alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Boron

Boron is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol B. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature. 

Two types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature. Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table and is part of the Earth's surface.
Pure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.

Plants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in detail. 

Boron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808.

Boron melts at 2075 °C (3767 °F), and boils at 4000 °C (7232 °F).

References 

Semimetals
Fireplace

A fireplace is a brick or metal structure used to hold a fire. Fireplaces are most often used for heating but they can also be used for cooking. The part of the fireplace that holds the fire is called a firebox or a firepit. There is a chimney or flue above the firebox that lets the smoke from the fire go outside.

Until the early 1900s, most homes had one or more fireplaces as a source of heat for the residents of the house. In the mid-1900s, gas, oil, and electric heaters became more common and fireplaces were used less often as a source of heat. In the late 1900s, fireplaces were less commonly built in new houses.

References

Other websites 
 Fireplace -Citizendium

Fire
Home appliances
HVAC
Dubnium

Dubnium is a chemical element. It has the symbol Db and it has the atomic number 105. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab. It is a transuranium element created by bombarding californium-249 with nitrogen-15 nuclei. The isotope that has the longest half-life only has a half life of 32 hours. Dubnium is a transactinide element.

History 
The Soviet Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) had said they first discovered the element in 1968, followed by the American Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1970. Both teams shared their names for the new element and used them without formal approval. The long-standing argument was settled in 1993 by an official investigation of the discovery claims by the Transfermium Working Group, formed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, resulting in credit for the discovery being officially shared between both teams. The element was then named dubnium in 1997 after the town of Dubna, the site of the JINR.

Uses 
There are no current uses for Dubnium seeing as its too radioactive and ts short half life makes it almost impossible to work with.

Chemistry 
Hypothesized research says that dubnium is a member of group 5 in the 6d series of transition metals, placing it under vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. Dubnium should share most properties, such as its valence electron configuration and having a mainly +5 oxidation state, with the other group 5 elements, with a few exceptions due to relativistic effects. Limited research of dubnium chemistry has confirmed this. Solution chemistry experiments have shown that dubnium often behaves more like niobium rather than tantalum, breaking periodic trends.

References 

Transition metals
Synthetic elements
Upland, California

Upland is a city in San Bernardino County, California. As of the 2020 census, 79,040 people lived in Upland. It became a city on May 15, 1906, after previously being named North Ontario and a part of Ontario.

Upland used to be famous for skateboarding because of its skate park, The Pipeline, but the park was demolished in the 1980s.

The rapper Litefoot was born in Upland.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in San Bernardino County, California
Neuchâtel

Neuchâtel is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of Canton of Neuchâtel. As of 2003, the city had a population of 31,571 people.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 City of Neuchâtel official website 

Capital cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Neuchâtel district
70s



Events 
 Year 78 – the beginning of the Saka Era South Asian calendar system.
 Year 79 – Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneam.
 Didache written.

Births

Deaths 
Pliny the Elder.
Sonic the Hedgehog

Sonic the Hedgehog is a Japanese platform video game series and media franchise created by Sega and featuring their mascot, Sonic. It is a series of fast platform games. Sonic is the main character. He is a bright blue hedgehog with supersonic speed. Usually, Sonic must stop the villain, Doctor Eggman's, plans for taking over the world. Sonic is often helped by his friends like Tails, Amy Rose, and Knuckles.

The first Sonic the Hedgehog game was released in 1991. It was created by Sega's Sonic Team division after Sega wanted a new mascot character. This was because they wanted to replace Alex Kidd, and they wanted to compete with Nintendo's mascot, Mario. Its success made many sequels, and it helped Sega become one of the biggest video game companies during the 16-bit era of the early 1990s. The first major 3D Sonic game, Sonic Adventure, was released in 1998 for the Dreamcast.

The series made over  by 2014. As of 2018, the series has sold 800million copies. This includes free-to-play mobile game downloads.

Reception and legacy

Sales

References

Note

Sonic the Hedgehog
Sonic the Hedgehog games
The Silence of the Lambs

The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American crime horror thriller movie. It was directed by Jonathan Demme. It stars Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins.  It is based on the novel by Thomas Harris. The movie is about psychopathic psychiatrist and cannibal Dr. Hannibal Lecter and FBI agent Clarice Starling. The movie was released in 1991.

Background
In the movie, Clarice Starling, a young FBI worker, is sent to see the Dr. Lecter in prison to ask his advice on catching a serial killer called Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill has been kidnapping women and killing them.

When the movie was being made, the FBI helped with the making of the movie. They used the movie to try to have more women join the FBI.

Awards
Jonathan Demme won an Academy Award for Best Director. Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins both won Academy Awards. The movie also won Oscars for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture. It became the third and most recent movie (the other two being 1934's It Happened One Night and 1975's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest) to win Academy Awards in all the major five categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is also the only horror movie to have won the Oscar for Best Picture.

Hopkins' performance as Lecter is one of the shortest lead acting Oscar-winning performances ever. Hopkins is only on screen for seventeen minutes in the movie.

