alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Knight

A knight was a professional heavy cavalry soldier in the Middle Ages.  Knights were the best soldiers in the kingdom. Knights fought for lords or nobles, and got land in return. They thought honour was very important, and they had a code of honour called chivalry.  A knight usually had a coat of arms, also called an armorial achievement.

Knights in the Middle Ages 
Knights were first used in the 8th century in the late Roman armies.[citation needed] The era of the knights lasted until the 16th century.  After that, national armies replaced feudal armies. Many knights were recruited as officers in the new armies.

Knights today 
Although they no longer fight as elite warriors, knights still exist.

Today, Queen Elizabeth II names Knights of the Commonwealth Realms.  To knight a person, she taps their shoulders with the flat side of a sword during a ceremony.  Bill Gates, Clint Eastwood, Michael Caine, Elton John, and George H.W. Bush have all been knighted.

Some British orders of knighthood still exist, like the Order of the British Empire. Today, knights are called “Sir” followed by their first name.

Many members of nobility are descended from knights. For example, Wijerd Jelckama is descended from a knight who died at the siege of Antioch in 1199.

Related pages
 Heraldry
 Knight Bachelor

References

Titles
Military occupations
Kuiper belt

The Kuiper belt is an area of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 astronomical units) to 50 AU from the Sun. 

The objects within the Kuiper Belt together with the members of the scattered disk beyond, are together called trans-Neptunian.

Many objects such as dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt are much bigger than the ones in the asteroid belt and are round. At least some Kuiper belt objects are icebound.

The first objects in the Kuiper belt to be found were Pluto and Charon (moon) but the belt was only identified and named in 1992 when more Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) were found. A few thousand have since been discovered and more than 70,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist. 

Solar System
Minor planets
Mole

Moles are small mammals adapted to a burrowing (under the ground) lifestyle. This lifestyle is called fossorial.

Moles are found in North America, Europe and Asia. They eat insects, larvae or worms. Moles have velvety, soft fur. They have powerful front paws so they can dig. A mole has an extra thumb.

The family includes the shrew moles and the desmans. There are 
three subfamilies, 17 genera and 46 species in total in this very common group of mammals. Moles have poor vision.

The largest type of mole is the Russian desman. The smallest type of mole is the American shrew mole.

Related pages 
 Marsupial mole

Soricomorphs
Terence Tao

Terence Chi-Shen Tao  (born 17 July 1975) is a Chinese-Australian mathematician who currently resides in the United States. In 2006, Tao won the Fields Medal for his work in number theory. Tao shared the award with three other mathematicians. He also won the FRS in 2007. He is known for his studies in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, combinatorics, analytic number theory and representation theory. Tao teaches math at UCLA.

Life 
Tao was born in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. His parents are Han. Tao is the youngest person to be in the International Mathematical Olympiad.

Ever since he was a young child he had shown great skills in mathematics and logic.
His father claimed that at the age of 2, during a family gathering, the infant Tao taught a 5-year-old child mathematics and English. According to Smithsonian Online Magazine, Tao taught himself arithmetic by the age of two. When asked by his father how he knew numbers and letters, he said he learned them from "Sesame Street". Aside from English, Tao speaks fluent Cantonese, but does not write Chinese. He was promoted to a full professor at age 24. He currently lives with his wife and son in Los Angeles, California.

Other websites 
 Terence Tao's home page
 Clay Research Award Announcement 
 Australian wins highest maths prize , by Charisse Ede, August 22, 2006, from AAP
 BBC story
 New York Times story
 Mozart of Maths, Sydney Morning Herald, Deborah Smith, August 26, 2006.
 Maths Architect of Beauty , Seed Magazine, by Jordan Ellenberg, Posted September 21, 2006

Fields Medalists
1975 births
Living people
Scientists from South Australia
Chinese mathematicians
Child prodigies
People from Adelaide
American bloggers
Number theorists
Fritz Lang

Fritz Lang (5 December 1890 – 2 August 1976) was an Austrian director, screenwriter, and movie producer. His movies include Metropolis and M. He is one of the most famous German expressionist filmmakers.

Lang was born in Vienna. He died in Beverly Hills, California.

Other websites 

 Biographie
 Senses of Cinema - Biography
 Lang and Metropolis - the first Science Fiction film 
 Interview with Fritz Lang from 1967

References

1890 births
1976 deaths
Austrian movie directors
Austrian movie producers
Austrian screenwriters
Writers from Vienna
Scattered disc

The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant part of the solar system. The area has small icy minor planets known as scattered disc objects (SDOs).  The part of the scattered disc closest to the sun is in an area of space called the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud lies beyond the scattered disc. The first SDO was found in 1995 by Spacewatch.

The scattered disk is still not understood well. Astronomers believe that it was created when objects in the Kuiper belt were "scattered" by the gravity of the outer planets, mainly Neptune. Unlike most objects in the Solar System which move in a round and flat path, scattered disc objects go every which way. Different SDOs have different orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.

