alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Rowell

Rowell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bama Rowell (1916–1993), second baseman and outfielder  for the Boston Bees/Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies
Dr. Chester A. Rowell (1844–1912), physician, founder of the Fresno Republican newspaper, three time California State Senator, and University of California Regent (1891–1912). Brother of Jonathan H. Rowell. 

Chester Harvey Rowell (1867–1948). In 1898 became the editor and then manager of the Fresno Morning Republican lasting for 22 years. Son of Jonathan H. Rowell and nephew of Dr. Chester A. Rowell 
Fred Rowell (1918–1988), English footballer
Galen Rowell (1940–2002), noted wilderness photographer and climber
Gary Rowell (born 1957), English football commentator and former football player
Geoffrey Rowell (1943–2017), Anglican cleric, third Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe
George P. Rowell (1838-1908), American advertising executive and publisher
Jack Rowell (born 1937), former Director of Rugby at Bath Rugby in England
James Rowell (1851–1941), English-born Australian politician
John Samuel Rowell (1825–1907), Wisconsin pioneer inventor and manufacturer of farm machinery
Jonathan H. Rowell (February 10, 1833 – May 15, 1908), U.S. Representative from Illinois
Jonny Rowell (born 1989), English footballer
Marc Rowell (1938–2018), former Australian politician
Milo Rowell (1903–1977), American lawyer and Army officer best known for his role in drafting the Constitution of Japan
Newton Rowell (1867–1941), Canadian lawyer, politician, and leading lay figure in the Methodist church
Roger de Rowell, English medieval university chancellor
Ross E. Rowell (1884–1947), United States Marine Corps aviator
Sarah Rowell (born 1962), British long-distance runner
Sydney Rowell (1894–1975), Australian soldier who served as Chief of the General Staff
Ted Rowell (footballer) (c. 1877 – c. 1967), Australian Rules footballer in the Victorian Football League
Theodore H. Rowell (1905–1979), Minnesota pharmaceutical industrialist and politician
Victoria Rowell (born 1960), American actress
William Rowell (1869–1916), English cricketer and rugby union player

See also
David Rowell & Co. British civil engineering contractor particularly noted for small suspension bridges
Rowell-Sirois Commission, Canadian Royal Commission looking into the Canadian economy and federal-provincial relations from 1937-1940
Rowell Laboratories, Inc. pharmaceutical manufacturing company founded in 1935 in Baudette, Minnesota
Rowell's syndrome, cutaneous condition, a form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus
, destroyer escort acquired by the United States Navy during World War II

English-language surnames
Mensdorf

Mensdorf () is a small town in the commune of Betzdorf, in eastern Luxembourg.  , the town has a population of 765.

Local associations 
Mensdorf is home to a fanfare band, Fanfare de Mensdorf, which was founded on 1952. It is member of the Union Grand-Duc Adolphe U.G.D.A.

The band is formed by players of wind instruments and percussion instruments.

External links

Betzdorf, Luxembourg
Towns in Luxembourg
Nosturi

Nosturi (Finnish for "crane") was a culture and music hall and a nightclub in the Punavuori district of Helsinki, Finland. It was owned by the Association of Live Music (Elävän musiikin yhdistys, ELMU).

The hall was located at the seaside in Hietalahti next to the Hietalahti shipyard in an old cargo terminal building. It got its name from the old crane (Hietalahti crane number 6) located right next to it. Many popular live music festivals were held at Nosturi throughout the years. The ELMU had its premises in Nosturi from 1999 to 2019. Before that it operated in the legendary Lepakko nearby.

Over the years, many bands played there, most notably HIM, Children of Bodom, Apulanta, Lordi, Laibach, Bloodhound Gang, CKY, Iconcrash, Anthrax, Motörhead, Papa Roach, DragonForce, Ensiferum, Stam1na, Jenni Vartiainen, Elastinen, Iso H, Hanoi Rocks and Turisas.

Nosturi was dismantled in 2020 when the easternmost part of the former dock area, Telakkaranta, will be rebuilt as a residential area. According to the plans at the time, ELMU was to get new premises in a protected old machinery hall nearby. These plans were cancelled because of too high costs, as were the plans to move to the former gas repositories in Suvilahti. According to the culture services chief of Helsinki Stuba Nikula, it is pretty clear that new premises wouldn't be found until Nosturi was dismantled. Dismantling the Nosturi building started in January 2020.

References

External links

 

Buildings and structures in Helsinki
Culture in Helsinki
Nightclubs in Finland
Buildings and structures demolished in 2020
Demolished buildings and structures in Finland
Defunct nightclubs
Roodt-sur-Syre

Roodt-sur-Syre or Roodt-sur-Syr (, ) is a town in the commune of Betzdorf, in eastern Luxembourg, and about 15 km from Luxembourg City.  , the town has a population of 1,950 inhabitants.

The town is the location of the Yemeni consulate in Luxembourg. Panelux, a large bread making company, has production facilities on the outskirts of the town.

