alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Lupus

Lupus, or Lupus erythematosus, is a disease of the immune system. It is chronic, which means it does not go away. It is an autoimmune disease, where the person's immune system attacks their own body.

The immune system is partly made up of white blood cells in your body that fight off disease. In lupus, these white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body. Lupus can be deadly. It causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body. It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys and the brain/nervous system. Some symptoms include: fatigue, fever with no cause, hair loss, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, a skin disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. There is treatment for lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while. After a while, this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again. For the disease of lupus, there is no cure that stops the white blood cells from attacking healthy parts of the body forever, but doctors are not giving up on finding a cure.

Lupus takes its name from the Latin word "lupus", meaning wolf. This is because a lupus-caused rash on a person's face makes the person's face look like the face of a wolf. In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with lupus. Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people living with lupus. The disease mainly affects young women, but men can be affected as well.

Famous people with lupus
Disney Star Selena Gomez was diagnosed with lupus in 2013.
The pop singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with systemic lupus in 1986.
Toni Braxton has systemic lupus.
British singer-songwriter Seal has had scarring on his face due to lupus since the age of 23.

References

Autoimmune diseases
Kuomintang

Kuomintang (KMT; ; English: Chinese Nationalist Party), also known as Guomindang (GMD), is the main political party in Republic of China (Taiwan). It was ruling in Mainland China until 1949 when Communists captured the mainland and the KMT moved to Taiwan. It was founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen. Chiang Kai-shek later led the party for decades.

References

Political parties in Taiwan
Conservative parties
Nationalist organizations in Taiwan
Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese nationalist politician and military leader who was  President of the Republic of China, born in Xikou on October 31, 1887.  His father was a merchant who died when Chiang was eight years old.  Chiang became an officer in the army of the Manchu empire, but supported the Chinese Xinhai Revolution of 1911 that converted China into a republic. 

He led the Republic of China from 1930 to 1949 on mainland China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. He fled to Taiwan where he ruled from 1950 until his death in 1975, although his government was still officially called the Republic of China.

Military career 

After his father died, Chiang joined the army. At first, he went to Baoding in northern China to study military science.  Later, he went to Japan to learn more about the military.  On October 10, 1911, Chiang Kai-Shek came back to China.   

In 1918, he joined the Nationalist Party of Sun Yat-sen.  Sun Yat-sen helped Jiang Kai-Shek make a military academic school called Huangpu Military School. In 1926 and 1927 he led the Northern Expedition to conquer local warlords and unify China.  After Sun Yat-sen died, he pushed out the Communists in 1927. In 1928, he made a new government in Nanjing, and became head of the state. He focused on fighting the Communists and the Empire of Japan. In 1937, Japan began to invade China, and Chiang was in charge of the Nationalist Chinese Army, until the war ended in 1945. Chiang ruled China until 1949, when Mao Zedong, who led the Communist Party of China, attacked Chiang and his officials, and they were forced to flee to Taiwan.

References

Other websites 
 Chiang Kai-shek, Citizendium

1887 births
1975 deaths
Anti-communists
Chinese generals
Methodists
Presidents of the Republic of China
Former dictators
Prime ministers
Taiwanese military people
Time People of the Year
World War II political leaders
Politicians from Zhejiang
Dark matter

Dark matter is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the mass in the universe.

The idea arose when astronomers found that the mass of large astronomical objects, and their gravitational effects, was much greater than the mass from the "luminous matter" that contains stars, gas, and dust.

Dark matter was first proposed by Jan Oort in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the Milky Way. Fritz Zwicky in 1933 used dark matter to explain "missing mass" in the spinning speeds of galaxies in clusters. Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe. The spinning speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.

According to the Planck mission team, and based on the standard model of cosmology, the total mass–energy of the known universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy.Thus, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5%  of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total "stuff" in the universe.
 
Because dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) can't find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see every day on Earth. The only way we can tell if dark matter is there, is by how it affects things we can "see" by gravity.

In 2006, a group of scientists claimed that they had found a way to find dark matter. Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. The scientists observed two far-away galaxy clusters that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have been scattered nearby after the collision, while dark matter would not. By measuring gravity, they were able to detect what looked like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them.

