alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Red blood cell

Red blood cells (also known as RBCs, red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes) are cells in the blood which transport oxygen. In women, there are about 4.8 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. In men, there are 5.4 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. Red blood cells are red because they have hemoglobin in them. Quantity of Red Blood Cells in the Human Body. The average male adult has about 5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood, while the average female adult has about 4.5 million red blood cells per cubic milliliter of blood. This may vary by about 300,000 to 500,000 red blood cells.

Function  
The most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen (O2) to the tissues. The hemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs. Then it travels through blood vessels and brings oxygen to all other cells via the heart. The blood cells go through the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to give all cells oxygen). They go back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), so the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.

Red blood cells are doughnut-shaped, but without the hole. This shape is called a bi-concave disc. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle-cell disease can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins. Plasma is got from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant (such as citrate) is added to the blood immediately after it is taken.

Discovery 
Jan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of "Red Blood Cells".

Discussion 
Mammalian RBCs are unique in that they have no cell nucleus in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during development, but push them out as they mature. This gives more space for haemoglobin. Mammalian RBCs also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells.

As a result of not having mitochondria, the cells use none of the oxygen they carry. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP. Because they lack nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA. They cannot divide, and have limited repair capabilities. This also makes sure no virus can target mammalian red blood cells.

Transport of CO2 in the blood 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in blood in three different ways. The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood.
 Most of it (about 68% to 83%) is converted to bicarbonate ions  by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells. by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + .
 5% – 10% is dissolved in the blood plasma.
 5% – 10% is bound to haemoglobin as carbamino compounds.

References 

 
Physiology
Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Jöns Jakob Berzelius (20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. He invented the modern chemical notation. Berzelius, John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier are said to be the fathers of modern chemistry.

Berzelius was born in Linköping in Östergötland in Sweden. He graduated from Uppsala University as a physician. He became a professor in medicine and surgery at the Stockholm School of Surgery in 1807. In 1810, this became part of Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet (later the Karolinska Institute) and Berzelius became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy.

Not long after going to Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. While doing experiments for the textbook, he found that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. On this table, oxygen was set to 100. The table had all of the elements known at the time. This work gave evidence of the atomic hypothesis that 
chemical compounds are made of atoms combined in whole number amounts. 

In order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written labels, for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. This is the same basic system used today. The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (for example, H2O), Berzelius used a superscript.

Berzelius found the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius laboratory also found lithium and vanadium.

Berzelius was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. He helped Gerhardus Johannes Mulder in his analysis of organic compounds such as coffee, tea and many proteins. The term "protein" itself was created by Berzelius, after Mulder noticed that all proteins seemed to have the same formula and might be made of a single type of a (very large) molecule.

Berzelius wrote a great deal. He helped many leading scientists (such as Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler and Eilhard Mitscherlich), and many less-notable scientists.

Summary of achievements 
Law of definte proportions
Chemical formula
Discovered chemical elements
Recognised organic compounds; named proteins.

Sources 
Crosland M.P. 1962. Historical studies in the language of chemistry.  Chapter 4: The symbols of Berzelius. London: Heinemann.
von Meyer, Ernst 1906. A history of chemistry from the earliest times to the present day. p212 et seq: Berzelius: a survey of his work. London: Macmillan.
Partington J.R. 1964 History of chemistry, vol 4. London: Macmillan; pp. 142–77.
Leicester, Henry 1970–80. Berzelius, Jöns Jacob. In Dictionary of scientific biography, vol 2, p90–97. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9

1779 births
1848 deaths
Swedish chemists
Noel Edmonds

Noel Ernest Edmonds (born 22 December 1948) is an English television presenter. He is best known for hosting the television programmes Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, Noel's House Party and Deal or No Deal?. Edmonds is host of a TV game show called Are You Smarter Than A Ten-Year-Old? (the British version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?). 

He was a DJ on BBC Radio 1 during the 1970s.

Personal life
Edmonds was married to Gillian Slater in 1971. The marriage ended in divorce after eleven years. In July 1986, he married Helen Soby.  They have four daughters: Charlotte, Lorna, Olivia and Alice. The couple bought an  estate at Jacobstowe, near Okehampton, Devon, as a family home. In 2004, he and Soby divorced.  There was much tabloid publicity because of her extramarital affair.

It was reported Edmonds was involved with English teacher and former Miss England Pauline Bull. 