Release dates

Related pages
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

References

Other websites 

The Hannibal Lecter Studiolo 

Criterion Collection essay by Amy Taubin 

1991 crime thriller movies
1991 horror movies
1990s serial killer movies
American crime thriller movies
American horror thriller movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Picture Oscar
1990s English-language movies
FBI in fiction
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Hannibal Lecter movies
Movies about cannibalism
Movies about abduction
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
United States National Film Registry movies
Ammerland

Ammerland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the city of Oldenburg and the districts of Oldenburg, Cloppenburg, Leer, Friesland and Wesermarsch.

Geography 
The central point of the district is the Zwischenahner Meer near the resort town of Bad Zwischenahn, a lake with an area of 5.5 km2 (Meer is the German word for "sea", but in the local Low German, as in Dutch, it means "lake").

Cities and municipalities

References

Other websites 

  
 Parklandschaft Ammerland Tourism website 
 Führs & Fröhling Website 

 
Districts of Lower Saxony
Aurich (district)

Aurich is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the North Sea, the districts of Wittmund and Leer, and the city of Emden.

Cities and municipalities

References

Other websites

 
Island of Norderney 
Island of Juist 
Island of Baltrum
Celle (district)

Celle () is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 

  

 
Districts of Lower Saxony
Cloppenburg (district)

Cloppenburg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

 
Districts of Lower Saxony
Cuxhaven (district)

Cuxhaven is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Cuxland tourist website 

 
Districts of Lower Saxony
Diepholz (district)

Diepholz is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Cities and municipalities

References 

Districts of Lower Saxony
Emsland

Emsland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is named after the river Ems.

Cities and municipalities 

(Population 2005)

Free municipalities and towns
Emsbüren (9,749)
Geeste (11,279)
Haren, town (22,754)
Haselünne, town (12,549)
Lingen, town (51,318)
Meppen, town (34,196)
Papenburg, town (34,519)
Rhede (4,228)
Salzbergen (7,436)
Twist (9,640)

Samtgemeinden 
Dörpen (15,446)
Freren (10,834)
Herzlake (9,821)
Lathen (10,815)
Lengerich (9,083)
Nordhümmling (12,149)
Sögel (15,484)
Spelle (12,653)
Werlte (15,660)

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
Friesland (district)

Friesland is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. 

In the east the district is bounded by the Jade Bight, a shallow bay of the North Sea. The island of Wangerooge, one of the East Frisian Islands, is a part of Friesland.

Cities and municipalities

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
Gifhorn (district)

Gifhorn is a Landkreis (district) in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony. It has about 175.000 inhabitants. Gifhorn is located in the north of Braunschweig.

Towns and sub-administrations 
In the district of Gifhorn there are 41 local communities.(numbers of inhabitants from the 30th June, 2005).

Communities
  Gifhorn, Town, autonomous community  (42.658)
  Sassenburg (10.946) [Seat: Westerbeck
  Wittingen, Town (12.268)

Samtgemeinden with their local communities

* Seat of Samtgemeinde government

Area without community (uninhabited)
 Giebel (10,36 km²)

Districts of Lower Saxony
Göttingen (district)

Göttingen is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

The western half of the district is covered by the Weserbergland mountains.

Towns and municipalities

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
Goslar (district)

Goslar is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Harz National Park is part of this district.

Towns and municipalities
The following towns and municipalities are in Goslar:

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
Harburg

Harburg may refer to:

Locations
 Harburg, Hamburg, a borough of Hamburg
 Harburg (quarter), the former Hanoveran city of Harburg upon Elbe, now quarter of Hamburg 
 Harburg (district), Lower Saxony
 Harburg, Bavaria, a city in Bavaria
 Harburg-Wilhelmsburg, a Hanoveran city (1927–1937), now two quarters of Hamburg

People
 Yip Harburg, US lyricist
Helmstedt (district)

Helmstedt is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Towns and municipalities

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
George Cleveland

George Cleveland was a Canadian actor. He was born on September 17, 1885 in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada.  He was the Grandfather in the television series Lassie. He died July 15, 1957.

Canadian television actors
1885 births
1957 deaths
Othello

The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare around 1603. It was first performed on 1 November 1604 at Whitehall Palace in London. More recently, Othello was shown on Masterpiece Theater on PBS. The opera Otello of Giuseppe Verdi is based on this play.

Outline 

At the start of the play Othello, a Moorish general in the army, promotes Cassio to lieutenant. Iago, his ensign, is angry and jealous, so he plots against Cassio by making him look bad and making Othello uncertain about keeping him as his lieutenant. Some of the things he does are to get him drunk and to start a fight with someone else from the army. Iago also tells Othello that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with Cassio. Cassio is demoted and Iago is promoted to lieutenant. Othello kills Desdemona and is then told by Iago's wife, Emilia, that Iago plotted against him. He goes after Iago, and injures him but does not kill him. Othello then kills himself next to his wife after saying sorry to Cassio for what he has done.