References

Solar System
Minor planets
Flatworm

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Greek "platy"': flat; "helminth": worm) are a phylum of invertebrates. They are relatively simple animals. They have soft bodies. 

With about 25,000 known species, they are the largest phylum of animals without a body cavity.  Flatworms can be found in marine, freshwater, and even damp terrestrial environments. 

A troublesome terrestrial example is the New Zealand flatworm, Arthurdendyus triangulatus.  It is an invasive species which colonized large areas of Ireland and Scotland. It was brought there by accident in the 1960s. Since then, it has destroyed most of the indigenous earthworms.

Most free-living flatworms found in Britain are very small ranging from 5mm to less than 1 cm. They are usually black and can easily be mistaken for debris. These are mostly found in freshwater rivers or streams and are of the Turbellaria class.

Most flatworms (over 50%) are parasitic on other animals. There are four classes: 
Trematoda (Flukes): internal parasites.
Cestoda (Tapeworms): internal parasites.
Monogenea: external parasites.
and 
Turbellaria: free-living flatworms, sometimes called 'Planarians'. Planaria is actually a genus.

Flatworms are one of the invertebrate groups which are studied in school biology. The main reason for this is that they may infect humans, pets and farmyard animals. Some do enormous harm to humans and their livestock. Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria.  Effective treatments are now available for these infections. Also, in first-world countries, regulations on domestic cattle prevent infected meat from reaching the human hosts.

Related pages 
 List of animal phyla
Fasciola hepatica
Planaria

References 

Flatworms
Trematode

The Trematodes are a class of flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes. They are called flukes, and are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. The intermediate host, which is the agent of dispersal, is usually a snail.

The trematodes or flukes are estimated to include 18,000 to 24,000 species

References 

Flatworms
Parasites
Monogenea

Monogenea are a type of flatworm. They are parasites which means that they always need another creature to live on. They live on the outside of their host. Some parasites, like tapeworms, live on the inside of a larger creature.

Ecology and life cycle 
Monogenea are especially common on the skin, fins and gills of fish. Less commonly, they can be found in the urinary bladder and rectum of cold-blooded vertebrates. No types of Monogenea infect birds, but one (Oculotrema hippopotami) infects mammals. It is a parasite in the eye of a hippopotamus. 

Monogenea are usually hermaphrodites. This means that they have both sexes. First they are males, and only later do they become females as well. They have direct life-cycles with no asexual reproduction (unlike the Digenea). In those types of Monogenea that lay eggs, the young ones grow to a larval stage called an oncomiracidium. It is at the larva stage that they are able to travel from one host creature to another. When they are adults, Monogenea eat the blood, mucus, and epithelial cells of their host creature.

Flatworms
Parasites
Turbellaria

Turbellaria are a class of free-living flatworms. Most of them are carnivores. They actively search for food. Most of them are small, less than 60 cm in size. Almost all of them are aquatic. Some also live on land, in damp places.

Flatworms

th:พลานาเรีย
Bifröst

In Norse mythology, Bifröst is the bridge between the land of mortals, Midgard, and the land of the gods, Asgard. The gods cross it every day to meet and decide things at Urdarbrunn (Well of Urd) under the tree Yggdrasill. The bridge is a rainbow. It was built by the Æsir and is guarded by the god Heimdall.

Only the thunder god Thor was not allowed to use the rainbow, because he may break it. The bridge will be destroyed at the end of the world, Ragnarök, when the relentless army of giants and the dead run on it to attack Asgard.

Alternative names: Bilröst, Ásbrú, Bifrost.

Places in Norse mythology
Mendoza Province

Mendoza is a Province of Argentina. It is in the region called Cuyo. The province borders San Juan in the north, San Luis and La Pampa in the east, Neuquén in the south, and Chile to the west.

It is the major wine producer of Argentina and has many other crops. It has the highest mountain in the country, Aconcagua.

Mendoza has a population of 1,579,651 people (2001). Spanish is the main language but many people also speak English, Italian and Portuguese.

Other websites 
 Official site  
 Mendoza Ministry of Tourism and Culture 
 Discover Mendoza - Turism in Mendoza 
 Universidad Nacional de Cuyo  
 Map of Mendoza
 Pictures of Mendoza 
 Mendoza at the Great Wine Capitals 

 
Wine regions
Dosimeter

A dosimeter is a tool that can measure different levels of hazardous environments. Common dosimeters are those used for sound (They measure how loud a certain noise is) and radiation (they measure how much radiation there is in an environment).

Related pages

 Geiger counter

Measuring tools
Geiger counter

A Geiger counter (sometimes called Geiger-Müller counter) is an instrument that measures ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. It is best known as a hand held radiation survey instrument, but it can also be used as a bench instrument or permanently installed.

The original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and since the subsequent development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 the counter has been a very popular instrument due to its robust sensing detector and element and relatively low cost.