Related pages 
 Dark energy
 Expansion of the Universe
 Nature timeline

References 

Astrophysics
Cosmology
Matter
Sanja Stijačić

Sanja Stijačić (born 14 November 1965) is a Serbian flutist. She is also a professor at the Faculty of Arts (Priština), University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia and at the University of East Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Stijacic, Sanja
1965 births
Living people
Flutists
Comb

A comb is a tool used to care for hair or other fibers. It has small pieces sticking out of a main frame; these are called "teeth." A comb is usually flat.

Humans have been using combs as a tool for a long time, at least for 5,000 years. Combs are used by humans to separate tangled hairs, to keep their hair clean and to style their hair. They are also used as a decoration for hair.

Combs are used in the making of thread from fibers like wool or cotton. Combing makes all the fibres point the same way so a thread can be spun.

History 
The first use of the comb was about 5,000 years ago. Different kinds of comb have been found throughout history by archaeologists. The ancient Egyptians carved out combs. In ancient China, combs were worn as hair decorations and accessories. Over time, combs have become into tools for taking care of hair. Today, there are hundreds of different kinds of combs.

Use 
Combs can be used to fix stray hairs and untangle wet hair. Another common use for the comb is to make hair be put in one position before tying it up. Combs may also be used to part hair for coloring, conditioning and braiding. Combs can also be worn as accessories that hold hair up in a special style.

Gallery

References 

Basic English 850 words
Care
Journey (band)

Journey is an American rock band from San Francisco, formed in 1973. They are known for their hit songs like "Don't Stop Believin", "Anyway You Want It", "Open Arms", "Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin' " and "Faithfully". Some of the members used to be members of the band Santana. The band has sold 75 million albums and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017.

Discography
Studio albums
 Journey (1975)
 Look into the Future (1976)
 Next (1977)
 Infinity (1978)
 Evolution (1979)
 Departure (1980)
 Escape (1981)
 Frontiers (1983)
 Raised on Radio (1986)
 Trial by Fire (1996)
 Arrival (2001)
 Generations (2005)
 Revelation (2008)
 Eclipse (2011)
 Freedom (2022)

1973 establishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
1970s establishments in California
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups from San Francisco
Bruno Brun

Bruno Brun (born ) was a Yugoslavian clarinet player and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade.

He graduated from the Belgrade Music Academy in  and continued his education in Paris. He played as a soloist in Yugoslavia and other countries. He was one of the founders of the "Association of Musical Artists of Serbia".

His most famous students are Milenko Stefanovic, Mihailo Zivanovic, Ernest Ackun, Ante Grgin and Nikola Srdic.

References
 Blagojevic, Andrija."Bruno Brun () - Founder of the Yugoslav clarinet school."  ''The Clarinet'', Vol. 41/3 (), pp. 46-51.
 Blagojević, Andrija. "The Performance Career of Bruno Brun."  The Clarinet, Vol. 47/3 (), pp. 34–37.

1910 births
Clarinetists
Yugoslavian musicians
Rheinstetten

Rheinstetten is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It has about 20,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites
University of Priština (North Mitrovica), Faculty of Arts

The Faculty of Arts of Priština (Serbian: Факултет уметности у Приштини or Fakultet umetnosti u Prištini) is the faculty of arts of the University of Priština in Kosovo, Serbia.

History 
The Faculty of Arts of Pristina was founded in 1973 as the Academy of Arts, and got its present name in 1986. Because of Albanian terrorist attacks it was moved in 1999. It first moved to Varvarin and later to Zvečan, where it is now. It is part of the University of Priština temporarily relocated in Kosovska Mitrovica.

Divisions 
Art
Music
Theatre

Degrees offered

Acting 
 Bachelor of Arts
 Master of Arts

Music 
 Bachelor of Music
 Master of Music

Visual arts 
 Bachelor of Arts
 Master of Arts

Notable teachers 

Jasmina Novokmet
Milenko Stefanovic
Sanja Stijacic

Other websites 

 Official website
 Infostud 
 Ministry of Education of Republic of Serbia 

Colleges and universities in Europe
Buildings and structures in Serbia
1973 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Serbia
Jasmina Novokmet

Jasmina Novokmet (born 8 September 1969 in Pristina, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian conductor, professor of conducting and former associate dean at the Faculty of Arts of Priština.  She is a former student of Jovan Šajnović.