Characters of Othello 
Othello
Iago
 Roderigo
 Montano
 Cassio
 Brabantio
 Desdemona
 Bianca
Emilia

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays
Commonwealth Games

The Commonwealth Games is a multinational, multi-sport event. Held every four years, it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. Attendance at the Commonwealth Games is typically around 5,000 athletes.

The idea for a competition between members of the British Empire was first suggested by the Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891. The first such event, then known as the British Empire Games, was held in 1930. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.

Editions 
The following cities have hosted the Commonwealth Games, and their predecessors

British Empire Games 
  1930 British Empire Games - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  1934 British Empire Games - London, England
  1938 British Empire Games - Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  1950 British Empire Games - Auckland, New Zealand

British Empire and Commonwealth Games 
  1954 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  1958 - Cardiff, Wales
  1962 - Perth, Australia
  1966 - Kingston, Jamaica

British Commonwealth Games 
  1970 - Edinburgh, Scotland
  1974 - Christchurch, New Zealand

Commonwealth Games 
  1978 - Edmonton, Canada
  1982 - Brisbane, Australia
  1986 - Edinburgh, Scotland
  1990 - Auckland, New Zealand
  1994 - Victoria, Canada
  1998 - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2002 - Manchester, England
  2006 - Melbourne, Australia
  2010 - Delhi, India
  2014 - Glasgow, Scotland
  2018 - Gold Coast, Australia
  2022 - Birmingham, England

Related pages
 List of Commonwealth Games cities

 
1930 establishments
Multi-sport events
Aly & AJ

78violet (formerly Aly & AJ) are an American music group. The members are Amanda Michalka and her sister, Alyson who is two years older.

Members
 Alyson (nicknamed "Aly"): helps writing the music and songs. She is one of the two guitarists.
 Amanda (nicknamed "AJ"): helps writing the songs and constructing the music.

Aly & AJ lived in Seattle, Washington in the early 1990s, then moved back to Southern California. They learned to play the piano at the age of six. They both were in the movie My Super Sweet 16 The Movie.

Albums 
 Into the Rush (2005)
 Acoustic Hearts of Winter (2006)
 Insomniatic (2007)

References

2004 establishments in California
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American girl groups
American pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Torrance, California
Middlesbrough

Middlesbrough is a large town in North Yorkshire in northeast England. About 135,000 people live there. It is in the traditional North Riding of Yorkshire. 

Middlesbrough was formerly administered as part of the county borough of Teesside, later the county of Cleveland, and it is now in the unitary authority of the Borough of Middlesbrough. St Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Middlesbrough.

The name is often spelt incorrectly as 'Middlesborough' but 'Middlesbrough' is correct. The town is abbreviated to Boro by locals.

Sports
It has a Championship football club: Middlesbrough F.C..

Towns in North Yorkshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
Argentine National Anthem

The lyrics of the Himno Nacional Argentino (the national anthem of Argentina) were written by Vicente López y Planes, and the music was composed by Blas Parera. This song was adopted as the national anthem on May 11, 1813, three years before the formal declaration of independence from Spain. May 11 is therefore Anthem Day in Argentina.

Modern Version 
The following is the modern version, adopted in 1900, without the vivid attacks against Spain.

2008 comprehensive translation, adapted for the tune
Same meaning, somehow more positive

O'Hear Mortals these sacred words...
We Are Free!, We Are Free!, We Are Free!
O'Hear the sounds of broken old chains,
See enthroned our great noble Flag!
Her glorious passage was for us unveiled,
By The United Provinces of the South.
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!

Chorus

May these Laurels be eternal,
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Let us all live crowned with Glory,
Or full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.
|}

Original version 

The original version, Marcha Patriótica, is as follows:

References

1810s songs
South American anthems
National symbols of Argentina
Indianapolis 500

The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, which is near Indianapolis, Indiana. It is one of the biggest racing events in the world. Every year more than 200,000 people come there to watch the race. It occurs once a year on the day before Memorial Day. This event gives its name to the IndyCar class, a type of open-wheel race car that races in it. Fans of this race sometimes call the race the Indy 500.

History

The early years

The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted an assortment of small events, including ones for motorcycles.

Formula One
IndyCar Series
Mahout

A mahout (ORIGIN from Hindi mahāvat) is a person who drives an elephant. Usually, a mahout starts as a boy, when he is given a young elephant so that they become attached to each other.

The most common tool used by mahouts is a goad called anlius, or ankusha - a sharp hook used to guide a tamed elephant by prodding on the back of its head. 

Occupations
Joseph Cook

Sir Joseph Cook (7 December 1860 – 30 July 1947) was the sixth Prime Minister of Australia from June 1913 until September 1914. He was Prime Minister when World War I started. He moved to London when he retired.

1860 births
1947 deaths
Cook, Joseph
People from Staffordshire
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Commonwealth Liberal Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Antihero

An antihero is a main character in a story who does not act like a traditional hero. The antihero does not show  idealism, courage, and morality.

