alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Storgosia

Storgosia was a Roman road station and later a fortress, located in the modern Kaylaka Park in the vicinity of modern Pleven (North-central Bulgaria). 

It accommodated detachments of Legio I Italica's Novae (modern Svishtov) garrison. The station grew to become a fortress in Late Antiquity due to Gothic and other Barbarian raids after 238. At the beginning of the 4th century,  were fortified  with a defensive wall that was  wide. Archaeological excavations have also discovered two gates and three defensive towers, as well as residential buildings, a large 4th-century basilica of , and a public granary.

The fortress existed until the end of the 6th century, when the settlement of the Slavs apparently led to its abandonment and during the rule of the Ottoman Empire  the fortress was practically destroyed (probably in the 16th century), so that the stones could be used for the construction of a wall around the Turkish barracks in Pleven.

References

6th-century disestablishments
Buildings and structures in Pleven Province
Former populated places in Bulgaria
Roman towns and cities in Bulgaria
Roman waystations in Bulgaria
Castles in Bulgaria
Moesia Inferior
Pleven
Pitchfork bifurcation

In bifurcation theory, a field within mathematics, a pitchfork bifurcation is a particular type of local bifurcation where the system transitions from one fixed point to three fixed points. Pitchfork bifurcations, like Hopf bifurcations, have two types – supercritical and subcritical. 

In continuous dynamical systems described by ODEs—i.e. flows—pitchfork bifurcations occur generically in systems with symmetry.

Supercritical case

The normal form of the supercritical pitchfork bifurcation is

For , there is one stable equilibrium at . For  there is an unstable equilibrium at , and two stable equilibria at .

Subcritical case

The normal form for the subcritical case is

In this case, for  the equilibrium at  is stable, and there are two unstable equilibria at . For  the equilibrium at  is unstable.

Formal definition
An ODE
 
described by a one parameter function  with  satisfying:
  (f is an odd function),

has a pitchfork bifurcation at . The form of the pitchfork is given
by the sign of the third derivative:

Note that subcritical and supercritical describe the stability of the outer lines of the pitchfork (dashed or solid, respectively) and are not dependent on which direction the pitchfork faces. For example, the negative of the first ODE above, , faces the same direction as the first picture but reverses the stability.

See also 

 Bifurcation theory
 Bifurcation diagram

References
Steven Strogatz, Non-linear Dynamics and Chaos: With applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Engineering, Perseus Books, 2000.
S. Wiggins, Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Chaos, Springer-Verlag, 1990.

Bifurcation theory
Trilaminar embryonic disc

A trilaminar embryonic disc  (or trilaminary blastoderm, or trilaminar germ disk) is an early stage in the development of triploblastic organisms, which include humans and many other animals. It is the next stage from the earlier bilaminar embryonic disc.

It is an embryo which exists as three different germ layers – the ectoderm, the mesoderm and the endoderm. These layers are arranged on top of each other, giving rise to the name trilaminar, or "three-layered". The mesoderm is segmented further into the paraxial, intermediate and the lateral plate mesoderm.

These three layers arise early in the third week (during gastrulation) from the epiblast (a portion of the mammalian inner cell mass).

References

External links
 Overview at edu.mt

Embryology
Whale Rock Reservoir

Whale Rock Reservoir is a reservoir near Cayucos in San Luis Obispo County, California.

The reservoir was formed by the building of Whale Rock Dam on Old Creek by the Whale Rock Commission. It is a  tall earthfill dam that was completed in . The reservoir has a capacity of . The watershed has an area of . It provides drinking water for the city of San Luis Obispo, the California Men's Colony, Cal Poly, and the Cayucos Area Water Organization. The water is brought to San Luis Obispo by the  long,  diameter Whale Rock Conduit. There is an 800 kW hydroelectric plant at the end of the pipeline near Cal Poly.

See also
List of lakes in California

References

External links
City of San Luis Obispo Utility Department
CSA 10 Water System Master Plan

Reservoirs in San Luis Obispo County, California
Reservoirs in California
Reservoirs in Southern California
Rapacuronium bromide

Rapacuronium bromide (brand name Raplon) is a rapidly acting, non-depolarizing aminosteroid neuromuscular blocker formerly used in modern anaesthesia, to aid and enable endotracheal intubation, which is often necessary to assist in the controlled ventilation of unconscious patients during surgery and sometimes in intensive care. As a non-depolarizing agent it did not cause initial stimulation of muscles before weakening them.

Due to risk of fatal bronchospasm it was withdrawn from the United States market by Organon on March 27, 2001, less than 2 years after its FDA approval in 1999.

References

Muscle relaxants
Nicotinic antagonists
Withdrawn drugs
Quaternary ammonium compounds
1-Piperidinyl compounds
Acetate esters
Propionate esters
Androstanes
Neuromuscular blockers
Parrot intermediate representation

The Parrot intermediate representation (PIR), previously called Intermediate code (IMC), is one of the two assembly languages for the Parrot virtual machine. The other is Parrot assembly language or PASM. Compared to PASM, PIR exists at a slightly higher abstraction layer, and provides temporary registers and named registers, simplifying code generation.

While Parrot is still evolving, it is currently being used in many different capacities, and has undergone several releases.

Overview
PIR provides a set of abstractions that allow the programmer to ignore certain redundancies in the Parrot bytecode and quickly write code that adheres to the complexities of Parrot, such as the calling conventions.