References

Betzdorf, Luxembourg
Towns in Luxembourg
Gasherbrum V

Gasherbrum V () is a mountain in the Gasherbrum massif, located in the Karakoram range of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan.

Location and naming 

The Gasherbrum massif is a remote group of peaks located at the northeastern end of the Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram range of the Himalaya. The massif contains three of the world's 8,000 metre peaks (if one includes Broad Peak).  Gasherbrum is often claimed to mean "Shining Wall", presumably a reference to the highly visible face of Gasherbrum IV; but in fact it comes from "rgasha" (beautiful) + "brum" (mountain) in Balti, hence it actually means "beautiful mountain."

While the four highest Gasherbrum peaks (Gasherbrum I to IV) have been named and numbered since the 19th century, Gasherbrum V (as well as its neighbour Gasherbrum VI) were only considered as "Peaks on the south ridge of Gasherbrum IV". The Swiss Geologist and Himalayan expert Günter Oskar Dyhrenfurth recommended to give this independent mountain an own name and proposed in 1934 the name of "Gasherbrum V", which is now well established.

Altitude and climbing status 

Although in former literature a height around 7,320 m was traditionally given, the mountain is more likely to be around 7,150 m high. The Russian military 1:100,000 topographical map shows a height of 7,120 m. The currently most accurate map of the region probably is that in the series of "Maps of Snow Mountains in China", which gives a height of 7,147 m. On this map the pass connecting to Gasherbrum III is 6,493 m high (654 m prominence).

See also
 Concordia (Pakistan)
 Northern Areas
 List of mountains in Pakistan

Notes

External links
 8000ers.com

Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan
Seven-thousanders of the Karakoram
Wecker, Luxembourg

Wecker is a small town in the commune of Biwer, in eastern Luxembourg. It is located on banks of Syr River. , the town had a population of 749. The largest employer is the tool factory Proxxon S.A.

References 

Biwer
Towns in Luxembourg
Post-Tridentine Mass

Post-Tridentine Mass may refer to:

 Tridentine Mass
 Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council
 Mass of Paul VI
 Zaire Use

See also 

 Council of Trent
Warren Simpson

Warren Alwyn Simpson (28 March 1922 – 28 June 1980) was an Australian snooker player. He was world amateur champion before turning professional in the early 1960s.

Career
Simpson won amateur championships at state and national level before becoming world amateur champion in 1954. He played an exhibition against world professional champion Fred Davis in 1960 and later turned professional. Simpson reached the final of the 1971 World Snooker Championship, losing 37–29 to John Spencer in a match played in Sydney, Australia in November 1970.

Simpson competed in three further World Championships between 1973 and 1975. In 1974, despite suffering from influenza, he discharged himself from hospital to play in his match against Bernard Bennett, but lost 8–2.

He suffered from diabetes for many years and died in 1980, aged 58. He was married and had a son.

Career titles
 New South Wales Snooker Championship: 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957
 Australia National Snooker Championship: 1953, 1954, 1957
 Australian Professional Championship: 1963, 1968, 1969

References

Australian snooker players
1980 deaths
1922 births
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Beyren

Beyren () is a small town in the commune of Flaxweiler, in south-eastern Luxembourg.  , the town has a population of 292.

Flaxweiler
Towns in Luxembourg
Gostingen, Luxembourg

Gostingen () is a small town in the commune of Flaxweiler, in south-eastern Luxembourg.

Demographics 
, the town has a population of 414.

References 

Flaxweiler
Towns in Luxembourg
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen II Cabinet

After the 1994 Danish parliamentary election, the sitting Danish Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen was able to form a government coalition of his own Social Democrats, the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Centre Democrats. The resulting cabinet, which replaced the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I, was formed on 27 September 1994 and was called the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen II.

The cabinet was replaced by the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen III on 30 December 1996, after the Centre Democrats left the government coalition in protest against the government negotiating the Budget of 1997 with the Socialist People's Party and the Unity List.

Cabinet changes
The cabinet was changed on 1 November 1994.

Some periods in the table below start before 27 September 1994 or end after 30 December 1996 because the minister was in the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen I or the Cabinet of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen III as well.

The cabinet consisted of:

References
 List of Danish governments – from the official website of the Folketing

1994 establishments in Denmark
1996 disestablishments in Denmark
Rasmussen, Poul Nyrup 2
Cabinets established in 1994
Cabinets disestablished in 1996
High Street, Hong Kong

High Street is a one-way street in Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, available only to minibuses and private vehicles. It connects Bonham Road in the east and Pok Fu Lam Road in the west. It runs from east to west from Western Street to Pok Fu Lam Road, and from west to east from Western Street to Bonham Road. It was originally named Fourth Street, but because the number four is commonly avoided in Chinese culture, the government changed the name to High Street.

