alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Malcolm Arnold

Sir Malcolm Arnold (born Northampton, 21 October 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer.  He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and movie music.  People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician.  His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental.  He could write music very quickly.  His famous music for the movie The Bridge on the River Kwai was composed in ten days.

Life
In 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob.  He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet.  By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.

Arnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold’s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember.  He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica.  Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: English Dances , Scottish Dances  and  Cornish Dances .  He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture Tam O'Shanter is very exciting.  It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.

Arnold wrote music for 132 films.  The most famous is The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) for which he won an Oscar.  He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This movie includes the famous Colonel Bogey March.  This march had been written many years earlier by Kenneth J. Alford, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it.  His original music for the movie includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the Colonel Bogey March).   Other movies for which he wrote music include The Belles of St Trinian's (1954), The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) and Whistle Down the Wind (1961). 

He was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.

Youth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.

Arnold’s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia.  He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk.  His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.

Arnold died from a chest infection in September 2006.

References

1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century English composers
People from Northampton
British trumpeters
Bowser

Bowser is a character in the Super Mario video games. He is the evil Koopa that takes over the Mushroom Kingdom and kidnaps Princess Peach. He is the main enemy to Mario. He has spikes on his back, breathes fire, and is bigger than normal koopas. He was ranked #1 in the Top 50 Video Game Villains of all-time list by the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2013.

Video games 
Bowser's first appearance was in Super Mario Bros. as the last boss, in the last level. The first seven castles in the game had Bowsers, but they were actually his minions, who were disguised as him. The real Bowser is in the eighth castle, the last one.

Bowser's kids, called the Koopalings, were bosses in Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World, New Super Mario Bros. Wii, New Super Mario Bros. 2, and New Super Mario Bros. U. However, after Super Mario World, The Koopalings were no longer said to be Bowser's biological kids, since they are now adopted children and Bowser Jr. is now his biological child. In Super Mario World, Bowser appears in a clown car and throws Mecha Koopas.

When Mario moved to the Nintendo 64 with Super Mario 64, Bowser was again the main bad guy. In the remake of this game, Super Mario 64 DS, he is fought as a boss three times.

He also appears in the Disney movie Wreck-It Ralph.

References

Other websites
 Bowser on Giant Bomb

Fictional characters introduced in 1985
Animated television characters
Mario series characters
Fictional dragons
Video game antagonists
Video game bosses
Lars Ulrich

Lars Ulrich ( ; born 26 December 1963) is a Danish musician and songwriter best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Denmark, but moved to Los Angeles when he was seventeen.

Lars Ulrich is also known for his part in the removal of a music-sharing computer program called Napster, which he felt to be illegally using and sharing the music he and Metallica made.

Lars Ulrich stars as himself in the 2010 movie Get Him to the Greek starring Russell Brand. The movie is a spin-off of the 2008 movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall.

Discography

Metallica
 Kill 'Em All (1983)
 Ride the Lightning (1984)
 Master of Puppets (1986)
 The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited (EP) (1987)
 ...And Justice For All (1988)
 Metallica (1991)
 Live Shit: Binge and Purge (1993)
 Load (1996)
 ReLoad (1997)
 Garage Inc. (1998)
 S&M (1999)
 St. Anger (2003)
 Death Magnetic (2008)
 Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México (2009)
 Six Feet Down Under (2010)

Mercyful Fate
 In the Shadows (Guest on "Return of the Vampire 1993") (1993)

1963 births
Living people
Danish musicians
Metallica members
Rock drummers
Kim Possible

Kim Possible is a Disney Channel original Emmy Award winner and Canadian cartoon series. The title character is a teenage girl tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence. Kim is aided by her clumsy best friend and eventual love interest, Ron Stoppable, his pet naked mole rat Rufus, and ten year-old computer genius Wade. Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist–supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego.