On July 23, 2009 Edmonds married his third wife, Liz Davies.  She was a make-up artist on the programme Deal or No Dea?l. 

As a result of his success on Deal or No Deal?, Edmonds purchased a new home in Devon, a £1.7 million Grade-II manor house.

Edmonds was one of the trio Brown Sauce, along with Maggie Philbin and Keith Chegwin.  They released the single "I Wanna Be a Winner" in 1981.  It reached number 15 in the UK singles chart.

References

1948 births
Living people
British game show hosts
British radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Ilford
Television personalities from Essex
Quizmania

Quizmania was a quiz television show on ITV Play. Viewers at home phoned in to guess answers to questions to win money.

Quizmania was on ITV from 2005 to 2007. It has been online since 2008.

Presenters
 Debbie King
 Greg Scott
 Lee Baldry
 Nigel Mitchell
 Chuck Thomas
 Lottie Mayor
 Tim Lichfield
 Stuart Headlam
 Kirsty Duffy
 Lee Clark

2005 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
Davina McCall

Davina Lucy Pascale McCall (born 16 October 1967) is an English-French television presenter. She is best known for having presented the early seasons of  Big Brother UK through its time on Channel 4.

She was born in London to a French mother and British father. She is the presenter of quiz show The Million Pound Drop Live. She is also currently a judge on the UK Masked Singer.

References 
The real mcCall
Profile Davina McCall

Other websites 

Actors from London
Channel 4 presenters
English television actors
English television presenters
ITV presenters
Television personalities from London
1967 births
Living people
Artiodactyl

The Artiodactyla are even-toed ungulates, an order of mammals. They have an even number of toes: two or four. For example, camelids or animals of the Giraffidae family have two toes, but hippopotami have four toes.

Whales are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related super-order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.

Digestion 
Some artiodactyls are ruminants (Ruminantia and Tylopoda). They ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. This is a very important evolutionary advance.  Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections. 

After eating, the food re-enters the mouth, where it is chewed again.  The food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where microbes (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) help to break down the cellulose found in plant material. 

This form of digestion has two advantages: ruminants can digest plants that are indigestible to other species, and they can take less time in eating.  The animal spends only a short time out in the open with his head to the ground—rumination can happen later, in a sheltered area.

Taxonomy 
 Order Artiodactyla
 Suborder Suina
 Family Suidae
 Family Tayassuidae
 Family Hippopotamidae
 Subfamily Maiaboarinae
 Suborder Tylopoda
 Family Camelidae
 Suborder Ruminantia
 Family Tragulidae
 Family Moschidae
 Family Cervidae
 Family Giraffidae
 Family Antilocapridae
 Family Bovidae

Related pages
Odd-toed ungulate

References

Other websites
Odd-toed ungulate

Odd-toed ungulates are the Perissodactyla, an order of mammals. 

Odd-toed ungulates have an uneven number of toes: Horses have only one toe, rhinoceros have three toes, and tapirs have four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet.

Their digestive system is more basic than the even-toed ungulates. A key difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as the even-toed ungulates do.

Horses, for example, get much less nutrition out of grass than bovines do. This has the consequence that horses have to stop and feed more often, which in turn makes them more liable to predators. However, horses are very well-adapted for running, more so than many oxen or other Artiodactyls.

The living ungulates are a much-reduced group: the horses (including zebras), the tapirs and the rhinoceros.

Taxonomy
 Order Perissodactyla
 Family Rhinocerotidae
 Family Tapiridae
 Family Equidae

References
Condor

Condor is the name for two species of New World vultures. Each is the only species in its genus. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere. They are:

 The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus), which lives over the Andes.
 The California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), now found only on the western coastal mountains of the United States and Mexico.

Condors are part of the family Cathartidae, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, that also includes falcons, hawks, and eagles. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors. 

Condors are scavengers. They feed on carrion (dead animals). Their distinctive bare heads are an adaptation to their feeding method. It helps to keep them clean as they feed inside a carcass.

The Andean Condor has a wingspan of between 274 and 310 cm, and weights around 11–15 kg. The California Condor is smaller.

Fossil record 
Fossils from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida. California Condors or their ancestors once lived on the west coast of North America as well as all the way to the eastern coast. An ancient relative of the condor, Argentavis magnificens from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of .

References

Other websites 

Andean Condor postage stamps
Californian Condor stamps

Vultures
Cathartidae

bpy:কোনডোর্
Carrion

Carrion is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tasmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores. 

The Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion- they hunt and kill the animals they eat.

Zoology
Death
Chongqing

Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆, Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is a city and a district in Central China.
The Chongqing district is the most populated district of China and has 31,442,300 inhabitants (2005).

History 

Chongqing is said to be the semi-mythical State of Ba that began in 11th century BC, when the Ba people began living here until they were destroyed by the State of Qin in 316 BC. 
The Qin emperor ordered a new city to be constructed, called Jiang (江州) and Chu Prefecture (楚州).

In 581 AD (Sui Dynasty), Chongqing was renamed to Yu Prefecture (渝州).

In 1102 the city was renamed Gong Prefecture.

In 1189 renamed Yu Prefecture to Chongqing Subprefecture.

In 1362 (Yuan Dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time.

In 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established there.

In 1891, Chongqing became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.

Since 1929, Chongqing was a municipality of the Republic of China. 
Chongqing was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during the Second Chinese-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945.
The Japanese bombed Chongqing very hard in World War II.

In 1954, the municipality was reduced to a provincial city of the People's Republic.

Geography 

 Geographic coordinates: 105°17'-110°11' East, 28°10'－32°13' North
 Annual average temperature: 18 °C (64 °F)
 Temperature range: 0 to 47 °C
 Total annual hours of sunshine: 1000-1200
 Annual precipitation: 1000–1400 mm
 Neighbours: Hubei (east), Hunan (east), Guizhou (south), Sichuan (west), Shaanxi (north)

Twin cities 
 Washington, D.C., United States
 Düsseldorf, Germany
 Seattle, United States
 Hiroshima, Japan
 Toronto, Canada
 Brisbane, Australia
 Toulouse, France
 Leicester, England
 Detroit, Michigan, United States

Universities and Colleges 

 Chongqing Institute of Technology 
 Chongqing Jiaotong University 
 Chongqing Medical University 
 Chongqing Normal University 
 Chongqing Technology and Business University 
 Chongqing Three Gorges University 
 Chongqing University (founded in 1929)
 Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications 
 Fuling Teachers College 
 Sichuan Fine Arts Institute 
 Sichuan International Studies University 
 Southwest University 
 Southwest University of Political Science and Law 
 Third Military Medical University 
 Western Chongqing University

References 

Cities in China
4th-century BC establishments
Bologna

Bologna (Emilian and Romagnol: Bulåggna) is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. It has about 400,000 inhabitants.

History
Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (c. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 BC.

In the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.

The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.

After being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.

In 1980, 85 people were killed in a bombing at Bologna Centrale railway station. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

Weather
Bologna has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

 
6th-century BC establishments
Oviedo

Oviedo () is a city in the North of Spain and capital of the Principality of Asturias. In 2020 it had 220,406 inhabitants.

History 

Oviedo was founded about 761 A.D. by two monks Maximus and Fromestanus who built a monastery dedicated to Saint Vincent. King Fruela I (757-768) confirmed the foundation and also built a palace and a cathedral dedicated to Saint Saviour.

King Alfonso II the Chaste (791-842) moved the capital of the kingdom of Asturias to Oviedo in 791. He enlarged the city with a new cathedral, palaces, churches and city walls. Examples of these buildings which are still existing are: San Julián de los Prados, (St Julian in the fields), also called Santullano, the head of the church dedicated to San Tirso, (Saint Thyrsus), and the Cámara Santa, (Holy Chamber) which is a chapel which belonged to the palace of the king.
During this period, it was discovered the tomb of the Apostle St James. The king sponsored and create the St James's Way to Santiago de Compostela in order to improve communications of the city and the kingdom as a way to open them to new ideas and influences from the rest of Europe. Its known that ambassadors from Charlemagne or Carles the Great visited Oviedo at the beginning of s. IX.

King Ramiro I (842-850) built the most important and brilliant buildings of the Kingdom of Asturias: Santa María del Naranco, (St Mary of Naranco), a hall for the king's rest, and San Miguel de Lillo, (St Michael of Lillo). These buildings are at the top of the Pre-Romanesque Asturian Art.

King Alfonso III the Great (866-910), built the only civil building of this period, the water fountain La Foncalada. 

King García I (910-914) moved the capital of the kingdom to León in 910. Since then, the bishops of Oviedo will take the responsibility of the development of the city and also the population and the importance of the city decreased. Even the St James's Way moved to León and Oviedo was left apart.