The antihero became prominent in early 20th century existentialist works such as Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis (1915), Jean-Paul Sartre's La Nausée (1938), and Albert Camus' L'Étranger (1942) (). The protagonist in these works is an indecisive central character who drifts through his life and is marked by ennui, angst, and alienation.

Examples of antiheroes from modern pop culture are Marvel Comics The Punisher & Deadpool, Sega's "Shadow The Hedgehog", DC's Batman, Catwoman of Batman, John Constantine, Sweeney Todd, Light Yagami from the Death Note manga / anime series, Robin Hood, V from V for Vendetta, and Kratos from the God of War video-game franchise.

From English literature the classic example is Prince Hamlet from Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and from children's literature Discord from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.

Most of the time it means a character in fiction, television, or movies. Sometimes it is used to mean a real person. Sometimes the antihero is linked to the author's social critique or message to the reader: for example, the unnamed protagonist in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Notes from Underground.

The whole concept was the subject of a book by Colin Wilson called The Outsider. There the author imagines he is in the position of many of his favourite characters in fiction, such as Dostoevsky's Raskolnikov.

References

Related pages 
 False protagonist
 Villain
 Antagonist

 	
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Hestia

Hestia is a virgin Greek goddess of the hearth, home and fire.  It was believed all hearths were her altars.  She also symbolized the alliance between colonies and their mother cities. Her sacred animal is the pig.

Family 
Hestia is the older sister of Demeter and Hera, and is also the sister of Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Her parents are Titans Rhea and Kronos.

Myths 
Hestia was originally one of the Twelve Olympians.  Her throne was described as plain, being made of wood with a woolen white cushion. She did not choose an emblem for herself.

Hestia was the first to be swallowed by her father Kronos when he ate the Twelve Olympians, and the last to be disgorged. 

She gave up her throne on Mount Olympus, and gave it to Dionysus to avoid a possible civil war. Hestia instead tended to the sacred fire on Mount Olympus. Because she could not leave from the hearth, Hestia did not have many stories centered around her. 

In ancient tales, Hestia refused the marriage offers of Apollo and Poseidon. She vowed on the River Styx to forever be a virgin goddess.

Worship 
Hestia was always the first to receive offerings at every sacrifice in a household. Any hearth of a household was forbidden to go out unless the fire was ritually extinguished and ritually revived. The hearth of the prytaneum was Hestia's official sanctuary. When a new colony was formed, a flame from Hestia's public hearth in the mother city would be carried to the new settlement.

Related pages

 Vesta (mythology), a Roman version of Hestia.

Twelve Olympians
Virgin goddesses
Alison Balsom

Alison Balsom (born 7 October 1978, Hertfordshire) is an English trumpeter.  She grew up in Royston, Hertfordshire in England.  She studied the trumpet at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Paris Conservatory, and also with Håkan Hardenberger.  She is a BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist.  She has made three CD albums with EMI Classics and has been described by many as the best trumpeter of the young generation.

Discography
Alison Balsom: Music for Trumpet and Organ (EMI Classics Debut, 2002)
Alison Balsom & Crispian Steele-Perkins: The Fam'd Italian Masters (Hyperion, 2003)
Alison Balsom: Bach works for Trumpet (EMI Classics, 2005)
Alison Balsom: Caprice (EMI Classics, 2006)
Alison Balsom: Haydn and Hummel Trumpet Concertos (EMI Classics, 2008)
Alison Balsom: Italian Concertos (EMI Classics, 2010)

The BBC Music Magazine cover disc for December 2010 has: Haydn & Hummel concertos (not the 2008 EMI recordings); Albinoni's Oboe Concerto Op. 9 No. 2, transcribed for trumpet; and Vivaldi's Violin Concerto Op. 3 No. 9, arranged for trumpet and instrumental trio.

Awards
Concerto finalist in the BBC Young Musicians Competition, 1998
Feeling Musique Prize for quality of sound in the 4th Maurice André International Trumpet Competition.
Young British Performer at the Classical Brit Awards, 2006
Classic FM Listeners' Choice Award, 2006

Other websites
Alison Balsom Official website
Caprice album microsite 
Alison Balsom on MySpace

British trumpeters
English musicians
1978 births
Living people
Continuity

Continuity is a word used when talking about art, especially serial art. Serial art is when an artist paints several pictures which all have something to do with each other.

Examples

Pop culture 
The six Star Wars films tell one long story which continues from part to part.  This is where the word continuity comes from.  Continuity refers to consistency from part to part-- that is, everything should fit together like one whole piece.

At the end of the Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker loses one of his hands.  In the next film, Return of the Jedi, he has a fake hand to replace the one he lost.  If he had his real hand again, it wouldn't make sense.  The audience would say, did not he lose his hand in the last one?  Continuity is making sure things make sense.

Art 
Sometimes the word is used to refer to any work of art, like just one film.  For example, a woman has a full glass of wine in one shot.  In the next shot, the wine is gone.  In a third shot, she has a full glass of wine again.  That scene would have very poor continuity: it does not make sense, and it reminds the audience that they are watching a movie.  Poor continuity is continuity that does not make sense and usually has mistakes.