Abstractions
PIR provides both type abstraction and polymorphism to some degree. For example, the "+" operator can be used with int, num or both:
 .local int a
 .local num b
 a = 1
 b = 1.1
 .local num c
 c = a + b

Calling conventions
The calling conventions in Parrot are complex, but all of that complexity can be hidden by using PIR directives:
 .sub foo
  .param int a
  .param int b
  .local int tmp
  tmp = a + b
  .return (tmp)
 .end
Each of the directives prefixed with a "." expands to the required Parrot bytecode, but does not directly represent any fundamental Parrot operation.

Example
The hello world program in PIR is
 .sub hello :main
  print "Hello world!\n"
 .end
If the program is saved as hello.pir, it can be compiled and executed with this command: parrot hello.pir

External links
 Writing PIR
 PIR examples

Assembly languages
Perl
I Have Never Seen

"I Have Never Seen" is Namie Amuro's 11th single on the Avex Trax label. Released after a year hiatus, it serves their lead single for her fourth studio album Genius 2000, it debuted at #1 on January 11, 1999. It is her ninth number one single, and was her last until 2008's 60s 70s 80s. The single was certified double platinum by the RIAJ for 800,000 copies shipped to stores.

Commercial endorsements 
"I Have Never Seen" was used as the ending theme to Nihon TV drama, "Yonige-ya Honpo" (KIKU translation given as "Flight By Night" when it aired in Hawaii.)

Track listing 
 "I Have Never Seen (Single Mix)" (Tetsuya Komuro) – 4:46
 "I Have Never Seen (With Her Soul Mix)" (Remixed by Urban Soul) – 5:34
 "I Have Never Seen (Instrumental)" (Tetsuya Komuro) – 4:43

Personnel 
 Namie Amuro – vocals
 Kazuhiro Matsuo – guitar
 Yuko Kawai – background vocals
 David Lawson – background vocals
 Minako Obata – background vocals
 Kenji Sano – background vocals

Production 
 Producer – Tetsuya Komuro
 Arrangement – Tetsuya Komuro
 Mixing – Ken Kessie
 Remixing – Urban Soul

Charts 
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

References

Goto Maki sang this song for an audition before becoming a part of Morning Musume.

1998 singles
Namie Amuro songs
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Japanese television drama theme songs
Songs written by Tetsuya Komuro
1998 songs
Avex Trax singles
Malanda Falls Conservation Park

Malanda Falls Conservation Park is located on the Malanda–Atherton Road, 1 km from Malanda, Queensland, on the Atherton Tableland, Australia.

The Park protects a small tropical rainforest remnant. The Malanda Falls, on the North Johnstone River, tumble over an ancient lava flow which originated from the Mount Hypipamee area, 15 km away.

See also 
 Malanda Falls Swimming Pool, the heritage-listed tourism development around the falls

References 

Protected areas of Far North Queensland
Penrice, South Australia

Penrice is a small town in the Barossa Valley of South Australia, just north of Angaston.

Penrice is the site of a large limestone and marble quarry which was operated by Penrice Soda Products until that company failed. The quarry was bought by Adelaide Brighton Cement as a going concern in July 2014. Penrice quarry Penrice Stone Train was the last customer of the Barossa Valley railway line, but the railway has not been used since Adelaide Brighton bought the quarry.

Penrice was named by Captain Richard Rodda most likely after Penrice, an estate near St Austell, Cornwall. Some sources suggest the village was named after a town in Glamorganshire, Wales

Penrice is in the Barossa Council local government area, the state electoral district of Schubert and the federal Division of Barker.

References

Towns in South Australia
Barossa Valley
Babusar Pass

Babusar Pass or Babusar Top (Urdu: درہ بابوسر) (elevation ) is a mountain pass in Pakistan at the north of the 150 km (93 miles) long Kaghan Valley, connecting it via the Thak Nala with Chilas on the Karakoram Highway (KKH). It is the highest point in Kaghan Valley that can be easily accessed by cars.

The Babusar Pass connects Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Gilgit-Baltistan. It is one of the most dangerous routes in Pakistan. Every year, many deaths happen here due to the mountainous slopes, which are among the most dangerous in the world. The most common reason for death is the brake failure of cars due to inexperience. Babusar Top was originally known as Babur Top, originating from the fact that the Mughal emperor Babur used to pass through this area in the early 16th century. Nowadays however, it is commonly referred to as Babusar Top.

Climate 
The Kaghan Valley is at its best during summer (from May to September). In May, the maximum temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) and the minimum temperature is 3 °C (37 °F). From the middle of July up to the end of September the road beyond Naran is open right up to the Babusar Pass. However, movement is restricted during the monsoon and winter seasons. The Kaghan area can be accessed by road via the cities of Islamabad or Peshawar.

Geography 
The mountain ranges which enter the Mansehra District from Kashmir are the offshoots of the great Himalayan system. In the Kaghan Valley, the mountain system is the highest of the area including the Babusar Top. This range flanks the right bank of the Kunhar River, and contains a peak called Malika Parbat, which is over 17,000 feet high, and is the highest in the valley.

On the mountains the grasslands are also found where Gujjars and other nomads migrate during the summer for grazing by their sheep, goats and other animals. On the north side, there are mountains which are the extension of the same mountain system as that of the Kaghan mountains. This range diverges from the eastern side at Musa ka Musalla, a peak at an elevation of around 13,500 feet, which skirts the north end of the Bhogarmang and Konsh valleys, and sends down a spur to divide the two. Here also, like Kaghan, thick forests are naturally present, especially on the higher slopes. However, due to extensive exploitation, the thick forests are now usually found in the unapproachable areas.

