alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
OutRun 2019

is a Mega Drive/Genesis-only pseudo-sequel to Out Run that takes place in the future. The object is to race against a time limit in a rocket-boosted car across four different stages around the world. Like the original Out Run, there is a fork in the road before each checkpoint; however, there can also be forks within a single route.

Stages
OutRun 2019 features four different stages to race across, each one harder than the last. Most routes will split into two routes at their ends like in the original Out Run, but a few routes instead end with either a goal or a convergence with another route.

Also, throughout most of the stages, some routes will diverge, splitting into two different roadways. Usually, some of the roads will lead onto a bridge over ground, over a pit, or over water. Slipping off the bridges will cost the player precious time or force the player onto the ground route if one exists under the bridge.

Sometimes, when the roads split, they will lead to a different kind of road. This is usually seen by means of a three-way diverge sign, which means the player can choose whether to go left, right, or continue forward. For example, on one route in Stage 4, some parts of the road are covered in wet cement. Another features the player driving into a tunnel. The last will lead the player over a bridge.

Finally, there are also secret diverges that can be spotted easily. For example, some areas will have a ramp placed strategically on one side of the road. If hit correctly, the car will fly to one side, and eventually land on a secret roadway. Also, jumping off these ramps can also lead up to overhead bridges on some routes. These secret roads can usually lead to a quicker way to the next route.

Development

OutRun 2019 was originally being developed for the Mega-CD as Cyber Road. Development was later moved to the Mega Drive where it was renamed Junker's High before eventually becoming OutRun 2019.

Legacy
In 2005, OutRun 2019 was re-released as a handheld TV game, as Play TV Legends Outrun 2019. Notably it included a steering wheel controller.

References

External links
 

1993 video games
Science fiction racing games
OutRun
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Video games set in 2019
SIMS Co., Ltd. games
Sega video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Drugs Are Nice

Drugs Are Nice: A Post-Punk Memoir is the memoir of punk musician and performance artist Lisa Crystal Carver, published by Soft Skull Press in the US in 2005 and by Snowbooks in the UK in 2006. 

The book covers her life from ages 18 to 32. It relates her childhood growing up with her volatile ex-convict father, and her running away at 19 to enter into a troubled marriage to French performance artist Costes. The book also details her relationships with Smog's Bill Callahan and with industrial-music provocateur Boyd Rice, with whom she had her son Wolfgang.

Background
Drugs are Nice is adapted in part from Carver's diaries. She workshopped the book at a critique group she called the "Meat and Books Club" (named for the Atkins diet two of its writers were on). The chapters about her relationship with Rice, where Carver writes that Rice insisted she get an abortion to end her second pregnancy and was violent toward her, were difficult for her to write. She told the Boston Phoenix that she "had to get drunk every day" to write them. In lieu of a traditional book tour, Carver re-enacted a few anecdotes from the book live, including a suicide attempt with a potato peeler and a quick "make-out session" with GG Allin.

The book was released alongside an hour-long DVD, Drugs Are Nice: A Suckumentary 1988-2005. It contained fith film shorts, footage of her band Suckdog, and avant-garde operas that she and Costes had put on.

Critical reception
The Village Voice, reviewing the memoir, called it "an amazing elegy for the lost underground of the ’80s." It was also praised by Billboard, Kirkus Reviews and Publishers Weekly.

References

2005 non-fiction books
American memoirs
Soft Skull Press books

he:קטגוריה:ספרות יהודית
Snow Canyon High School (Utah)

Snow Canyon High School (SCHS) is a public high school in St. George, Utah, United States. It is part of the Washington County School District. Zone: west St. George, Santa Clara and Ivins. As of January 2019, it serves 1,165 students making it the fourth largest high school in St. George and in the district.

Athletics 
The school competes in the 4A division in region 9 with all other Washington County schools,besides Enterprise High School.They also share the region with Cedar high school from Cedar City, Utah which is located in Iron County. Snow Canyon will remain in 4A Region 9 for the 2023–2025 classification period.

References

External links 
 

Buildings and structures in St. George, Utah
Schools in Washington County, Utah
Public high schools in Utah
Yoko Ueno

is a Japanese recording artist. She has performed in the bands, Oranges & Lemons, Vita Nova, Marsh-Mallow, and Zabadak.

Discography

CDs 
 "Voices" (December 5, 1993 Biosphere Records)
 "Nursery Chimes" (ナーサリーチャイムス)(May 25, 1997 NTT Pub.)
 "*1" (January 23, 2002 Toera Records)
 "Puzzle" (January 23, 2002 Victor Entertainment)
 "SSS -Simply Sing Songs-" (July 24, 2003 Nippon Crown)
 "Shizen Genshō"(自然現象(means "Natural Phenomena")) (May 25, 2005 Nippon Crown)
 "*2" (December 6, 2006 Toera records)
 "YK20[audio]"(上野洋子 デビュー20周年記念ライヴ“YK20”~20周年につき初ソロ~) (March 4, 2007 tilde disc)
 "Tokyo Humming" (September 10, 2008 Geneon)

Remix CD 
 "Yoko Ueno e-mix" (March 25, 1996 Biosphere Records)

DVDs 
 "YK20[visual]" (上野洋子 デビュー20周年記念ライヴ“YK20”~20周年につき初ソロ~) (March 25, 2007 tilde disc)