Culture 

The Arts Academy of Oviedo started in the 17th century.

Capital cities in Spain
1088

1088 was a leap year.

Events 
 Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
 Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny
 Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
 Mansur ibn Nasir succeeds Nasir ibn Alnas as ruler of the Hammadid dynasty
 University of Bologna was founded.

Deaths 
 January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian
 July 3 – Robert of Rhuddlan, Norman ruler of most of North Wales
 Naser Khosrow, Persian theologian
 William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Norman aristocrat
Pieve Ligure

Pieve Ligure is an Italian town in the region of Liguria in the province of Genoa in Italy. The population in Pieve Ligure is 2,458.

Pieve has a sea and hill environment. There are no beaches on the coast, but only rocks which people swim and free divew forom. The wildlife there is very varied from young catfish to octopus. The highest place of the town is S. Croce (516 m). The economy is based on agriculture and tourism.

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Genoa
Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. Along with Mohamed Naguib, the first President, he led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and brought in a new period of change in Egypt. This change made Egypt a more socialist and modern country. In 1954 the Muslim Brotherhood tried to kill Nasser and he arrested President Naquib. Nasser ruled the country, and became president in 1956. He promoted pan-Arab nationalism, including a union with Syria that did not last very long.

Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in modern Arab history and politics. Under his leadership, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and other industries, and became important in stopping imperialism in the Arab World and Africa. He was also important in starting the Non-Aligned Movement. Nasser's version of pan-Arabism, which is often called "Nasserism", was very popular in the Arab world during the 1950s and 1960s. Even after the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War damaged the way the public saw him, many Arabs still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom.

References

1918 births
1970 deaths
Colonels
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Egypt
Egyptian military people
Egyptian Muslims
People from Alexandria
Presidents of Egypt
Former dictators
Stork

Storks are a family of birds (Ciconiidae). They usually live near shallow bodies of water where they wade through the water, and catch small animals, like frogs, crabs, or small fish. Many species of stork are migratory, they spend the summer and the winter in different places. There are 19 different species of stork, in six genera. The marabou stork is the largest species of stork. The Abdim's stork is the smallest species of stork

Probably the best known stork is the white stork. It is known to build large nests in high places. Stork nests are often very large. They may be used for many years. Beforehand, people believed storks were monogamous, that they only had one partner in life. More recent research has shown  that they may change partners. They are attached to a nest almost as much as to a partner.

The marabou stork, which lives in Africa, has a wingspan of up to 320 cm. This makes it the largest bird still alive, together with the Andean condor.

Species
There are nineteen species of stork. They include:
 Abdim's stork
 African openbill
 Asian openbill
 Asian woollyneck
 Black stork
 Black-backed stork
 Greater adjutant
 Jabiru
 Lesser adjutant
 Maguari stork
 Marabou stork
 Milky stork
 Oriental stork
 Painted stork
 Saddle-billed stork
 Storm's stork
 White stork
 Wood stork
 Yellow-billed stork

In fiction 
The stork has many legends (stories) about it, as in the Ancient Greek storyteller's Aesop's (6th century BC) The Farmer and the Stork and The Fox and the Stork. The first fable (short story) begins with a farmer plowing his fields, planting his seeds and spreading his nets. These nets caught a few cranes who hopped behind him eating the seed. Along with the cranes in his net the farmer discovered a stork with a broken leg. The stork begged the farmer to spare his life, saying that he was not a crane, but a stork. He pointed to his feathers and told the farmer that they didn’t resemble a crane’s feathers at all. The farmer laughed at the stork and said, “I have taken you with these robbers (thieves), the cranes, and you must die in their company.” Another common legend is that storks deliver babies  instead of the mothers giving birth.

Images
Wharf

A wharf is a permanent structure at a lake, a river, or the sea. It is made so that ships can be loaded and unloaded more easily. 

Water transport
Public house

Public houses (better known as pubs) are businesses that serve alcoholic drinks such as beer, cider and ale, and usually also non-alcoholic drinks such as lemonade, cola, tea, and coffee to be consumed within the limits of the public house. They are subject to the licensing laws of the country. They may be closed down if not properly conducted. Many pubs also sell food such as fish and chips and meat pies.

Pubs are found in English-speaking countries such as England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Australia and the United States. In villages and small towns in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, pubs are the centre of community life. Some pubs hire bands or singers to entertain customers. If the pub has rooms where people can sleep at night, it is usually called an inn.

