alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Edward III of England

Edward III (13 November 1312–21 June 1377) was a King of England. He ruled for 50 years. 

Edward was born on 13 November 1312 to Edward II & Isabella of France. He was the oldest out of 5 children of them. He has 2 younger brothers, Adam FitzRoy & John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall & 2 younger sisters, Joan of the Tower & Eleanor of Woodstock.

He made England the strongest military power during his reign. 

Edward was crowned when he was fourteen years old, after his father was forced to abdicate. After his victory against the Scots, he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337, and so started the Hundred Years' War. The war went very well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the Treaty of Brétigny, by which he gained a lot of territory. When he became older, he was much less active, mostly a result of his bad health. He died of a stroke in 1377, aged 64.

Edward also established the Order of the Garter, and developed legislature and government. However, during his reign there was the Black Death. 

Edward and his wife, Philippa of Hainault, had many children and, as they traveled, the children were generally known by where they were born (though the oldest son, Edward "of Woodstock," became known to later generations as Edward, the Black Prince). Prince Edward died before his father Edward III, and his older son, Edward "of Angouleme," had died a child, so younger son Richard "of Bordeaux" succeeded Edward III as Richard II of England before being deposed by his cousin Henry IV of England, whose father, John "of Gaunt", had married the heiress of Lancaster. His family, the House of Lancaster, fought the Wars of the Roses with the House of York descended from the daughter of Edward III's son Lionel "of Antwerp" (who was older than John) over who was the rightful king. 

In his own time and for centuries after Edward III was praised a lot, but by Whig historians he was seen as an irresponsible adventurer. This view has turned, and modern historians see what a good king he was.

Other websites 

The Medieval Sourcebook) has some good sources relating to the reign of Edward III:
 The Ordinance of Labourers, 1349
 The Statute of Laborers, 1351
 Thomas Walsingham’s account of the Good Parliament of 1376.
 Man of War: Edward III, King of England  at myarmoury.com

1312 births
1377 deaths
House of Plantagenet
14th century in England
Wicked Science

Wicked Sciences is an Australian television series. It takes place in Sandy Bay. It tells the story of two teenagers who suddenly become science geniuses.

Story
Toby Johnson is a normal student of Sandy Bay High School, juggling between school and the normal life of a teenager. Elizabeth Hawke is the teacher's pet. Nobody like her in the high school and she likes nobody, excepted Tony. She has liked Tony from her childhood. One day, Toby and her were in the laboratory of the school. They were hit by a strange blue ray and they become sciences geniuses. But they do not know why. The normal life of Sandy Bay is changed by the two geniuses.

Details on the story

On the first school day at Sandy Bay High School, Toby and his best friend Russel met a new student, Dina Demeris. They quickly became friends. During science class, they were chatting. When they got caught, Dina was the one who was going to be punished, but Toby said that it was his fault. He was to be punished with Russ. The teacher, Mr. Tesslar showed the students the fossils he found during the summer. He started to scan them with a machine and asked who wanted to finish the work. Elizabeth accepted. That evening, Russ, Toby and Elizabeth were in the science laboratory. Toby and Russ had to clean the aquarium, and Elizabeth was scanning the stones. Russ had a bad idea. He tried to use his mouth to change the water. He ran to the restrooms and Toby and Elizabeth cleaned the ground. A frog got out of the aquarium and jumped on the keyboard of the machine. The device scanned a strange blue stone and made a blue ray which hit Toby and Elizabeth.

Main characters
Toby Johnson: Toby is a regular student, but he is also a science genius. He tried to tell his adventure to Mr.Tesslar, but decided to keep it a secret. He has a crush on Bianca.
Russel 'Russ' Skinner: Russel is the best friend of Toby. He is afraid of Garth.
Dina Demeris:
Elizabeth Hawke:
Garth King:
Verity McGuire:
Sacha Johnson:

Other websites 

Children's television series
English-language television programs
Harold Wilson

James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. He was an MP from 1945 to 1983. He won more elections than any other 20th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (in 1964, 1966, February and October 1974)—three with a majority (1964,1966 and October 1974) and one where Labour was the largest party and formed a minority government (February 1974)

Wilson resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party in 1976. He died of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in 1995.

Other websites 
 Wilson, Harold Chronology World History Database 

1916 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Congregationalists
English Protestants
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the House of Lords
People from Huddersfield
Politicians from Yorkshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
United Kingdom Life Peers
Cyperus papyrus

Cyperus papyrus (also known as Papyrus sedge, Bulrush or Paper reed) is a plant. It is a sedge. They grow  tall. The plant is perennial (grows every year) and originally comes from Africa. It was used to make a fabric much like paper. This was called papyrus, and served much the same purpose that paper does today. Its roots were also used as fuels. Also makes rope and sandals too.

It is almost extinct along the shores of the river Nile where it was originally cultivated.

Poales
Georgia Institute of Technology

The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public university (school for after high school) in Atlanta, Georgia. It is also known as Georgia Tech. 