Landmarks
Bonham Road Government Primary School, formerly the Northcote College of Education, which also had a campus at the junction of Sassoon Road and Northcote Close, Pok Fu Lam. In the early 1990s, it merged with the other colleges of education to form the Hong Kong Institute of Education in Tai Po. The Pok Fu Lam campus was taken over by the University of Hong Kong to become part of its Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine.
Sai Ying Pun Community Complex
King George V Memorial Park
Sai Ying Pun Market
Kau Yan Church and Kau Yan School (in English Kau Yan means Saviour).
Li Sing Primary School
Western Dental Clinic
David Trench Rehabilitation Centre (Former Upper Levels Police Station)
St. Paul's Secondary School, one of the top secondary school in Hong Kong. 

Other large apartment buildings include Hang Sing Mansion, Lai Ying Court, Wealth Building, Aspen Court, Cheong King Building, High House, Ko Chun Court, Ko Nga Court, Jade Court, and No 1 High Street.

Side roads and lanes

In addition to Western Street, High Street also crosses Centre Street, and Eastern Street. Between Centre and Eastern Streets, there are two laneways for pedestrians, Leung I Fong down to Third Street, and West End Path up to Bonham Road.

Businesses

Many small businesses line the central parts of High Street, and the Immanuel Social Service Centre.

See also
 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

Sai Ying Pun
Roads on Hong Kong Island
Niederdonven

Niederdonven () is a small town in the commune of Flaxweiler, in the canton of Grevenmacher in south-eastern Luxembourg.  The town name refers to the crop Flax which once grew there.  , the town has a population of 305.

The municipality is made up of five villages: Flaxweiler, Gostingen, Oberdonven, Niederdonven and Beyren. The town of Buchholz also belongs to Flaxweiler.

Flaxweiler
Towns in Luxembourg
Oberdonven

Oberdonven () is a village in the commune of Flaxweiler, in north-eastern Luxembourg and belongs to the region called "Éislek".  , the village had a population of 155.

Flaxweiler
Villages in Luxembourg
Altlinster

Altlinster () is a village in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg.  , it has a population of 127 inhabitants.

See also

 List of villages in Luxembourg

References

Junglinster
Villages in Luxembourg
Bourglinster

Bourglinster (, ) is a small town in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg.  , the town has a population of 740.

The town's 11th century restored Bourglinster Castle, with its onsite restaurant, is frequently used as a venue for conferences and cultural events.

References

Junglinster
Towns in Luxembourg
Eisenborn

Eisenborn () is a village in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg.  , the village has a population of 147.

References

Junglinster
Villages in Luxembourg
Eschweiler, Grevenmacher

Eschweiler () is a village in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg.  , it had a population of 181.

References

Junglinster
Villages in Luxembourg
Studio Comet

is an animation studio with its headquarters in Toyotamanaka, Nerima, Tokyo, Japan. It was established on January 21, 1986.

Notable staff
 Hiroshi Kanazawa (animation director, character designer) 
 Kazuo Harada (animation producer, sound effects and audio director)
 Shin Misawa (animation)

Productions

See also

References

External links
 Official website 
 

Animation studios in Tokyo
Japanese animation studios
Mass media companies established in 1986
Japanese companies established in 1986
Nerima
Godbrange

Godbrange (, ) is a village in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg.  , the village has a population of 574 inhabitants.

References

Junglinster
Towns in Luxembourg
Gonderange

Gonderange (, ) is a town in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg. , the town has a population of 1,735 inhabitants.

Cyclist Franz Neuens, who competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics, was born here.

References

Junglinster
Towns in Luxembourg
Bjorli

Bjorli (or Bjørli) is a village in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It lies along the Rauma river near the municipal border with Rauma Municipality.

Bjorli is served by the Bjorli Station on the Raumabanen railway line providing a convenient method for tourists to reach this destination. A large restaurant was built in 1927 at the rail station to service passengers of cruise ships from the port at Åndalsnes on Romsdalsfjord. It later burnt down and was not rebuilt.

The major tourist attractions at Bjorli include: 
 Bjorli Ski Center, with early snow, 1 chair lift serving  of vertical drop, and numerous cross-country ski trails. 
 Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park's mountains make for spectacular hiking during the summer and skiing in the winter. Due to rather long walks between unstaffed huts and harsh, unstable weather conditions, this area is recommended for experienced hikers only.

Because of its unique mountainous terrain, this is the filming location for one scene in the Harry Potter movie Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince which came out in July 2009 in the United Kingdom and United States.

References and notes

External links
 Bjorli Ski-Center  
 Bjorli - Lesja Reiseliv AS  
 Weather forecast for Bjorli  
 More general info about Bjorli

Lesja
Villages in Innlandet
Ski areas and resorts in Norway
Imbringen

Imbringen () is a village in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg.

 it has population of 312 inhabitants.

References

Junglinster
Towns in Luxembourg
Rodenbourg

Rodenbourg (, ) is a village in the commune of Junglinster, in central Luxembourg.  , the village has a population of 159 inhabitants.

Rodenbourg gave its name to a commune in the canton of Grevenmacher until 1 January 1979, when it was merged into the commune of Junglinster.  The law merging Rodenbourg into Junglinster was passed on 23 December 1978.