Characters 

Kimberly Ann "Kim" Possible - Main character, show centered around this crime-fighting teenage girl.
Ronald "Ron" Stoppable - Kim's best friend and sidekick. Often messes up, but ultimately helps by stuffing up.
Wade - Kim's gadget guy. Was afraid of leaving his room, but finally left to meet Kim's friend.
Bonnie Rockwaller - Kim's rival. She attempts to take over head cheerleader from Kim.
Dr. James Timothy Possible - Kim's Dad. A rocket scientist.
Dr. Ann Possible - Kim's Mum. A brain surgeon.
Hana Stoppable - Ron's adopted sister. Came along on a mission.
Dr. Drakken - The main supervillain. Wants to take over the world.
Shego - Drakken's sidekick. Has green glowing hands that are really her special super power.

Episodes

Season 1
 Tick-Tick-Tick
 Bueno Nacho
 Monkey Fist Strikes
 Attack of the Killer Bebes
 The New Ron
 Mind Games
 Royal Pain
 The Twin Factor
 Animal Attraction
 All the News
 Sink or Swim
 Number One
 Crush
 Monkey Ninjas in Space
 Low Budget
 Downhill
 Coach Possible
 Pain King vs. Cleopatra
 Kimitation Nation
 Ron the Man
 October 31st

Season 2
 The Ron Factor
 Partners
 Grudge Match
 Virtu-Ron
 Two To Tutor
 Naked Genius
 Rufus in Show
 Adventures in Rufus-Sitting
 Motor Ed
 The Fearless Ferret
 The Golden Years
 Job Unfair
 Queen Bebe
 Car Trouble
 Go Team Go
 A Very Possible Christmas
 Mother's Day
 Rufus vs. Commodore Puddles
 Day of the Snowmen
 A Sitch in Time (Part One: Present)
 A Sitch in Time (Part Two: Past)
 A Sitch in Time (Part Three: Future)
 Hidden Talent
 Return to Camp Wannaweep
 Blush
 The Full Monkey
 Exchange
 Oh Boyz
 Triple S
 Ron Millionaire
 Showdown at the Crooked D
 Rewriting History
 Sick Day
 The Truth Hurts

Season 3
 Steal Wheels
 Emotion Sickness
 Bonding
 Bad Boy
 So the Drama
 Dimension Twist
 Overdue
 Roachie
 And the Mole Rat Will Be CGI
 Rappin' Drakken
 Gorilla Fist
 Team Impossible

Season 4
 Ill Suited
 Car Alarm
 Trading Faces
 The Big Job
 Mad Dogs and Aliens
 Fashion Victim
 Grande Size Me
 Clothes Minded
 The Cupid Effect
 Big Bother
 Odds Man In
 Mathter and Fervent
 Stop Team Go
 Chasing Rufus
 Nursery Crimes
 Cap'n Drakken
 The Mentor of Our Discontent
 Oh No! Yono!
 Clean Slate
 Homecoming Upset
 Larry's Birthday
 Graduation

Other websites 

 Disney's official site for the show 
 TV.com's guide to Kim Possible 

 

Animated television series
Television series by Disney
Television series by Buena Vista Television
English-language television programs
2002 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
Windows Live Messenger

Windows Live Messenger is an  instant messenger that is the most-used in the world. It is made by the Windows Live section of Microsoft. It used to be called MSN Messenger before MSN was changed into Windows Live. Microsoft announced that they were retiring Windows Live Messenger (except for China) in favor of Skype.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Microsoft
Instant messaging software
1999 establishments
2013 disestablishments
Great Dane

The Great Dane is a large breed of dog. They are about  or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can have coats of a fawn color, black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of . Males are slightly larger.

Exercise 
They need to be walked daily to maintain good health.

Other websites 

 Standards
 FCI-Standard N° 235 / 09. 08. 2002 

 Miscellaneous
 Great Dane Barri
 http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/greatdane.htm

Dog breeds originating in Germany
FCI breeds
0s BC

The 0s BC, also known as the last decade BC, only had nine years which began in 9 BC and ended in 1 BC. It was the decade before Jesus Christ was born.