Living people
1969 births
Serbian musicians
Conductors
People from Pristina
Catapult

A catapult is a type of machine used as a weapon to throw rocks, large arrows, or other things such as hot tar, that would cause damage to something else.  Often, catapults were set on higher ground or on castle towers to let them shoot farther.  They shot rocks to break castle walls, or pitch or hot tar to set the target on fire.

Catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air. They do not throw as far as modern weapons do, and are not useful in modern warfare.  Catapults were common in the past, especially the Middle Ages.

Nowadays catapults are used to study old weapons, and as experiments (for example in physics or engineering classes). Some old ones are kept in museums.

Aircraft carriers use much more powerful steam catapults to throw airplanes into the air.

References

Other websites 
How does a catapult work  - A thorough explanation of different types of catapults with images.
Animated Catapults Animations of a Roman mangonel and onager and a medieval trebuchet

Weapons
1552

Year 1552 (MDLII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Births
 February 1 – Edward Coke, English business person (d. 1634)
 February 8 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French poet and soldier (d. 1630)
 February 19 – Melchior Klesl, Austrian statesman and cardinal (d. 1630)
 February 28 – Joost Bürgi, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (d. 1632)
 June 18 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (d. 1637)
 July 18 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1612)
 August 24 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (d. 1614)
 September 22 – Tsar Vasili IV of Russia (d. 1612)
 October 6 – Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary to China (d. 1610)
 December 29 – Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé (d. 1588)
 December 30 – Simon Forman, English occultist and astrologer (d. 1611)
 date unknown
 Hans von Aachen, German mannerist painter (d. 1615)
 Thomas Aufield, English martyr (d. 1585)
 Jean Bertaut, French poet (d. 1611)
 Miguel de Benavides, Spanish clergyman (d. 1605)
 Richard Hakluyt, English writer, editor and translator (b. c. 1552 or 1553; d. 1616)
 Philemon Holland, English translator (d. 1637)
 Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma, Spanish politician (d. 1625)
 Dom Justo Takayama, Japanese daimyo (d. 1615)
 Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, French diplomat (d. 1636)
 Jack Ward, English pirate (d. 1622)

Deaths 
 January 10 – Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist (b. 1479)
 January 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, English politician (b. 1509)
 February 26 – Heinrich Faber, German composer (b. 1500)
 April 18 – John Leland, English historian (b. 1502)
 May 26 – Sebastian Münster, German map maker (b. 1488)
 June 10 – Alexander Barclay, British poet (b. 1476)
 July 9 – György Szondy Hungarian soldier
 August 15 – Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (b. 1477)
 October 14 – Oswald Myconius, Swiss Protestant reformer (b. 1488)
 October 17 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian (b. 1498)
 December 2 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1506)
 December 20 – Katharina von Bora, wife of Martin Luther (b. 1499)
1562

Year 1562 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 May 1 – Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida.
 September 22 – Maximilian becomes King of Bohemia.
 October – John Hawkins starts the English slave trade. He ships slaves from Sierra Leone to Hispaniola in the Caribbean.
 November 20 – Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans.
 The Mughal Emperor Akbar conquers Malwa.

Births 
 January 13 – Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish poet and soldier of fortune 
 January 20 – Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer 
 Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer 
 May 6 – Pietro Bernini, Italian sculptor 
 July 25 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese samurai 
 November 25 – Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and dramatist
 Isabella Andreini, Italian actress 
 John Bull, English composer
 Henry Constable, English poet
 Maeda Toshinaga, Japanese nobleman 
 Cornelis van Haarlem, Dutch painter

Deaths 
 January – Ilie II Rareş, Prince of Moldavia 
 January 9 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord 
 October 9 – Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist 
 October 13 – Claudin de Sermisy, French composer 
 November 17 – Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France 
 December 6 – Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter 
 December 7 – Adrian Willaert, Flemish composer 
 Matteo Bandello, Italian novelist 
 Nicholas Grimald, English poet and theologian
1563