Former commune
The former commune consisted of the villages:

 Beidweiler
 Eschweiler
 Gonderange
 Rodenbourg

References

Junglinster
Villages in Luxembourg
Former communes of Luxembourg
Mittelschule

Mittelschule is a German term literally translating to "Middle School" (i.e. a level "intermediate" between elementary and higher education). It is used in various senses in the education systems of the various parts of German-speaking Europe, not necessarily equivalent the English term middle school (which is itself used in various meanings in various parts  of the English-speaking world).

Examples of such use include:
Austria, lower secondary education for pupils aged 10–14, see education in Austria
Germany
in some States of Germany, a school analogous to a Hauptschule
in other States of Germany, a combination of Hauptschule and Realschule 
an education level positioned between Hauptschule and Gymnasium (i.e. the middle group of pupils in terms of academic ability in a system of parallel schools).
Switzerland, see also education in Switzerland
a general German term for a Gymnasium, a secondary education, either for ages 15–18/19 (Sekundarstufe II, upper secondary education) also known as Kurzzeitmittelschule a.k.a. Kurzgymnasium, or then for ages from 12-18/19 (Sekundarstufe I & II, lower and upper secondary education) also known as Langzeitmittelschule a.k.a. Langgymnasium, both leading to university access with a Swiss Federal Matura graduation. There are, however, slight differences among cantons.Other terms used in Switzerland are:
German: Gymnasium, Kantonsschule (cantonal gymnasium managed by the canton; or short: Kanti, or KS), Kollegium, Lyceum, Maturitätsschule
French: Gymnase, Collège, Lycée, Gymnase/Lycée Cantonal (cantonal gymnasium managed by the canton), Lycée-Collège, Lycee-Colege, Écoles du secondaire II, École publique Supérieures
Italian: Liceo, Liceo Cantonale (cantonal gymnasium managed by the canton)
Romansh: Academia 
Fachmittelschule (formerly Diplommittelschule), secondary education (Sekundarstufe II) with a Fachmatura graduation leading to access to Fachhochschule tertiary education, but not to university access.

See also

Education in Austria
Education in Germany
Education in Switzerland
International Standard Classification of Education
Secondary education

Education in Germany
Berbourg

Berbourg (, ) is a small town in the commune of Manternach, in eastern Luxembourg.  , the town has a population of 627.

The journey time between Luxembourg and Berbourg is around 1h 11m and covers a distance of around 32 km.

References

Manternach
Towns in Luxembourg
World Community for Christian Meditation

The World Community for Christian Meditation (WCCM) is a registered charity founded in 1991 that promotes a form of Christian meditation developed by Benedictine monk and priest John Main, OSB.

The current director of the WCCM is Fr. Laurence Freeman, OSB, a student of John Main and a Benedictine monk of the Olivetan Congregation. Main taught a way of meditation that was based on the parallels he saw between the spiritual practice taught by Desert Father John Cassian and the meditative practice he had been taught in Kuala Lumpur.

The London-based organization has 110,000 members in over 100 countries as of 2014. The WCCM runs the annual John Main Seminar, which has in the past featured speakers such as the 14th Dalai Lama. In 2005, the John Main Center for Meditation and Interreligious Dialogue was established at Georgetown University in collaboration with the WCCM. The WCCM is presently renovating the former Cistercian abbey of Bonnevaux located in Marçay, France, which the organization purchased in 2017.

See also

 Canadian Christian Meditation Community
 Christian contemplation

References

Further reading

External links 
World Community for Christian Meditation
Bonnevaux

Christian mantra meditation
Christian organizations established in 1991
Christian charities based in the United Kingdom
Lellig

Lellig () is a village in the commune of Manternach, in eastern Luxembourg.  , the village had a population of 132.

Manternach
Villages in Luxembourg
Munschecker

Munschecker () is a village in the commune of Manternach, in eastern Luxembourg.  , the village has a population of 146.

Manternach
Villages in Luxembourg
Ehnen

Ehnen () is a small town in the commune of Wormeldange, in south-eastern Luxembourg.  , the town has a population of 504.

Ehnen is home to Luxembourg's Moselle Wine Museum which is open from the beginning of April to the end of October. 
The Wine Museum also houses Rent A Bike Miserland which encourages individuals and families to explore the river and vineyard/forest bicycle pathways.
In town is also the only circular church built in the Grande Duchy of Luxembourg.
The medieval town center has covered pedestrian walkways (Rue Clas von Ehnen), medieval style bridges, traces of a watermill and several operating wineries.

References

Wormeldange
Towns in Luxembourg
Machtum

Machtum () is a small town in the commune of Wormeldange, in south-eastern Luxembourg. As of 2005, the town has a population of 286.  In the Moselle valley wine region, Machtum – along with Wormeldange, Ahn, and Ehnen – hosts the Riesling Open wine festival in September.

Footnotes

Wormeldange
Towns in Luxembourg
Wormeldange-Haut

Wormeldange-Haut ( or (locally) ; ) is a small town in the commune of Wormeldange, in south-eastern Luxembourg.  , the town has a population of 509.