Soundtracks 
 "Brigadoon Marin-To-Meran" Original Sound Track 2 (January 24, 2001 Victor Entertainment)
 ".hack// tasogare-no-yubiwa-densetsu" original sound track (February 21, 2003 Victor Entertainment)
 "Gamera: Chĩsaki Yusha-Tachi (Gamera the Brave)" Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (March 26, 2006 avex trax)
 "Dolphin-Blue~Fuji,Mouichido-sora-e/Churaumi~Okinawa Churaumi-suizokukan-e-no-shõtai" (July 4, 2007 tilde disc)

References

External links 
  
 
 
 Yoko Ueno at Oricon 

1963 births
Anime composers
Japanese composers
Japanese women composers
Japanese women singers
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
Eric Da Re

Eric Da Re (born March 3, 1965) is an American actor who played Leo Johnson on the TV show Twin Peaks and its prequel film, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. He has worked behind the scenes in several other films by Twin Peaks creator David Lynch. He is the son of the actor Aldo Da Re (stage name Aldo Ray) and the casting director Johanna Ray, a frequent Lynch collaborator.

Biography
Da Re was born in Los Angeles, California, United States.  He is the son of the actor Aldo Ray (born Aldo Da Re), and is of Italian descent on his father's side. His mother is Johanna Ray, an award-winning casting director (Blue Velvet, Mulholland Drive, Showgirls), who did casting for Twin Peaks.

Da Re's first role was in the TV movie Into the Homeland in 1987, which was directed by Lesli Linka Glatter, who would direct Da Re on Twin Peaks. After a few more roles in TV movies he landed the role of Leo Johnson in the 1990 cult classic Twin Peaks, created by David Lynch. Da Re went on to work with Lynch again as a casting assistant for Wild at Heart (1990), as Leo Johnson in the Twin Peaks prequel, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992) and as a property buyer for Lost Highway (1997).

In 1992 he was Bernie in Critters 4.
He also had roles in the Paul Verhoeven film Starship Troopers (1997) and in Ted Bundy (2002).

He is sometimes credited as Eric Da Re, Eric DaRae or Eric Dare.

Eric attended Horace Mann elementary and Beverly Hills High School with fellow actor Nicolas Cage.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1965 births
American male television actors
American male film actors
American people of Italian descent
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
Sibila Vargas

Sibila Vargas (born September 1, 1968) is an  American news anchor who used to be the anchor of the 5, 6  and 11 p.m. weekday editions on WNBC-TV in New York City.  More recently, Sibila also used to work at WSPA-TV in Spartanburg, SC and also used to work at both KCBS-TV in Los Angeles, and KRIV in Houston, Texas, and was also a former CNN entertainment reporter. Her mother and father are from the Dominican Republic.

Early years 
Vargas was a freelance entertainment reporter for KTLA-TV in Los Angeles, California. Prior to her tenure at KTLA-TV, Vargas was a guest co-host of ABC's The View. Vargas has also been the host of TV Guide Channel's Hollywood Insider, Fox Movie Channel News and FXM Dailies, Paramount Domestic TV's Real TV and guest host of Fox Sports and Fit TV's Forever Young. She began her broadcasting career at WPIX-TV in New York as a writer and producer.

Vargas graduated cum laude from Long Island University.

Tenure at CNN 

Joining CNN in March 2004, Vargas served as an entertainment correspondent/anchor for CNN/U.S based in CNN's Los Angeles, California bureau. Vargas was also a regular guest on American Morning'''s "90 Second Pop" and Anderson Cooper 360°.

She reported on several key entertainment events, including Fox network's reality show American Idol and the finale of the NBC sitcom Friends''.

She made a name for herself in the blogosphere with a hostile 2006 interview with Neil Young, in which she questioned his patriotism for his having criticized George W. Bush. Vargas suggested that Young was criticizing the president in order to sell records, and expressed outrage that a "Canadian" with "less of a platform to say these things" would speak openly about America without considering the "backlash".

References

External links

1968 births
American women journalists
Living people
Long Island University alumni
21st-century American women
Almas Khan-e Kanoule'ei

Sarhang Almas Khan (), was a Kurdish poet from the village of Kenule in Kermanshah, then under the rule of the Zand dynasty. He is known for writing the Kurdish Shahnameh which until then had been passed down orally. He wrote in Gorani.

Works
 Kurdish Shahnameh
 Gurba wa Mush, Cat and Mouse (poem)

References

People from Kermanshah Province
Kurdish poets
1706 births
1777 deaths
18th-century Kurdish people
Illinois Route 103

Illinois Route 103 (IL 103) is a  state route in west-central Illinois, United States. The route, entirely in Schuyler County, runs from U.S. Route 24 (US 24) near Ripley east to the intersection of US 67 and IL 100 across the Illinois River from Beardstown. In addition to connecting Ripley and Beardstown, IL 103 serves the community of Sugar Grove. The highway is part of both the National Highway System and the Lincoln Heritage Trail. It is maintained by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The route was established in 1924 between Ripley and its current eastern terminus; its western terminus was moved north to its current location in 1932.

Route description
Route 103 begins at a junction with U.S. Route 24 in Woodstock Township in southern Schuyler County, northeast of Ripley. The route follows the LaMoine River eastward, passing through a forested area. After the river turns to the south, the highway continues east through farmland. Route 103 intersects County Route 9 before entering the unincorporated community of Sugar Grove, where it meets County Route 1. After passing through Sugar Grove, the highway enters Bainbridge Township, where it makes a small southward dip through a tree-lined area. After passing a small group of buildings and crossing a creek, the route returns to its eastward trajectory and passes north of the community of Cottonwood. Route 103 runs through open farmland at the eastern end of its route, crossing two creeks and passing several farm buildings. The highway ends at a junction with U.S. Route 67 and Illinois Route 100, across the Illinois River from Beardstown.