Events 
 circa 4 BC? – Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
168 BC



Events
 June 22 – Third Macedonian War ends with the Battle of Pydna. Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus (awarded the surname "Macedonicus" for this victory) defeat and capture Perseus of Macedon when he surrendered. This ends the Antigonid dynasty, one of the three successor empires created upon the death of Alexander the Great, and starts Roman domination of Greece.
Bissau

Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there. The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The city was built by the Portuguese in 1687. It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe. Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year. 

The main things that come from here are peanuts, wood, coconut meat, palm oil, and rubber.

National capitals in Africa
Regions of Guinea-Bissau
1130s



Events and trends 
 Romanesque church at Vezelay has a carving completed

 1130 Innocent II is elected pope 
 1139
 Alphonso I becomes the first king of Portugal
 Second Council of the Lateran

1130s
1120s



Events and trends 
 Romanesque sculptor Gislebertus does his work at Autun, Burgundy, France
 1121 Council of Soissons is does not like the work of Pierre Abélard 
 1122
 The problem of the Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms is solved
 Pierre Abélard writes Sic et Non
 1123
 First Council of the Lateran agree to the Concordat of Worms and the council says that priests must still be celibate
 The end of the reign of Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan.
 Emperor Sutoku becomes the emperor of Japan 
 1124 Honorius II is elected pope 
 1128 Geoffrey of Anjou marries Matilda who is the daughter of Henry I of England
 1128 Council of Troyes agree to the Order of the Knights Templar
 1129 Emperor Toba the emperor of Japan starts his cloistered rule.
1699

1699 is a year in the 17th century.

The most important events 
 January 26 – Treaty of Karlowitz signed.
 March 30 – the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh made the Khalsa.
 May 1 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville starts the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley.
 William Dampier goes to and discovers what is at the northwest coast of Australia.

Births 
 March 23 – John Bartram the American botanist (died 1777)
 March 25 – Johann Adolf Hasse the German composer (died 1783)
 April 17 - Robert Blair the Scottish poet and cleric (died 1746)
 May 1 – Hans Joachim von Zieten the Prussian field marshal (died 1786)
 May 13 – Marquis of Pombal the Prime Minister of Portugal (died 1782)
 November 2 – Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin the French painter (died 1779)
 November 25 - Pierre Subleyras the French painter (died 1749)
 December 10 – King Christian VI of Denmark (died 1746)

Deaths 

 January 21 – Obadiah Walker the English writer (born 1616)

March 12 – Peder Griffenfeld the Danish statesman (born 1635)
April 21 – Jean Racine the French playwright (born 1639)
April 22 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz the German statesman and poet (born 1646)
May 12 – Lucas Achtschellinck the Flemish painter (born 1626)
May 15 – Edward Petre the English Jesuit and privy councillor (born 1631)
June 22 – Josiah Child the English Governor of the East India Company (born 1630)
September 26 – Simon Arnauld de Pomponne the French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (born 1618).
August 25 – Christian V the King of Denmark and Norway (born 1646)
November 29 – Patrick Gordon the Scottish general (born 1635)
Diving

Diving is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform. 

Underwater diving includes Scuba diving. Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport. Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic. An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.

Diving in water
There are six different types of dives, and four different body positions that a person can use when diving.

Types of dives 
There are six different types of dives. Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water. The other two dives can be a part of the first four. For example, a diver can do a "inward twisting" or a "forward armstand" dive. The basic types of dives are:
Forward – The diver faces towards the water and rotates forward.
Backward – The diver stands with their back towards the water and rotates backwards, away from the board.
Reverse – The diver faces towards the water and rotates backwards, towards the board.
Inward – The diver faces away from the water and rotates forward, towards the board.
Twisting – A twisting dive is any of the other dives in which the diver twists their body to the left or right. 
Armstand – An armstand dive is where the diver begins the dive from a handstand position. They are not standing on their feet at the beginning of this type of dive.