Wormeldange
Towns in Luxembourg
Julian Fell

Julian Fell is a winning contestant from the British game show Countdown and is widely considered to be among the greatest Countdowners of all time. He was the 48th champion of the show. He scored 924 points in the heats, beating the previous record held by Chris Wills, and was the first player to score 100 points or more in all eight heat games.

During his eighth game, he broke numerous all-time Countdown records. He scored 138 points with three nine-letter words, both of which had never been done before. He then broke both of these records just two shows later with four nine-letter words and 146 points, a record which remained until 2019. He gained a lot of attention for this in the UK press.

He returned for the 11th "Champion of Champions" tournament as the hot favourite, before being defeated by Graham Nash in the quarter-finals of that contest.

See also
Countdown

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Contestants on British game shows
Countdown (game show)
Total ionic strength adjustment buffer

Total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) is a buffer solution which increases the ionic strength of a solution to a relatively high level. This is important for potentiometric measurements, including ion selective electrodes, because they measure the activity of the analyte rather than its concentration. TISAB essentially masks minor changes made in the ionic strength of the solution and hence increases the accuracy of the reading.

Theory
TISAB is very commonly applied to fluoride ion analysis such as in fluoride ion selective electrodes.

There are four main constituents to TISAB, namely CDTA (cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetate), sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and acetic acid (ethanoic acid), which are all dissolved in deionised water. Hence, TISAB has a density ~1.0 kg/L, though this can vary to 1.18 kg/L. Each constituent plays an important role in controlling the ionic strength and pH of the analyte solution, which may otherwise cause error and inaccuracy.

The activity of a substance in solution depends on the product of its concentration and the activity coefficient in that solution. The activity coefficient depends on the ionic strength of the solution in which the potentiometric measurements are made. This can be calculated for dilute solutions using the Debye–Hückel equation; for more concentrated solutions other approximations must be used. In most cases, the analyst's goal is simply to make sure that the activity coefficient is constant across a set of solutions, with the assumption that no significant ion pairing exists in the solutions.

Example: An ion-selective electrode might be calibrated using dilute solutions of the analyte in distilled water. If this calibration is used to calculate the concentration of the analyte in sea water (high ionic strength), significant error is introduced by the difference between the activity of the analyte in the dilute solutions and the concentrated sample. This can be avoided by adding a small amount of ionic-strength buffer to the standards, so that the activity coefficients match more closely.

Adding a TISAB buffer to increase the ionic strength of the solution helps to "fix" the ionic strength at a stable level, making a linear correlation between the logarithm of the concentration of analyte and the measured voltage. By also adding the TISAB buffer to the samples from which the potentiometric equipment are calibrated, the linear correlation can be used to calculate the concentration of analyte in the solution.

where  is measured voltage,  is the gas constant,  the temperature measured in kelvins,  is the Faraday constant and  the charge of the analyte.  is the concentration of analyte.

TISAB buffers often include chelators which bind ions that could otherwise interfere with the analyte.

References

Analytical chemistry
Strépy-Thieu boat lift

The Strépy-Thieu boat lift ()  lies on a branch of the Canal du Centre in the municipality of Le Rœulx, Hainaut, Belgium. With a height difference of  between the upstream and downstream reaches, it was the tallest boat lift in the world upon its completion, and remained so until the Three Gorges Dam ship lift in China was completed in January 2016.

History

The boat lift was designed during the Canal du Centre's modernisation program in order to replace a system of two locks and four  lifts dating from 1888 to 1919. The canal itself began operations in 1879 and its locks and lifts were able to accommodate vessels of up to 300 tonnes. By the 1960s, this was no longer adequate for the new European standard of 1350 tonnes for barge traffic, and a replacement was sought.

Construction of the lift commenced in 1982 and was not completed until 2002 at an estimated cost of €160 million (then 6.4 billion BEF), but once operational, permitted river traffic of up to the new 1350-tonne standard to pass between the waterways of the Meuse and Scheldt rivers. The lift increased river traffic from 256 kT in 2001 to 2,295 kT in 2006.

The four older lifts on the Canal du Centre, which became bypassed by the new Canal du Centre, are on the UNESCO World Heritage list, because of their architectural and historical value.

Design

The structure at Strépy-Thieu consists of two independent counterweighted caissons which travel vertically between the upstream and downstream sections. Because of Archimedes' Principle, the caissons weigh the same whether they are laden with a boat or simply contain water. In practice, variations in the water level mean that the mass of each caisson varies between 7200 and 8400 tonnes. The caissons have useful dimensions of  and a water depth of between .

Each caisson is supported by 112 suspension cables (for counterbalance) and 32 control cables (for lifting/lowering), each of  diameter. The mass of the counterbalance was calculated to keep the tension in each of the control cables below  at all times. The suspension cables pass over idler pulleys with a diameter of . Four electric motors power eight winches per caisson via speed-reduction gearboxes and the  lift is completed in seven minutes. The structure is massively reinforced to provide rigidity against torsional forces during operation and has a mass of approximately 200,000 tonnes. The vertically moving watertight gates are designed to withstand a  impact from a 2000-tonne vessel.