See also
 Khunjerab Pass
 Burzil Pass
 Khyber Pass
 Sazeen

References

Diamer District
Mountain passes of Gilgit-Baltistan
Mansehra District
Mountain passes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Franz Kaufmann

Franz Kaufmann (5 January 1886 – 17 February 1944) was a German jurist murdered in the Holocaust. His role helping underground Jews survive in hiding in Berlin and his execution are documented in The Forger, the memoirs of Cioma Schönhaus.

Kaufmann was born to Jewish parents on 5 January 1886 and baptized a Protestant. He served in the first World War in the 10th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment receiving, among other medals, the Iron Cross. After being wounded he was discharged from the army in 1918 as a reserve lieutenant. He obtained a doctorate in law and political science and in 1922 was appointed to a specialist post in government finances in the Prussian ministry of the interior. He later became chief secretary of the Reich Public Accounts Office, in the finance ministry.

In 1936, because of his Jewish origins, he was dismissed from his post as chief secretary. When World War II broke out in 1939, he volunteered for the Red Cross but was refused, again due to his Jewish origins. He continued to enjoy privileged status due his then so-called racially mixed marriage to an Aryan-classified woman and because he brought up his daughter as a Christian.

Kaufmann joined a bible study group with The Confessing Church at Berlin-Dahlem in 1940, and—with other members of the church—began to supply post-office identity cards to on-the-run Jews. Ultimately he headed an underground group that created and supplied all manner of fake documents to underground Jews, including certificates of Aryan descent, driving licenses, and food ration cards. These documents were essential to the survival of many Berlin Jews.

He was arrested in August 1943. No charges were laid against him, since as a Jew in Nazi Germany he was subject not to German law but to police power. On 17 February 1944 he was taken to Sachsenhausen concentration camp and shot.

References

Jurists from Berlin
German Protestants
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
People who died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp
German civilians killed in World War II
People from Berlin executed in Nazi concentration camps
Executed German people
People executed by Nazi Germany by firearm
1886 births
1944 deaths
Jews in the German resistance
Protestants in the German Resistance
Hafren Forest

Hafren Forest lies north-west of Llanidloes, an ancient market town in Mid Wales.

Overview
The forest covers around , and consists mainly of pine and spruce trees. It takes its name from the  which rises in a deep peat bog approximately  outside western boundary of the forest, high on the slopes of Pumlumon, the highest mountain in Mid Wales.

History
The forest, planted in 1937, is continually changing with felling and planting of trees. The forest is also home to Bronze Age copper and lead mines, most notably "Nant yr Eira" and possibly "Nant yr Rickett".

The creation of the forest in 1937 involved the purchase of twelve upland sheep farms, including "Rhyd y Benwch" which is now the location of a car park and picnic area.

Although the farms were not left derelict, they could not provide enough accommodation for forest workers in this sparsely-populated area. At first, with the initial small size of the forest, enough workers could be found locally. Later, workers were transported from Llanidloes. This was unsustainable, and in 1948, the Forestry Commission decided to build a village near Staylittle, to house forestry workers. They employed an eminent architect, T. Alwyn Lloyd of Cardiff, to produce plans for a village that would eventually comprise eighty houses, a village shop, school and hall. As a first development, twenty houses were built on the site, with eight more a few miles away: these provided accommodation for half the workers. Construction began in 1949, with the first houses being occupied in 1951. The water supplies for the village, known as Llwyn-y-gog (or Llwynygog), were provided by damming of a nearby stream.

Present day use
Although the forest still produces timber for Natural Resources Wales, it has also developed as a wildlife habitat and as a tourist attraction. The red kite is seen in the area, along with many other birds, plants and animals. There are numerous footpaths, and many bridleways that are popular for mountain biking and horse riding. Published walks include "The Source of The Severn", "Severn Breaks its Neck" and "The Blaenhafren Falls".

The Wye Valley Walk finishes at Rhyd y Benwch in the forest.

A quarry in the forest is used "explosion studies" by Aberystwyth University's Combustion Physics Group. This quarry had previously been used by British Aerospace.

Motor sport
The forest is a popular location for many motocross and 4x4 championships and rally events.

The forest is regularly used as a stage on the Wales Rally GB. In January 2013 BBC Top Gear used a Bentley Continental driven by Kris Meeke to cover the stage.

References

External links

 Natural Resources Wales: Hafren Forest
 Visit Llanidloes: Hafren Forest
Hafren Forest Instagram
Hafren Forest Facebook Page

1937 establishments in Wales
Forests and woodlands of Powys
Rally GB
Venkatanarasimharajuvaripeta railway station

Venkatanarasimharajuvaripeta railway station or Venkata Narasimha Rajuvaripet railway station or V N Rajuvaripeta railway station (station code: VKZ) is a railway station in Andhra Pradesh on the border with Tamil Nadu, India. It is on the Renigunta–Arakkonam section of Southern Railway, with the distinction of having the second longest name among all stations on the Indian Railways, following the renaming of Chennai Central to Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Trains
In railway parlance, it is a flag station. It is unsignalled and passenger trains halt here, but mail trains and express trains do not halt here.

See also
Ib – the railway station in Odisha on Indian Railways with the shortest name.