Route 103 is an undivided two-lane road for its entire length. The entire route is part of the National Highway System, a network of roads deemed significant to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. It is also part of the Lincoln Heritage Trail, a series of highways connecting places with historic connections to Abraham Lincoln. According to the Illinois Department of Transportation, the annual average daily traffic on Route 103 in 2019 ranged from 1250 vehicles near the western terminus to 1400 on its eastern half; 70 of those vehicles were trucks.

History
The State of Illinois designated Route 103 in 1924 between Ripley and Beardstown. A road between Ripley and the route's current eastern terminus was first marked on state highway maps in 1924; this route began at Ripley and ran parallel to and south of the current route on its western half, before turning north and following the eastern half of the current alignment. Route 103 was first numbered on the 1929 Illinois highway map. The western terminus of Route 103 moved from Ripley to its current location in 1932, shifting the western half of the highway to its present alignment. The community of Layton, which was near Sugar Grove, was marked along the route until 1951.

Major intersections

References

External links

 Illinois Highways Page: Routes 101 thru 120
 Illinois Highway Ends: Illinois Route 103

103
1924 establishments in Illinois
Transportation in Schuyler County, Illinois
Districts of Sudan

Before the independence of South Sudan, the States of Sudan were subdivided into 133 districts. With the adoption of the Interim National Constitution of Sudan  and the Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan, the ten states of South Sudan are, however, now divided into counties.  The maps on this page represent the boundaries as they existed in 2006. Current information is available from the Humanitarian Data Exchange.

The districts are listed below, by state:



Al Jazirah
 Al Kamlin District
 East al Gazera District
 North al Gazera District
 Al Managil District
 South al Gazera District
 Um Al Gura District
 Wad Madani District

Al Qadarif

 Al Faw District
 Al Gadaref District
 Al Rahd District
 East Galabat District
 West Galabat District
 Al Fushqa District
 Butana District

Blue Nile

 Ad Damazin District
 Al Roseires District
 Geissan District
 Baw District
 Al Kurumik District

Kassala

 Seteet District
 Nahr Atbara District
 Kassala District
 Al Gash District
 Hamashkorieb District

Khartoum

 Khartoum District
 Um Badda District
 Omdurman District
 Karary District
 Khartoum Bahri District
 Sharg En Nile District
 South Khartoum District

North Darfur
(Not representing the present state structure)

 Mellit District
 Kutum District
 Kabkabiya District
 Al Fasher District
 Um Kadada District

North Kurdufan

 Sowdari District
 Jebrat al Sheikh District
 Sheikan District
 Bara District
 Um Rawaba District
 En Nuhud District
 Ghebeish District

Northern

 Wadi Halfa District
 Dongola District
 Merawi District
 Addabah District

Red Sea

 Halayeb District
 Port Sudan District
 Sinkat District
 Tokar District

River Nile

 Abu Hamad District
 Berber District
 Ad Damer District
 Atbara District
 Shendi District
 Al Matammah District

Sennar

 Sennar District
 Singa District
 Ad Dinder District

South Darfur
(Not reflecting the present state structure)

 Kas District
 Edd al Fursan District
 Nyala District
 Shearia District
 Al Deain District
 Adayala District
 Buram District
 Tulus District
 Rehed al Birdi District

South Kurdufan

 Dilling District
 Rashad District
 Abu Jubaiyah District
 Talodi District
 Kadugli District
 Lagawa District
 As Salam District
 Abyei District

West Darfur
(Not representing the present state structure)

 Kulbus District
 Al Geneina District
 Zallingi District
 Jebel Marra District
 Habillah District
 Wadi Salih District
 Mukjar District

White Nile

 Ad Douiem District
 Al Gutaina District
 Kosti District
 Al Jabalian District

See also 
States of Sudan
Districts of the Southern Sudan

References

External links 

 
Subdivisions of Sudan
Sudan, Districts
Sudan 2
Districts, Sudan
Sudan geography-related lists
Demala-Gattara

Demalagattara are a social group or caste amongst the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka. Demalagattara are  Theravada Buddhists by religion. They are ethnically Sinhalese but proclaim their Tamil ethnic origins, whereas all other South India-derived castes such as Karave, Salagama, Durave and Berava do not emphasise their Tamil links as part of their assimilation into Sinhalese society.

Origins
As the mainstream Sinhalese speakers claim North Indian ethnic origins the presence of many South Indian type Jatis like the Demalagatara indicate a complex migration history from India to Sri Lanka. Demalagatara do not indicate any tribal origins like the other, formerly untouchable, caste of Rodiyas. Their place in the caste structure is related to a primary function associated with formerly martial origins.  They were classed as a sub-caste of the Govigama during the British period. Many are agriculturalists and workers throughout the country.

South Indian roots
Some anthropologists believe that the early society of Sri Lanka has looked to neighboring South India for manpower to fulfill functional needs as land was cleared and many new villages found. Demalagatara are believed to be descended from Maravar or Kallar like martial castes of South India who also play an important role as mercenaries medieval Sinhalese kingdoms. Similar caste exist in Kerala as Tamil padai nayar has roots from Maravar caste of Tamil Nadu.