Principle of operation
The radiation sensor is a Geiger-Müller tube which gives out an electronic signal when radiation is present. 
The readout is counts or radiation dose. The counts display is commonly "counts per second". Radiation dose rate is displayed in a unit such as the sievert.

The readout can be analogue or digital, and modern instruments have communications with a computer or network.

There is usually an option to produce audible  representing the radiation intensity. This allows the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument without looking at the display.

Types and applications
 

For alpha particles and low energy beta particles the "end window" type of GM tube is used as these particles have a limited range even in free air and are easily stopped by a solid material.

Geiger counters can be used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. A special type of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons.

Physical design
For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit, with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable. 
There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure  high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.

History
In 1908 Hans Geiger, developed a technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-Müller tube. This counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles but in 1928 Geiger and Walther Müller developed the sealed Geiger-Müller tube which could detect more types of ionizing radiation and it became a practical radiation sensor. Once this was available, Geiger counter instruments could be produced relatively cheaply.

Related pages
 Dosimeter - Device used by personnel to measure radiation dose they have received
 Radioactive decay - Description of where much radiation originates from

References

Other websites 

 How a Geiger counter works.

Measuring tools
Wide area network

A worldwide area network, or WAN, is made up of several computer networks connected together, often over the Internet. In most cases, the networks in WANs all belong to the all same company or school.

Usage
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay.

Studies
Academic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three areas: mathematical models, network emulation and network simulation.

Improvements
Performance improvements are sometimes delivered via WAFS or WAN optimization.

Computer networking
Internet
Corporate network

A corporate network is a group of computers, connected together in a building or in a particular area, which are all owned by the same company or institutions.

Computer networking
Noodle

Noodles are thin strips of pasta which are made from dough. The dough for the noodles can be made in different ways:
 Egg noodles are made of eggs and wheat flour. Asian egg noodles, Italian type pastas or Reshteh are made this way.
 Wheat noodles- Mee pok, Lamian, Ramen, Udon, Champon, and Yakisoba-type noodles
 Rice noodles - Asian bihun,Vietnamese Phở
 Glass noodles are made of Mung bean or potato starch
 Buckweat noodles - Japanese Soba

Noodles are usually cooked in boiling water. Sometimes, after boiling, noodles are fried in a pan with other ingredients while being moved around in order to be mixed well, which is called stir frying.

Kinds of noodles (especially in Japan)
Ramen
Udon
Spaghetti
Linguine
Soba
Somen
Tsukemen
Cup Noodle

References

Noodles Gallery 

Noodles
Gaia Online

Gaia Online is a website created around anime and chatting. In Gaia, users can work on an online economy, chat with other people with the same interests, and even play online games found around the site. Also, you have to be 13 and older to join.

Other websites 
 Gaia Online

Websites
Jotunheim

Jötunheimr (or Jotunheim) is the land of the giants in the Norse mythology. Two kinds of giants (or Jotuns) live in Jötunheimr, rock giants and frost giants. From here they can attack the humans in Midgard and the gods in Asgard. Jotunheim is ruled by King Thrym. 

Places in Norse mythology
Leia Organa

Princess Leia Organa, born Leia Amidala Skywalker, is a character from the Star Wars universe. Leia was played by Carrie Fisher in the original three Star Wars movies: A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi. She is also a main character in many novels that are set in the Star Wars universe.

Character history

Organa is the daughter of Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker. She has a twin brother, Luke Skywalker. Her mother died giving birth to her and her brother. The twins were taken at birth and given to different families to raise. Leia was raised by the family of Alderaan's Senator Bail Organa as his daughter. 

Leia was in a romantic relationship with Han Solo and both have a child Ben Solo. Kylo Ren becomes evil and becomes the main villain in Star Wars sequel trilogy. 

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Fictional twins
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters
Adriano Emperado

Adriano Emperado (June 16, 1926 - April 4, 2009) is a Filipino-Hawaiian martial artist. He is one of five martial artists who developed a system of self-defense called Kajukenbo.

Childhood 
As a young man in Honolulu, Hawaii, Emperado began his early training in the Filipino art of Escrima. That had a huge impact on his development of Kajukenbo. Emperado later became interested in Kenpo Karate. After years of training, he earned a fifth-degree black belt under the direction of William K.S Chow.

Later life 
The first school of Kajukenbo was directed by Adriano Emperado and his brother, Joe Emperado. In 1959, Emperado began combining Wushu into Kajukenbo. Adriano Emperado's life has been about teaching the martial arts. Black Belt Magazine named him its Instructor of the Year 1991.

References

1926 births
2009 deaths
American martial artists
Sportspeople from Hawaii
Ancient Domains of Mystery

ADOM (Ancient Domains of Mystery) is a computer game. More specifically, it's a Roguelike.

Role-playing video games
1994 video games
Jagdterrier

Jagdterriers are a breed of dogs. Their full name is Deutscher Jagdterrier. This translates to German terrier to mean a hunting dog. 