Ownership and staffing 
Public houses may be owned and operated in different ways. Breweries may own a number of pubs themselves. Pubs may be run as franchises by large catering companies. However they are owned, a pub will be managed by a "landlord" or "landlady". Employees do different jobs to provide good service. Bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") serve drinks at the bar. In most pubs, the customer orders the drinks at the bar and waits for them to be prepared, then carries the drinks back to the tables or area of seating. In some types of pubs may sit at the bar or remain standing with their drinks. Some pubs hire servers, called waiters or waitresses, to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some pubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses, though commonly the bartenders will do this as well.

Pubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Bands and singers who entertain customers during the evening are not usually employees of the pub. Instead, the pub signs a contract with these entertainers, in which the entertainer promises to come to the pub on a specified day or night, in return for a sum of money.

Comparison with nightclubs 
Another type of business that serves alcohol is the nightclub. Like pubs, some nightclubs also serve food and have bands or singers as entertainers. Most people go to nightclubs because they enjoy the music and dancing. However, nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs. Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liqueurs, wine, sherry, and aperitifs.

The bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks, or cocktails, than those who work in pubs.

Notes

Places where alcohol is served
Restaurants
Squaring the circle

Squaring the circle is a problem of geometry. The problem is to construct a square that has the same area as the unit circle, only by using a compass and straightedge construction method. Some people also call this problem the quadrature of the circle.

This is not about a circle with corners like a square.  It is a problem like squaring a triangle. It is easy to construct a square with the same area as a triangle. Squaring the circle is related to the other ancient problems which have been proved impossible, squaring the cube and trisecting the angle.

In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindenmann proved that this cannot be done because it is impossible to calculate √π exactly, because it is a transcendental number.

Geometry
Tampa Bay Lightning

The Tampa Bay Lightning is an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1991, and began playing in 1992-93 NHL season.

The Lightning has won the Stanley Cup championship twice and won the Division title 4 times (2002-03, 2003-04, 2017-18, and 2018-19). 

Before the Lightning's Stanley Cup championship, the team was regarded as one of the worst team in the league. It made the play-offs once (1995-96) before winning the Southeast Division in 2002-03.  

It won the Stanley Cup championship in 2003-04, the year before the NHL Lock-Out. Under the leadership of captain Dave Andreychuk, and the strong goaltending performance of goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin, the Lightning earned its first Stanley Cup over the Calgary Flames in 7 games.

During the Lightning's Stanley Cup winning year, Martin St. Louis won the Hart Trophy, the league's most valuable player. After game 7 against the Calgary Flames, Brad Richards was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy, the play-offs most valuable player. Also, coach John Tortorella was awarded the Jack Adams Trophy for coach of the year.

References

Other websites
Official website

1991 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Florida
National Hockey League teams
Syd Barrett

Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English musician. Barrett is most famous for founding the rock band Pink Floyd. He started the band in 1965 under several different names and wrote the band's first album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. During this time he experimented with psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs and eventually exited the band in 1968. Following his departure from Pink Floyd, he released two records, The Madcap Laughs and Barrett, to little commercial success, due to the unusual lyrics and unsteady beats. He later suffered from mental health issues, possibly related to his history of drug use. Some of his most successful solo songs are "Dark Globe" and "Octopus".

Barrett was born in Cambridge and died there, of pancreatic cancer and type 1 diabetes

References

Other websites 
Official website

Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cambridge
Pink Floyd
1946 births
2006 deaths
Tapir

Tapirs are odd-toed ungulates form the family Tapiridae. The only living genus is Tapirus. The first tapirids appeared in the Eocene epoch, and by the Oligocene they looked similar to the present-day species. For much of their history, tapirs were spread across the Northern Hemisphere extinct as recently as 10,000 years ago.

Taxonomy 
 Family Tapiridae
 Brazilian tapir or Lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
 Mountain Tapir (Tapirus pinchaque)
 Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii)

 Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus)
Kabomani tapir (Tapirus kabomani)

Appearance 
Tapirs are about 2 m / 7 ft long and about 1 meter / 3 ft high. They weigh between 150 - 300 kg / 330 - 700 lb. They have a rounded body and very short stubby tails. Tapirs have hoofed toes, with four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet. The Tapir's upper lip and nose have formed a short trunk, and they have a long tongue.