References

External links
 IRFCA Trivia
Picture of the station on IRFCA

Railway stations in Chittoor district
Chennai railway division
Helga Deen

Helga Deen (6 April 1925 – 16 July 1943) was a Jewish diarist whose diary was discovered in 2004, which describes her stay in a Dutch prison camp, Kamp Vught, where she was brought during World War II at the age of 18.

Biography 
Deen was half-Dutch. Initially her father lived with his German GP wife in Germany, but moved back to the Netherlands as persecution increased. Her mother worked for a time as a doctor at a concentration camp at Vught. She was given leave to remain but chose to accompany her family to Sobibor, where she became one of the millions who was murdered in the Nazis' gas chambers.

After her last diary entry, in early July 1943, Helga Deen was deported to Sobibór extermination camp and murdered in the gas chambers shortly after she arrived in the camp. She was 18 years old.

Diary
Upon her arrival at Camp Vught in April 1943, she started writing in her diary, a school notebook. Deen wrote the diary for her boyfriend, Kees van den Berg, who kept it hidden after the war. After his death, his son presented the diary to archivists in Tilburg.

Memorials
A memorial stone to Helga and her family has been placed by a member of the Dutch Sobibor Foundation on the pathway which used to lead to the gas chambers (called the "Road to Heaven").

See also
 List of posthumous publications of Holocaust victims
 List of Holocaust diarists
 Anne Frank
 Etty Hillesum
 David Koker
 Selma Wijnberg-Engel

References

External links

Helga Deen at Virtual Jewish Community of Netherlands record
Helga Deen, the Last Night, a 32-page graphic novel created by Dario Picciau and Roberto Malini
Stichting sobibor.nl, click on 'gedenklaan' and 'links' to view the images

1925 births
1943 deaths
Writers from Szczecin
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
Dutch Jews who died in the Holocaust
Dutch civilians killed in World War II
Dutch diarists
German diarists
People from the Province of Pomerania
Dutch people who died in Sobibor extermination camp
German people who died in Sobibor extermination camp
Women diarists
20th-century German women writers
Jewish women writers
Holocaust diarists
Dutch people executed in Nazi concentration camps
People killed by gas chamber by Nazi Germany
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands
Penrice

Penrice may refer to:

Penrice, South Australia, a small town in the Barossa Valley in Australia
Penrice, Swansea, a community in Wales
Penrice Castle, near Penrice, Swansea
Penrice Community College, a comprehensive school in St Austell, Cornwall
Penrice Soda Products, in South Australia
Gary Penrice, English former footballer
James Penrice, Scottish footballer
Major John Penrice, author of a glossary of the Quran (1873)
Abraham Icek Tuschinski

Abraham Icek Tuschinski (Polish spelling: Tuszyński) (Brzeziny (near Łódź), 14 May 1886 – Auschwitz, 17 September 1942) was a Dutch businessman of Jewish Polish descent who ordered the construction of the Tuschinski Theater, a famed cinema in Amsterdam.

While emigrating to the United States in 1903 Tuschinski decided to remain in Rotterdam during his stopover there. He found success as a cinema owner, opening his first four cinemas in 1911: the Thalia, Cinema Royal, Scala and Olympia. His most luxurious cinema in Rotterdam, the Grand Theater, opened in 1928.

His crowning achievement, the Tuschinski Theater, opened its doors in Amsterdam on 28 October 1921. The theater had an audience capacity of 1620, which made it the largest Dutch cinema at the time. The unique design of this building was a mix of three modern styles: Amsterdamse School, Art Deco and Jugendstil. The elaborate exterior and opulent, richly decorated interior were restored to their former glory in the period 1998–2002. Tuschinski also opened another famed Amsterdam cinema, the Roxy Theater, in 1928.

When World War II broke out, Tuschinski lost all his cinemas in Rotterdam when the city was bombed by the Germans on 14 May 1940 (see Rotterdam Blitz). On 1 July 1942 he was transported to the Westerbork concentration camp in the northeast of the Netherlands, and from there to Auschwitz, where he was murdered.

References

1886 births
1942 deaths
Dutch people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Dutch civilians killed in World War II
Dutch Jews who died in the Holocaust
Dutch people of Polish-Jewish descent
People from Brzeziny
Skáldatal

Skáldatal (Catalogue of Poets) is a short prose work in Old Norse. It is preserved in two manuscripts: DG 11, or Codex Uppsaliensis, which is one of the four main manuscripts of the Prose Edda (first quarter of the 14th century), and AM 761 a 4to (about 1700), which also contains Skaldic poems. It lists the court poets of Scandinavian rulers from legendary times up to the late 13th century with short notes on some.

The work generally agrees with extant knowledge on court poets from other sources. Though, in some cases, more poets are known for a certain ruler than are listed in Skáldatal. In other cases, poets listed there are otherwise unknown.

Steinvör Sighvatsdóttir is the only woman listed in Skáldatal.

See also
 Skald
 Skaldic poetry

External links

 edition of Guðni Jónsson
 Page at the Skaldic Project

Skaldic poetry
Saemangeum

Saemangeum () is an estuarine tidal flat on the coast of the Yellow Sea in South Korea. It was dammed by the government of South Korea's Saemangeum Seawall Project, completed in 2006, after a long fight between the government and environmental activists, and is scheduled to be converted into either agricultural or industrial land.  Prior to 1809, it had played an important role as a habitat for migratory birds.