Body positions
The four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free. 
Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees. The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
Pike – The diver's legs are straight. Their body is bent at the waist. The position of the arms is chosen by the diver. They are often pointed towards the toes.
Straight – There is no bend in the body at all. There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive. 
Free – The free position is not an actual body position. It is where the diver uses more than one position. It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it

Dive Numbers
Dives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.
100's=Forward
200's=Backward
300's=Reverse
400's=Inward
A-Straight
B-Pike
C-Tuck
D-Free
Every Half flip the number on the end goes up by one
For example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c

Related pages

Scuba diving
Swimming

 
Summer Olympic sports
Celle

Celle () is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is on the banks of the river Aller, a tributary of the Weser.

Geography

The town of Celle is in the glacial valley of the Aller, about  northeast of Hanover,  northwest of Brunswick and  south of Hamburg. With 71,000 inhabitants it is, next to Lüneburg, the largest Lower Saxon town between Hanover and Hamburg.

Expansion
The town covers an area of . Flowing from the northeast, the Lachte discharges into the Aller within the town's borders, as does the Fuhse flowing from the southeast. The Aller heads westwards towards Verden an der Aller where it joins the Weser.

Subdivisions
The town of Celle has the following 17 boroughs or Stadtteile, some of which were previously independent villages (population as at 1 January 2005): Altencelle (4,998), Altenhagen (922), Blumlage/Altstadt (8,526), Bostel (455), Boye (832), Garßen (2,978), Groß Hehlen (2,773), Hehlentor (7,974), Hustedt (736), Klein Hehlen (5,782), Lachtehausen (639), Neuenhäusen (8,082), Neustadt/Heese (10,887), Scheuen (1,165), Vorwerk (2,842), Westercelle (7,183) and Wietzenbruch (4,805).

Incorporation of municipalities
 1 April 1939: Altenhäusen, Klein Hehlen, Neuenhäusen, Vorwerk und Wietzenbruch
 1 January 1973: Altencelle, Altenhagen, Alvern, Bostel, Boye, Burg, Garßen, Groß Hehlen, Hustedt, Lachtehausen, Scheuen and Westercelle.

Twin towns – sister cities

Celle is twinned with:

 Celle Ligure, Italy
 Hämeenlinna, Finland
 Holbæk, Denmark
 Kwidzyn, Poland
 Meudon, France
 Mazkeret Batya, Israel
 Sumy, Ukraine
 Tavistock, England, United Kingdom
 Tulsa, United States
 Tyumen, Russia

Image gallery

References

Other websites

 Official municipal website 
 

 
Celle (district)
Towns in Lower Saxony
Aurich

Aurich (; East Frisian Low Saxon: Auerk, West Frisian: Auwerk, ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.

Twin towns – sister cities
Aurich is twinned with:
 Appingedam, Netherlands

References

Other websites

 
Official German list of concentration camps Record of the concentration camp and its sub-camps 

Aurich (district)
Towns and villages in East Frisia
Cloppenburg

Cloppenburg () is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District and part of Oldenburg Münsterland. It is 38 km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border.

Twin town
Cloppenburg is twinned with:
 Bernay, France

References

Other websites

Official website 

Towns in Lower Saxony
Cloppenburg (district)
Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords

Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords is a RPG video game set in the Star Wars expanded universe. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.

Description 
Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic. There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak. They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.

The player takes the role of the "Jedi Exile", believed to be the last Jedi or one of the last.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character. The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.

Role-playing video games
Star Wars games
2004 video games
Julius Caesar (play)

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play by William Shakespeare. It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.  
Shakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar. The play was probably written in 1599. It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.

The play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre. The theatre had just been built. A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599. This was probably Shakespeare's play.

The play has been made into movies three times. In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony. In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony.  In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar.