Terriers
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in Germany
Erwin Schrödinger

Erwin Schrödinger (Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger, 12 August 1887, Vienna-Erdberg  4 January 1961, Vienna) was an Austrian physicist and theoretical biologist. He was one of the founding fathers of quantum theory and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.

Life 
Schrödinger went to the Academic Gymnasium from 1898 to 1906.
Afterwards he studied mathematics and physics in Vienna and wrote his habilitation up from 1910.

He was a soldier in World War I. Afterwards he got professorships in Zürich, Jena, Breslau and Stuttgart. In 1920 he married.
In 1927 he went to Berlin to fellow Max Planck.

After the take-over of power by the Nazis, Schrödinger left Germany and got a new professorship in Oxford.
In 1933 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Three years later he returned to Austria and became professor in Graz.
In 1938 he had to leave Austria, because the Nazis had taken over government.
He went to Dublin and became director of the School for Theoretical Physics.

In 1956 he returned to Vienna and got a professorship for Theoretical Physics.
He died of tuberculosis in 1961.

Important work 
Schrödinger's most important work is the wave mechanics – a formulation of quantum mechanics, and especially the Schrödinger equation. He also worked on the field of biophysics. He invented the concept of negentropy and helped to develop molecular biology.

Related pages 
 Schrödinger's cat

Other websites 

 Biography in the Österreichische Zentralbibliothek für Physik (Austrian Central Library of Physics) 
 Original sound from the Austrian Mediathek: Erwin Schrödinger, Was ist Materie?
 Are there quantum jumps? (Schrödingers opinion on quantum physics 1950)

1887 births
1961 deaths
Scientists from Vienna
Theoretical physicists
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Austrian physicists
Dioxin

Dioxins is the name for a group of chemical compounds. These are organic compounds. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins, are a group of halogenated organic compounds which are significant because they act as environmental pollutants. They are very poisonous. Many dioxins cause cancer.
Today, Dioxins are no longer made. They can occur as a by-product of other processes, though. Examples where dioxins can result are the production of PVC or the bleaching of paper. In nature, they are produced in volcanoes and forest fires.

A chemical accident where a lot of dioxin was released was the Seveso disaster.

Organic compounds
Pollution
Arnold Sommerfeld

Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 in Königsberg, East Prussia – April 26, 1951 in Munich) was a German mathematician and theoretical physicist.

Education
Sommerfeld was the son of a practical physician. After finishing school in 1886, he started studying mathematics at the University of Königsberg. In 1891 he wrote his doctorate thesis about arbitrary functions in mathematical physics. Afterwards he had to serve in the army.

Then he went to Göttingen. He became assistant at the institute for mineralogy, but was still interested in mathematical physics.

Works
In 1894 he became the assistant of Felix Klein. The year after he wrote his habilitation about the mathematical theory of optical diffraction and became docent for mathematics in Göttingen.

In 1897 Sommerfeld married. In the same year he became ordinary professor for mathematics at the mining college of Clausthal. Three years later he got a professorship at the Technical University of Aachen.

In 1906 he became professor for theoretical physics in Munich, were he stood for his lifetime. While he was professor in Munich, he travelled twice around the world - in 1922/23 he was guest professor in Wisconsin and travelled afterwards through India, China and Japan, in 1928/29 he made a journey through the US as a university teacher.

He started taking out a pension in 1935, but he still worked until 1940. There was a lot of trouble choosing the person who should follow him. Sommerfeld wanted to have Werner Heisenberg to follow him, but in the time of the Nazi regime the job could only go to a person who taught the so-called German Physics, which included a kind of mysticism. Sommerfeld tried to prevent that.

Sommerfeld died in 1951 in a traffic accident.

Works 
 Theorie des Kreisels. 4 volumes (with Felix Klein), Leipzig 1897-1910
 Atombau und Spektrallinien. Braunschweig 1919
 Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik
 Vol. 1: Mechanik. Leipzig 1943
 Vol. 2: Mechanik der deformierbaren Medien. Leipzig 1945
 Vol. 3: Elektrodynamik. Wiesbaden 1948
 Vol. 4: Optik. Wiesbaden 1950
 Vol. 5: Thermodynamik und Statistik. Wiesbaden 1952
 Vol. 6: Partielle Differentialgleichungen der Physik. Leipzig 1945

Other websites 
 http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/
 http://www.chemie.uni-bremen.de/stohrer/biograph/sommer.htm 
 http://www.wissenschaftsforschung.de/JB98_135-152.pdf

1868 births
1951 deaths
German academics
German mathematicians
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
Road accident deaths
German theoretical physicists
James Clerk Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell (born 13 June 1831 in Edinburgh – died 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician, physicist and discoverer of Maxwell's equations.

Early life
Maxwell grew up in a rich religious family. In 1845, when he was only 14, he wrote a paper describing a way of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of string. In 1847 he started studying mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. In 1850 Maxwell changed to Peterhouse and then Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He won prizes from the university for his work and was given his degree in 1854. From 1855 to 1872 he did research on colour blindness.