Year 1563 (MDLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 January – Leonhard Hutter, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1616)
 January 30 – Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d. 1641)
 March 5 – John Coke, English politician (d. 1644)
 April 15 – Guru Arjan Dev, fifth Sikh leader (A. 1606)
 June 1 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (d. 1612)
 September 4 – Wanli Emperor of China (d. 1620)
 October 14 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish artist (d. 1633)
 November 8 – Henry I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1624)
 November 19 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d. 1626)
 December 19 – Lord William Howard (d. 1640)
 date unknown
 Yi Su-gwang, Korean scholar (d. 1628)
 Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (d. 1606)
 John Dowland, English composer (d. 1626)
 Michael Drayton, English poet (d. 1631)
 Scipione Gentili, Italian legal scholar (d. 1616)
 Anna Guarini, Italian virtuoso singer (d. 1598)
 Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1600)
 Marcin Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1636)
 Zygmunt Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1634)
 Robert Naunton, English politician and writer (d. 1635)
 Joshua Sylvester, English poet (d. 1618)
 Jean Titelouze, French organist and composer (d.1633)

Deaths 
 February 1 – Emperor Menas of Ethiopia (b. 1559)
 February 24 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (b. 1519)
 March 24 – Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (b. 1514)
 March 28 – Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (b. 1488)
 May 21 – Martynas Mažvydas, writer of the first printed book in Lithuanian (b. 1510)
 ?June – Elizabeth Seymour, Marchioness of Winchester, English noblewoman (b. 1513)
 June 6 – Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese military commander (b. 1519)
 June 9 – William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b. 1506)
 August 11 – Bartolomé de Escobedo, Spanish composer (b. 1500)
 August 18 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (b. 1530)
 September 17 – Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, English soldier (b. 1526)
 November – Ioan Iacob Heraclid, ruler of Moldavia (b. 1511)
 December 29 – Sebastian Castello, French theologian (b. 1515)
 date unknown – Odet de Selve, French diplomat (b. c. 1504)
Minuet

A minuet is a dance which was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in France.  It was danced by the aristocracy, especially at the court of King Louis XIV.

Sometimes the French spelling menuet is used, or the Italian minuetto.  It was a moderate or slow dance.  There were always three beats in a bar (3/4 time).

Composers liked the music of the minuet and often wrote them just as pieces of music for a keyboard or other instruments.  Composers like Bach and Handel included them in their suites (collection of dance movements).  Lully started to put them in his operas, often in pairs: Minuet I, Minuet II, then Minuet I repeated.  Often the second minuet would be played by three instruments, so it was called a trio.

In the Classical music period the minuet and trio were used in symphonies and sonatas. They usually formed the third movement of a four movement work. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote minuets and trios.  Gradually the minuets became faster so that they were called scherzos.  By the 19th century the waltz had become fashionable among the new middle class.  The polite minuet went out of fashion.

Ballroom dances
Musical forms
Scherzo

A Scherzo is a piece of music which is quite fast. In the 19th century Romantic composers started to write scherzos in their symphonies and sonatas instead of the traditional minuets. They are similar to a minuet, always with three beats in a bar,  but they are faster and less "polite". Some composers like Chopin and Brahms wrote scherzos as separate pieces for the piano.

References  

Musical forms
1592

1592 (MDXCII) was a leap year that began on Wednesday.

Events 
 April 13 – The Siege of Busan begins.
 April 24 – Battle of Sangju: The Koreans lose against the Japanese.

Deaths 
 February – Thomas Cavendish, English sailor and explorer
 February 13 – Jacopo Bassano, Italian painter
 September 3 – Robert Greene, English writer

Births 
 March 28 – John Amos Comenius, Czech teacher and writer
1599

1599 was a common year which started on Friday.

Events 
 January 8 – The Jesuit educational plan known as the Ratio Studiorum is issued.
 June 20 – The Synod of Diamper is convened.
 August 15 – First Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces defeat the English.
 September 21 – The first reported performance of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar at the Globe Theatre in London, is recorded by Swiss traveller Thomas Platter the Younger.
 * October 18 – Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded uniting of the Romanians.
1612



Events 

Sasaki Kojiro, a famous swordsmen instructor and general, under Tokugawa Ieyasu, was slain in a duel against legendary swordsman, Musashi Miyamoto at Hesagigawa.

1612
Griffin

The griffin (also called gryphon, gryphen, griffon, griffen, and gryphin), is a legendary creature. It has the head, front legs, and wings of an eagle. The rest of the body looks like a part of a lion.

In the past griffin was a symbol of strength and dexterity. It often looked after a treasure.

The Griffin is used as the symbol for Brisbane Waters Secondary College on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. following the griffin is the Collegiate phrase "Strength Through Unity"

Legendary creatures
Chordate

Chordates, phylum Chordata, are a phylum of animals which have a notochord. The group includes vertebrates, with some closely related invertebrates.