Books 
In American comic books, many different characters live in the same world.  For example, Superman and Aquaman live in the same world.  But if Superman goes to Atlantis and it's different than Aquaman's Atlantis, it does not make sense.  If they are in the same world, Atlantis should be the same no matter who visits it.

Making sure that all the different stories and characters fit together is working with continuity.  Sometimes, the word is used to talk about the stories themselves.

Entertainment
Håkan Hardenberger

Håkan Hardenberger (born 1961, Malmö) is a Swedish trumpeter.  He started playing the trumpet when he was eight.  His teacher was Bo Nilsson, When he left school he studied in Paris and Los Angeles.  He is one of the world’s most famous trumpeters.  He plays well-known pieces of Classical music and has also asked living composers like Harrison Birtwistle, Hans Werner Henze and Arvo Pärt to write music for him.

Other websites 
 Official website 

Trumpeters
Swedish musicians
1961 births
Living people
People from Malmo
Skink

Skinks are a family of small lizards, the  Scincidae.  There are over 1,500 different species of skink.

Skinks are different from other lizards. They have very small legs and necks. Some have no legs at all; these move more like snakes than lizards. Their tails can grow back when part of it is cut off. This is called regeneration.

Skinks are small: most can only grow to be 12cm long. Some can grow to be 35cm. A trait  of skinks is a love of digging and burrowing. Underground they are mostly safe from predators. Sometimes they dig tunnels for easy navigation. They also use their tongues to sniff the air and track their prey. When they encounter their prey, they chase it down until they corner it or manage to land a bite and then swallow it whole. Some skinks live in trees. If they do, then they usually have longer fingers.

Many skinks are insectivorous. They may also eat other small invertebrates like earthworms, millipedes, slugs and snails. Some skinks supplement their diet with fruit and vegetables.

Skinks have been around a long time: their jawbones appear in the fossil record about 140 million years ago, during the early Cretaceous. Definitively skink fossils appear later, during the Miocene period.

References 

Lizards
Geronimo Stilton (character)

Geronimo is a character in the Geronimo Stilton series. He is the publisher of the Rodent's Gazeete.

According to himself, the real creator is Edizoni Piemme, who once published the
Italian books by Piemme/Junior. Geronimo's middle name was never casted in the books.
There are many books of his series. One of them is All Because of a Cup of Coffee.

Books

Relatives 
Younger sister - Thea Stilton

Cousin - Trap Stilton

Nephew - Benjamin Stilton

Grandfather - William Shortpaws

Niece - Bugsy Wugsy

References 

Characters in written fiction
Dionysus

Dionysus (, also spelt Dionysos, Dionysius) is the Greek god of frenzies, festivities, spiritual ecstasy, wine, and alcohol in general.
Amongst the Orphists (who are a select group of followers of the Ancient Greek Religion) Dionysus is considered a saviour.

Mythology
There are two stories on how Dionysus was born. One describes that he was the son of Zeus and Semele, and the other describes that he was the son of Zeus and Persephone, queen of the Underworld. Either way, in both stories Dionysus is sent to the Underworld by Zeus' jealous wife Hera and then saved and brought to life afterwards. He was the God of celebrations.
Dionysus was also the god of wine. According to a myth, the Titans lured Dionysus with toys and wanted to eat him. When Zeus found out it was too late and they had eaten everything except his heart. With that Zeus put the heart in the womb of Semele and he was born again.

Related pages
 Bacchus - Roman mythology version of Dionysus
 Dionysian Mysteries

References

Other websites

Twelve Olympians
Motor neurone disease

Motor neurone disease, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and  Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a condition that affects the nerves that control movement. It is a chronic and progressive disease, which means that it gets worse over time and eventually leads to death. There is no known cure.

There is a slow but steady death of the nerve cells in the central nervous system making them stop sending messages to the muscles. The disorder causes muscle weakness and muscle shrinking (atrophy) throughout the body. Unable to function, the muscles gradually weaken and waste away. Eventually, the ability of the brain to start and control voluntary movement is lost. However, even patients in later stages of the disease may still have the same intelligence, memory, and personality they had before it started.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common of the five types of motor neurone disease. About 5 to 10% of cases are inherited from a person's parents.

Symptoms 
Motor neurone disease does not show many symptoms, making it very hard to diagnose. It usually affects people ages 40-60. The earliest symptoms may include twitching, cramping, or stiffness of muscles; muscle weakness affecting an arm or a leg; slurred and strange-sounding nasal speech; or having a difficult time chewing or swallowing. These general symptoms then develop into clear weakness or atrophy that may cause a physician to believe that a person has ALS.

The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which muscles in the body are affected first. About 75% of people have limb onset ALS. In some of these cases, symptoms first affect one of the legs, and patients have awkwardness when walking or running or they notice that they are tripping or stumbling more often. Other limb onset patients first see the effects of the disease on a hand or arm as they have a difficult time with simple tasks requiring hand dexterity, or ability to move small things, such as buttoning a shirt, writing, or turning a key in a lock.