Etymology of Demalagattara
‘Demala’ is the Sinhala word for Tamil and ‘Gattara’ is the word used in ancient Sri Lankan rock inscriptions and literature to refer to serfs. Thus Demalagattara translates into English as ‘Tamil serfs’. ‘Agricultural serfs’ were part of the feudal land tenure system of Sri Lanka. There were also ‘domestic serfs’.

Origin myths
The community says that they descended from soldiers who accompanied a 2nd-century BCE Tamil Chola King named as Ellara. But in reality the story is partly true, they are South Indian soldiers who got to settle down due royal grants but the actual time and the king(s) who granted them these privileges happened much later than indicated by their origin myth. Research on origins was carried out during the British Colonial period and is dated.  (See Caste in Sri Lanka)

References
  Bryce Ryan, Caste in Modern Ceylon, Rutgers University Press, 1953.

Sinhalese castes
Sri Lankan Tamil society
Maryland Route 781

Maryland Route 781 (MD 781) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Delancy Road, the state highway runs  from U.S. Route 40 (US 40) north to MD 281 in Elkton close to the Delaware state line. Delancy Road was brought into the state highway system as MD 781 in 1984.

Route description

MD 781 begins at an intersection with US 40 (Pulaski Highway) in the town of Elkton  west of the U.S. Highway's crossing of the Delaware state line. The highway heads north as a two-lane undivided road to the west of the state line and to the east of Grays Hill. MD 781 leaves the town of Elkton about halfway through its course, but the route follows a finger of unincorporated area between sections of the town to its northern terminus. That terminus is at MD 281 (Red Hill Road)  west of that highway's crossing of the state line.

History
Delancy Road long predates being a part of the state highway system, the road having existed since at least 1898. The highway was designated MD 781 in December 1984 after being transferred from county to state maintenance in a May 16, 1984, road transfer agreement.

Junction list

See also

References

External links

MDRoads: MD 781
MD 781 at AARoads.com

781
Maryland Route 781
Maryland Route 802

Maryland Route 802 (MD 802) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as Batts Neck Road, the state highway runs  as a north–south highway between junctions with MD 8 in Normans on Kent Island.  MD 802 is the old alignment of MD 8 through Normans.  The state highway was assigned after MD 8 was relocated by the early 1970s.

Route description

MD 802 begins at an intersection with MD 8 (Romancoke Road) in the unincorporated community of Normans north of Romancoke.  The state highway heads north as a narrow two-lane undivided road past residences in a forested area and intersects Batts Neck Road, an east–west county highway that provides access to the namesake peninsula.  MD 802 continues north to Matapeake Farm Lane, where the highway widens and turns west to its northern junction with MD 8 between Normans and Matapeake.

History
MD 802 is the original alignment of MD 8 through Normans.  The highway was constructed in 1938 as part of the Matapeake–Romancoke highway constructed to serve the newly inaugurated Romancoke–Claiborne ferry across Eastern Bay.  This highway became a western extension of MD 17, which originally ran from Claiborne to Easton, in 1939.  The number changed to MD 33 when MD 33 and MD 17 swapped numbers in 1940.  The highway's number changed again when MD 8 replaced MD 33 on Kent Island in 1960.  MD 802 was assigned to its current length after MD 8 was relocated through Normans by 1973.

Junction list

See also

References

External links

MDRoads: MD 802

802
Maryland Route 802
Şeyda Hewramî

Şeyda Hewramî was a mid 18th-century Kurdish poet from the city of Kermanshah in Iran.

References 

Kurdish poets
18th-century poets
People from Kermanshah

1784 births
1852 deaths
Iranian poets
Kolpik

In Ashkenazi Jewish tradition, a kolpik is a type of traditional headgear worn in families of some Chassidic rebbes (Hasidic rabbis) of Galician or Hungarian dynastic descent, by their unmarried children on the Sabbath (Shabbat), and by some rebbes on some special occasions other than Shabbat or major holidays. The kolpik is made from brown fur, as opposed to a spodik, worn by Polish chassidic dynasties, which is fashioned out of black fur. The shtreimel, another similar type of fur hat worn by Hasidim, are shorter in height, wider, and disc-shaped, while kolpiks are taller, thinner in bulk, and of cylindrical shape.

It is seen as an intermediate level garment between Shabbat and weekday dress.

The days that some rebbes don a kolpik include:
Rosh Chodesh Meal
Hanukah
Tu BiShvat Meal
Isru Chag Meal
Tu B'Av (most do not, but some do)
Meal served to the poor a few days before a child's wedding
Yartzeit Meal

It is often thought, that Jews adopted wearing fur hats from the Eastern Europeans, possibly from the nobility.
Joseph Margoshes (1866–1955) in his memoir A World Apart: A Memoir of Jewish Life in Nineteenth Century Galicia writes regarding Rabbi Shimon Sofer's election to the Imperial Council of Austria:

See also
 List of headgear
Shtreimel
 Spodik

References

Fur
Hasidic clothing
Hats
Religious headgear
Sersale

Sersale is a comune in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy. As of 2013, Sersale had an estimated population of 4,701.
Sersale was founded in 1620. It was named after a baron named Francesco Sersale who owned a large amount of land in the area surrounding the present borders of Sersale. Francesco Sersale and his family came from Naples. There are records of this family in that area from as far back as 1271.