Tapirs have a short fur, with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black. Exceptions are the Mountain Tapir and the Asian Tapir. The Mountain Tapir has longer wooly fur. The Asian Tapir has a black front part and legs, and a white middle part and back. All baby tapirs have brown fur, with lighter stripes and dots for camouflage.

Tapirs cannot see very well, but they have good hearing and a very good sense of smell. Tapirs also swim very well.

Habitat 
Tapirs live in of South America and Central America, except the Asian Tapir which lives in Southeast Asia. 
Tapirs live in dense forests, and close to water.

Life 
Tapirs are active at night. They eat leaves, fruit, berries, vegetables and nuts.

Tapirs live alone. After a pregnancy of about 13 months, the female gives birth to a single baby. After half a year the baby starts to lose the baby-coloring of its fur. When the young tapir is one year old it looks like an adult tapir, and it leaves its mother. Tapirs become mature when they are 4 years old. Tapirs can become 25 – 30 years old.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group
 The Tapir Gallery at The Tapir Preservation Fund website
 World Tapir Day website
 Baird's Tapir Project of Costa Rica 

Odd-toed ungulates
Bovid

Bovids are a family of even-toed ungulate mammals. The word "Bovidae" is comes from Latin bos, "ox". Even-toed ungulates are said to have "cloven hooves": that means their hooves are formed from two toes. They evolved early in the Miocene period.

There 143 living species in this family. They include cattle, goats, sheep and antelopes. The family is widespread, living in all continents except the southern continents South America, Australia and Antarctica.

They are all ruminants, with the double stomach system of digesting vegetation, which is most efficient. The family originated in the Miocene, and is now very successful. Their success is probably helped by their digestive system. The group includes the three domestic animals cows, sheep and goats.

Taxonomy
 Family Bovidae
 Subfamily Aepycerotinae (one genus: the impala)
 Subfamily Alcelaphinae (one tribe and four genera: wildebeest and relatives)
 Subfamily Antilopinae (three tribes and 15 genera: gazelles and relatives)
 Subfamily Bovinae (three tribes and ten genera: cattle, bisons etc.)
 Subfamily Caprinae (three tribes and 13 genera: goats and sheep)
 Subfamily Cephalophinae (three genera: duikers)
 Subfamily Hippotraginae (three genera: antelopes)
 Subfamily Panthelopinae (the Tibetan antelope)
 Subfamily Peleinae (the grey rhebok)
 Subfamily Reduncinae (two genera: more antelopes)

References
Cromwell current

The Cromwell current is the name of a submarine river. It was discovered in 1952 by the scientist Townsend Cromwell. It is 250 miles (400 km) wide. It flows to the east. The current appears about 300 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean at the equator. 

The Cromwell current carries a lot of oxygen and nutrients. It is very rich in marine life.

Oceanography
Subduction

Subduction is when two tectonic plates meet. One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle. Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis. 

Areas where subduction occurs are called subduction zones. Subduction zones are all around the world in places like Indonesia, Seattle, Washington and in the Himalaya mountain range in Nepal.

References 

Earthquakes
Plate tectonics
Icebreaker

An icebreaker is a special type of ship. Its special features include extra powerful motors and a very strong hull designed to cut through thick sheets of ice floating on oceans and lakes.

Ship types
Constructed language

An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been made by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture. Some constructed languages are designed for use in human communication (like the common Esperanto). Others are created for use in fiction, linguistic experiments, secret codes, or simply because the maker likes to play language games.

Constructed languages can be split into a priori languages, which are made from scratch, and a posteriori languages, which borrow words and grammar from existing languages.

Constructed languages can also be split into groups by purpose. These groups are:
 Engineered languages (engelangs), which are split into philosophical languages and logical languages (loglangs) - designed for experiments in logic or philosophy 
 Auxiliary languages (auxlangs) - designed to be a lingua franca (common language between people with different native languages) for international communication (also called International Auxiliary Language, (IAL)) 
 Artistic languages (artlangs) - designed to look or sound pretty, to make a fictional world more believable, or just for fun.

Some constructed languages also have constructed scripts to write them.