About 25% of cases are bulbar onset ALS. These patients first have difficulty speaking clearly. Speech becomes hard to understand and slurred. Speaking through the nose and softer talking are often the first symptoms. Difficulty swallowing, and loss of tongue movement follow. Eventually total loss of speech and ability to keep the airway clear when swallowing are experienced.

Treatment 
There is no cure for ALS. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the first drug treatment for the disease: riluzole. Riluzole is believed to reduce damage to motor neurons. Clinical trials with ALS patients showed that riluzole gives a better chance of survival by several months, mainly in those with a hard time swallowing. The drug also allows more time before a patient needs breathing help by a ventilator or tracheotomy. Riluzole does not heal the damage already done to motor neurons.

Other treatments for ALS are designed to make symptoms less painful and improve the quality of life for patients.

References 

Diseases and disorders of the nervous system
Muscle diseases
Fields Medal

The Fields Medal is a prize given to mathematicians who are not over 40 years of age. It is given at each International Congress of the International Mathematical Union. This is a meeting that takes place every four years.

The Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields was the first to propose this medal and it was first awarded in 1936. It has been regularly awarded since 1950. Its purpose is to support younger mathematicians who made major contributions.

The Fields Medal is viewed, at least in the media, as the top honor a mathematician can receive. It comes with a monetary award. In 2006 the award was C$15,000 (US$13,400 or €10,550). The Abel Prize has similar prestige, and more money.

Conditions of the award 
The Fields Medal is often described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics". But there are several differences. First, it is awarded not only to recognize the valuable contributions of a mathematician but also to encourage him or her to continue their works. The Fields Medals have generally been awarded for a mathematician's whole work.

Another difference is that the Fields Medal is awarded every four years. The recipients cannot be over the age of 40.

Fields Medalists 
 2022: Hugo Duminil-Copin (France), June Huh (US), James Maynard (UK), Maryna Viazovska (Ukraine)
 2018: Caucher Birkar (UK-Iran), Alessio Figalli (Italy), Peter Scholze (Germany), Akshay Venkatesh (Australia)
 2014: Artur Avila (Brazil), Manjul Bhargava (U.S.), Martin Hairer (UK), Maryam Mirzakhani (U.S.)
 2010: Elon Lindenstrauss (Israel), Ngô Bảo Châu (Vietnam/France), Stanislav Smirnov (Russia), Cédric Villani (France)
 2006: Andrei Okounkov (Russia), Grigori Perelman (Russia) (declined award), Terence Tao (Australia), Wendelin Werner (France)
 2002: Laurent Lafforgue (France), Vladimir Voevodsky (Russia)
 1998: Richard Ewen Borcherds (UK), William Timothy Gowers (UK), Maxim Kontsevich (Russia), Curtis T. McMullen (U.S.)
 1994: Efim Isakovich Zelmanov (Russia), Pierre-Louis Lions (France), Jean Bourgain (Belgium), Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (France)
 1990: Vladimir Drinfeld (USSR), Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones (New Zealand), Shigefumi Mori (Japan), Edward Witten (U.S.)
 1986: Simon Donaldson (UK), Gerd Faltings (West Germany), Michael Freedman (U.S.)
 1982: Alain Connes (France), William Thurston (U.S.), Shing-Tung Yau (China)
 1978: Pierre Deligne (Belgium), Charles Fefferman (U.S.), Grigory Margulis (USSR), Daniel Quillen (U.S.)
 1974: Enrico Bombieri (Italy), David Mumford (U.S.)
 1970: Alan Baker (UK), Heisuke Hironaka (Japan), Sergei Petrovich Novikov (USSR), John Griggs Thompson (U.S.)
 1966: Michael Atiyah (UK), Paul Joseph Cohen (U.S.), Alexander Grothendieck (France), Stephen Smale (U.S.)
 1962: Lars Hörmander (Sweden), John Milnor (U.S.)
 1958: Klaus Roth (UK), René Thom (France)
 1954: Kunihiko Kodaira (Japan), Jean-Pierre Serre (France)
 1950: Laurent Schwartz (France), Atle Selberg (Norway)
 1936: Lars Ahlfors (Finland), Jesse Douglas (U.S.)

Footnotes

Other websites 
 Official site

Mathematics
Science awards
Laugh

A laugh is a way of showing happiness. It is a  vocal sound which a person makes when something is funny, like a joke, or a tickle.

Sometimes people laugh when they are not happy. When people are ashamed or embarrassed, sometimes they react by laughing.

There are different ways to laugh. A person can laugh using mostly their voice, mostly their throat, or mostly their nose.

You can write a laugh in different ways. Some people write "ha ha ha", or "he he he", or "hehe". If they are on the internet, they also use "LOL". "LOL" does not sound like a laugh, but it stands for Laughing Out Loud.