Life was difficult for the "humble classes" of people in those times, and in Serrastretta, things were so bad that a small group opted to leave. Upon hearing that Francesco seemed to be a very just landowner and offered what seemed to be a good deal to the peasants who settled there, a small group of colonists walked about  over rough terrain to start new lives on Francesco's property. After having a fine palace built for himself, he had his workmen build narrow little shacks for the workers to occupy, in full view of his palace. He developed a co-operative system where people could work patches of land, and have to pay him a fee at the end of the year. He encouraged them to plant trees and gardens to feed their families, as the land was good and there was a stream that ran through the area all year round.

The original settlers were all from Serrastretta:

 Francesco Giuliano,
 Pietro Torchia,
 Giovanni Girolamo Talarico,
 Giovanni Tommaso Mancusi,
 Marco De Fazio
 Vittorio Torchia,
 Luca Antonio Felice,
 Francesco Mulinaro,
 Giovanni Maria Senatore,
 Giovanni Tommaso Gallo,
 Pietro Giovanni Mazza and
 Marcantonio Defazio, alias Caulo.

Many descendants of these original settlers still live in Sersale, and of course, many have emigrated to various parts of the world.

After Francesco Sersale died, his land passed into the hands of his descendants who did not share his values. Their greed and disdain for human life caused misery for the settlers. At certain periods, because the children of the owners did not have to work, they caused many problems such as taking advantage of the young girls and getting them pregnant, as well as increasing the fees for land usage incommensurate with the produce of the land. The great-grandchildren of this Baron also lost pieces of land by making bad investments; and this is how eventually the land was owned by many people and the town developed.

Translated from Sersale - Storia di una comunità presilana by Michele Scarpino - Translator, Antonio Torchia.

External links
 Selected Civil Records 1809-1910

Sources

Cities and towns in Calabria
Populated places established in 1620
1620 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1620 establishments in Italy
Muhammad Wali Kermashani

Muhammad Wali Kermashani (in Kurdish Mihemmed Wely Kirmaşanî (1901-?) was a Kurdish poet from the city of Kermanshah from Eastern Kurdistan - also known as Iranian Kurdistan).

External links
 
 

People from Kermanshah
1901 births
Kurdish poets
Year of death missing
20th-century Iranian poets
Henry Muhlenberg (disambiguation)

Henry Muhlenberg (1711–1787) was a founder of the Lutheran Church in the United States.

Henry Muhlenberg is also the name of:
Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg (1753–1815), American botanist, Lutheran pastor, and the first president of Franklin College
Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (1782–1844), Lutheran minister and Pennsylvania Congressman
Henry Augustus Muhlenberg (1823–1854), attorney and Pennsylvania Congressman, son of Henry A. P. Muhlenberg
Henry Augustus Muhlenberg (1848–1906)
Henry Muhlenberg (mayor), American politician
William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas

William, 6th Earl of Douglas (c. 1424 – 24 November 1440) was a Scottish nobleman. In addition to his Earldom of Douglas, he was Earl of Wigtown, Lord of Galloway, Lord of Bothwell, Selkirk and Ettrick Forest, Eskdale, Lauderdale, and Annandale in Scotland, and de jure Duke of Touraine, Count of Longueville, and Lord of Dun-le-roi in France. He was the eldest son of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas and Lady Eupheme Graham.

He married Lady Janet Lindsay, daughter of David, Earl of Crawford, and succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father, who had served as regent of James II. Following Archibald Douglas's death, Sir William Crichton, Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, and James Douglas, Earl of Avondale (William Douglas's great-uncle) shared power. Together they conspired to break the power of the late Archibald Douglas's family, and summoned William and his younger brother David to Edinburgh Castle. The so-called 'Black Dinner' which followed saw the two boys summarily beheaded on trumped-up charges, over the protests of the young King James II.

The lordships of Annandale and Bothwell fell to the crown; Galloway to Margaret Douglas (William Douglas's sister), and the Douglas lands and earldom passed to William's great-uncle James Douglas, the Earl of Avondale, who was accordingly seen later as the main perpetrator.

In popular culture
 S. R. Crockett based his book, The Black Douglas on the death of William.
 His death at the "Black Dinner" served as one of the inspirations for "The Red Wedding" in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire.

References 
 

1424 births
1440 deaths
William Douglas, 06th Earl of Douglas
Earls of Douglas
Dukes of Touraine
Counts of Longueville
Executed Scottish people
People executed by Stuart Scotland
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by decapitation
BAP Villavicencio (FM-52)

BAP Villavicencio  is the second out of four s ordered by the Peruvian Navy in 1973. It was built by the Italian shipbuilder Cantieri Navali Riuniti at its shipyard in Riva Trigoso, Genoa. Delays in the building of the first ship of the class, BAP Carvajal, meant Villavicencio was commissioned first on 25 June 1979 with the pennant number FM-52.

Villavicencio is named after Vice Admiral Manuel Villavicencio (1840–1925) who fought in the War of the Pacific.

Sources 

1978 ships
Carvajal-class frigates
Ships built by Fincantieri
Ships built in Italy
Districts of the Gambia

The Gambia is subdivided into 43 districts.  They are listed below by Local Government Area (previously Regions, known as Divisions until 2007), each with its population at the 15 April 2013 census (provisional returns).
 
The former Banjul Region is now divided into two Local Government Areas (LGAs) - Banjul City (which is now subdivided into 3 districts) and Kanifing (consisting of a single district).

The former Central River Division is now divided into two LGAs - Kuntaur LGA in the west and Janjanbureh LGA in the east.

Each of the other former Divisions has now become an LGA with no change in extent (although each was renamed after its administrative centre).