It focuses primarily on engineering, science and computer science, but also has schools of management, architecture, and liberal arts.

When it opened in 1885, the school's main focus was on practical experience (learning things by doing them); students spent half of their time in class, and half in the shop. 

It first admitted women in 1952.  

In 1961, it was the first university in the South to integrate (let people of different races go to school together) without a court order.

The school's colors are white and old gold (mustard yellow). Their mascot is Buzz, a Yellow Jacket (a kind of bee-like wasp).

References

Association of American Universities
Georgia Tech
Colleges and universities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1885 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Dissident

A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure. There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes.

Related pages
Political prisoner
Chinese dissidents
Politics
Sociology
Josiah

Josiah was a child king of Judah. He was born around 640 BC. Josiah started his rule as king at the age of 8 when his father, Amon, died. Josiah was thought of as a good king. He following in the steps of his ancestor King David.

Josiah ruled for 31 years in Jerusalem and died in 609 BC. He was killed by King Necho of Egypt while Josiah was helping the king of Assyria fight off the attacks of the Egyptian. Josiah's son Jehoahaz became the new King of Judah.

Other websites 
Jewish Encyclopedia: Josiah
Catholic Encyclopedia: Josias

640s BC births
600s BC deaths
Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
Jehoahaz of Judah

Jehoahaz was a king of Judah. His birth name was Shallum. He is thought to be an evil king. Jehoahaz began his rule at age 23 in 609 BC when his father, King Josiah was killed by the king of Egypt, Necho. He only ruled for 3 months in Jerusalem before the Egyptian king took him to Egypt and put another of Josiah's sons on the throne as the new King of Judah. Jehoahaz died in Egypt.

Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
630s BC births
600s BC deaths
Antarctic Circle

The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth.  It is the parallel of latitude at 66° 33′ 39″ south of the Equator, crossing mostly the Southern Ocean.

In the Antarctic Circle, all places have twenty-four hours of daylight on the Summer Solstice in December.  In June on the Winter Solstice all places have twenty-four hours of night.  There is a minimum of one whole day that the sun does not set and one whole day that the sun does not rise.

The area south of this circle is named the Antarctic, and the zone to the north is the Southern Temperate Zone.

The continent of Antarctica is a land mass that is most of the area within the Antarctic Circle.  The South Pole is in the center of the Antarctic Circle.

There is no permanent population of persons south of the Antarctic Circle. There are research centers from some nations on Antarctica.  Teams of scientists live in the research centers for part of the year. In past centuries some whaling stations were set up on Antarctica and some of the whalers would live there for a year or more. At least three children have been born in Antarctica. It is one of the coldest places on earth.The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was recorded in Antarctica (-129.3)

Related pages
Southern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle

Other websites
Antarctic Circle org
Map 

Lines of latitude
Geography of Antarctica
Antarctic region
Toast

Toast is bread which has been grilled until hot and crispy. A toaster, grill or open fire is used. Toasted bread is both darker in color and crunchier than normal bread. Toast can be eaten with a range of condiments spread on the surface, such as butter, jam, honey, and cheese to make cheese on toast, though these are optional as some people prefer their toast without condiments (dry toast).

Toast can also be used to make 'toasties', where a filling is compressed and heated between two slices of buttered bread in a toastie maker. Popular fillings include cheese, jam, peanut butter and chocolate spread.

Preparation 
Before the invention of modern cooking appliances such as toasters and grills, bread has been produced in ovens for millennia.  Toast can be made in the same oven. 

Many brands of sliced bread are available, some specifically marketing their suitability for toasting.

References

Breads
Breakfast foods
Toaster

A toaster is a machine that cooks bread. The bread is put into the toaster and after a few minutes it pops up, toasted. The pop-up toaster was invented by Parker Scharbrough in 1919.

Other websites 
How Toasters Work (Howstuffworks.com)

Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Commercial kitchen equipment
Swiss cheese

Swiss cheese is a name for a number of cheeses that are like Swiss Emmental cheese. This name is mostly used in the United States and Canada, and in most cases, the cheeses are made there and are not from Switzerland. Like it, they have holes, which are made by the bacteria that change milk into Swiss cheese. Propionibacterium uses the lactic acid that is made by other bacteria, and it gives off a gas called carbon dioxide. This slowly forms bubbles that become the holes. The holes in the cheese are called the "eyes", and a Swiss cheese that does not have holes is called a "blind" cheese.

Most often, Swiss cheeses with larger eyes have a better taste, as the same things that make the eyes bigger also make the taste of the cheese better. These include longer time and more warmth as the cheese is formed.

Emmental cheese has been produced in France, Germany, and Austria for a long time. This is why the names Emmental and Swiss Cheese can be used for kinds of cheese that are not made in Emmental in Switzerland but are made the same way.