Classification

Taxonomy 
Phylum Chordata
 Tunicata – (tunicates, formerly Urochordata; 3,000 species)
 †Vetulicolia (8 Cambrian species of fossil)
 Cephalochordata – (lancelets, 30 species)
 Vertebrata (vertebrates – animals with backbones; 57,739 species)
  Agnatha (jawless vertebrates; 100+ species)
 Myxini or Hyperotreti (hagfish; 65 species)
 Conodonta (Conodonts)
 Hyperoartia (Lampreys)
 †Cephalaspidomorphi (Paleozoic jawless fish)
 †Pteraspidomorphi (Paleozoic jawless fish)
 Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
 †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms)
 Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish; 300+ species)
 †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
 Osteichthyes (bony fishes; 30,000+ species)
 Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species)
 Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
 Tetrapoda (four-legged vertebrates; 18,000+ species)

Phylogeny 

Note: Lines show likely evolutionary relationships.  Extinct groups are marked with a "†". Extinct animals are ones that have completely died out.

Origin of chordates 
According to a long-standing theory, the origin of chordates may be found in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates). Adult tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are motile, and have some features found in early vertebrates.  The process of paedomorphosis, where juvenile features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism. Genome analysis shows that tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.

References

Other websites 

Chordate node at Tree Of Life 
Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy
Sanlucar la Mayor

Sanlúcar la Mayor is a Spanish town in the Province of Sevilla. It has a population of 11,762 and is 137 km² in area.

Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Andalusia
Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of compounds, which contain carbon, by heat. Pyrolysis happens under pressure and if the temperature is above 430 °C (800 °F). It is normally used for organic things, and is involved in charring. 

Organic reactions
Chemical processes
Uri (canton)

Uri is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. Cantons are like states, provinces, or territories, but Swiss. 35,000 people live there. William Tell is from there.

Municipalities 
The municipalities of the canton of Uri are: Altdorf, Andermatt, Attinghausen, Bauen, Bürglen, Erstfeld, Flüelen, Göschenen, Gurtnellen, Hospental, Isenthal, Realp, Schattdorf, Seedorf, Seelisberg, Silenen, Sisikon, Spiringen, Unterschächen, Wassen

Other websites 
 Official site 
 Official statistics
Michael Ende

Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende (12 November 1929 – 28 August 1995) was a German writer of fantasy and children's fiction. He was born in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria. He wrote fantasy books for children. He died of stomach cancer in Filderstadt, Baden-Wuerttemberg.

His books

Momo (1973)
The Neverending Story (1979)
 

1929 births
1995 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from stomach cancer 
German children's writers
Writers from Bavaria
Applet

An applet is a computer program that can be run  inside a web browser. Most of the time, applets are written in Java. They are used to display a scrolling menu on a website, for example, the applet is also used to show some applications. In Java, there is a class called "Applet," which is extended when writing applets.

Software
Veneto

Veneto is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in northeastern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Venice.

Geography
The region is in Northeast Italy, bordered to the north by the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region (and Austria in the northeastern corner), to the east by the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, to the southeast and south by the Adriatic Sea, to the southwest by the Emilia-Romagna region, and to the west by the Lombardy region.

Veneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main river in the region is the Po. The highest mountain in the region is Marmolada (), in the Belluno province, with an altitude of .

Provinces 
Veneto is divided in a Metropolitan City (Venice) and six provinces:

Largest municipalities
The 10 communi with more people living in it are:

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Regione del Veneto Official site
Molise

Molise is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of Campobasso.

Molise previously formed, with the Abruzzo region, the old region of Abruzzi e Molise. Molise was separated from that region in 1963, making Molise the youngest region in Italy.

Geography 
The region is located in South Italy bordered by Abruzzo to the north, Lazio to the west, Campania to the south, Apulia to the southeast and the Adriatic Sea to the east.

Molise, with a total area of , is the second smallest region after Valle d'Aosta. The main rivers in the region are:
 Fortore,  long.
 Trigno,  long.
 Biferno,  long; it is the main river of those that flow only in the Molise region.
 Volturno, ; it is the main river in South Italy by its length and its discharge.

The highest mountain in the region is La Meta (its eastern summit) (), in the Isernia province, with an altitude of .