References

Other websites 

Text of Julius Caesar, fully edited by John Cox, as well as original-spelling text, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
Julius Caesar Navigator Includes Shakespeare's text with notes, line numbers, and a search function.
No Fear Shakespeare  Includes the play line by line with interpretation.
All Julius Caesar  Provides a summary of the play, background on Shakespeare and Julius Caesar, including historical background on Julius Caesar, and a character analysis of Caesar.
 Julius Caesar – searchable, indexed e-text
Julius Caesar – from Project Gutenberg
Julius Caesar  – by The Tech
Julius Caesar – Searchable and scene-indexed version.
Julius Caesar in modern English
Lesson plans for Julius Caesar  at Web English Teacher
Quicksilver Radio Theater adaptation of "Julius Caesar", which may be heard online, at PRX.org (Public Radio Exchange).
 Julius Caesar study guide, themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia, & teaching guide

Plays by William Shakespeare
1590s plays
Twisted Sister

Twisted Sister is an American metal band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos We're Not Gonna Take it and I Wanna Rock. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.

Albums 
 Under the Blade  (1982)
 You Can't Stop Rock 'N' Roll  (1983)
 Stay Hungry  (1984)
 Come Out and Play  (1985)
 Love Is for Suckers  (1987)
 Still Hungry  (2004)
 A Twisted Christmas  (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official Bent Brother site 
 Official Dee Snider site
 Official Eddie Ojeda site
 Official A.J. Pero site

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from New York City
1630

1630 is a year in the 17th century.

The most important events 
 February 22 – Native American Quadequine shows popcorn to English colonists.
 March 22 – Massachusetts Bay Colony makes having cards, dice and gaming tables against the law.
 June 6 – Swedish warships leave Stockholm to go to Germany.
 June 26 – July 6 – Swedish troops controlled by Gustavus Adolphus go to Pomerania, Germany to help Protestants.
 July 6 – Success the last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, returns safely at Salem harbor, MBC.
 September 17 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts is first started.
 September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River.
 November 10-November 11 – Day of Dupes – Marie de Medicis' tries to stop Richelieu but it does not work.
 Johann Heinrich Alsted's Encyclopaedia is published (printed as a book people can buy).
 The first story of the Childes Tomb is published.
 Many people from Great Britain go to live in Paramaribo, Suriname for the first time.
 Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes "Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament." The book was against Anglican bishops, in London. He was sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to being whipped in public, branding and having his ears cut off.

Births 
 January 11 – John Rogers the American President of Harvard (died 1684)
 February 19 – Shivaji the person who started the Maratha Empire (died 1680)
 April 28 – Charles Cotton the English poet (died 1687)
 May 29 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685)
 August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh the English statesman (died 1673)
 October 14 – Sophia of Hanover the heir (next person to become queeen) of Great Britain (died 1714)
 October – John Tillotson the Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1694)
 November 24 – Etienne Baluze a French scholar (died 1718)
 November 27 – Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria the regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1665)

Deaths 
January 26 – Henry Briggs the English mathematician (born 1556)
February 12 – Fynes Moryson the English traveler and writer (born 1566)
February 26 – William Brade the English composer (born 1560)
April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné the French poet and soldier (born 1552)
July 16 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (born 1562)
September 17 – Thomas Lake the English statesman (born 1567)
September 18 – Melchior Klesl the Austrian cardinal and statesman (born 1552)
September 20 – Claudio Saracini the Italian composer (born 1586)
September 25 – Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases the Spanish general (born 1569)
November 15 – Johannes Kepler the German astronomer (born 1571)
November 19 – Johann Schein the German composer (born 1586)
Paul Biya

Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician. He is the President of Cameroon. He has been the country's president since 6 November 1982.

Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.

After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.

Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways). 

Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.  Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

Biya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état.

References

Other websites
 bbc.com's country profile on Cameroon
 Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election) 
 Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97

1933 births
Living people
Presidents of Cameroon
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
Current national leaders
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee. It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.