Related pages
 Emmental cheese

References
Saint-Fons

Saint-Fons is a French city next to Lyon. About 15.000 people live there. The name of the city does not come from a saint. It is because there are many fountains near the city. Originally the place name was Cent Fonts ( 100 sources), which was changed into the current city name. The city split from Vénissieux in the middle of the 19th century. The main reason for splitting was because of the chemical industry in the spot.

Communes in Rhône
Incidental music

Incidental music is music which has been written for a play.  It is not like opera where there is usually music all the way through.  Incidental music will be used between scenes or for particularly important moments in the play or for songs sung by the actors.  It is called “incidental” because the music is not as important as the play.

Incidental music dates as far back as Ancient Greece.  It was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the plays of Shakespeare whose characters often sing songs.  At this time incidental music was used more often for comedies than for tragedies.  Tragedies were about important people who were busy ruling their country and having wars.  In the plays they spoke in verse and were too noble to sing.  People thought that comedies were more suitable for including music.  The songs were often sung by actors playing the parts of shepherds, nymphs or clowns.

In later centuries music was used for all types of serious drama.  Sometimes large orchestras were used.  Many famous composers wrote music to be played by an orchestra during plays.  A famous example is the incidental music for Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night's Dream” composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1842.  Other composers worked with living poets such as Goethe and Schiller.  Beethoven wrote music for Goethe’s play Egmont.  This music is very closely linked to what happens in the story: the overture describes the harshness of the Spanish oppression of the Netherlands which is what the play is about.  Schubert’s famous Rosamunde overture comes from a play called Die Zauberharfe (The Magic Harp).  Schumann’s music for Manfred is different: it was never intended to be performed with the play, it was just inspired by Schumann’s imagination.  Many other composers wrote incidental music, e.g. Sibelius (for Maeterlinck’s play Pelléas et Mélisande) and Grieg (for Ibsen’s play Peer Gynt).

In all these examples the music is now usually heard at concerts, not as part of the original play.  Most of them have overtures (music played before the play starts) and these overtures are often performed separately, very often at the start of concerts.

Incidental music was not used so much during the 20th century although the plays of Brecht, which are often about political propaganda, needed a new kind of popular music.  Brecht worked with composers like Weill and Eisler who understood the kind of message that he wanted in his plays.  Their music for Brecht’s plays is similar to cabaret music.

Nowadays electronic music is often used in plays.
Musical forms
Kayak

A kayak is a small boat that is driven by manpower.  It typically has a covered deck, and a cockpit covered by a spraydeck.  It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle by a sitting paddler.  The kayak was used by the native Ainu, Inuit,  Aleut and Eskimo hunters in sub-Arctic regions of northeastern Asia, North America and Greenland.  Modern kayaks come in a wide variety of designs and materials for specialized purposes.

Kayaks typically are built for one, two or occasionally three paddlers who sit facing forward in one or more cockpits below the deck of the boat.  The spray skirt or similar waterproof garment attaches securely to the edges of the cockpit, so that no water from waves or spray may enter the boat. Therefore, in most styles the boat can roll upright again without it filling with water or ejecting the paddler.

Kayaks differ distinctly in design and history from canoes, which are craft propelled by single-bladed paddles by a kneeling paddler, although some modern canoes may be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from a kayak.  Kayaks are often called canoes in Great Britain and Ireland.

Other websites 
USA Canoe and Kayak The National Governing Body of Kayaking in the USA
WaveTalk.com  A collection of articles about traditional and modern kayak design, ergonomics and biomechanics of kayaking and various kayak applications.
Kayak design  A series of articles about kayak and paddle design.
The Kayaking Journal
Qajaq USA, A non-profit committed to promoting Greenland style kayaking
British Canoe Union The National Governing Body of Kayaking in the UK
Wikipaddle  - kayak and canoe wiki - focus is on places to paddle.
KayakWiki  - A wiki focused primarily on kayak techniques and construction
International Human Powered Vehicle Association website - information on peddle kayaks

Boats
Water sports
Canoe

A canoe is a small boat, that is often driven by manpower or womanpower, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top, but can be covered. Canoes are known as "Paddle boats" in some small towns in the south of Australia. The use of a paddle or "salvatore" is used to propel the vehicle. The most famous of rowers include the Szwedo of Luke in which he was the first man to complete 4 laps the woodend river in less than 3 days, beating the record of 4 laps in 4 days.

The canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, with the number of paddlers depending on the size of the canoe (most commonly 2). Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated or kneeling. In this way paddling a canoe can be contrasted with rowing, where the rowers face away from the direction of travel. Paddles may be single-bladed or double-bladed.

Gallery

Related pages
Canoe racing

Other websites 
 International Canoe Federation Homepage
 Canadian Canoe Museum 
 Wooden Canoe Heritage Association
 Canoe

Boats
Paddle

A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either for propulsion in a boat or for mixing liquids.

Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass or metal rod (the shaft) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the blade) on the other end. Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, and usually no handles.

Related pages 
 Oar

Tools
Mahdi

The Mahdi or Mehdi ('the rightly-guided one') is Islam's messiah or savior. It is said that he and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yaum al-Qiyamah (Day of the Resurrection). 