Eastern Gambia

Basse LGA

(previously the Upper River Division)

Basse Fulladu East (49,990)
Jimara (43,460)
Kantora (38,784)
Sandu (23,884)
Tumana (37,561)
Wuli East (23,691)
Wuli West (22,546)

Janjanbureh LGA

(the southern half of the former Central River Division)

Fulladu West (84,961)
Janjanbureh (3,988)
Niamina Dankunku (6,097)
Niamina East (24,571)
Niamina West (7,293)

Kuntaur LGA
(the northern half of the former Central River Division)
Lower Saloum (15,881)
Niani (29,478)
Nianija (10,175)
Sami (24,429)
Upper Saloum (19,145)

Western Gambia

Banjul LGA

This Local Government Area encompasses the City of Banjul, consisting of the island of that name (previously called St Mary's Island).

Banjul Central (11,697)
Banjul North (11,334)
Banjul South (8,270)

Kanifing LGA
This district is the mainland extension of Banjul City, comprising the majority of Greater Banjul. It's coloured yellow on the map above.

Kanifing (382,096)

Brikama LGA

(previously the Western Division)

Foni Bintang-Karenai (16,986)
Foni Bondali (7,741)
Foni Brefet (14,414)
Foni Jarrol (7,010)
Foni Kansala (14,238)
Kombo Central (142,831)
Kombo East (42,955)
Kombo North	(344,756)
Kombo South (108,773)

Kerewan LGA

(previously the North Bank Division)

Central Baddibu (20,104)
Illiasa (41,603)
Jokadu (22,132)
Lower Baddibu (18,030)
Lower Niumi (57,358)
Sabach Sanjal (30,347)
Upper Niumi (31,480)

Mansakonko LGA

(previously the Lower River Division)

Jarra Central (8,437)
Jarra East (16,551)
Jarra West (27,205)
Kiang Central (8,366)
Kiang East (6,849)
Kiang West (14,953)

See also 

 Politics of the Gambia

References

External links 
 http://www.statoids.com/ygm.html
 http://www.oldmap.co.uk/Africa.html 

 
Subdivisions of the Gambia
Gambia, Districts
Gambia 2
Districts, Gambia
Districts
Shami Kermashani

Shami Kermashani (,), also known as Shamurad Mushtaq  (1927–November 23, 1984), was a famous Kurdish poet from the city of Kermanshah, Iran, also known as Iranian Kurdistan. He has composed most of his poems in Southern Kurdish dialect. He became blind at the age of four because of smallpox.

References

 Kirmashan website: literature
 Kirmashan website: articles

1927 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Iranian poets
Kurdish poets
People from Kermanshah
Iranian blind people
Blind poets
Stieglitz Museum of Applied Arts

The Stieglitz Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts ranks among the most significant museums in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

The project had its beginnings in 1878 when Baron Alexander von Stieglitz (1814–84), a millionaire philanthropist, donated funds to build a museum for the benefit of students of the Central School of Engineering Design, which had been established by him earlier. The new museum was to accommodate Stieglitz's private collection of rare glassware, porcelains, tapestries, furniture, and tiled stoves.

The museum's first director, Maximilian Messmacher, based his design upon a similar museum in Vienna. Constructed between 1885 and 1896, the building is an example of the Neo-Renaissance at its most stylistically forceful. The ground floor with arched windows is heavily rusticated and the upper storey is turgid with ornate details and statuary. The central hall is set between two-storey Italianate arcades, while interiors of other halls are styled so as to conform with items exhibited therein. A room patterned after the Terem Palace particularly stands out as "an opulent knockout", in the words of Tom Masters of the Lonely Planet.

Out of some 30,000 items stored in the museum at the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Communist authorities handed over the most precious exhibits to the Hermitage Museum. The Stieglitz Museum continued as a branch of the Hermitage until 1926, when it was abolished, only to be restored three years later as a separate institution. During the Soviet years luxurious interiors fell into disrepair, with one hall used as a gym, its walls painted over. It was not until the fall of the Soviet Union that slow and painstaking restoration began.

Sources 
 Музей барона Штиглица: Прошлое и настоящее. СПб., 1994.

External links 
 

Decorative arts museums in Russia
Renaissance Revival architecture in Russia
Art museums established in 1878
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1896
1878 establishments in the Russian Empire
Art museums and galleries in Saint Petersburg
Chris Martin (disambiguation)

Chris Martin (born 1977) is an English musician, best known for being the frontman of the British rock band Coldplay.

Chris Martin is also the name of:

In sports
Chris Martin (linebacker) (born 1960), American NFL linebacker 
Chris Martin (defensive back) (born 1974), former professional American football defensive back
Chris Martin (offensive lineman) (born 1990), American NFL offensive lineman
Chris Martin (baseball) (born 1986), baseball player
Chris Martin (cricketer) (born 1974), New Zealand cricketer
Chris Martin (footballer, born 1988), Scottish striker for QPR
Chris Martin (footballer, born 1990), English goalkeeper for Mickleover Sports
Chris Martin (motorcyclist) (born 1981), British motorcycle racer
Chris Martin (rower) (born 1981), English oarsman
Chris Martin (athlete) (born 1971), Paralympic athlete from Great Britain
Chris Martin, Commissioner of the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin
Chris Martin (boxing trainer)
Chris Martin (rugby union) (born 1961), English rugby union player

