alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Filler (media)

Filler is material of lower cost or quality that is used to fill a certain television time slot or physical medium, such as a music album.

Television
In the early days of television, most output was live. The hours of broadcast were limited, and so a test card was commonly broadcast at other times. When a breakdown happened during a live broadcast, a standard recording filled in. On the BBC, a film of a potter's wheel was often used for this purpose, filmed at the Compton Potters' Arts Guild. Similar short films, such as a kitten playing, were also used as interludes or interstitial programs to fill gaps in TV schedules. In the United States, these have their roots in the old Saturday afternoon horror movies hosted on independent stations. The fishcam is a particularly widespread form of filler in this tradition.

Anime series sometimes need to include filler arcs, as televised anime episodes are generally published at a higher rate than the manga chapters from which many anime draw their source material. Notable anime to feature large amounts of filler include Naruto and Bleach.

Television stations also broadcast filler in the form of music video clips, either from record labels or performance recordings from the studio of one of the television stations, to fill in the empty minutes leading up to the actual program time, approximately 2-5 minutes beforehand.

Sometimes, filler content can exceed the expectations of the producers.  For instance, the characters, Bob and Doug McKenzie, were created solely as filler in improvised segments called "The Great White North" for the television comedy show, Second City Television, to satisfy CBC Television's request for two minutes of identifiable Canadian Content in each episode. However, these segments quickly became the most popular part of the series.

Music albums
Albums of music were typically of a set size determined by the physical medium such as the vinyl record (typically 22 minutes per side) or CD (maximum 80 minutes). It was normal, especially in the 1960s, for artists to attempt to "pad out" their material to the standard length by including filler tracks of lesser quality.

Often, songs written by the artists or the producer of an album were included as filler and/or released on the b-side of singles to generate more royalties for the songwriter or artist.

Cover versions are often considered to be fillers, though this judgement varies with the amount of creative interpretation and adaption of the original. Similarly, live recordings, demo versions or remixes follow the same argument.

On the subject of music downloads, Courtney Love told the Digital Hollywood conference "If you're afraid of your own filler then I bet you're afraid of Napster", meaning that other artists may be afraid of listeners being able to listen to a full album before buying it.

See also
 Bus plunge
 Evergreen content
 Screen saver
 Slow television

References

Television terminology
Interstitial television shows
Mitsubishi Ki-51

The Mitsubishi Ki-51 (Army designation "Type 99 Assault Plane"; Allied nickname "Sonia") was a light bomber/dive bomber in service with the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. It first flew in mid-1939. Initially deployed against Chinese forces, it proved to be too slow to hold up against the fighter aircraft of the other Allied powers. However, it performed a useful ground-attack role in the China-Burma-India theater, notably from airfields too rough for many other aircraft. As the war drew to a close, the Japanese began using them in kamikaze attacks. Total production was around 2,385 units.

On the day Hiroshima was destroyed by an atomic bomb, a single Ki-51 was responsible for the last Japanese sinking of a US warship, sinking  with all hands.

Charles Lindbergh, flying a P-38 Lightning, shot down a Ki-51.

Variants
 Prototypes: two built
 Service trials: 11 built
 Ki-51: 2,372 built (Manufacturers: Mitsubishi (1,462), Tachikawa Army Air Arsenal (913)) until March 1944
 Ki-51A: reconnaissance version.
 Ki-51B: assault version with armor and bomb racks to carry  of bombs. It could also be fitted with an aerial camera.
 Mansyu Ki-71: three prototypes built by Mansyu with retractable landing gear, did not enter production.

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Army Air Force

 Indonesian Air Force - In late 1945, the Indonesian People's Security Army (TKR) captured some aircraft at Japanese bases, including Bugis Air Base in Malang. Most aircraft were destroyed during the Indonesian National Revolution of 1945–1949. Two Yokosuka K5Y "Cureng", and a Ki-51 "Guntei" carried out a bombing operation against the Dutch on July 29, 1947.

 Communist Chinese (captured): The last 4 of around 100 Ki-51s were retired in 1953.

 Following independence, transferred from the Soviet Union.

Specifications (Ki-51)

See also

Notes

Bibliography
  (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, .)

External links

 Mitsubishi Ki 51 Sonia at Warbirds Resource Group
 Mitsubishi Ki 51 Sonia at Pilotfriend

Ki-051
1930s Japanese attack aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Ki-51, Mitsubishi
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Belt transect

Belt transects are used in biology, more specifically in biostatistics, to estimate the distribution of organisms in relation to a certain area, such as the seashore or a meadow.