The boat lift is promoted as a tourist attraction in its own right by the government of Hainaut. A pedestrian ticket for a one-way ride on the lift costs €5.50.

See also
List of boat lifts
Lifts on the old Canal du Centre
Ronquières inclined plane,  high, Braine-le-Comte, Belgium – on the Brussels-Charleroi Canal
Anderton boat lift
Falkirk Wheel
Peterborough lift lock

References

Further reading

External links

 
  Canal du Centre website
  Hainaut official website
  Photo gallery
  Dutch photo gallery

Boat lifts
Locks of Belgium
Buildings and structures in Hainaut (province)
Transport infrastructure completed in 2002
2002 establishments in Belgium
Citizen Cyborg

Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future is a 2004 non-fiction book by bioethicist and sociologist James Hughes, which articulates democratic transhumanism as a socio-political ideology and program.

The editors of the popular science magazine Scientific American recommended Citizen Cyborg in their April 2005 issue.

See also
Bioconservatism
Democratic transhumanism
Gattaca argument
Gattaca critical reception
Libertarian transhumanism

References

External links
Google Books: Citizen Cyborg
Citizen Cyborg References and Resources by Chapter

Reviews
Citizen Cyborg Reviews
Forman, Frank. Transhumanism's Vital Center. Journal of Evolution and Technology (April 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-07
Doctorow, Cory. Humanist transhumanism: Citizen Cyborg. Boing Boing (11 April 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-07
Ford, Alyssa. Humanity: The Remix. Utne Reader (May/June 2005) . Retrieved on 2011-07-07
Bailey, Ronald. Trans-Human Expressway. Reason (11 May 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-07
Cave, Stephen; Cave, Friederike von Tiesenhausen. The most dangerous idea on earth?, Financial Times (27 May 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-07
Arrison, Sonia. Future Humans. TechNewsWorld (6 October 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-07

2004 non-fiction books
Bioethics
Futurology books
Social philosophy
Transhumanist books
Pancras

Pancras may refer to:

 Saint Pancras of Taormina
 Saint Pancras of Rome, saint martyred c.304 AD
 St Pancras (disambiguation)

See also
 Pancrace
 Pancrase, a hybrid wrestling (MMA) organization
 Pankrac
Chain of trust

In computer security, a chain of trust is established by validating each component of hardware and software from the end entity up to the root certificate.  It is intended to ensure that only trusted software and hardware can be used while still retaining flexibility.

Introduction
A chain of trust is designed to allow multiple users to create and use the software on the system, which would be more difficult if all the keys were stored directly in hardware. It starts with hardware that will only boot from software that is digitally signed.  The signing authority will only sign boot programs that enforce security, such as only running programs that are themselves signed, or only allowing signed code to have access to certain features of the machine. This process may continue for several layers.

This process results in a chain of trust. The final software can be trusted to have certain properties because if it had been illegally modified its signature would be invalid, and the previous software would not have executed it. The previous software can be trusted, because it, in turn, would not have been loaded if its signature had been invalid. The trustworthiness of each layer is guaranteed by the one before, back to the trust anchor.

It would be possible to have the hardware check the suitability (signature) for every single piece of software. However, this would not produce the flexibility that a "chain" provides. In a chain, any given link can be replaced with a different version to provide different properties, without having to go all the way back to the trust anchor. This use of multiple layers is an application of a general technique to improve scalability and is analogous to the use of multiple certificates in a certificate chain.

Computer security
In computer security, digital certificates are verified using a chain of trust. The trust anchor for the digital certificate is the root certificate authority (CA).

The certificate hierarchy is a structure of certificates that allows individuals to verify the validity of a certificate's issuer. Certificates are issued and signed by certificates that reside higher in the certificate hierarchy, so the validity and trustworthiness of a given certificate is determined by the corresponding validity of the certificate that signed it.

The chain of trust of a certificate chain is an ordered list of certificates, containing an end-user subscriber certificate and intermediate certificates (that represents the intermediate CA), that enables the receiver to verify that the sender and all intermediate certificates are trustworthy. This process is best described in the page Intermediate certificate authority. See also X.509 certificate chains for a description of these concepts in a widely used standard for digital certificates.

See also
 Root of trust
 Web of trust

Data security
Trusted computing
Public-key cryptography
Mustafa Hijri

Mustafa Hijri (, ) is an Iranian-Kurdish politician who is the current leader of the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI).

Political life
Born to a Kurdish family in 1945 in the city of Naqadeh in the West Azarbaijan Province of Iran, Hijri graduated from the Teachers' College of Agriculture in Urumieh in 1963 and took up a post as a secondary school teacher in Saqqez. In 1970, he started studying Persian literature at Tehran University, where he obtained a bachelor's degree. On returning to his home town, he restarted teaching at the secondary schools and a college here. Playing a considerable role in the mass demonstrations held in 1978 against the Shah's regime where he won 90% of the votes, but the results, as in any electoral regions of Kurdistan, were announced null and void by the newly established Islamic Republic of Iran.