Provinces 
Molise is divided into two provinces:

Largest municipalities
The 10 communi of the region with more people living in it are:

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Site
Philippine Sea

The Philippine Sea is the body of water east of the Philippines and Taiwan. It is a part of the western end of the Pacific Ocean.  The Philippine Sea is bounded by china Japan to the north, the Marianas to the east and Palau to the south.

Geology
It straddles on the Philippine Plate.

Related pages 
 Kyushu-Palau Ridge

References 

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Asia
Bodies of water of Oceania
Geography of the Philippines
Visayas

The Visayas or Visayan Islands (Cebuano and Wáray-Wáray: Kabisay-an, Tagalog: Kabisayaan, Spanich: Bisayas), is one of the three principal geographical divisions of  the Philippines; the other two divisions are Mindanao, to the south, and Luzon, to the north.

People living in this islands are called Visayans.

Geography
The Visayas consists of several islands in central Philippines around the Visayan Sea, with the Philippine Sea to the east and the Sulu Sea to the west.

The main islands (and area) are:
 Bohol, 
 Cebu, 
 Leyte, 
 Negros, 
 Panay, 
 Samar,

Regions and provinces

Administratively, the Visayas is divided into 3 regions: Western Visayas, Central Visayas and Eastern Visayas. Each region is headed by a Regional Director.

The Visayas is composed of 16 provinces, each headed by a governor.

Western Visayas (Region VI)
Western Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and the western half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 7,102,438. The regional center is Iloilo City. Its provinces are:
 Aklan
 Antique
 Capiz
 Guimaras
 Iloilo
 Negros Occidental

Central Visayas (Region VII)
Central Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol and the eastern half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 6,800,180. The regional center is Cebu City. Its provinces are:
 Bohol
 Cebu
 Negros Oriental
 Siquijor

Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
Eastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte and Samar; it has a population, in 2010, of 4,101,322. The regional center is Tacloban. Its provinces are:
 Biliran
 Leyte
 Southern Leyte
 Eastern Samar
 Northern Samar
 Samar

References

Other websites

 Die Visayas - Inselwelt in der Mitte der Philippinen 

Islands of the Philippines
Tuscany

Tuscany (Italian: Toscana) is a region in the center of Italy. It has an area of 22,990 km² and a population of about 3.6 million people (in 2004). The capital is Florence. 

Tuscany is known for its landscapes and its artistic legacy. Six Tuscan localities have been made UNESCO protected sites: the historical center of Florence (1982), the historical center of Siena (1995), the square of the Cathedral of Pisa (1987), the historical center of San Gimignano (1990), the historical center of Pienza (1996) and the Val d'Orcia (2004).

Geography 
Tuscany borders Emilia-Romagna to the north, Liguria to the north-west, Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, Umbria and Marche to the east, and Lazio to the south-east. The territory is two thirds hilly and one fourth mountainous. The rest is made up of the plains that form the valley of the Arno River.

Economy 
Tuscany is known for its wines (the most famous of which are Chianti, Morellino di Scansano, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, and Brunello di Montalcino) and has 120 protected regions (nature reserves). Other agricultural products include cattle (particularly the famous "Fiorentina" steak) and the production of olive oil, principally in Lucca.

The subsoil in Tuscany is rich in mineral resources. There are iron ore, copper, mercury and lignite mines, the famous soffioni (fumarole) at Larderello, and the vast marble mines in Versilia. Although its share is falling, agriculture is still important. In the region's inland areas, cereals, potatoes, olives and grapes are grown. The swamplands, which used to be marshy, now produce vegetables, rice, tobacco, beets and sunflowers.

Tourism is important to the so-called "Cities of Art" (Florence, Arezzo, Lucca, Pisa, Siena, San Gimignano), as well as on the coast and in the isles (Elba).

Demographics 
In the 1980s and 1990s the region attracted an intense influx of immigrants, in particular from China and Northern Africa. There is also a significant community of British and Americans. As of 2006, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 215,490 foreign-born immigrants live in Tuscany, about 5.9% of the people in Tuscany.

Towns of Tuscany with a population of 50,000 or more:

Provinces 

 Florence (Firenze) 
 Arezzo
 Grosseto
 Livorno
 Lucca
 Massa-Carrara
 Pisa
 Pistoia
 Prato
 Siena

Important points for industry in Tuscany

Famous people born in Tuscany

Related pages
 Tuscan dialect
 Grand Duchy of Tuscany
 History of Tuscany
 Tuscan food

Other websites 
 Official Site of Regions Tuscany (Italian site)

References

 
Wine regions
1484

1484 was a leap year.