In particular, the Sudanese tribal leader Muhammed Ahmed proclaimed himself as the Mahdi, appointed by Allah to free his country. He defeated the forces of the Khedive of Egypt and the British, only to die suddenly six months later.

Other websites 
 Who are Mahdavis? 
 The Promised Mehdi
 Syed Mohammad AlMahdi AlMow'ood 

Islamic theology
Propulsion tools

Propulsion is the use of force to make movement.

For ground propulsion the first instrument was the wheel.

For water propulsion pole, paddle, oar and sail have been used.  Nowadays the most common types are underwater propellers.  Sails are still common, and historically represented the most important form of early propulsion for large ships. 

For air propulsion, the most common types are propeller and jet engine.  Others have been used experimentally.

References

Propulsion tools
Oar

An oar is a tool used to move a boat through water. Oars have a flat blade at one end.  The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end. The difference between oars and paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler, and are not connected with the vessel.  Oars generally are fastened to the vessel. The use of oars is called rowing. An oar used at the stern (rear) of a boat to steer is called a steering oar.

References 

Tools
Drama

Drama is a type of literature. A drama can be in the form of a novel, television show, movie, play or dance. Although drama is a Greek word meaning "action", most dramas focus more on the relationships between people than on the actions. Dramas usually have a serious feel to them. Drama is considered the opposite of comedy, but drama and comedy can be used at the same time. Drama is full of sensational action, dialogue, incidents etc.  

Shakespeare influenced the theatre industry by showing what could be done with plot and language.

Genres
Theater
Ribes

Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants. They are native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae.  Seven subgenera are recognized.

Sometimes Ribes is instead put in the family Saxifragaceae. A few taxonomists place the gooseberry species in a separate genus of Grossularia.

Cultivation
The genus Ribes includes the edible currants (blackcurrant, redcurrant, white currant), gooseberry, and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currant used in cakes and puddings, which is a cultivar of small grape (Zante currant). Ribes gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.

The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance R. sanguineum.

References 

current affairs 2020  

Fruits
Ribes
Mast

The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical pole which supports the sails. Larger ships have several masts, with the size depending on the style of ship.

Until the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk. As ship sizes increased, taller masts were constructed by lashing up to three spars together.

Other websites 
http://www.bluewatersailing.com/shipclass.php 
http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/virtual/rigging/sails.htm 
http://tallships.sailtraining.org/sailrigs.htm 
http://boatdesign.net/articles/mast-materials/
Glossary of Nautical terms, sailing and boat parts

Ship building
Juan Manuel Fangio

Juan Manuel Fangio (June 24, 1911 - July 17, 1995) was a race car driver. He won the Formula One drivers' championship five times, in the years 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957.

1911 births
1995 deaths
Argentine racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Trunk (botany)

The trunk is the main stem or "main woody axis of a tree".  In the lumber trade a severed trunk is a log. In botany it means the main structural member of a tree that is directly connected to the roots and which supports the branches.  The trunk is also often called the bole.  The trunk is covered by the bark, which protects the tree against damage and often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species.  The trunk, or bole, is the most important part of the tree for timber production. The tree trunk can be separated into five different layers: the heartwood, the sapwood, the vascular cambium, the inner bark, and the outer bark.

Related pages
Wood

Reference 
10 Major Differences between Stem and Trunk | Core Differences

Other websites 
Inside a tree trunk  from University of the Western Cape

Plant anatomy
Ziziphus

Zizhiphus is a type of tree that grows fruit. The species Z. mauritianis is known as the Indian jujube, and the species Ziziphus jujuba is known as the red date. They are mostly found in Asia.

Sources
Cayenne pepper

The cayenne pepper is a type of chili pepper.  It is very hot and is used as a spice. Cayenne pepper is the basis for the hot sauce known as Tabasco, as well as being an ingredient in many other commercially made hot sauces, such as Frank's Red Hot and Cholula. It can also be used in a dried powder form.

References

Other websites
 The Chilli King - Advice on growing and cooking with chillies
 PepperCenter.com Your Complete Chili Pepper Community 
 Cayenne Pepper 

Capsicum
Spices
Tsaagan

Tsaagan meaning "white" is a dinosaur related to Velociraptor. It is in the family Dromaeosauridae. It lived in Asia about 75 million years ago. It was discovered in the Djadokhta Formation of the late Cretaceous of Mongolia.

When it was discovered, it was thought to be a species of Velociraptor. After a CAT-scan in 1998, scientists found  that it represented a new genus. In 2010 it was discovered that it was closely related to Linheraptor. They are probably in the same genus.

 

Dromaeosauridae
Edward II of England

Edward V (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327) also called Edward II and also known as Edward of Caernarfon was the King of England from 1307 until he was forced to abdicate the throne in 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility, in favour of low-born favorites, led to political trouble and eventually to his removal from the throne. He is most remembered for a story about his alleged murder, which was linked to his reliance on the corrupt family of Hugh le Despenser the Younger, which has been seen by some as evidence of his homosexuality.