Some examples of constructed languages 
Atlantean
Basic English
 Brithenig
 Dothraki
 Dutton's Speedwords
 Esperanto
 Folkspraak
 Glosa
 Ido
 Interlingua
 Interlingue (in the past: Occidental)
 Interslavic
 Klingon
 Láadan
 Latino moderne
 Lingwa de planeta
 Lojban
 Middle-earth languages (Quenya, Sindarin)
 Na'vi language
 Newspeak
 Talossan
 Toki Pona
 Volapük
 Wenedyk

Other websites 
 ENIONI Site dedicated to some constructed languages, mainly Esperanto, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Occidental/Interlingue, Novial, and Interlingua. It contains the magazines Posta Mundi, Vok Neutral, and IE Munde.
 The Language Construction Kit 
 LingoJam - a tool for creating conlang translators

 
Language-related lists
Joel Engel

Joel S. Engel is an American scientist. He was the Head of Research at Bell Laboratories (Belltel) in 1973. He was born on February 4, 1936 in New York City, New York. In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first mobile phone call to him whilst walking the streets of New York City.

1936 births
Living people
Scientists from New York (state)
People from New York City
Engineered languages

An Engineered language is a constructed language used to help experiment in logic, philosophy, and linguistics.

There are three types of Engineered language:
Philosophical languages
Logical languages
Experimental languages

Constructed languages
Engineered languages
Graphical user interfaces and consoles

Computers can display information and let the user give commands to it using two methods: a command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).

In a command line interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action. For example, the more command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file. Sometimes people call CLI “Console”, but consoles can be GUI, too.

In many graphical user interfaces, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons. For example, your web browser may have a Print icon to print this page. Some use a touch screen or other method.

Graphical user interfaces are generally thought more easy to use than command lines. Command lines are faster than graphical user interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.

List of operating systems with graphical user interfaces and command-line interfaces:

Microsoft Windows
Mac OS
Linux

Computing
Water deer

The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. It is the only member of the subfamily Hydropotinae. There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis inermis) and the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

Appearance 
Water deer are small deer: they are about 90 cm long and about 50 cm high. They weigh about 13 kg. The water deer has yellowish-brown fur, with a white chin and throat. Both males and females do not have antlers. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 5 cm long.

Habitat 
The water deer originally lived in China and Korea. Today there are also small wild populations in England and France. Water deer live close to water: in swamps and on the shores of rivers and lakes.

Life 
Water deer eat grasses and reeds. They also eat grains and vegetables from fields.

Water deer live alone, but sometimes they form small groups. 

After a pregnancy of 200 days the female gives birth to 2-4 babies. A water deer baby has white dots and stripes on its fur, which disappear after 8 weeks. They drink milk for 3 months. When the young water deer are 6 months old they are independent and leave their mothers. They become mature when they are 1 year old.

Deer
Orchestration

Orchestration in music can have two meanings:

 It can mean: the study of how to write music for an orchestra.
 It can also mean the list of instruments that are used in a particular piece of music.

People who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration.  They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs.  Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.

The word instrumentation means almost the same thing as “orchestration”.  “Instrumentation” means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make.  It can be about any music with instruments, whereas “orchestration” refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.

Orchestration is all about understanding how to write well for different instruments, how to combine them so that they sound well together and balance well.

Sometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people.  Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of West Side Story, but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate.  The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece called Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier). He arranged it for orchestra.  Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky’s piano version.

Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra.  They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today.

Music
Blockbusters

Blockbusters was a game show that aired from 1980 to 1987.

How to play 
One team of two people plays against a solo person to see if two heads are better than one.  The team is represented by the color white while the solo player is represented by the color red. There is a game board with letters inside spaces shaped like a hexagon.  A player picks a letter on the board, and host Bill Cullen asks a question to see how much the players know.  Whoever rings in first and gets the answer right gets their color put on the board in the space where the corresponding letter once was.  If the team makes a connection from left to right, they win.  If the solo player makes a connection from top to bottom, he/she wins.

Gold Rush 
Whoever wins after two games goes on to play the "Gold Rush" for a shot at an extra $5,000.  The board is the same, except that the spaces are colored gold, and sometimes more than one letter is seen in each space.  The object of the game is to make a connection across the board within the 60 second time limit.  If they do, they win the $5,000.  If they miss a question, a block will go up and they will have to work their way around it.

Different versions 
Blockbusters aired on the NBC network and was hosted by Bill Cullen from 1980 to 1982.  Then in 1987, comedian Bill Rafferty hosted a new version, which ended the same year. It featured two solo players instead of a team of two people and a solo player.

Television game shows
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Theria

Theria is a subclass of mammals. It includes almost all living mammals: the ones that give birth to live young, and not by using a shelled egg.

The Theria are divided into two groups (infraclasses): Metatheria and Eutheria. The surviving Metatheria are the marsupials, and the Eutheria are the placental mammals. 