Events 
 July 6 – Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of Congo River
 September 15 – Peter Arbues, is assassinated while praying in the cathedral at Saragossa, Spain and he died on September 17.  He had been appointed Inquisitor of Aragon by the Inquisitor General, Tomás de Torquemada, in the campaign against heresy and crypto-Judaism.
 December 5 – Pope Innocent VIII gives the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches in Germany with the lead of Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.
 The first sugar mill becomes operational in the Gran Canaria.
 First cuirassier units (kyrissers) formed in Austria.
Austronesian languages

The Austronesian languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Southeast Asia and on islands in the Pacific Ocean.

List of Austronesian languages 
 Anus
 Indonesian
 Fijian
 Hawaiian
 Javanese
 Malay
 Māori
 Sundanese
 Tagalog
 Tuvaluan
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) is a religious group. It broke from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a Mormon movement, in the 19th or early 20th century. In 1890, the Latter-Day Saints stopped accepting polygamy.

A few people who believed polygamy was an important part of their religion started the new church. They taught that a man needs more than one wife to be able to get to heaven.

It is believed the church had about 10,000 members in 2009. These live in the sister cities of Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona; as well as Eldorado, Texas; Westcliffe, Colorado; Mancos, Colorado; Creston and Bountiful, British Columbia; and Pringle, South Dakota.

In the news 
The church has been in the news because its leader, Warren Steed Jeffs was arrested in southern Nevada in August 2006. Jeffs was arrested because he was accused of rape and molestation. At the time, Jeffs was on the FBI's Ten Most-Wanted list.

There has been another incident in 2008.
Beginning April 4, 2008, over a four-day period, troopers and child welfare officials searched the church's ranch. They took 416 children into the temporary custody of the State of Texas. Originally officials from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services took 18 girls into temporary custody of the state. They acted because of a phone call from the ranch- it looks like a 16-year-old girl called the police to report she had been raped. She also said she had been married at age 15 to a 49-year-old man, Dale Evans Barlow. On the following day, Judge Barbara Walther of the 51st District Court issued an order authorizing officials to remove all children, including boys, 17 years old and under out of the compound. The children were being held by the Child Protective Services 45 miles away, north of the ranch. 133 women also voluntarily left the ranch with the children. The 16-year-old girl who alerted the authorities could not be located at the time of the raid. It looks like the call was made by a woman in her thirties, who gave a false identity. This woman is known by local police, as she has done similar things before. The woman was arrested for making the call (that triggered the raid) in April.

References 

Mormonism
Christian organizations based in the United States
Biological classification

Biological classification is how biologists group organisms.

The classification  has its root in the work of Aristotle who invented a multi-ranked system. A great influence was Carolus Linnaeus, who popularized the idea of binomial nomenclature using a  two-part name indicating the genus, and the species. The human species is named Homo sapiens. Names of species are often printed in italics, although there is no obligation to do so (this also goes for names of genera, etc., etc.)

Biological classification is also known as taxonomy.  It is a science, and like most sciences has evolved over time. At various times different principles were adopted, and it is not rare for different scientists to use different methods. Since the early 20th century, groupings are supposed to fit the Darwinian principle of common descent. These days, molecular evolution studies, which use DNA sequence analysis as data, are popular. This is often called "phylogenetics", a branch or form of cladism. This approach creates an evolutionary Tree of life (biology) and uses characters (traits) to decide on the branches of the taxonomy.

Sometimes organisms placed in the same group (taxon) are similar; such similarity is not necessarity coincidence. It may be the result of shared descent from a common ancestor.

Homology 
Homologous traits are similarities caused by common ancestry.  They are distinct from traits that are analogous.  For example, birds and bats both have the power of flight, but this is not used to classify them together, because it is not inherited from a common ancestor.

In spite of all the other differences between them, the fact that bats and whales both feed their young on milk is one of the features used to classify both as mammals, since it was inherited from a common ancestor.

When the present system of naming living things was developed, Latin was the language most widely used around the world. So, such names are still in Latin. Latin is also used presently because it is a dead language, so it never changes. The official descriptions and diagnoses of new taxa in Latin were and are written in Latin as well. Zoologist allow any language for the description of animals. From January 1, 2012, new taxa of algae, fungi and plants may be described in either English or Latin.