Although he is often known as "Edward II", some historians call him "Edward V" because prior to the Norman conquest, there were three kings with the name "Edward": Edward the Elder, Edward the Martyr and Edward the Confessor. Because some historians refer to the first three King Edwards of England as "Edward I", "II" and "III", Edward who is often called Edward II is known as "Edward V". 

1284 births
1327 deaths
House of Plantagenet
Dukes and Duchesses of Aquitaine
14th century in England
Tampa Bay Rays

The Tampa Bay Rays are a Major League Baseball team that plays in St. Petersburg, Florida. They play in the American League East division. From 1998 until November 2007, They were known as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In 2008, the team changed their name to the "Rays". Their home stadium is Tropicana Field located in St, Petersburg.

History 

The Rays played their first game on March 31, 1998 against the Detroit Tigers (as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays), which they lost 11-6. They were one of the least successful teams in the Major Leagues until 2008, when they finished in first place in the American League East and had one of the best records in baseball. They made it to the World Series but were beaten by Philadelphia in five games. Evan Longoria brought the team's first AL Rookie of the Year award to the team on November 10, 2008. The Rays returned to the World Series in 2020 but lost again, this time to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games.

On November 8, 2007, the team changed its name to Tampa Bay Rays. The "Devil Ray" mascot was a type of stingray. While this is still a mascot of theirs, the new "Rays" name is said to represent the sunshine in Florida.

Rivalries
The Rays have rivalries with two teams. The Boston Red Sox is one due to the 2008 American League Championship Series, the other is the Florida Marlins due their in-state location. When the Rays and Marlins meet during inter-league play (when the American League (Rays) and National League (Marlins) play each other) it is known as the "Citrus Series".

Season records

References

Other websites 

 Tampa Bay Rays Official Home Page
Flux Of Pink Indians

Flux of Pink Indians was political punk band. It was formed in Hertfordshire, England in 1980. Flux of Pink Indians was made up of Colin Latter (vocals), Derek Birkett (bass), Kevin Hunter (guitar) and Martin Wilson (drums). The band was originally called the Epileptics and later changed their name to Epi-X after complaints from the British Epilepsy Association. In 1981, the group signed on with the Crass label. They took on the organization's dedication to anarchist politics and punk abrasion. They issued their debut album Neu Smell soon after signing. With that album they got an indie hit with Johnny Kidd.

Upon creating their own label, Spiderleg, Flux of Pink Indians resurfaced in 1982 with the album Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible. Not surprisingly, their 1983 follow-up The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks was banned by many British retailers. One Manchester indie record store which did carry the record was charged for displaying "obscene articles for publication for gain." A long time off followed before the group - now known as Flux - returned in 1986 with the largely instrumental Uncarved Block. They disbanded in 1987; Derek Birkett later founded the One Little Indian label.

Their latest CD came out in 2003.

Discography
 "Neu Smell" (EP, Crass Records, 1981)  cover art 
 "1970s Have Been Made in Hong Kong" (EP, Spiderleg Records, 1981)
 Strive to Survive Causing the Least Suffering Possible (LP, Spiderleg Records, 1983)
 The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks (LP, Spiderleg Records 1984)
 "Taking a Liberty" (EP, Spiderleg Records, 1985)
 Uncarved Block (LP, released under the name 'Flux', One Little Indian Records 1986)

Other websites 
Flux of Pink Indians on allmusic.com

English punk bands
Anarcho-punk bands
Canadian Football League

The Canadian Football League (CFL; , LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. They play Canadian football and are they highest level of competition for the sport. The CFL is the second most popular sports league in Canada after the NHL. There are 9 teams; 4 in the Eastern Division and 5 Western Division. The Grey Cup is the championship for the CFL. The league was founded on January 19, 1958, making it the second oldest professional gridiron football league in North America that still operates.

However, several of its teams played for many years before the modern league was formed. One current team, the Toronto Argonauts, was formed in 1873, and four other teams claim descent from teams that played before 1900.

Teams

Active teams

1The Montreal Alouettes play their regular season games at Percival Molson Memorial Stadium and play their playoff games at Olympic Stadium.