The belt transect method is similar to the line transect method but gives information on abundance as well as presence, or absence of species.

Method 
The method involves laying out a transect line and then placing quadrats over the line, starting the quadrat at the first marked point of the line. Any consistent measurement size for the quadrat and length of the line can be chosen, depending on the species. With the quadrats applied, all the individuals of a species can be counted, and the species abundance can be estimated. The method is also suitable for long-term observations with a permanent installation.

References

Ecological techniques
Sampling techniques
Environmental statistics
Sweyn Haakonsson

Sweyn Haakonsson (Old Norse: Sveinn Hákonarson, ) (died c. 1016) was an earl of the house of Hlaðir and co-ruler of Norway from 1000 to c. 1015. He was the son of earl Hákon Sigurðarson. He is first mentioned in connection with the battle of Hjörungavágr, where the Heimskringla says he commanded 60 ships. After the battle of Svolder in the year 1000, Sveinn became co-ruler of Norway with his half-brother, Eiríkr Hákonarson. After Eiríkr went to England in 1014, Sveinn was co-ruler with Hákon Eiríksson. In 1015, Óláfr Haraldsson arrived in Norway and claimed the throne. He defeated Sveinn and his allies in the battle of Nesjar. Sveinn retreated to Sweden, intending to muster a force to retake Norway but he died of an illness before he could return.

Sveinn married Hólmfríðr, who was either the daughter or sister of king Óláfr of Sweden. They had the daughter Sigríðr, who was married to Áslákr, son of Erlingr Skjálgsson. Another daughter, Gunnhildr, was married to Sveinn Úlfsson.

Only one court-poet, Bersi Skáldtorfuson, is recorded as being in Sveinn's service and very little of his poetry has come down to us.

The written sources mentioning Sveinn were all written over 150 years after his death. The Swedish historian Staffan Hellberg in 1972 claimed to be able to show that Sveinn was a fictitious person, and that he had never lived. The debate about this formed part of the wider debate about the value of the 12th and 13th century sagas for 11th century history and earlier, and is an example of the saga skepticism, particularly widespread in Swedish academia. Hellberg's conclusions remain speculative.

Notes

References
Finlay, Alison (editor and translator) (2004). Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway. Brill Academic Publishers.  
Hollander, Lee M. (editor and translator). (1991). Heimskringla : History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press. 

1010s deaths
10th-century Norwegian monarchs
11th-century Norwegian monarchs
Regents of Norway
Norwegian earls
Norwegian military leaders
Ladejarl dynasty
Norwegian exiles
Year of birth unknown
Vikki Bunce

Vikki Bunce (born 12 February 1983, in Dundee), is a former Scottish international field hockey player who played as a forward for Scotland.

She plays club hockey for Dundee Wanderers. She was a member of the Scotland team which failed to qualify for the World Hockey Cup at the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup Qualifier in Rome, Italy. Scotland finished in tenth position.

In January 2014, she was the captain of the Scotland team.

Bunce attended Abertay University, graduating with a BSc in Sport, Health & Exercise.

References

External links
 Profile on Scottish Hockey
 Profile on GB Hockey
 
 
 
 

1983 births
Scottish female field hockey players
Living people
Alumni of Abertay University
Sportspeople from Dundee
Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland
Genting Sempah

Sempah Pass (Malay: Genting Sempah; Jawi: ڬنتيڠ سمڤه) is a transit town and mountain pass in the Titiwangsa Range in Bentong District, Pahang, Malaysia, on the border with the neighbouring state of Selangor.  Genting Sempah is mostly known as a transit point to Genting Highlands, a famed hill station located on the peak of Mount Ulu Kali.

References

External links 
 http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/2/28/nation/10818332&sec=nation

Bentong District
Towns in Pahang
United States House Committee on Elections

The United States House Committee on Elections is a former standing committee of the United States House of Representatives.

Article 1, section 5, of the Constitution of the United States specifies: "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns, and Qualifications of its own Members." The Committee on Elections was established as the first standing committee of the House to perform this function on April 13, 1789, just two weeks after the first quorum allowed the House of Representatives to organize itself. Rule number 7 of the first rules adopted by the House of Representatives specifies the character and jurisdiction of the committee:

7. A standing Committee on Elections shall be appointed, to consist of seven members, it shall be the duty of the said committee to examine and report upon the certificates of election, or other credentials of the members returned to serve in this House, and to take into their consideration all such matters as shall or may come in question, and be referred to them by the House, touching returns and elections, and to report their proceedings, with their opinion thereupon, to the House.