Human babies first laugh at the age of around three or four months, usually as an expression of surprise. Babies' laughter often produces a positive response in adults who will involuntarily copy the child. Video footage, on the YouTube site, of babies laughing was shown to Queen Elizabeth II during her visit, on 16 October 2008, to the Google headquarters, where both she and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh were reduced to 'fits of giggles'.

References 

Human communication
Hi-5

Hi-5 is an Australian television show for children that started in 1999. The members of Hi-5 are Nathan, Kellie, Charli, Tim and Kathleen. Hi-5 can also be known as a pop music group for young children. They sing songs, dance and act. Hi-5 have recently released an album called Boom Boom beat! The album has 20 tracks. Hi-5 is very popular with  children but also with many other age groups, such as The Wiggles and The Hooley Dooleys

Overall, the show has been designed to have a very bright and happy feel to it. The show is aired once a week on Australian television. All the members of Hi-5 had been involved in television before the show had started. They had done commercials and small roles in other television shows. But Hi-5 has definitely been their most successful venture. They have won two Logie Awards (Awards that are voted by the Australian public) for Most Outstanding Children’s Program.

Some of Hi-5’s songs:

"Friends"
"Rain Rain"
"Three Wishes"
"Celebrate"
"Robot One"
"Hi-5 theme song"

Australian television
Australian musical groups
Children's musical groups
Children's television series
1999 television series debuts
1999 establishments in Australia
English-language television programs
Beaver

A beaver is large rodent. It is semi-aquatic: some of the time it lives in water, some of the time it lives on land. Beavers are only found in North America and Europe. In Great Britain, for example, they have been deliberately re-introduced. In Europe, they almost died off, but they are returning. There are beavers living in the Elbe and Rhone rivers, as well as in Bavaria, Poland and Scandinavia. Beavers are known for building and keeping dams in rivers.

Their dams slow down rivers and reduce erosion. The wetlands they create benefit many other species. Special arrangements are needed to let salmon and other migratory fish pass the dams to spawn.

Kinds of beavers 
There are two different species of beaver, the American beaver (C. canadensis) and the European beaver (C. fiber).

The American beaver 
This beaver is in North America, in Canada, the United States and in Northern Mexico. It is the second largest rodent in the world, and the largest found in North America. The largest rodent of the world is the capybara in South America.

The European beaver 
The European beaver is currently an endangered species. It was hunted almost to extinction. This was done because of its fur, and because of castoreum. Castoreum is made by a gland, which is also responsible for the smell of the animal. It is used as a tincture in some perfumes

People are currently (2007) reintroducing the beaver, because the important role of the beaver for the ecology of rivers was discovered. Beaver dams (or the small lakes that form) provide a habitat for many species.

Beaver fur 
Early visitors that met Native Americans saw them wearing animal skin blankets. The fur on these blankets were good for felting. The Europeans wanted felt hats, and the Native Americans wanted metal: so, fur trading began.

Beaver was the most popular fur for hats. At that time in North America, there were about sixty million beavers. Only the soft inside fur was used for felting. The best time for collecting the beaver's fur was winter, when the fur was thickest. It was also a good time to hunt, since the beaver stayed close to its home in the winter and was easy to catch. The fur trade gave money to the European traders. The Indians who caught the beavers got the metal tools and other high technology items they wanted, until the beavers were mostly gone.

Images

References

Other websites 

 Ecology of the Beaver 
 Canadian Heritage - the beaver as a national symbol
 The romance of the beaver; being the history of the beaver in the western hemisphere, by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Illustrated with photographs from life and drawings by the author. Publisher: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott company; London, W. Heinemann 1914 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries)

Rodents
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Europe
Bladder

The urinary bladder is an organ in the human body in charge of storing urine. It is the part of our urinary system. All the liquids that are drunk go through the bladder. The bladder takes in the liquid in order for the body to work. The bladder works with the kidneys. The kidneys clean the liquid we drink. This goes on util the bladder is too full to hold any more. At this point, it is roughly the size of a softball. The bladder then tells the brain that it needs to be emptied. Once this message is received to the brain, the muscles around the bladder start to squeeze and the bladder starts to contract. At the same time the bladder sends a message to the sphincters to relax and let the liquid pass.

Anatomy of the urinary system
Time travel

Time travel is the idea of going back in time to the past or forward to the future.  We always travel forward, to the future.  Time travel to the past is not known to be possible, but it is much used in fiction.  The Time Machine (1895) by H. G. Wells was one of the first and most famous stories of time travel.  Much later, the American movie "Back to the Future" tells a fictional story about a professor who builds a machine that can take people into the future or back in the past. 

The popular British TV program Doctor Who is about an alien who has adventures by time travelling in a space time machine grown and built on Gallifrey.  Another TV show about time travel is the series Charmed.  Instead of using machines and science, this one uses magic to go to other times and places, Quantum Leap is another show which features "leaping" a form of time travel that allows a person to "relive events of another in history" it is similar to "Assassin's Creed" but in Quantum leap you can actually change history not just merely relive and shape it.