Notes

 The Hamilton Tiger-Cats were created in 1950 as a merger between the Hamilton Tigers (founded in 1869 as the Hamilton Football Club) and the Hamilton Wildcats (founded in 1941).
 The CFL considers the current Montreal Alouettes franchise (founded in 1994 as the Baltimore Stallions, moved to Montreal and renamed the Montreal Alouettes in 1996) to be a continuation of the original Montreal Alouettes (founded 1946, played in the CFL 1958–1981) and Montreal Concordes (founded 1982, renamed the Montreal Alouettes in 1986, folded just before the 1987 season). However this does not include the Montreal Football Club that was formed in 1872, and joined the IRFU in 1907–1915, and the Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers, who played in the IRFU during the 1930s and 40's, winning the Grey Cup in 1931.
 All Ottawa clubs including the previous Rough Riders and Renegades are combined with current Redblacks for historical consistency only, even though the CFL considers them separate clubs.
 While football in Edmonton was first played in 1890, the Edmonton Elks (in their current incarnation) recognize their first season in 1949. This was further evidenced by the "60 seasons" decals worn on their helmets during the 2008 season.
 Became Saskatchewan Roughriders officially in 1950, after the team became the only pro football team left in the province in 1948. Roughriders were originally called the Regina Rugby Football club from 1910 to 1924. then called the Regina Roughriders from 1925 to 1949.
 Created by a merger of the Winnipegs and the St. John's team on June 10, 1930, and become known as the "Winnipeg Pegs" before changing to the current name, Blue Bombers, in 1937.

References

Other websites

 

1958 establishments in North America
Canadian football
1950s establishments in Canada
Shorts

Shorts are short length trousers or pants that reach only to the upper part of the legs or more, but do not cover the entire leg. They are worn by both men and women.  Shorts are worn either as outer garments or as underwear. They are called "shorts" because they are a shortened version of trousers (as they are called in British English, or pants in American English) which cover the entire leg.

Why people wear shorts:
 Fashion  appearance, attractiveness
 Practical  cool, light weight, allows for ease of movement; sportswear
 Uniform  decided by the organisation the wearer belongs to

Types

There are many types of shorts:

 Boxer shorts: Shorts mainly used as male underwear. Some years ago, this term also related to a basic style male short.
 Track shorts: Shorts that reach only the upper thigh and are intended to give maximum freedom of movement in sports activities.
 Walking shorts: Shorts with a long pant length reaching to the knees. They are intended for casual wear in warm weather.  
 Cut-offs: Homemade shorts made by cutting the legs off trousers
 Hotpants: Commonly known as "short shorts" and are mostly worn by women. These are short, tight shorts. They are usually made out of cotton, nylon, or some other common material.  
 "Bun huggers": Short, tight, athletic shorts also known as "racing briefs". They are usually made from spandex and/or nylon. These shorts are commonly used for some adult athletic events such as volleyball.
 "Skorts": Shorts that have a piece of fabric in front so that from the front it looks like a skirt. It is a portmanteau of "skirt" and "shorts".
 "Zip-off shorts": A pair of long pants that zip off at the knee. They allow the wearer to change from pants to shorts as the weather changes.
 Board shorts: A combination of shorts and a bathing suit worn by men. They have recently gained in popularity. 
 Three quarter pants: A name used to refer to other types of shorts such as Shants or Shankles.
 "Capris": Shorts that reach below the knee.
 Baggies: Loose fitting shorts which reach the knees. 
 Cycling shorts: Special shorts designed for athletic use, originally in cycling.
 Bermuda shorts: A knee-length shorts commonly worn in Bermuda as business attire, or largely any style less than formal.
 Cargo shorts: Typically khaki shorts with cargo pockets, similar to cargo pants, except they are around knee-length.
 Boyshorts: Similar to boxer briefs, but for females.
 Jorts: Jean shorts using denim fabric.
 Lederhosen: Traditional German leather shorts.
Swimsuit

A swimsuit, bathing suit (sometimes shortened to bathers), or swimming costume (sometimes shortened to cozzie) is clothing designed to be worn for swimming.
 
Swimming trunks are a pair of shorts or briefs worn for swimming or bathing.

In New Zealand English and some areas of Australian English, swimsuits are usually called togs. This term is less common in other parts of the English-speaking world where it may refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting. They range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet.

Lists

Womens' swimsuits

Mens' swimsuits

Other websites

Swimwear Glossary

Swimwear
Pangram

Pangrams are sentences that have one or more of every letter in an alphabet. They are used to show every letter in a font, or to test a keyboard or typewriter.

The most common example in English is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

Writing
Binary

Binary is base 2 number system. It is base 2 because it uses two possible numbers: 0 and 1. Decimal, the system most of the world uses for daily life, is a base 10 system – it uses 10 characters (0–9). When binary numbers are written, a subscript "(2)" is added to distinguish them from the same number in base 10.

Computers work in binary, because wires can store information in two different ways: by being powered, or not being powered. Sets of binary numbers can be used to represent any information, such as text, audio, or video.

Number system 

When being introduced to binary numbers, it helps to go back and think about how base 10 or decimal numbers work. Consider the number 1101(10) (base 10). We identify this number as one-thousand, one-hundred, one because it has a 1 in the thousands place, a 1 in the hundreds place, and a 1 in the ones place. But since the places represent 8, 4, 2, and 1 in binary, instead of 1000, 100, 10, and 1, the value converted to decimal (base 10) would be 8 + 4 + 1 = 13(10). 