Participating in the 4th Congress of the PDKI in 1979, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee, and a few months later, chosen as a member of the Political Bureau, holding steadily on his heavy task ever since Dr. Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou was assassinated on July 13, 1989. Following the death of Dr. Ghassemlou, and on late Dr. Sadegh Sharafkandi’s appointment's as General Secretary, Hijri was once more chosen to the membership of the Political Bureau, and Vice-General Secretary.

Dr. Sharafkandi having been killed on Sept. 17, 1992, Hijri was appointed as General Secretary, continuing his duty up till 1995, when the 10th Congress of the Party was convened, whereupon successfully carrying out his duties. After the above-mentioned date till the 12th Congress of the party in December 2000, he was chosen as a member of Political Bureau and elected afterwards as the Vice-General Secretary.

Since the 12th Congress up to the 13th Congress he unremittingly carried out his duties as a member of Political Bureau. He promotes federalism as a model for governance and power sharing in Iran. In his view, federalism must be based on geography and ethnicity, and this helps in resolving grievances of different ethnic groups in Iran. In addition, he attempted to push for coexistence between Kurds and Azerbaijanis in northwestern Iran. He was reelected to the position of General Secretary in the 14th Congress of PDKI held in September 2008.

References

1945 births
Living people
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan politicians
People from West Azerbaijan Province
Cyril Archibald

Cyril Archibald (1837 – April 13, 1914) was an Ontario political figure. He represented Stormont in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1878.

He was born in Osnabruck Township in Upper Canada in 1837, the son of John Archibald and Eliza Dixon. He was educated at Upper Canada College and served as a Lieutenant in No. 6 company of the 59th Stormont and Glengarry Battalion during the Fenian Raid of 1870. In 1881, he married Gertrude Wood. Archibald served as reeve of Osnabruck from 1866 to 1869. Archibald also served as paymaster for the local militia. In 1881, he went to Dundas, Minnesota, where he joined his brother Edward's flour milling business. He retired from that business in 1892 and moved to Northfield, Minnesota, where he died in 1914.

References 

1837 births
1914 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Northfield, Minnesota
People from the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
People from Rice County, Minnesota
Upper Canada College alumni
Tung Lo Wan Road

Tung Lo Wan Road () is a road in Causeway Bay and Tai Hang on the north side of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. The road joins east with King's Road, Tin Hau Temple Road, Causeway Road and west with Yee Wo Street, Irving Street, Leighton Road and Causeway Road.

History
The road draws the early shore line in the Tung Lo Wan, the native name of Causeway Bay. It was originally part of Shaukiwan Road. In 1883, Hong Kong Government reclaimed part of the bay to present-day Causeway Road. In 1935, the road was renamed to the current name of Tung Lo Wan Road.

Landmarks
Landmarks along Tung Lo Wan Road include (from west to east):
 St. Paul's Convent School
 St. Paul's Hospital
 St. Mary's Church (No. 2A)
 Causeway Bay (Moreton Terrace) Bus Terminus ()
 Fuk Tak Temple, Tai Hang ()
 Chinese Recreation Club
 Metropark Hotel Causeway Bay Hong Kong () (No. 148)
 Queen's College

See also

 Land reclamation in Hong Kong
 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

Roads on Hong Kong Island
Causeway Bay
Tai Hang
2004 Preston City Council election

This article shows the results of local elections for Preston City Council, in Lancashire held on 10 June 2004

Preston Council is elected "in thirds" which means there is an all out election in one year followed by single-member elections in subsequent years in which one councillor from each of the three-member wards and one councillor from selected two-member wards defend their seat. In these elections in 2004 the share of the vote is compared with the 2003 elections, whilst any gain or loss of a seat is compared with the all out 2002 elections.

Those councillors elected in 2004 will defend their seats in 2008.

In summary, Labour won 7 wards, with a total of 10,445 votes (28% across the city), the Conservatives 7 wins, with 14,754 votes in total, 39% across the city. The Liberal Democrats won 3 wards, gaining 9,181 (24%) votes across the city, whilst an independent won one seat. Candidates from Respect, and the England First party, failed to win seats in 2004.

In an Election Commission trial this was an "all postal" vote.

References
Preston election result 2004
Ward results

See also
Preston local elections
Preston (UK Parliament constituency)
Fulwood, Lancashire
2006 United Kingdom local elections

2004 English local elections
2004
2000s in Lancashire
Smethwick Rolfe Street railway station

Smethwick Rolfe Street is one of two railway stations serving the town of Smethwick, West Midlands, England.  It is situated on the Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line 3¼ miles (5 km) north west of Birmingham New Street.  The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by West Midlands Railway. The other station serving Smethwick is , which is the next stop up the line.

History
The station was opened in July 1852 by the Birmingham, Wolverhampton, & Stour Valley Railway Company (later absorbed by London and North Western Railway) as part of the Stour Valley Line from Birmingham to Wolverhampton. It was rebuilt in its present form in 1890 when two level crossings in the centre of Smethwick were abolished. Drawings of the rebuilt station can be found on the Smethwick Rolfe Street Station gallery page of the Network Rail Corporate Archive.