Mammals
Ameridelphia

The Ameridelphia is a superorder of marsupial mammals only found in South America. It consists of two orders:

Ameridelphia 
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata

Marsupials of South America
Paraná (state)

Paraná is a state in Southern Brazil. It is next to Paraguay and Argentina. Its capital is Curitiba. Paraná is a famous state because of Itaipu Dam and the Iguaçu Falls.

Paraná is bounded on the north by São Paulo, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line.

Paraná is one of the Brazilian states that shows the most signs of recent European colonization. Most of the population are descendants of European settlers, and is one of the most ethnically diverse. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. The development of the state is closely linked to the arrival of the immigrants. Nowadays, migrants from other Brazilian states (especially from the São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and the Northeast Region) come to Paraná in search of a better life.

People of Polish descent predominate in the central and south regions, mainly around Curitiba. Italians predominate in the capital, Curitiba, and in the coast. People of Ukrainian descent predominate in a few cities, such as Prudentópolis; many Ukrainians are found throughout the state. Germans predominate in a few cities, such as Rolândia. Almost all towns have many Portuguese people and their descendants.

People of mixed-race ancestry predominate in a few towns in the north. There is an important Muslim Lebanese and Syrian community around Foz do Iguaçu. In the north, there are many Japanese people.

The main cities of the state are:

 Curitiba (Capital and largest, east)
 Londrina (2nd largest, north)
 Maringá (3rd largest, north)
 Foz do Iguaçu (4th largest, west)
 Ponta Grossa (5th largest, center-east)
 Cascavel (6th largest, center-west)
 São José dos Pinhais (7th largest, Greater Curitiba)
 Colombo (8th largest, Greater Curitiba)
 Guarapuava (9th largest, center)
 Paranaguá (10th largest, east-coast)

Album

References

Other websites
Dual Alliance

The Dual Alliance was an alliance made between Germany and Austria-Hungary. It was started to help one another if Russia attacked either of them. It was formed on October 7, 1879.

1870s in Germany
Austria-Hungary
RCTV

Radio Caracas Television (or RCTV) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela. It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2. It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second). Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela. Venevision is RCTV's main rival. RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.

History
Radio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez). In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas). Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.

In the 1960s, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live. In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV. On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.

In 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations. The three hundred chaptered telenovela, "La Usurpadora" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries. Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages. In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. "Doña Barbara", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color. Radio Caracas Television started the "Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine" on November 15, 1978.

In the year 1981, RCTV began recording all of their programs in color.

On November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on 16,000 days.

On July 18, 2005, Empresas 1BC president Marcel Granier and RCTV president Eladio Larez opened up the new building where RCTV's news show, "El Observador", will be made.

Problems

President Hugo Chávez closed RCTV because of reports that they tried to take down his government.

Facts
 The host of "¿Quien Quiere Ser Millonario?" ("Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" in Venezuela) is Eladio Larez, who is also the president of RCTV.
 RCTV used to be seen on channel 7 (though in a few places, it can still be seen on that channel).

Other websites 
 RCTV 

Television networks
Caracas
1953 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Venezuela
Gibibyte

A gibibyte (GiB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. One gibibyte holds 1024 mebibytes (MiB). Some people call this number of bytes a gigabyte. This would be considered the binary equivalent to the base-10 gigabyte, which consists of exactly one billion bytes.

A gibibyte is equivalent to 230 bytes (1,073,741,824 bytes) while a gigabyte is 109 bytes (1,000,000,000 or a billion bytes)

1024 gibibytes make one tebibyte.

Related pages 

 Kibibyte
 Mebibyte
 Tebibyte
 Pebibyte

Units of information
Return to Castle Wolfenstein

Return to Castle Wolfenstein is a first person shooter computer game made by id Software and published by Activision for computers as well as PlayStation 2 and Xbox game consoles.

Other websites
 Return to Castle Wolfenstein Official Site
 Planet Wolfenstein
 Wolfstuff Return to Castle Wolfenstein Resources 
 GameFAQs Enemy Territory
 RTCW and ET Community Site 
 gamegate2k 
 RTCW.co.uk 
 
 Return to Castle Wolfenstein at MobyGames
 Bosskey.net - Return to Castle Wolfenstein 

2001 video games
Activision video games
Shooter video games
PlayStation 2 games
Windows games
Xbox games
Online games