In arts and entertainment
DJ Premier (born 1966), real name Chris Martin, American hip-hop producer
Chris Martin (artist) (born 1954), American painter
Chris William Martin (born 1975), Canadian actor
Chris Martin (Scottish actor), Scottish actor
Chris Martin (comedian) (born 1986), English stand-up comedian and writer
Chris Martin, American vocalist in Hostage Calm
Chris Martin, American guitarist in Kinski

Other
Chris Martin (civil servant) (1973–2015), British civil servant

See also
Christian Martin (disambiguation)
Christy Martin (disambiguation)
Christina Martin (born 1980), comedian
Christopher Martin (disambiguation)
Chris-Pin Martin (1893–1953), American character actor
It's Your Call with Lynn Doyle

It's Your Call with Lynn Doyle is a local-issue-focused call-in show broadcast in the Philadelphia TV market area on CN8. Guests include experts, pundits, and politicians from Philadelphia, surrounding counties and southern New Jersey. Topics are usually local government stories or any local news, though national news stories are sometimes included.

The show has won the Boston / New England regional Emmy award in the interview/discussion program category for seven times, including the latest round in 2007.

References

External links
It's Your Call site

Local news programming in the United States
Regional Emmy Award winners
Bishigram Valley

Bishigram (بیشیگرام) valley is located in Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The valley is home to the last native-speakers of the near-extinct Badeshi language.

References

Populated places in Swat District
Swat District
Swat Kohistan
Tourist attractions in Swat
Aalborgtårnet

Aalborgtårnet (Aalborg Tower) is a 54.9 metre tall observation tower built of lattice steel in Aalborg, Denmark. The tower is built on a hill, providing a total height of 105 metres above sea level. The tower has a restaurant on the top. The tower was completed in 1933, and underwent a major reconstruction from February 2005 to March 2005, in which the whole tower was pulled down and later reerected.

See also
 List of towers

References

External links
 Official site
 

Buildings and structures completed in 1933
Towers in Denmark
Buildings and structures in Aalborg
Tourist attractions in Aalborg
Iota Leonis

Iota Leonis, Latinized from ι Leonis, is a triple star system in the constellation Leo. The system is fairly close to the Sun, at only 79 light-years (24.2 parsecs) away, based on its parallax. The system has a combined apparent magnitude of 4.00 making it faintly visible to the naked eye. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −10 km/s.

Iota Leonis has a spectral type of F3 IV, matching that of an F-type subgiant star. It is a spectroscopic binary, which means it is a binary star with components that are too close together to be able to resolve individually through a telescope. In this case, light from only the primary star can be detected, and it is considered single-lined.

The third component in the star system is designated Iota Leonis B. It orbits the central pair almost every 200 years, and with its perihelion passage in 1948, the separation between the two is steadily growing. Iota Leonis B has a mass approximately 8% greater than that of the Sun. It is a G-type main-sequence star, like the Sun.

Name

In Chinese,  (), meaning Right Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure, refers to an asterism consisting of ι Leonis, β Virginis, σ Leonis, θ Leonis and δ Leonis. Consequently, the Chinese name for ι Leonis itself is  (, .), representing  (), meaning The Second Western General. 西次將 (Xīcìjiāng), spelled Tsze Tseang by R.H. Allen, means "the Second General"

See also
 List of stars in Leo
 Chinese star names

References
 

F-type subgiants
Triple star systems
Spectroscopic binaries
Suspected variables
Leonis, Iota
Leo (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Leonis, 78
055642
99028
4399
Tirat Valley

Tirat Valley is located in Swat, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.

Tirat is located at about 3 kilometers from Madyan (a hill station), which is connected by roads at Ranzra bridge. As a whole, Tirat is the name of a complete Union Council, but the specific village Tirat is the heart of the upper Swat. Tirat village can be recognised by the great minar of the Jamia Masjid. 

Swat District
Valleys of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Populated places in Swat District
Ransford Smith

Ransford Smith, CD (born 23 July 1949), is a senior public servant from Jamaica. He was the Deputy Secretary-General for Economic Affairs and Development of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2006 to 2013.

A career diplomat of nearly 30 years standing in the Jamaican Public and Foreign Service, Mr Smith previously served as Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Commerce and Technology, and also Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Industry and Investment. His diplomatic career has included postings at the Jamaican Embassy in Washington, D.C., and the Jamaican Mission to the United Nations in New York.

Smith is the first Jamaican to serve as a Commonwealth Deputy-Secretary General. He was the Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the Office of the United Nations and its specialised agencies in Geneva, Rome and Vienna. Mr Smith was also Ambassador of Jamaica to the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and served as Ambassador to a number of European countries.

He has extensive experience of participation in multilateral economic and development bodies. He was Chairman of the WTO Committee on Trade and Development (2000–01), Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Developing Countries in Geneva (2001–02), and President of the Trade and Development Board of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2005–06).

He has led Jamaican delegations to international conferences, including the Doha Ministerial Conference of the WTO. He was also Chief Negotiator and Spokesperson for the Group of 77 and China at UNCTAD XI in June 2004.

Smith has an MA in International Relations and an MBA in Financial Management. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of Distinction in Jamaica for outstanding service in Foreign Affairs in 2005.

Footnote
 Biography on the Commonwealth Secretariat's official website
The Commonwealth Secretariat have given permission for this biography to be used on Wikipedia.
 Statement by Mr Smith at The High Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. United Nations, New York, 22 September 2010.
 Statement of the President of the Trade and Development Board, H.E. Ambassador Ransford Smith (Jamaica),to the Special High-Level Meeting with the Bretton Woods Institutions, WTO and UNCTAD.