Presidents 
 Demetrius Vikelas (1894–1896)
 Pierre de Coubertin (1896–1925)
 Henri de Baillet-Latour (1925–1942)
 Sigfrid Edström (1942–1952)
 Avery Brundage (1952–1972)
 Lord Killanin (1972–1980)
 Juan Antonio Samaranch (1980–2001)
 Jacques Rogge (2001–2013)
 Thomas Bach (2013-present)

References

 
1894 establishments
Confederation of African Football

The Confederation of African Football often referred to as just CAF, is the organization that controls African football.

Related pages
CAF Champions League

Other websites 
Confederation Of African Football official CAF site

Football organizations
1957 establishments in Africa
Oceania Football Confederation

The Oceania Football Confederation, often referred to as just OFC , is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer).

New Zealand is the OFC's biggest federation.

Since Australia left the OFC in 2006 to join the AFC, the members of the OFC are:
 American Samoa
 Cook Islands
 Fiji
 New Caledonia
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea
 Solomon Islands
 Samoa
 Tahiti
 Tonga
 Vanuatu

Related pages 
 OFC Nations Cup

Other websites 
 Oceania Football Confederation Official Site

Football organizations
1966 establishments in Oceania
Football in Oceania
Ludwigsburg Rural District

Ludwigsburg is a district in Baden-Württemberg. 

It is the region Stuttgart in the Stuttgart Government Region. Seat of the district is the former württembergische Residenzstadt (Royal Württemberg City) of Ludwigsburg, the largest city of the district.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Districts of Baden-Württemberg
Dessau

Dessau is a town and former municipality in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle, about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (Architecture House or Building House related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In July 2007 it was merged with Roßlau to the new city of Dessau-Roßlau.

References

Other websites

Towns in Saxony-Anhalt
Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt
Former municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt
Weissenfels

Weißenfels was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony used to live here. It is about  southwest of Leipzig.

Population 
Growth in number of people over the years:

Data source from 1990: Statistic national office Saxony-Anhalt
1 29. October
2 31. August
3 03. October

References

Other websites

Burgenlandkreis Rural District
Scottish Socialist Party

The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1998 establishments in Scotland
Political parties in Scotland
Socialist organisations in the United Kingdom
Esztergom

Esztergom is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 928 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.

Geography 
Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km² big.

History 

The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king Béla IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.

Sister cities 
  Espoo (Finland) since 1974
  Štúrovo (Slovakia) since 1991
  Bamberg (Germany) since 1992
  Cambrai (France) since 1992
  Ehingen (Germany) since 1992
  Maintal (Germany) since 1993
  Gniezno (Poland) since 1994
  Mariazell (Austria) since 2002
  Canterbury (England) since 2004

Cities in Hungary
10th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary
Edmund Barton

Sir Edmund Barton (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia.  He was born in the suburb of Glebe in 1849 and died from heart failure in the Blue Mountains in 1920.

He was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1901 as the member for Hunter. He had a big part in making Australia a nation. His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections. After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.

Political career
Barton was chosen as the Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1883. He served as the speaker until 1887. In 1891, he was a member of the committee writing the Constitution of Australia. In 1900, he led a group of Australians to London to present the country's first Constitution to the British Parliament. Barton was elected as Australia's first Prime Minister on 1 January 1901, when the new constitution went into effect. He also served as the Minister External Affairs (foreign policy and international relations). He resigned on 24 September 1903, and became a senior judge in the new High Court of Australia, and held that position until his death in 1920.

References

1849 births
1920 deaths
Australian judges
Australian lawyers
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Legislative speakers
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Politicians from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Protectionist Party politicians
Crofton, British Columbia

Crofton is a town on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. It is a small town with only 2,500 people living in it. Crofton lies alongside the water. A miner named Henry Croft founded the town in 1902 so he could do better mining on the mountains around Crofton. But soon after, the mining stopped. In 1956, a mill that makes paper was built in Crofton. Today, that mill has over 1,000 workers. Because Crofton is on the water, it has a ferry that takes people to Salt Spring Island, which is nearby.