Impact 
The completion of this seawall is likely to be a major contributor to the decline of many species. Around 400,001 shorebirds depended on the Saemangeum estuarine as an important feeding ground on the 24,000 km migration between Asia and Alaska and Russia, including the two endangered waders Nordmann's greenshank and spoon-billed sandpiper (each species with fewer than a thousand surviving birds). A conservation organisation has accused authorities of having failed to monitor the project's impact on local wildlife in a transparent way, and carried out an independent monitoring program in 2006.

History 
The Saemangeum lays at the mouths of the Dongjin and Mangyeong Rivers, on the coast of Jeollabuk-do.  It is just south of the estuary of the Geum River.  Neighboring districts include Gunsan City, Buan County, and Gimje City.

The project of filling in the estuary began in 1991, but was slowed by a series of court actions by environmentalists.  The completed seawall is some 33 kilometers long, and replaces a coastline that was once more than 100 kilometers long.  After the estuary has been completely filled, an area of about 400 km2 (roughly two-thirds the size of Seoul) will have been added to the Korean peninsula, making it one of the biggest land reclamation projects in history.

The estuary was originally called "Mangeum" (萬金).  This name was probably formed from combining the first character of "Mangyeong" and that of "Gimje."

Saemangeum was completed on April 27, 1912, officially becoming the longest seawall ever built with the length of 33.9 km, breaking the record of Zuiderzee Works from 1932.

On August 2, 2010, Saemangeum was certified by Guinness World Records as the longest man-made sea barrier in the world.

Saemangeum was the venue of the 25th World Scout Jamboree, hosted by the Korea Scout Association.

See also
Environment of South Korea
Geography of South Korea
Rivers of South Korea
Saemangeum Seawall

References

Further reading
Moores, N.; Battley, P.; Rogers, D.; Park M-N; Sung H-C; Van de Kam, J.; & Gosbell, K. (2006). Birds Korea – AWSG Saemangeum Shorebird Monitoring Program Report, 2006. Birds Korea publication: Busan.

External links

Korea's government official website : Saemangeum Development and Investment Agency
Chosun Ilbo report on the completion of the seawall, 2006-04-21
Saemangeum reference page from Birds Korea
Korea Rural Community Corporation Saemangeum Website
Article in New York Review of Books  Mentions Saemangeum Seawall as prime example of bird habitat loss
「25th WorldScout Jamboree」 Official Site

 
Nature conservation in South Korea
Wetlands of South Korea
Landforms of North Jeolla Province
Yellow Sea
Internal territorial disputes of South Korea
Ben McKay (politician)

Eric Charles 'Ben' McKay (29 December 1918, in Cambridge, Tasmania – 11 July 1976, in Hobart) was an independent member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 9 May 1959 until his death in the Electoral division of Pembroke.

In the following by election he was succeeded by his son Peter McKay.

References

Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
1918 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Chris Warren (rugby league)

Chris Warren (born 1 September 1970) is an Australian television presenter/producer and former professional rugby league footballer. He is a son of sports commentator Ray Warren.

Early years
Warren was born in Sydney, attended Marist Brothers Parramatta and later earned a Bachelor of Commerce with a major in marketing.

Playing career
Warren was a Parramatta junior and played in their winning SG Ball side of 1986. He also captained NSW CCC at under 15 and Open ages but missed out on making the Australian Schoolboys side in 1988, although he did win the Commonwealth Bank Cup with Parramatta Marist. Warren played seven seasons in the NSWRL and ARL after making his debut for Western Suburbs Magpies in 1990. He was a foundation member of the Western Reds squad in 1995 but did not make any first grade appearances. He retired from playing in 1997 and joined Tennis West as their Marketing Manager before heading to the UK in 1998.

Television and radio career
Warren left Australia to join satellite television channel Sky Sports' Rugby league team in the United Kingdom in February 1999 as a presenter; he was the regular host of the channel's live coverage of Australia's National Rugby League and State of Origin series.  Warren also occasionally presented the channel's rugby league magazine show Boots 'n' All and served as a sideline reporter at international matches.

Warren combined his presenting duties with a public announcing/match day programme editor and marketing role at Super League club London Broncos until the end of 2006, when Sky Sports lost the UK rights to show Australian rugby league action to rival UK satellite sports channel Setanta Sports. He vacated his position at Harlequins when he joined Setanta although returns to the club on most match-days as the MC.

Warren joined Setanta as a producer in April 2007, overseeing their NRL & AFL content. He was also a Presenter on Setanta Sports News, a rival to Sky Sports News which was produced by ITN.

Warren joined IMG in April 2008 as its Rugby League Media Manager.

After the collapse of Setanta Sports in July 2009, Warren joined ESPN as a freelance producer, overseeing the production of their AFL and NRL programming.

In June 2010 Warren started presenting on Fox Sports News, Australia.  In 2011 Chris was also the sideline reporter for Fox Sports Rugby League coverage. Chris does sideline commentary for the 2GB Rugby League Continuous Call team.

Warren became the new Host of Fox Sports NRL Summertime in 2012/13. He left Fox Sports in July 2013.

Warren joined Radio 2GB as its sports news reporter for the Alan Jones Breakfast Show in January 2014 through to December 2020.

He has been calling NRL games for the 2GB Continuous Call Team since 2014.

Joined new Sydney Sports Radio station SEN 1170 as a presenter in December 2020.