From 1789 until the mid-19th century the number of contested election cases remained stable at an average of three per Congress. After the 34th Congress (1855–57) the number of contested seats rose sporadically to a peak of 38 during the 54th Congress (1895–97). In 1895, due to the increase in workload, the committee was split into three separate committees: Elections #1, Elections #2, and Elections #3. After 1935 the number of contested elections returned to an average of three per Congress, and in 1947 the three Elections Committees were abolished and their jurisdiction included in that of the new House Administration Committee.

In November 2018, Nancy Pelosi announced her intention to restore the Elections Subcommittee of the Committee on House Administration in the 116th Congress and name Congresswoman Marcia L. Fudge the Chair.

Historical committee rosters

1st Congress

1st session

2nd session

3rd session

2nd Congress

1st session

2nd session

3rd Congress

1st session

2nd session

4th Congress

1st session

2nd session

5th Congress

1st session

2nd session

3rd session

6th Congress

1st session

2nd session

7th Congress

1st session

2nd session

8th Congress

1st session

2nd session

9th Congress

1st session

2nd session

10th Congress

1st and 2nd sessions

11th Congress

1st and 2nd sessions

3rd session

12th Congress

1st session

2nd session

13th Congress

1st session

2nd session

3rd session

14th Congress

1st session

2nd session

15th Congress

1st session

2nd session

16th Congress

1st session

2nd session

17th Congress

1st session

2nd session

18th Congress

1st session

2nd session

19th Congress

1st session

2nd session

20th Congress

1st session

2nd session

21st Congress

1st and 2nd sessions

22nd Congress

1st and 2nd sessions

23rd Congress

1st session

2nd session

External links
Committee on Elections at NARA

References

Elections
1789 establishments in the United States
Sirkus Finlandia

Sirkus Finlandia is a Finnish circus established in 1976 by Karl-Gustaf Jernström.

The first show of Sirkus Finlandia was performed 21 April 1976 in Ekenäs, Finland. Today, Sirkus Finlandia is the only Finnish circus of international standards. It is also a member of European Circus Association. About 200 000 Finns attend Sirkus Finlandia's show each year.

Karl-Gustav Jernström and his spouse Leena Jurvakainen have four children of which three are working with the family circus: Maria, Anna, Heidi and Carl Johan. They have also four grandchildren (Maria's, Anna's and Heidi's children): Anita, Aleksia, Katerina and Charlie.

In addition to performers the circus employs about 45 people. The number of performers and band together is about 35 people.

The director of Sirkus Finlandia is now Carl Johan Jernström (Calle Jr Jernström), the son of Karl-Gustav Jernström.

References

External links

 Official Site

Circuses
Culture of Finland
Beyond Fear (album)

Beyond Fear is the eponymous debut album from Beyond Fear, a heavy metal band formed by ex-Iced Earth/ex-Judas Priest vocalist Tim Owens.

Track listing

Personnel 
Beyond Fear
 Tim "Ripper" Owens – vocals
 John Comprix – lead and rhythm guitar
 Dwane Bihary – rhythm guitar
 Dennis Hayes – bass
 Eric Elkins – drums

Production
 Produced, engineered, and mastered by Jim Morris
 Assistant engineering – Ryan Yanero
 Artwork – Jeremy Morgan
 Photography – Craig James, Jenni James
 Booklet design – Sandra Hiltmann
 Management – Wendy Dio
 Attorney – Jason T. Wells

2006 debut albums
Beyond Fear albums
SPV/Steamhammer albums
Cherating

Cherating (Jawi: چراتيڠ) is a coastal town in Kuantan District, Pahang, Malaysia. Popular tourist attractions are the beaches along the Chendor Beach with many hotels and resorts. Cherating also has the distinction of being the  location of Asia's first Club Med.

Cherating has a cultural village which sells traditional textiles and handicrafts. There is a turtle sanctuary located in Cherating's beach. The turtles lay their eggs in July and August.

Climate 
Cherating is one of the wettest places in Malaysia with heavy rainfall all year round. The rainy season usually runs from October - April and many hotels and restaurants close during this time. The high (dry) season runs from April - October.

See also
Teluk Cempedak
Tanjung Sepat, Pahang
Batu Hitam

References

Towns in Pahang
Populated places in Pahang
Seaside resorts
Beaches of Malaysia
Big Pine Creek (California)

Big Pine Creek is a  stream in Inyo County of eastern California, in the western United States. It flows from the eastern Sierra Nevada down to the Owens Valley, where it is a major tributary of the Owens River near Big Pine.