Towns in Canada
Settlements in British Columbia
Zabno

Zabno (Polish: Żabno) is a town in Poland. 4,275 people live there. Zabno is near a bigger city, Tarnow.

Towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
South Australia

South Australia is one of the six states of Australia. The capital city is Adelaide.

Location 
South Australia is in the southern central part of the country. It is one of the driest parts of the continent. South Australia gets very little rain.

Appearance 
The state has a total land area of 984,377 km² (380,070 sq mi). It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories. In 2006 there were 1,554,397 people living in South Australia.

Emblems of South Australia 
 The floral emblem of South Australia is Sturt's Desert Pea, Swainsona formosa. It was made the emblem on November 23, 1961.
 The faunal emblem is the Hairy-Nosed or Plains Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons). It was chosen on 27 August 1970.
 The marine emblem is the Leafy Seadragon (Phycodurus eques). It as chosen on 8 February 2001.
 The gemstone emblem of South Australia is the opal. This was chosen on the 15 August 1985.
 The official badge of South Australia is the Piping Shrike or White Backed Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen leuconota). It was chosen on 14 January 1904.

History 
South Australia was a freely-settled, planned British province. Settlement began on December 28, 1836. This was when the state was proclaimed at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh. The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance.

Events 
The state is known for its festivals and fine wine.

Climate
The highest temperature recorded was 50.7°C at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960.
The coldest temperature recorded was -8.2°C at Yongala on 20 July 1976.
The highest rainfall recorded was 272.6 mm at Motpena on 14 March 1989.

References
Richard Roeper

Richard Roeper (born October 17, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American movie critic, television personality, journalist, and historian. He starred on the American television program "At the Movies" with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008 as Gene Siskel's successor. Roeper also writes about movies for an American newspaper, the Chicago Sun-Times.

References

Other websites
 
 Biography  from TV Tome
 

1959 births
Living people
American journalists
American historians
Movie critics from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Alfred Deakin

Alfred William Deakin (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919) was the second Prime Minister of Australia.

He was born in Collingwood, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin. In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country. He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left. He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.

Deakin married Elizabeth Brown on 3 April 1882. They had three children.

When he was old he had Alzheimer's disease which made him forget a lot of things.
Alfred Deakin died on the 7 October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria. He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery.

References 

1856 births
1919 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Melbourne
Attorneys General of Australia
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Commonwealth Liberal Party politicians
Protectionist Party politicians
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Chris Watson

John Christian Watson (c. 9 April 1867 - 18 November 1941), known as Chris Waston, was the third Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Prime Minister from the Labor Party. He was Prime Minister for only four months.

Watson, Chris
1867 births
1941 deaths
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from Sydney
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
People from Valparaíso
Archie Comics

Archie Comics is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is "Archie". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones. Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles by Archie Comics include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats. Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.

Archie lives in a small town named "Riverdale", in a state that is not known. However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts. This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story.

Characters

The Archie Gang: Main characters

Archibald "Archie" Andrews, main character, a typical teenage boy with a great interest in dating, who sometimes can be clumsy.

Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper, the girl-next-door, very sweet.

Veronica "Ronnie/Ron" Lodge, the rich, sometimes nice and sometimes snobbish girl.

Forsythe Pendleton "Jughead" Jones III, - Archie's best friend. Jughead is sarcastic, obsessed with food, lazy, and apathetic towards girls.

Reginald "Reggie" Mantle, a conceited practical joker. He occasionally dates Veronica and sometimes, although very rarely, goes on dates with Betty. He is also obsessed with another girl, Midge, which usually gets him in trouble with Moose, who beats up Reggie.