Works
In 1856 Maxwell was made a professor of 'Natural Philosophy' (which is what science was called then) at Marischal College, Aberdeen. He worked there until the two colleges in Aberdeen joined together in 1860 and he lost his job. He then became a professor at King's College London. In 1861 he was elected to the Royal Society.

In 1871, he became the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. He studied many things, but is known best for his mathematical work on electromagnetism and on the behaviour of gases. He used the experiments of Michael Faraday  to see how magnetism and electricity were connected.  This helped him to make his  equations that allowed scientists to understand light and radio waves. 

He lived at Glenlair House, his family estate near the village of Parton, Castle Douglas in Kirkcudbrightshire. Maxwell died in 1879 from cancer, and is buried in the graveyard at Parton Church.

Publications 

 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On the Description of Oval Curves, and those having a plurality of Focus (geometry)|Foci". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. ii. 1846.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Illustrations of the Dynamical Theory of Gases". 1860.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On Physical Lines of Force". 1861.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". 1865.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On Governors ".From the Proceedings of the Royal Society, No.100. 1868.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Theory of Heat". 1871.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism". Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1873.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Molecules ". Nature, September, 1873.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Matter and Motion", 1876.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On the Results of Bernoulli's Theory of Gases as Applied to their Internal Friction, their Diffusion, and their Conductivity for Heat".
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Ether", Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition (1875–89).

1831 births
1879 deaths
Scientists from Edinburgh
Scottish mathematicians
British theoretical physicists
Scottish physicists
Roman Vishniac

Roman Vishniac (; ; August 19, 1897 – January 22, 1990) was a Russian-American photographer and a biologist. He is well known for taking pictures of Jewish culture in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. Many of these pictures are in his book, A Vanished World, published in 1983.

Other websites

American photographers
Russian photographers
1897 births
1990 deaths
Depleted uranium

Depleted uranium is what is left over after uranium is enriched. Enriched uranium has enough uranium-235 to be used in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium is made up mostly of the isotope uranium-238. Uranium-238 is mildly radioactive. Uranium is very dense, or heavy for its size. Because of this, depleted uranium is used in armor piercing bullets and heavy machine guns. Its high density allows weapons to put more energy into a fired bullet which causes more damage to its targets. Bullets made from it will burn when they hit something hard, and their smoke is dangerous to breathe. 

Depleted uranium has long been been used in nuclear reactors to make plutonium for producing nuclear energy. In 2010 a new kind of "traveling wave reactor" was proposed to use it more directly.

References 

Nuclear physics
Uranium
Commuting

Commuting is the act of travelling from home to a workplace every day. A commuter is a person who commutes. This was uncommon until the 19th century, when the word was invented for people who used public transport daily. For many commuters, home is a suburb and work is in the inner city; but the reverse is sometimes the case and is called a reverse commute. Commuters may use other transport, such as cars or bicycles.

References

Other websites 
US Commuting Averages (2002)
Some Commuters are travelling from France to London
Platform 11 - Ireland's National Rail Commuter Group

Transport
Employment
Anne Redpath

Anne Redpath (1895 – 1965) was a Scottish artist. She was born in Galashiels, Scotland.

She was the daughter of a tweed designer. Her father's work had an effect on her use of colour and texture in her paintings. "I do with a spot of red or yellow in a harmony of grey, what my father did in his tweed", she said. She went to France during 1920 – 1933.

Images
 Altar in Pigna 
 National Galleries of Scotland 
 Still Life with Two Figures
 Tate Gallery 

1895 births
1965 deaths
Scottish painters
CD-RW

A CD-RW (which stands for Compact Disc ReWritable) is a Compact disc that can be recorded and erased multiple times. It can hold data or music. Most of the time it will hold data, since many CD players can not play CD-RWs. During its development, the format was known as CD-E, which stands for Compact Disc Erasable. The standard was introduced in 1997. It replaced the less successful CD-MO.

The disk used for this is an optical disc. Phase change technology is used to write to the disk. A laser beam is used to heat a certain point of the disk. Once this point is hot, the information stored there can be changed.

According to what the manufacturers of these disks say, it is possible to record and erase such a disk up to 1000 times. They behave very much like CD-Rs, otherwise. Entire sessions can be written. As long as there is space on the disc, new sessions can be appended. To be readable in an ordinary CD drive, all sessions must be closed though.

CD-RWs never gained the popularity of CD-Rs. This is because they are more expensive to make and to buy. Also, not all CD drives can read them. Reading and writing speeds are also lower than those of pre-made CDs and CD-Rs.

Also, like with the CD-R, it is impractical (and slow) to use these disks to quickly add or remove small files. Other formats, like Zip disk, Jaz disk, Magneto-optical disks, and USB flash drives are More used for quickly reading, writing, or erasing small (sets of) files. When a deletion needs to be made, the whole CD needs to be erased.

