.e. τ actions) always take precedence over and thus suppress σ actions. Thus is two parallel processes are capable of synchronizing at a given instant, it is not possible for the clock to tick.

Thus a simple way of viewing multi-party synchronization is that a group of composed processes will allow time to pass provided none of them prevent it, i.e. the system agrees that it is time to move on.

Formal definition

Syntax 

Let a be a non-silent action name, α be any action name (including τ, the silent action) and X be a process label used for recursion.

References 

Matthew Hennessy and Tim Regan : A Process Algebra for Timed Systems. Information and Computation, 1995.

Process calculi
Philippe Rondot

Philippe Rondot (5 October 1936 – 31 December 2017) was a French general, formerly an important personality of the French intelligence. He worked for both the domestic intelligence DST and the foreign intelligence DGSE (traditionally rival services) and was an aide to several Defence Ministers.

Early life
Philippe Rondot was born in Nancy in 1936. He graduated from the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1965, and he earned a PhD in political sociology.

Career
Rondot joined the "special services" in 1965 as an officer of the "action" branch of the SDECE (ancestor of the present DGSE). In the late 1970s, he joined the DST. In 1994, he was active in the capture of terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (aka "Carlos the Jackal") in Sudan. He also took part in hostage liberations in Libya and Iraq.

From 1997, he was in charge of coordinating intelligence at the Defence Ministry, until he retired on 31 December 2005. His title was "conseiller pour le renseignement et les opérations spéciales" ("advisor for intelligence and special operations") of the Defence minister, first Alain Richard and later Michèle Alliot-Marie.

Rondot became a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in 2006.

Second Clearstream Affair

The second Clearstream affair is an episode of the enquiry regarding the selling of s to Taiwan by Thomson, then directed by .

After receiving a Clearstream listing from Jean-Louis Gergorin, Philippe Rondot directed an inquiry, following orders from the minister of Defence, and reporting to Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin directly. This caused Rondot's house to be searched in March 2006, and himself to be audited, by judges Jean-Marie d'Huy and Henri Pons.

Death
Rondot resided in a manor in Fléty, where he died on December 31, 2017, aged 81.

Works 
 La Syrie, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1978 .
 L'Irak, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1979 .
 La Jordanie, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1980 .
 Les projets de paix arabo-israéliens, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris, 1980 (thèse universitaire).
 Le Proche-Orient à la recherche de la paix, 1973-1982, Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1982 .
 With , Le Parti Ba'th, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Louvain-la-Neuve, Centre de Recherches sur le monde arabe contemporain, 1984.

References

External links 
 Philippe Rondot on L'Express (31/12/2017)
 Philippe Rondot, le général de l'ombre on Le Parisien (30/04/2006)
 Affaire clearstream. Le passé roumain du général Rondot on Courrier International (10/07/2007)
 Rhilippe Rondot : mort d'une légende on Le Point (31/12/2017)
 Il ne faut pas prendre le général Rondot pour un "berniche" on L'Obs'' (11/5/2011)

1936 births
2017 deaths
Military personnel from Nancy, France
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
French generals
French spies
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Characteristically simple group

In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a group is said to be characteristically simple if it has no proper nontrivial characteristic subgroups. Characteristically simple groups are sometimes also termed elementary groups. Characteristically simple is a weaker condition than being a simple group, as simple groups must not have any proper nontrivial normal subgroups, which include characteristic subgroups.

A finite group is characteristically simple if and only if it is the direct product of isomorphic simple groups. In particular, a finite solvable group is characteristically simple if and only if it is an elementary abelian group. This does not hold in general for infinite groups; for example, the rational numbers form a characteristically simple group that is not a direct product of simple groups.

A minimal normal subgroup of a group G is a nontrivial normal subgroup N of G such that the only proper subgroup of N that is normal in G is the trivial subgroup. Every minimal normal subgroup of a group is characteristically simple. This follows from the fact that a characteristic subgroup of a normal subgroup is normal.

References 

Properties of groups