Parents (of the main characters)
Of all the parents, Veronica's father and Archie's parents appear most often.
 Mr. Hiram Lodge, Veronica's rich father often hates meeting Archie because Archie is clumsy and causes him trouble.
 Mr. Frederick "Fred" Andrews, Archie's father is pear-shaped, old-fashioned, and balding.
 Mrs. Mary Andrews, Archie's typical all-American suburban mother.

The Faculty
 Mr. Waldo Weatherbee, the school principal, popularly referred to as 'The Bee'. He is often a victim of Archie's clumsiness, and he often punishes Archie by keeping him after school.
 Miss Geraldine Grundy, a teacher at Riverdale High who is usually shown as an English teacher. She also teaches every subject except gym or chemistry. Most students consider her a "nice" or "good" teacher. She is old with white hair.
 Miss Bernice Beazley, the grouchy school cafeteria cook. No one likes her food except Jughead. She is not well liked by the students.

Comic companies
American comic books
Zak Starkey

Zak Starkey (born 13 September 1965) is a British musician. He is the son of Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. Like his father he is also a drummer and has played with bands including The Who and Oasis.

References

1965 births
Living people
English drummers
English rock musicians
Musicians from London
Ringo Starr
Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. The city was known in the 20th century for its steel industry. However, with the collapse of United States steel industry in the 1980s, the economy of Pittsburgh is now mostly based on healthcare, education, technology, and financial services. It is also the home of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team, who have won the Super Bowl six times, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Pittsburgh Penguins hockey team, the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh is the county seat for Allegheny County. The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh and form the Ohio River.

Pittsburgh is in western Pennsylvania. It has a population of 312,819 people and a metro population of almost 2,400,040 people. Pittsburgh was the most livable city in the United States in 2007. In 2014 Pittsburgh was ranked sixth in the country for polluted cities by the American Lung Association.

The French and Indian War started when George Washington went to Pittsburgh.  Later it was a center of the Whiskey Rebellion.

The city is served by the Pittsburgh International Airport.

References

Other websites 
 Pittsburgh -Citizendium

 
County seats in Pennsylvania
1758 establishments
1750s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Nasal bone

The nasal bones are two small oblong bones in the human skull. Their size and form differs among individuals. They are placed side by side at the middle and top part of the face, forming the "bridge" of the nose at their junction.

Bones of the skull
Nose
Kapellmeister

Kapellmeister, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making.  The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel".  In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel).  "Meister" means "master".  

The French word is maître de la chapelle.  In Italian he is Maestro di Capella.  In English he might be called Chapel Master or, more generally, Director of Music.

The Kapellmeister's job 

The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman.  Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras.  The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music.  He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.

Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister.  Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.   

A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church.  Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany.  Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750. 

By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed.  The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer.  Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.

Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.

Musicians
Entertainment occupations
Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a country in Western Europe. It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain. It is now two home nations. The present home nations that were part of the Kingdom of England are England and Wales.

Before the Romans arrived, what is now considered to be modern Britain consisted of around twenty two tribes. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in Britain, seven tribes or kingdoms existed until in 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England. It ended on 1 May 1707 with the Acts of Union 1707, which added Scotland to the Kingdom to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

References

Kingdom of England
Wales
Former monarchies of Europe
Romansh language

Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (The other three are French, German and Italian.) 50,000 people in the canton of Graubünden use it as their native language.

References

Romance languages
Graubünden
Languages of Switzerland
Protractor

The protractor is a tool used to measure angles. It usually has marks with labels of the degrees. Protractors are usually half circles or full circles.

Geometry
Measuring tools
Mathematical tools
Gentile

A Gentile is a person who is not Jewish. It is polite to use this word when needed to describe a person who is not Jewish, as in "my friend Robert is a Gentile." Up until about a hundred years ago, it was very hard (and unlikely) for Jews and Gentiles to be close friends. This is because they would be expected to ask each other over for dinner, but Jews follow strict laws about what they can and cannot eat. They can only eat what is kosher.

Related pages
Goy
Israelite

Judaism