CD-RWs (like CD-Rs) are more used for backups.  They are usually cheaper than tape-based solutions.

Depending on the method used to write, and the type of disk used, usable capacities range from about 500 to 700 megabytes.

Pretty much the same concepts are used for DVD-RWs, which have a much higher capacity.

Compact Disc
Magneto-optical drive

A Magneto-optical drive is a disk drive for computers. It can read and write data to magneto-optical disks. The technology was made at the end of the 1980s. Both 5.25" and 3.5" media exist. The disks look like CD-ROMs, but they are protected with a plastic cover. The MiniDisc is a Magneto-optical disk. The other disks look similar but have a bigger physical size.

How it works 
The operating system sees (and uses) the disk like a normal hard-drive. 3.5" disks can hold between 128 megabytes (MB) and 2.3 gigabytes (GB) of data. 5.25" disks hold between 650 MB and 16.7 GB.

Resistance 
All disks have a physical write protection switch (like 3.5" floppy disks). They are pretty resistant to data change, can support temperatures up to about 100 °C, and do not care much about light. 

DVD-RAM disks are very similar in appearance, they are optical though.

Storage devices
United States presidential line of succession

The United States Presidential in line is the order in which government officials replace the president of the United States if the president leaves office before an elected successor is inaugurated. If the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice president becomes president for the rest of the term. If the vice president is unable to serve, the Speaker of the House acts as president.

Previous lines 
The United States Constitution says that the vice president of the United States is the person who will replace the president if the president is not able to continue. It is very important to know who the new president will be if they are not able to serve any longer. 

The laws about succession (after the vice president) were first created in 1792. The second in line, after the vice president was the leader of the Senate.  The next in line was the speaker of the House of Representatives.  In 1868, during the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Wade was the leader of the Senate. He almost became president, but Johnson was found not guilty by one vote. Johnson had been the vice president for Abraham Lincoln. He became president after the assassination of Lincoln. Because of Lincoln's assassination, there was no vice president at the time. 

In 1886, after the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, Congress passed a law that took out the leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives from the line of succession. The new person behind the vice president in line was Secretary of State, followed by other Cabinet members.  The leaders of the Senate and House were restored to the line of succession by the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.

Present line of succession 
Below is the current line of succession for the president of the United States:

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Ask Gleaves: Presidential Succession
 Presidential Succession Act of 1792,  1 Stat. 239
 “Presidential Line of Succession Examined” , September 20 2003
 Presidential line of succession at various times in history

Presidency of the United States
Oulu

Oulu () is a city in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the biggest city in the Northern Finland. The population of Oulu was about 193,000 in January 2014. It is the sixth largest city in Finland.

Municipalities next to Oulu are Hailuoto, Ii, Kempele, Liminka, Lumijoki, Muhos, Pudasjärvi, Tyrnävä and Utajärvi.

There is a university in Oulu. The university is one of the largest in Finland, with over 15,000 students.

Many people work in technology firms making mobile phones, computers and software.

History

Oulu was established in 1605, so it is more than 400 years old. In the old days, Oulu was famous for selling tar all over the world.

Places to visit in Oulu 

 Oulu Cathedral
 Hupisaaret Park
 The market and the old market hall

Gallery

Population growth

References

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of North Ostrobothnia
1600s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Finland
1605 establishments
James Boswell

James Boswell (October 29, 1740 - May 19, 1795) was a Scottish lawyer and author. He is best known for having written the Life of Johnson, a biography of his close friend Samuel Johnson, published in 1791. In the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of his personal papers and journals were discovered. They have since then been published by Yale University.

Other websites 
 James Boswell - a guide

1740 births
1795 deaths
Writers from Edinburgh
Gondola

A Gondola is a kind of boat. Gondolas are mainly used in Venice. Unlike other boats, a long oar is used to move the gondola.

boats
MiniDisc

A MiniDisc (MD) is a small magneto-optical disk. It is used as a replacement for the Audio cassette. It was developed by Sony to store music. Later it was modified, so it can also store data. The music it stores is compressed in some way, like an MP3. Recent Hi-MD models have the option to not compress audio, and offer audio identical to CD-quality. 

MiniDisc recorders allow the user to modify the contents of (recordable) disks. That way, tracks can be split, combined or rearranged. Audio tracks can be input while a live recording is in progress, too, for example, while recording a live concert or interview via the microphone input on a MiniDisc recorder.

Audio disc
Lolita

Lolita is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov. The book was written in English. It was published in Paris in 1955. It was translated into Russian by Nabokov. The story is about the sexual relationship that develops in the United States between a middle-aged British professor and a 12-year-old girl after he becomes her stepfather. It was a very controversial book. The novel was made into a movie by Stanley Kubrick in 1962, and remade in 1997.