For another example, the binary number 101(2) is 5 in decimal. The bit on the right is 1 and has a value of 1 (2^0). The middle bit has a value of 2 (2^1 or just 2), but it is a 0, so it is not added. The bit on the left is 1 and has a value of 4 (2^2 or 2 * 2). The bits that are 1s have values of 1 and 4. 1 + 4 = 5.

Computers 
All computers use binary at the lowest level. Most hard memory, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.

With computers, eight binary bits together is called a byte. The size of files is commonly measured in kilobytes or megabytes (sometimes in gigabytes). A kilobyte is 1000 bytes. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes, a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes and a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. Sometimes, it is easier to measure bytes in groups of 1024, since 1024 is a power of 2. There are 1024 bytes in a kibibyte, 1024 kibibytes in a mebibyte, and 1024 mebibytes in a gibibyte. 

Computer science
Mathematics
Encodings
Common loon

The great Northern diver or common loon is a bird. It belongs to the diver family of birds. Adult birds are between 70 and 90 cm in length, and have wingspans of 1.20 metres to 1.50 metres. 

The Great Northern Loon breeds in North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland. This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.

This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater.  It catches its prey underwater, diving as deep as 200 feet (60 m). Freshwater diets include pike, perch,  sunfish, trout, and bass; salt-water diets consist oinclude rock fish, flounder, sea trout, and herring.

The female lays 1 to 3 eggs on a hollowed-out mound of dirt and vegetation very close to water. Both parents build the nest, sit on the egg or eggs, and feed the young.

References

Birds of North America
Birds of Europe
Limit

A limit can be:
 A limit in mathematics:
 Limit of a function
 Limit of a sequence
 Limit superior and limit inferior
 Limit of a net
 Limit point
 A limit in category theory

 A constraint (mathematical, physical, economical, legal, etc.) as an inequality:
 Chandrasekhar limit
 Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit
 Budget constraint
 Speed limit
 Age of consent
 Limits of BDSM behavior

 An extreme value or boundary:
 High frequency limit

 In music the limit in just intonation

Limit Break are powerful techniques in the Final Fantasy series

Limit (Heide-Park), a roller coaster at Heide-Park, Soltau, Germany

Basic English 850 words
Ziziphus mauritiana

Ziziphus mauritiana (or Indian jujube) is a type of fruit tree. It is most often found in south-east Asia, usually India.

References 

Ziziphus
Azuki bean

The azuki bean is a type of reddish-brown colored bean. It can also be spelled adzuki. The bean is grown in East Asia and the Himalayas. It is often boiled in sugar to make a red bean paste. This paste is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking. Azuki beans are eaten in many places in the world.  Especially, azuki beans are used in sweet meals, snacks and dishes in Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam. Azuki beans have a long and varied history and there are many recipes.

History and origin 

Azuki beans are very famous red beans in Japan.  Excavations suggest that people have been eating Azuki beans since the Jomon period.  At that time, Azuki beans were called "shozu". 

Azuki beans have been grown since the Yayoi  period.  The first time the word "Azuki" was used was in the book "Koziki".  Old Japanese said "Aka" for red.  And Azuki beans were called "zuki" because  Azuki beans get soft when they are boiled.  "Aka" plus "zuki" is "Azuki" and this is the origin of Azuki bean's name.  Another Azuki beans has many origins.

Azuki beans are red, so many old people believed Azuki beans were a good luck charm. Azuki beans were used in many events and ceremonies in Japan, China and Korea.  In the Edo period, people made rice mixed with Azuki         
beans.  This was called sekihan and many people gave sekihan at ceremonies. Azuki beans were used as medicine, because Azuki beans are nutritious.  Now many people eat sekihan when there are ceremonies in Japan. In addition Azuki beans are used in many Japanese cakes, Many sweets use Azuki raw materials for the taste and colour.  So Azuki beans are closely related to Japanese life from ancient times.

Azuki bean jam
Azuki beans make bean jam. A sweet porridge of boiled and crushed azuki beans are eaten with rice-flour dumplings. Oval-shaped sweets are made from glutinous rice and covered with azuki bean. Bean-jam pancakes and bean-jam filled buns are also popular snacks. Azuki beans are also used in pillows and beanbags.

Recipe 
First, the azuki beans are boiled until the azuki skin stretches. The beans are then put into a perforated basket. Next, the azuki are boiled again for a short time to remove harshness. They are again put into perforated basket to drain. While they are draining, a big pan for steaming is prepared. The azuki are put in the pan and covered with a lid. The azuki beans are steamed and then heat is turned off. After steaming you have azuki bean mash, which is then dried on a cloth. The next step is putting them back in a pan to bring to a hot temperature. The azuki are taken out of the pan which is hot from flame. Sugar is added.  The sugar and azuki are mixed and the water from the azuki is left. Finally, the azuki is cooled. When the beans are cold, it is finished.

Azuki bean jam is used in many foods. For example, a fish-shaped waffle is filled with azuki bean jam. Azuki bean jam foods are famous in Japan, and they are eaten by many Japanese.