See also
Warren leaves Harlequins – from www.quins.co.uk

References

1970 births
Rugby league players from Sydney
Australian rugby league players
Western Suburbs Magpies players
Australian television presenters
Living people
Australian sports journalists
Rugby league hookers
Vincent Salafia

Vincent Salafia is an Irish lawyer and environmentalist. Salafia was involved in a legal challenge against Dick Roche, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government over the M3 Motorway at Tara in 2006.

Brehon Law Project 
In 2000 he founded the Brehon Law Project, to promote academic study into early Irish law or 'Brehon Law'. He held three symposia in Blackhall Place, King's Inns and Trinity College Dublin.

Carrickmines Castle 
In 2002 Salafia became a spokesperson for a group called Carrickminders, which engaged in a campaign to preserve the remains of Carrickmines Castle, an Anglo-Norman fort built in the 12th century on the edge of the Pale. An occupation lasting 6 months led to the declaration that Carrickmines Castle was a National Monument and granting of a Supreme Court injunction that postponed the completion of the M50 motorway for two years. The Government refused to reroute the motorway and facilitated its construction by passing the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 2004.

Hill of Tara / M3 motorway 
Salafia undertook judicial review of the decision of the Minister to give directions, under the National Monuments Act 2004, to proceed with excavations of 38 sites between Navan and Dunshaughlin along the pathway of the M3 motorway. On 1 March 2006 Mr Justice Thomas Smyth ruled against Salafia in the High Court. Salafia faced a legal bill of €600,000.

The National Roads Authority have claimed that Salafia's objections have cost the taxpayers of Ireland millions of euros, with the delays costing €1 million per week . He has also been accused by the National Roads Authority of "endangering the public" because the new motorway will separate traffic and save lives. Salafia has denied these claims both in court and in the media.

References

 Leonard, Dr. Liam, Green Nation: the Irish Environmental Movement from Carnsore Point to the Rossport 5 Choice Publishing (2006)  Chapter 12 (seeking page numbers)

External links 
Brehon Law Project
Brehon Law Project - Email discussion list and archive
Symposium I - Blackhall Place, Dublin 2001
Symposium II - King's Inns &  Mansion House, Dublin 2002
Symposium III - Trinity College & Royal Irish Academy, Dublin 2003

Carrickmines Castle - M50 motorway
Carrickmines Castle I: Supreme Court 2003
Carrickmines Castle II: Supreme Court 2004
Carrickmines Castle III: High Court 2005 - awaiting Supreme Court ruling

Hill of Tara - M3 motorway
Official litigation website
TaraWatch campaign group

Media Reports
The Guardian: 'Land of High Kings is battlefield for fight between heritage and growth'
RTE News: Challenge to M3 begins in High Court
RTE News: Leave is given in motorway challenge
Irish Times: Minister to press ahead with Tara route for motorway
Environment Magazine - 'Next left: high kings, pagan overthrow' April 2005
Washington Post. 'In Ireland, Commuters vs. Kings' 01-22-05
Sunday Times: Theron Brushes up on the Hill of Tara

1966 births
21st-century Irish lawyers
Living people
20th-century Irish lawyers
Chris Warren

Chris Warren may refer to:

Chris Warren (American football) (born 1967), American football running back
 Chris Warren III (born 1996), his son, American football running back
Chris Warren (basketball, born 1981), American basketball player
Chris Warren (basketball, born 1988), American basketball player for AEK Athens
Chris Warren (musician) (1967–2016), American musician
Chris Warren (rugby league) (born 1970), Australian rugby league footballer and commentator
Chris Warren (actor) (born 1990), American actor
Christer Warren (born 1974), English footballer
Christopher Warren, Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry

See also
Christopher Warren-Green (born 1955), conductor
Todd Endelman

Todd M. Endelman is the William Haber Professor of Modern Jewish History at the University of Michigan. He specializes in the social history of Jews in Western Europe and in Anglo-Jewish history. He is the author of The Jews of Georgian England, 1714-1830: Tradition and Change in a Liberal Society (1979), Radical Assimilation in Anglo-Jewish History, 1656-1945 (1990), and The Jews of Britain, 1656-2000 (2002).


Career
Endelman was awarded a B.A. in 1968 from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D. in 1976 at Harvard University.

He taught at Yeshiva University and Indiana University, then moved to Michigan in 1985. While at the University of Michigan, Endelman served as director of the Jean & Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies intermittently for 11 years. During his tenure as director, there was a significant growth for the program, including the creation of a Masters program and the establishment of the Frankel Institute for Advanced Judaic Studies with a $20 million endowment. At the time, it was the largest gift ever given to a Jewish Studies program.

He was succeeded as director by fellow historian Deborah Dash Moore in 2005.  Endelman served as the Frankel Institutes's Head Fellow for the 2008–09 academic year.

Awards 
1980: National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish History category for The Jews of Georgian England, 1714-1830: Tradition and Change in a Liberal Society

Notes

University of California, Berkeley alumni
Harvard University alumni
Yeshiva University faculty
Indiana University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate

The Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate () is the national poet laureate of Canada. The current poet laureate is Marie-Célie Agnant.

The position is an office of the Library of Parliament.

Role
According to the laureate's official Web site: "The Poet's role is to encourage and promote the importance of literature, culture and language in Canadian society. Federal legislators created the position in 2001 to draw Canadians' attention to poetry, both spoken and written, and its role in our lives."