Related pages
 Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

Other websites 
 National Public Radio: "50 Years Later, Lolita Still Seduces Readers"
 Stanford Magazine: "The Lolita Question" 
 Slate magazine: "Lolita at 50 - Is Nabokov's masterpiece still shocking?"
 Photos of the first edition of Lolita
 Lolita USA: The itineraries of Humbert's and Lolita's two voyages across the U.S.A. 1947–1949, with maps and pictures.
 Lolita Calendar—A detailed and referenced inner chronology of Nabokov's novel.
 Zembla —A resource of the Arts & Humanities Library of the Pennsylvania State University Libraries, home of the International Vladimir Nabokov Society and its publication The Nabokovian.

1955 books
English-language novels
Incest in fiction
Russian novels
Angela Haynes

Angela Haynes (born September 27, 1984 in Bellflower, California ) is a professional tennis player from the United States. Haynes's top WTA singles ranking is World No. 95 which she got in August, 2005. Angela was ranked World No. 157, race-singles World No. 120 and World No. 171 in doubles as of November 7, 2009.

Haynes' brother, Dontia Haynes, who used to be a San Diego State University tennis player ranked among the top 100 ranked collegiate tennis players in the United States, died on September 23, 2005.

Clothing
Angela's clothes are made by Adidas. Her racquets are made by Babolat. Angela's current racquet is believed to be the Babolat Pure Storm. Angela likes to wear bandanas while playing.

Appearances
Angela appears in Top Spin 2 which is for the Xbox 360, Nintendo Game Boy, and Nintendo DS.

References

1984 births
American tennis players
Living people
People from Irvine, California
Sportspeople from California
Vania King

Vania King (born February 3 1989) is an American tennis player. She was born in Monterrey Park, California. King was ranked the 50th best player in the world in 2006.

She won her first singles title against Tamarine Tanasugarn at Bangkok, Thailand. Vania won 2-6, 6-4, 6-4. King also won the doubles title at Bangkok with partner Jelena Kostanic. King got second place with her partner Alexa Glatch at the 2005 US Open Juniors.

Other websites 
Vania King's Official Site 
Vania King profile at Juniortennis.com
Interview with Vania King

1989 births
American tennis players
Living people
Sportspeople from California
Bottle cap

Bottle caps are used to seal the opening of bottles. For glass bottles, these are usually small, specially adapted pieces of metal. With plastic bottles, plastic caps are used instead. 

The original bottle cap was called Crown cork. It is pressed onto the bottle, and can be removed, using a bottle opener.

In recent years bottle caps with screw on mounts are used that way, a bottle opener is no longer required. Caps for plastic bottles are often made of a different type of plastic from the bottle.

A cork is another type of closure for the top of a bottle.

Other websites

Tools
Quality

Quality is how good something is. If the quality of a product is high then that means that it is fit for its purpose. If the quality of an item is low that means that the product may break easily or not work properly. When people say something is a quality product that means that the product is of good quality. Usually higher-quality products cost more money, because the materials used to make them are better, or the way they were made was more effective. In other words, things that are low quality are cheap.

Quality is understood differently by different people, depending on what they consider quality to be. Generally, though, it is how well a product is suited to the purpose it was made for.

References

Related pages 

 Quantity

Characteristics
Gargoyle

A gargoyle is a grotesque statue that is attached to a building. It is carved out of stone, usually granite. It is used to get water away from the building when it rains. Gargoyles are often made to look like animals or people. The collected water comes out of their mouths. Most gargoyles were made a long time ago. People used to believe that they scared away evil spirits. Many cathedrals have gargoyles.

New buildings use rain gutters instead of gargoyles to move water. There are not many gargoyles in America.

Gargoyles are often confused with grotesques. They are similar, but only gargoyles get rid of rainwater through their mouths.

Statues
Architectural elements
Oostende

Oostende (German / French: Ostende, English Ostend) is a city in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 69115 people lived there.

It is at 51° 13 North, 02° 54 East.

References 

Spa towns in Belgium
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Municipalities of West Flanders
List of UEFA European Championship finals

The list of UEFA European Championship champions:

The number of times each country has won the UEFA European Championship including finals and semi-finals results:

Other websites 

Official website

UEFA European Championship
Abuja

Abuja  ()  is a city in Nigeria. It is the national capital of Nigeria. Around 2.5 million people live there. Abuja is in the middle of the country, in the center of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.  It replaced Lagos, the country's most populous city but very small in size, as the capital on 12 December 1991.

Abuja is a planned city, which means that architects designed it specifically to be Nigeria's capital city. Construction of the first parts of the city was finished in the late 1980s.