External links
 Commonwealth Secretariat official website

Commonwealth Deputy Secretaries-General
Jamaican diplomats
1949 births
Living people
Permanent Representatives of Jamaica to the World Trade Organization
Permanent Representatives of Jamaica to the United Nations
Commanders of the Order of Distinction
Mingevannet

Mingevannet is a lake in Østfold county, Norway. It forms a part of the Glomma watershed together with Ågårdselva and Visterflo.

See also
List of lakes in Norway

Sarpsborg
Lakes of Viken (county)
Endicott Island

Endicott Island is a  artificial island located in the U.S. state of Alaska, 2.5 miles (4 km) offshore and  from Prudhoe Bay of the Beaufort Sea. Endicott Island was built in 1987 by Alaska Interstate Construction and is used by BP and Hilcorp Alaska for petroleum production.

Endicott Island has a permanent causeway connecting it to the mainland, unlike Northstar Island which is too far out for any kind of causeway to be built.

Endicott Island was the first continuously producing offshore oil field in the Arctic, producing around  of oil per day. Approximately  had been produced as of March 2003. Processed oil is sent from Endicott Island through a  pipeline to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, and thence to Valdez, Alaska.

In 1998 and 1999, illegal waste dumping at Endicott Island resulted in combined fines of US$1,500,000 against BP and Doyon Drilling, with further settlements of $24,000,000. In September 1999, one of BP’s US subsidiaries, BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA), agreed to resolve charges related to the illegal dumping of hazardous wastes on the Alaska North Slope, for $22 million. The settlement included the maximum $500,000 criminal fine, $6.5 million in civil penalties, and BP’s establishment of a $15 million environmental management system at all of BP facilities in the US and Gulf of Mexico that are engaged in oil exploration, drilling or production.

The charges stemmed from the 1993 to 1995 dumping of hazardous wastes on Endicott Island by BP’s contractor Doyon Drilling. The firm illegally discharged waste oil, paint thinner and other toxic and hazardous substances by injecting them down the outer rim, or annuli, of the oil wells. BPXA failed to report the illegal injections when it learned of the conduct, in violation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.

References

External links 

RTK.net report on Endicott Island
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Aerial photos from the Prudhoe Bay area, July 2010

Energy infrastructure completed in 1987
Artificial islands of Alaska
Islands of Alaska
Islands of North Slope Borough, Alaska
Oil fields in Alaska
Oil infrastructure in Alaska
BP
Buildings and structures in North Slope Borough, Alaska
1987 establishments in Alaska
Sectors of Guinea-Bissau

There are 39 sectors of Guinea-Bissau (singular: setor, plural: setores) which subdivide the regions. The sectors are further subdivided into smaller groups called sections (singular: secção, plural: secções); which are further subdivided into populated places (i.e.: towns, villages, localities, settlements, communities, etc.). Here are the following listed below, by region:

Eastern Guinea-Bissau

Bafata Region

 Bafata
 Bambadinca
 Contuboel
 Galomaro
 Gamamundo
 Xitole

Gabú Region

 Boe
 Gabú
 Piche
 Pirada
 Sonaco

Northern Guinea-Bissau

Biombo Region

 Prabis
 Quinhamel
 Safim

Cacheu Region

 Bigene
 Bula
 Cacheu
 Caio
 Canghungo
 São Domingos

Oio Region

 Bissorã
 Farim
 Mansaba
 Mansôa
 Nhacra

Bissau Region

 Bissau (autonomous sector)

Southern Guinea-Bissau

Bolama Region

 Bolama
 Bubaque
 Caravela
 Uno

Quinara Region

 Buba
 Empada
 Fulacunda
 Tite

Tombali Region

 Bedanda
 Cacine
 Catió
 Quebo
 Komo

 
Subdivisions of Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau, Sectors
Guinea-Bissau 2
Sectors, Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau geography-related lists
Sigma Leonis

Sigma Leonis, Latinized from σ Leonis, is a blue-white hued star in the zodiac constellation Leo that is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.0.  Its annual parallax shift of 15.24 mas as seen from Earth implies a distance around 210 light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of –5 km/s.

Chini et al. (2012) list this as a single-lined spectroscopic binary system. The visible component has a stellar classification of B9.5 Vs, indicating it is a B-type main-sequence star. It is a suspected magnetic Ap star that shows an abundance anomaly with the element silicon. Sigma Leonis has an estimated 2.76 times the mass of the Sun and 3.3 times the Sun's radius. It is about 293 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 70 km/s. The star is radiating 133 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,250 K.

Name

In Chinese,  (), meaning Right Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure, refers to an asterism consisting of σ Leonis, β Virginis, ι Leonis, θ Leonis and δ Leonis. Consequently, the Chinese name for σ Leonis itself is  (, .), representing  (), meaning The First Western General. 西上將 (Xīshǎngjiāng), spelled Shang Tseang by R.H. Allen, means "the Higher General".

References

B-type main-sequence stars
Leonis, Sigma
Leo (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Leonis, 77
098664
055434
4386
Balamory (series 2)

This article contains episode information and plot summaries from the British television programme Balamory. Season Two was broadcast on 7 April 2003. The main cast are listed on the main Balamory page.

Episodes 

2002 Scottish television seasons
Balamory
Torwali

Torwali or Turvali may refer to:
 Torwali language spoken in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 Torwali people, who speak the language

Language and nationality disambiguation pages