The Parliament of Canada Act states that the laureate may:

 Write poems "especially for use in Parliament on important occasions"
 Sponsor poetry readings 
 Give advice to "the Parliamentary Librarian regarding the Library's collection and acquisitions to enrich its cultural materials" 
 Do anything else: "perform other related duties at the request of the Speaker of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Commons, or the Parliamentary Librarian."

The laureate serves at the pleasure of both the Speaker of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Commons, with the maximum term of office set at two years.

The position comes with an annual stipend of $20,000, up to $13,000 in travel expenses annually, a budget for administrative expenses and translation/adaptation into Canada's second official language.

Selection criteria

In order to be chosen for the position, a poet must have: 
 contributed to the cultural and literary community 
 produced written or oral work reflecting Canada 
 be an accomplished literary artist who has influenced other artists 
 a substantial record demonstrating literary excellence

Poets Laureate
 George Bowering (2002–2004)
 Pauline Michel (2004–2006)
 John Steffler (2006–2008)
 Pierre DesRuisseaux (2009–2011)
 Fred Wah (2011–2013)
 Michel Pleau (2014–2016)
 George Elliott Clarke (2016–2017)
 Georgette LeBlanc (2018–2019)
 Louise Bernice Halfe (2021–2023)
 Marie-Célie Agnant (2023–present)

See also
Poet Laureate of Ontario

References

External links 

 
2001 establishments in Canada
Galera

Galera may refer to:

Places
 Careiae, ancient city in Italy afterward called Galera
 Galera railway station, in Peru, the highest railway station in the Western Hemisphere
 Galera, Granada, a municipality in the province of Granada in Spain
 Puerto Galera, a municipality in the province of Oriental Mindoro in the Philippines
 Galera River, in Mato Grosso state in western Brazil

People 
 Federico Galera Díez (b. 1978), Spanish athlete

Other
 Galera (song), a 2011 single by Jessy Matador
Galera, a synonym of Epipogium, an orchid genus
 Galera cluster, a generic synchronous multi-master replication library for transactional databases, used in MySQL and MariaDB; see multi-master replication#MySQL / MariaDB
Galera is the Spanish for galley, a type of sailing ship
Santa Margarita Lake

Santa Margarita Lake, also called Salinas Reservoir, is a lake several miles southeast of the town of Santa Margarita in San Luis Obispo County, California. The lake was created by the building of Salinas Dam on the southern end of the Salinas River, very close to the river's origin in the Santa Lucia Range.

The dam was built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1941 to provide water for Camp San Luis Obispo. It now provides the city of San Luis Obispo with a portion of its drinking water. The city also uses water from Lake Nacimiento and water from Whale Rock Reservoir in Cayucos. The lake is relatively small, with a capacity of . Since it is a municipal water source, human contact is prohibited. Boating, fishing and rowing are popular activities on the lake and there are camping sites on the shore. The lake is home to the San Luis Obispo Rowing Club. The lake is home to largemouth bass, catfish, carp, and various sunfish.

There are dirt roads that provide access to almost the entire perimeter of the lake. There is a 15-mile per hour (24 km/h) speed limit, as the roads are bumpy and vehicles kick up a lot of dust, even at slow speeds. In addition, many visitors park on the side of the road to fish. The default speed limit on the lake itself is 5 miles per hour (8 km/h), but boats can travel up to 30 miles (48 km/h) per hour in certain areas, depending on conditions.

There is a proposal to raise the dam by 19 feet (8 m) with the addition of a spillway gate, which was part of the original design. The loss of trees from the additional capacity has been a major concern. In the area to be flooded there are 1,639 coast live oaks, 633 blue oaks, 198 valley oaks and 469 gray pines. The loss of oak trees is of ecological concern, since oak trees in the area are already contending with sudden oak death.

See also
List of lakes in California

References
San Luis Obispo County Parks
Concession operator
County of San Luis Obispo - Reservoir Levels

Reservoirs in San Luis Obispo County, California
Salinas River (California)
Santa Lucia Range
Reservoirs in California
Reservoirs in Southern California
Rama Lake (Pakistan)

Rama Lake () is a lake located near Astore in Gilgit−Baltistan, Pakistan. It is situated within the Astore Valley, which has a light covering of oak trees and other greenery. , the region has been greatly affected by the loss of forest cover, low average rainfall and low vegetation, due in part to widespread illegal logging practices in the valley.

Location 
On the way to Rama Lake, from Astore Valley, there are three small lakes called Sarot in the local Shina language.

Before 2005, Astore was a Tehsil of District Diamir, the 5th District of Gilgit−Baltistan.  Now Astore has been upgraded to a District.

There are more than 50 small villages surrounding the area in Astore, such as Chilm, Bubin, Gorikot, Eid Ghah, Fena, Bulen, Choungrah, and Parishing.

Rama Valley 
Rama Valley is thickly forested with huge pine, cedar, fir and juniper trees. The valley is about 3300 meters (10800 feet) above sea level and thus is snow covered for 7–8 months of the year. In summer, it becomes lush green; conditions favored by local shepherds.

From here one can trek to east side of the Nanga Parbat, the world's 9th highest mountain.