References 

National capitals in Africa
Cities in Nigeria
1980s establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Nigeria
Irony

Irony is a term for a figure of speech. Irony is when something happens that is opposite from what is expected. It can often be funny, but it is also used in tragedies. There are many types of irony, including those listed below:
Dramatic irony, when the audience knows something is going to happen on stage that the characters on stage do not.
Socratic irony, when someone (usually a teacher) pretends to be stupid in order to show how stupid his pupils are (while at the same time the reader or audience understand the situation).
Cosmic irony, when something that everyone thinks will happen actually happens very differently.
Situational irony e.g. Mr. Smith gets a parking ticket. This is ironic because Mr. Smith is a traffic warden.
Verbal irony is an absence of expression and intention. Sarcasm may sometimes involve verbal irony.
Irony of fate is the misfortune in the result of fate or chance.
The difference between of things seem to be or reality.

Examples
In Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet takes a potion that will put her to sleep, making her look dead. She does this in the hopes of being reunited with Romeo. He incorrectly learns of her death, and kills himself. This is an example of dramatic irony, as the reader/viewer knows she is not dead, but Romeo does not.
A common example of cosmic irony could be that a child wants some kind of pudding, and misbehaves to try to get it. The parent withholds it because of the child's behavior.
Verbal irony can be found in sarcasm, but not just that.
In Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex, Oedipus acts out based on the knowledge of his fate which in turn leads to the fulfillment of the tragic fate. This is an example of how fate plays on irony.

Related pages
 Cynic
 Paradox
 Parody
 Sarcasm
 Trope

References

Comedy
Figures of speech
Assault rifle

An assault rifle is a rifle that has a removable magazine, automatic-fire and semi-automatic modes, and uses intermediate cartridges. These cartridges do not have as much power as other rifles, like hunting rifles or battle rifles, but have more power and penetration than pistol cartridges fired by sub-machine guns.

Two rifles made in Italy and Russia before World War I are sometimes called assault rifles. The Germans were the first to use assault rifles in large numbers. 

Examples of an 'assault rifle' are the English L85, Russian AK-47, the American M16.

The term “assault rifle” comes from the firearm Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44), translated to “Assault Rifle 1944”. The armed forces of other sovereign states adopted assault rifles later.

Sources

Other websites
Salvador Dalí

Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquess of Dalí of Púbol  (; ; ; 11 May 1904 – 23 January 1989) was a Spanish painter who became famous for the unusual images he used in his paintings. He was born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. He was a key figure in surrealist art.

His most famous work was The Persistence of Memory (1931), which is now in MoMA, the Museum of Modern Art in New York. It is a dream-like landscape with a soft, melted pocket-watch.

Dalí died of heart failure in Figueras. Salvador Dalí had a wife called Gala Dalí.

Related pages
 Surrealism
List of Spanish painters

References 

Deaths from heart failure
People from Catalonia
Spanish painters
1904 births
1989 deaths
Anne Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk

Anne de Mowbray, Baroness Mowbray (10 December 1472 - 19 November 1481) was the daughter of John Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk and Elizabeth Talbot. She was born in 1472 in Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England. She also became Baroness Segrave.

When Anne's father died in 1476 Anne became very rich. She also became Countess of Norfolk. Anne was married to Richard of York on 15 January, 1478 in Westminster Abbey. Richard was the son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Richard's father had married him to Anne so that he could have control of her fortune. When he married Anne became known as the Duchess of York

Anne died when she was 8 years old at Greenwich, London, England in 1481. Her body was placed in a lead coffin in the Chapel of St Erasmus of Formiae in Westminster Abbey. However, when this chapel was knocked down around 1502 to make room for the Henry VII Lady Chapel, Anne's coffin became lost.

In December 1964, construction workers in Stepney, London, accidentally found Anne's coffin. It was opened and Anne's remains were looked at by scientists. Anne's body still had a shroud wrapped around her and there was still red hair on her skull. Her body was later reburied in Westminster Abbey.

References 
From The Peerage.com

1472 births
1481 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
British nobility
People from Suffolk
Earls and countesses
Framlingham Castle

Framlingham Castle is a castle in Framlingham, Suffolk, England.  It was once the home of the Dukes of Norfolk, and was where Anne Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk was born in 1472.

Castles in England
12th-century buildings and structures
Warwick Castle

Warwick Castle (pronounced 'Worrick') is a large castle in Warwickshire, England. It is near the town of Warwick. The castle was once the family home of the Earls of Warwick. 

There are many rooms in the castle. Some of the rooms have mannequins in them that look like real people. These are dressed in costume. They are used to show how people might have lived in the castle hundreds of years ago. Warwick Castle has a dungeon. One part of the castle is said to be haunted. Actors play the part of the ghost and the servant who killed him in a dramatic "Spook Experience". Lights and sounds are used to add to the effect.

The castle has a very high wall walk. It can be explored, so that visitors can see from where the guards looked for enemies. A long, steep flight of steps leads up to the highest part of the castle where the flagpole is. 

There are many paintings in the castle. There are portraits of English Kings and Queens as well as of members of the family who owned the castle. It is possible to see the private chambers, or bedrooms, where the family and their most important guests slept.

Other websites 
 Warwick Castle
 Warwick Castle in photos 

Castles in England

Buildings and structures in Warwickshire
11th-century buildings and structures