In 1985, pupils from Parkside Junior School created a mural for Platform 1 under the direction of artist Jeremy Waygood as part of the Birmingham to Wolverhampton Corridor Initiative.

In June 2017, this mural was removed and replaced by one created by students from Sandwell College under the direction of artist Steve Field. In addition, an exhibition room was created by another set of students from the college to display the history of the station and of the murals. In October 2017 this work was recognised in the ACoRP Community Rail Awards with a 1st place for Involving Diverse Groups and a 3rd place for Community Art Schemes - Permanent.

Work began in January 2022 to install lifts to allow step-free access to the station. The project is expected to be completed by July.

Services
The station is served by two trains per hour in each direction Mondays to Saturdays, by the local service between ,  and  via .
On Sundays, the service runs hourly.

These are predominantly operated by Class 350 EMUs but occasional Class 170 DMUs and Class 323 EMUs are used.

Avanti West Coast, CrossCountry, London Northwestern Railway and Transport for Wales Rail trains run through the station but do not stop. London Northwestern Railway does call at the nearby station of Smethwick Galton Bridge en route to Liverpool Lime Street.

References

External links

Rail Around Birmingham and the West Midlands: Smethwick Rolfe Street station

Railway stations in Sandwell
DfT Category E stations
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1852
Railway stations served by West Midlands Trains
Smethwick
1852 establishments in England
Sharp PC-5000

The Sharp PC-5000 was a pioneering laptop computer, announced by Sharp Corporation of Japan in November 1983. It employed a clamshell design in which the display closes over the keyboard, like the earlier GRiD Compass and contemporary Gavilan SC.

The PC-5000 was largely IBM PC-compatible, with the same 4.77-MHz Intel 8088 processor as the IBM PC, and ran MS-DOS 2.0 (in ROM). It had 128 kilobytes of internal memory (it was one of the few computers to use bubble memory), which could be expanded by the use of plug-in cartridges. The cartridge slots also accepted ROM cartridges containing software, such as the Extended BASIC programming language and the EasyPac software suite, which contained the EasyWrite II word processor, EasyReport reports program, and EasyComm terminal software for use with the internal modem. It featured a 640×80-pixel (80-character by 8-line) LCD display, a full-travel keyboard, and an external dual 5.25-inch floppy disk drive. A notable feature of the computer was its built-in thermal printer, which could also be purchased separately and attached to the machine. It is perhaps due to this attachment that the case design of the PC-5000 owes much to that of electronic typewriters of its time.

While far more portable than the popular Compaq Portable or Osborne 1 computers, the machine weighed 5 kg (11 lb).

Sharp succeeded the PC-5000 with the fully IBM-compatible PC-7000 in late 1985.

Reception
Your Computer magazine selected the PC-5000 as one of the best personal computers of 1983. Creative Computing chose the PC-5000 as the best notebook portable between $1,000 and $2,500 for 1984, although criticizing the difficulty of finding the computer in stores and questionable support from Sharp and third-party vendors.

References

External links
Article about the PC-5000
Review of the PC-5000 from 1984
Vintage-computer page about the PC-5000
Old-computers page about the PC-5000
 

PC-5000
Computer-related introductions in 1983
Japanese inventions
Biwa (disambiguation)

The biwa is a Japanese short-necked fretted lute.

Biwa may also refer to:

 Biwa, Shiga, a town in Shiga Prefecture, Japan
 Biwa trout, an anadromous fish in the salmon family enzootic to Lake Biwa
 Eric Biwa, a former Namibian politician
 Lake Biwa, a lake in Shiga Prefecture, Japan
 Loquat or biwa, a fruit tree in the subfamily Maloideae of the family Rosaceae, indigenous to southeastern China
Ship Street, Hong Kong

Ship Street () is a street in Wan Chai, Hong Kong.  It starts from Johnston Road, crosses Queen's Road East and goes uphill southward and reaches Kennedy Road.  Part of the street is ladders and much of the century-old buildings are abandoned. Locals often refer to these buildings as the "Ghost House".

History

The story of Ship Street began in 1910s. It was near the pier in Johnston Road and thus the roads and streets in surrounding are named after navigation and the ports in China.  The original stone steps of the Ship Street are well-preserved among the rapid development of Hong Kong.  Before the completion of Hopewell Centre in 1980s, the street was the preferred access among the students of surrounding schools like St. Francis' Canossian College and Tung Chi College ).

Future
The street is a featured street in Hong Kong and a venue for several films.  Hopewell long planned a hotel project, Mega Tower Hotel at the east of the street but received opposition from the surrounding residents and environmental groups.  It is because the project would also involve demolition of the historical building of the famous haunted house, Nam Koo Terrace () and felling of various climbing fig trees. The lower part between Johnston Road and Queen's Road East is designated to become a pedestrianised street after the completion of a major Urban Renewal Authority project.

The hotel project has been recently modified. In the modified planning, Nam Koo Terrace would be preserved in the project.

See also

 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

References

Ladder streets in Hong Kong
Wan Chai
Roads on Hong Kong Island