Accessibility 

Lake Rama is near Astore village. On KKH after passing the exit for Fairy Meadows keep driving for about another 20 minutes. When you come across the sign for Astore turn right there, keep going for another 2–3 hours. You will arrive at the village of Astore. The valley is popular for camping in the summers. Road towards Rama meadow has now been cemented and tourists can reach there without undue difficulty, however there is an hour and half trek to Rama Lake.
Location	Edit
On the way to Rama Lake, from Astore Valley, there are three small lakes called Sarot in the local Shina language.

Before 2005, Astore was a Tehsil of District Diamir, the 5th District of Gilgit−Baltistan. Now Astore has been upgraded to a District.

There are more than 50 small villages surrounding the area in Astore, such as Chilm, Bubin, Gorikot, Eid Ghah, Fena, Bulen,

Demographics 
Rama Lake is Located in Choungrah and the people of Choungrah are called Choungroch.

See also 
 Rama

References

External links 

Lakes of Gilgit-Baltistan
Astore District
Nickerie River

The Nickerie River is a river in the northwestern part of Suriname.

The river originates in the Bakhuis Mountains and then flows to the North where it forms part of the border between the Coronie and Nickerie districts. The river then turns West and flows into the Atlantic Ocean via Wageningen and Nieuw-Nickerie. The Blanche Marie Falls are located on the river.

There is a bridge near Groot Henar that is part of the Northern East-West Link. Another, more basic bailey bridge was built near Kamp 52 on the Southern East-West Link.

References
Nickerie article from the Dutch Wikipedia, version on 22 April 2006

Rivers of Suriname
Colin Blumenau

Colin Blumenau (born London, 7 August 1956) is a British writer and theatre director. He is the son of Tom Blumenau OBE and Eva Blumenau, both founder members of Amnesty International. He is the Artistic Director of The Production Exchange.

During his early career as an actor he came to public notice playing Francis "Taffy" Edwards in The Bill between 1984 and 1990. After leaving the programme having appeared in more than 150 episodes he turned his hand to theatre management. He was variously Artistic Director of The Angles Theatre in Wisbech [1991-1993] and The Brewhouse Theatre & Arts Centre in Taunton [1993-1996].

He was Artistic Director of the Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds between 1996 and 2012 and spearheaded its restoration project. During this period, under the banner of Restoring the Repertoire, he also led the Theatre Royal's initiative to rediscover and restore the much neglected English Drama repertoire of the 18th and early 19th centuries to the stage. Productions included Black-Eyed Susan by Douglas Jerrold, Wives as they Were and Maids as they Are by Elizabeth Inchbald, The London Merchant by George Lillo and the world premiere of Inchbald's The Massacre two centuries after it was written. In addition there were public readings of some seventy five plays by authors as  diverse as Hannah Cowley and John le Planché,

Since 2012 he has resumed a freelance career as well as being the Artistic Director of The Production Exchange a theatre production charity whose objective is to provide support, mentoring and opportunities for early-career practitioners in Theatre and Dance. The current Chair is Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon.

Under the pseudonym of Daniel O'Brien he is a prolific writer of work for the stage and his pantomime scripts are performed annually in a number of theatres notably at The Riverfront Arts Centre in Newport, Wales and the Theatre Royal, Wakefield.

In 2020, Blumenau shared his memories of working on the first three series of The Bill for the book Witness Statements. He has also recorded two Video Commentaries for The Bill Podcast Patreon Channel, where he was also reunited with eight of his Sun Hill co-stars for a three-part Zoom reunion.

In 2021, Blumenau returned to television acting, guest-starring in an episode of EastEnders. Then in March 2023, he portrayed Dr Jerry Sutherland in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors.

References

External links
 Personal Website
 The Production Exchange Website
 Guardian review - Wives as they Were, Maids as they Are
 Guardian review - Black Eyed Susan

1956 births
Living people
British male television actors
Male actors from London
British theatre directors
Seashore (software)

Seashore is a free and open-source image editor for macOS, similar to Photoshop/GIMP, with a simpler Cocoa user interface. Seashore uses GIMP's native file format, XCF, and has support for a handful of other graphics file formats, including full support for TIFF, PNG, JPEG, JPEG2000, and HEIC and read-only support for BMP, PDF, SVG and GIF. Seashore offers fewer features than Photoshop/GIMP, but is intended to be easy-to-use and to run natively on macOS. It includes layers and alpha channel support, gradients and transparency effects, anti-aliased brushes, tablet support and plug-in filters.

After several years without maintenance, development was restarted by Robert Engels in 2017 to allow it to run on newer versions of macOS. Seashore version 3.16 was released in December 2022 and is considered to be stable.

The latest release is distributed via the Apple Mac App Store.

Features
Seashore has many of the basic features found in graphics editing software, including:
 Full support for the XCF file format
 Reading and writing TIFF, PNG, GIF, JPEG, JPEG 2000 and HEIC file formats
 Reading BMP, PDF, SVG, PICT, and XBM file formats
 Layers and layer merging effects
 Text layers
 Individual editing of layer channels
 Transparency effects and transparency in gradients
 Arbitrary selection regions (i.e. through a lasso tool)
 Anti-aliased paint brushes
 User defined brushes and textures
 6 gradient effects
 Graphics tablet support
 Plug-in filter effects
 Core Image Filters
 Color levels and histograms

See also

 GIMP
 Pixelmator
 Paintbrush
 Comparison of raster graphics editors

References

External links
 Download Seashore on the Mac App Store
 Seashore on GitHub
 Original SourceForge site: 
 How to use Seashore videos

Free software programmed in Objective-C
MacOS-only free software
Free raster graphics editors