Beans
Jalapeño

The jalapeño is a type of Mexican  pepper. It is a form of the Chili pepper. It is pronounced hala-PAYN-nyo or hala-PEE-nyoIt is named after the city of Xalapa, which is the capital of the Mexican state of Veracruz.  A chipotle is a smoked, dried jalapeño. . The jalapeño is a reasonably spicy pepper, rated at between 2.500 and 8.000 Scoville. It is commonly sold in Mexico, and the southern United States, where it is used for cooking.

Jalapeños  accound for about 30% of Mexican chili production.

Other websites 

 http://img.tfd.com/hm/prons/J0011550.wav - audio pronunciation
 http://www.chili-pepper-plants.com/html/medium_peppers.html 

Capsicum
Gooseberry

The gooseberry is a type of fruit. It has a greenish color. It looks like an ungrown clementine. It belongs to the same family as the currant. Gooseberries are sometimes informally called goosegogs in the British Isles. Gooseberries are (to the dismay of the general population) not made out of geese.

“It’s hard to believe I’m eating a berry made out of geese, because I’m not. That’s a lie, made up by someone in the 1500s, 489 years before the release of unrelated Belgian techno anthem Pump up the Jam.” - Philomena Cunk

Berries
Ribes
Quince

The quince is a fruit that grows on small trees. It is in the same family as apples and pears. It starts green colored and then ripens to a bright golden yellow color, and looks like a bumpy lemon.

The quince fruit is too hard to eat.  It can be cooked to make it soft, or it can be left out on purpose to rot.  If it is damaged by frost, that helps start the process of making it soft and good to eat.  Quinces are mainly used for making jelly and jam. The interior of a quince is white when it is raw, but it becomes pinkish orange when it is cooked. When the jam is made it will be these colors 

Quince
Rosaceae
Açaí palm

The Açaí palm (Assai palm) is a type of palm tree. There are seven different types of  Açaí palms. The tree grows in Central and South America. It has a black-purple fruit about the size of a grape called a euterpe. The seed inside is very big. The fruit grows in bunches of 700 to 900 fruits.

The palms are mainly used for two things: First, salads called palmitos (heart of palm) can be made from the leaves; for this, the tree needs to be cut down. Secondly, the fruits can be made into a fruit juice that is said to be very healthy.

Images

References

Other websites 
Pictures of Açaí palms trees and fruit  from an article by The Nature Conservancy.
University of Florida study confirms that açaí berries contain antioxidants that destroyed cultured human cancer cells 
Jewelry made from Açaí seeds 

Arecaceae
Fruits
Pole

Pole could mean:

Geography
 Geographical pole, on the axis of a rotating body
 North Pole, on Earth, in the Arctic
 South Pole, on Earth, in the Antarctic
 Third Pole (Kashmir), the largest glacier outside the polar regions
 Poles, people from the country of Poland

Things
 A solid cylindrical object with length greater than its diameter e.g.:
 Utility pole, such as a telephone pole or telegraph pole
 Barber's pole, advertising a barber shop

 Poles used in sporting and other activities:
 Spinnaker pole, used in sailing
 The pole used for pole vaulting
 Ski pole, used to help balance when skiing
 Pole position, in motorsport
 The contacts in a switch
 A unit of length also known as a rod
 Walking stick sometimes called a walking pole

Science and mathematics
 Magnetic pole
 One "half" of a dipole
 In the polar coordinate system, points are given by an angle and a distance from the pole, or central point equivalent to the origin in the Cartesian coordinate system

Other
 Penis (slang)
Punt (boat)

A punt is a flat boat with a broad front. It is designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. Punting means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed (the bottom of the river) and this gives the punt a way to move.

Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms. They were for shooting at birds and fishing. In modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England. There are also races at summer regattas on the Thames.

Punt poles 

Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12–16 feet (4–5 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.

The bottom of the pole has a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end. The shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.

Other websites

Clubs
 Thames Valley Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018
 Sunbury Regatta, retrieved November 2018
 Wraysbury Skiff and Punting Club , retrieved November 2018
 Dittons Skiff & Punting Club, retrieved November 2018
 The Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018

Punting stations
 Cherwell Boathouse, Oxford, retrieved November 2018
 Scudamore's Punting, Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Rutherford's Punting Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Punting on the Thames, retrieved November 2018

Further information
 A Thames Library, retrieved November 2018
 A detailed non-commercial guide to punting (and other boating) on the Thames, retrieved November 2018
 The Scudamore's guide to punting in Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Daily Info guide to punting in Oxford, retrieved November 2018

Punting around the world
 In Christchurch, New Zealand
 In Tübingen, Germany
 In the Spreewald in Germany
 On the Mutha River, India
 On the Marais Poitevin, France 
 In Botswana

Boats
Horizontal

Horizontal is a direction perpendicular to the vertical. That is, it goes in all directions except up and down.  The term comes from the horizon.

Art
Mathematics