Course
The headwaters of Big Pine Creek are in the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, near the border with Fresno County. The creek begins at the confluence of its North and South Forks, below the Palisades.

From there, the creek flows east-northeast, passing Crater Mountain of the Big Pine volcanic field and intersecting Big Pine Canal before joining the Owens River near the town of Big Pine. The total average runoff from the watershed is , mostly from Big Pine Creek itself.

Uses
Despite its name, Big Pine Canal does not divert water from Big Pine Creek, it comes from the Owens River upstream. The canal provides water to the Big Pine area for irrigation, recreation and groundwater recharge. There are no storage dams or reservoirs, but the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power operates a 3.2 MW hydroelectric plant on the creek, which dewaters it. Also, some water is diverted for domestic use and irrigation on nearby Indian reservations.

Historic landmark

The actor Lon Chaney had a stone cabin built on the North Fork of Big Pine Creek, as a personal retreat. The cabin was designed in 1929 by renowned Southern California architect Paul Williams. It still stands, preserved in the Inyo National Forest, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

High above the cabin are numerous lakes, some which are of greenish hue due to glacial melt.

References

United States Geological Survey

Rivers of Inyo County, California
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Tributaries of the Owens River
Inyo National Forest
Owens Valley
Rivers of Northern California
Rivers of the Sierra Nevada in California
Roger Swain

Roger Bartlett Swain, (born 5 February 1949, Cambridge, Massachusetts) known as "the man with the red suspenders", is most famous for hosting the television show, The Victory Garden on PBS. He was the host from the mid-1980s until 2001.

He graduated from Harvard College with B.A. in 1971 and M.A. in 1972 and went on to earn in 1977 a Ph.D. from Harvard University in Biology. From 1978 to 2008 he was writer and science editor at Horticulture Magazine. He is the author of five books: Earthly Pleasures, Field Days, The Practical Gardener, Saving Graces, and Groundwork. From 2005-06 he was the co-host of the television show People, Places, and Plants with Paul Tukey on HGTV. Roger was married for 31 years to Elisabeth Ward Swain, who died in February 2008.

References

External links

Roger Swain teaches you how to grown (sic) your own community garden

PBS people
Harvard College alumni
1949 births
Living people
American horticulturists
Canal du Centre (Belgium)

The  () is a canal in Wallonia, Belgium, which, with other canals, links the waterways of the  and  rivers. It has a total length of . It connects the artificial lake  near , with the Brussels–Charleroi Canal near .

Route 
The canal begins in the west at , and passes through the towns of , , , and .  This section is  long, and has a relief of .  The canal climbs by means of six locks.  There are five locks with a relief of , and a final lock with a relief of  at .

The next section of the original canal route between  and  climbs  over a distance of , which is too steep a climb for canal locks.  Therefore, this section contains four hydraulic boat lifts, dating from 1888 to 1917, which are now on the UNESCO World Heritage list (see Boat Lifts on the ). These lifts were designed by Edwin Clark of the British company Clark, Stansfield & Clark.   For commercial traffic this stretch of the canal has, since 2002, been replaced by an enlarged parallel canal.

History

Old canal 

For centuries, Belgian people had wanted an inland waterway to connect the  and the .  However, the height difference of about  between the two rivers would require as many as 32 locks, which was not feasible.  In 1879, the Ministry of Public Works adopted a proposal by Edwin Clark which used boat lifts instead of locks.  The first lift () was built between 1885 and 1888.  It was inaugurated on June 4, 1888 by King Leopold II.
The three other boat lifts were finally finished in 1917 and put into service in 1919.  There were several reasons for this delay.  From 1894 to 1911, the economic need for the canal was repeatedly called into question.  Then in 1914, when the three lifts were practically finished, World War I began.

New canal 
The old canal could accommodate boats with a displacement of up to 350 tons.  In 1957 the Belgian parliament passed a law providing for a major expansion of the canal, increasing the maximum displacement of a boat that could use the canal to .    In the event, it was decided to alter the course of the canal rather than to enlarge it along the full extent of its existing length.   A defining feature of the enlarged canal was the Strépy-Thieu boat lift which replaced the four smaller boat lifts and one or two locks which had been part of the former canal.   

The  was opened to boats with a displacement of 1,350 tonnes in September 2002.   Between 2000 and 2004 the annual ship transits increased from 1,531 to 4,041 while the tonnage carried increased from 282,000 to 1,513,000.

The lifts on the old parallel canal remain in position, having in 1998 been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

External links 
  Official website
Maps and photographs of canal lifts

Canals in Wallonia
Canals in Hainaut (province)
Canals opened in 1919