Some series that are not mainly about time travel have episodes about it, for example Star Trek and Stargate and The Flash.

Related pages
 General relativity
 Special relativity

Fiction
Physics
Dock

A dock is a structure built above water along the shore where boats can be tied. Docks are often held up by pilings which are often poles driven into the sea floor or riverbed.

References 

Transport buildings and structures
Ports and harbours‎

lb:Hafebaseng
They Might Be Giants

They Might Be Giants are an alternative rock band that live in Brooklyn, New York. The five original band members, John Flansburgh, John Linnell, Dan Miller, Danny Weinkauf and Brian Doherty, officially formed the band in 1982.

The band has been given two Grammy Awards, one for the children's album Here Comes the 123s and the other for the theme song of Malcolm in the Middle.

Charting singles

References

Other websites 
 Official homepage
 Official page for their podcast
 A website to buy their music
 Their website for kids 

1982 establishments in the United States
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups established in 1982
Solomon

Solomon is a figure from Abrahamic religions. He was a King of Israel, the son of King David. His name means "Peace". He is written about in the Qur'an, the Bible (2 Samuel) and other scriptures. He is said to be the author of several Old Testament books. He wrote Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and much of Proverbs. He is famous for building the First Temple, having lots of wisdom, being very rich, and having many wives. Because of his wives, his kingdom became divided right after his death. His wives worshipped idols of gods because many of them were not of Jewish lineage.

Related pages 
 Solomonid dynasty

Other websites 

Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
Old Testament people
10th-century BC people
Proverb

A proverb is a wise saying. Many cultures have collections of these, such as the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, was said to be written by king Solomon of Israel.
A proverb is basically a wise saying.

Examples of proverbs

Cultural anthropology
Literature
Oral tradition
Phrases
Santiago, Chile

Santiago, Chile (also known as Santiago de Chile) is the capital of Chile and the largest city in the country. It has a population of around 7 million people, about 35.9 percent of the population of Chile. In Chile, people call the city Gran Santiago (Big Santiago) or Santiago. It has 26 comunas (municipalities). 

With its geographical conditions, because it is located in a valley surrounded by the Andes mountains, Santiago has a large amount of air pollution.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Municipality homepage
 Santiago Tourist  - An Independent Travel Guide

 
Capitals of Chilean regions
1541 establishments
1540s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Chile
Psalms

Psalms (, Tehillim, or "praises") is a book of 150 Hebrew poems in the Bible. The Book of Psalms is the first Ketuvim and part of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and it is also in the Old Testament of the Christian translations. People traditionally believe that many of the Psalms in the Bible were written by King David to God. Perhaps the most famous one is Psalm 23, which starts "The LORD is my shepherd". Psalm 23 is often used for funerals. In the Qur'an, the Arabic word ‘Zabur’ is used for the Psalms of David. 

There are 150 Psalms in the Biblical canon of Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, but there are also more poems that these religions do not think are holy. Psalm 151 is part of canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Name 
The names "Psalms" and "Psalter" come from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament). There, they were about stringed instruments (for example, the harp, lyre and lute), then to songs sung with them. The traditional Hebrew title is tehillim. Tehillim means "praises", though many of the psalms are tephillot ("prayers"). One of the first collections in the book was titled "the prayers of David son of Jesse" (72:20, NIV).

Literary features 

The Psalter is poetry, though it has many prayers and not all Old Testament prayers were poetic. In fact, not all praise was poetic either. The Psalms are full of images, comparisons and metaphor. The Hebrew text often plays with words and repeats the same words, adding synonyms (words with the same meaning) to fill out the description. Important words show the main themes in the prayer or song.

References 

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
Television program

A television program (British spelling: programme) or television show or television series, is something that people watch on television.  Several different kinds are made: 

 A series of fictional programs with the same title and characters (a television series). Each television series is made as a series of programs. These individual programs are called episodes. Most series have between 12 and 24 episodes in each season. Some with fewer are called miniseries.
 A single show (episode) from a television series.
 An ongoing series of non-fiction shows that use the same title, for example: local and network news shows.
 A single program, for example a sporting event or an awards ceremony such as the Academy Awards.

Television broadcasting presents many different television programs, one after another. In between television programs, a channel may use an announcer to tell the audience what the next program will be. On many channels in many countries, advertisements are shown for short periods of time during and between program screenings. These advertisements are not a part of the television program.

Other websites

References
Fatwa

A fatwa (; plural fatāwa), is a legal pronouncement in Islam. A mufti (a scholar capable of making judgments on Sharia (Islamic law)) pronounces it. Usually, a fatwa is made to clarify a question where "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) is unclear. Usually a judge or other person requests it.

Islamic law
Reggie Fils-Aimé

Reginald Fils-Aime (born March 25, 1961) is the former president of Nintendo of America. Before that, he was Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing at Nintendo of America.

References

1961 births
Living people
Businesspeople from New York City
Nintendo people