Name endings 
Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on a "type genus", with a standard suffix.  The suffixes used in forming these names depend on the kingdom, and sometimes the phylum and class, as set out in the table below.

Related pages
 Binomial nomenclature
 Taxonomy
 Systematics
 Cladistics
 Molecular evolution
 Molecular clock
 Phylogeny
 Wastebasket taxon
 Evolutionary grade

References
Kingdom (biology)

Kingdom is the highest rank, after the domain, which is normally used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each kingdom is split into phyla.

There are 5 to 7 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these kingdoms and some symbionts, such as lichen, come under two. There are at least:

Prokaryotes or Monera  – the most simple living things: bacteria and archaea
Protista – eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals
Fungi – mushrooms, moulds and other fungi
Plantae – all plants, such as moss, trees and grass
Animalia – all animals, including people. See List of animal phyla
Chromoalveolata – plastids containing chlorophyll.

Overview

The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms. Sometimes entries in the table, which are next to each other, do not match perfectly. For example, Haeckel placed the red algae (Haeckel's Florideae; modern Rhodophyta) and blue-green algae (Haeckel's Archephyta; modern Cyanobacteria) in his Plantae, but in modern classifications they are considered protists and bacteria respectively. However, despite these differences, the table gives a useful summary.

 There is no agreement at present on how many kingdoms there are in the Eukarya. In 2009, Andrew Roger and Alastair Simpson said this: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution".

Related pages
Tree of Life

References

Taxonomy
Class (biology)

A class is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each class is split into orders. There are multiple classes in each phylum.

Mammals, for example, are one of several classes within the Vertebrates, and are subdivided into Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutheria.

Ranks below class and above order are often used. Then the sequence is:

Class
Subclass
Infraclass
Order

Taxonomy
Order (biology)

An order is a rank used in the biological taxonomy. Each order is split into families. There are many orders in each class. A group of closely related families forms an order. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera included in family.

Examples of order 
 Carnivora is an order of meat-eating mammals. The cat family, dog family and bear family are in this order.
 Rodents are an order. Rats and mice are in one family. Squirrels belong in another family.
Primates are another order of mammals. Apart from humans, most live in forests.
 Pine trees are a genus in the order Pinales.  The order also includes all other living conifers, such as the cypress and yew families.

Taxonomy
Family (biology)

In biology, a family is a taxonomic rank. Each family contains one or more genera. The next higher rank is that of order.

Usually, the name of the family ends with a "idae" for animals, and "aceae" for plants. Sometimes there are also subfamilies and superfamilies. Subfamilies end with "inae" or "oideae".

For example, walnuts (genus Juglans) and hickories (genus Carya) both belong to the walnut family (the Juglandaceae).

Life 

Life is the most important concept in biology. The word itself refers to a living being or to its processes. It may mean the time a being is alive.

Domain 
A domain is the highest taxonomic rank of all living organisms taken together. It was introduced in the three-domain system of taxonomy by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990.

Kingdom 
Kingdom is the highest level of classification, which is divided into subgroups at various levels. There are five kingdoms in which the living organisms are classified, namely, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

Phylum 
Phylum is the next level of classification and is more specific than the kingdom. There are 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia. For Example – Porifera, Chordata, Arthropoda, etc.

Class 
Class was the most general rank in the taxonomic hierarchy until phyla were introduced. Kingdom Animalia includes 108 classes including class Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves, etc. However, the classes used today are different from those proposed by Linnaeus and are not used frequently. For example, when it was discovered that birds are descendants of earlier dinosaurs, that caused some difficulties. In fact they are now so different from the original dinosaurs that it makes sense to teach and refer to them separately from dinosaurs.

Order 
Order is a more specific rank than class. The order constitutes one or more than one similar families. There are around 26 orders in class Mammalia such as Primates, Carnivora, etc.

Family 
Family is a category of taxonomic hierarchy includes various genera that share a few similarities. For e.g., the families in the order Carnivora include Canidae, Felidae, Ursidae, etc.

Genus 
A genus is a group of similar species. Some genera have only one species and are known as monotypic, whereas others have more than one species and are known as polytypic. For example, lion and tiger are placed under the genus Panthera

Species 
Species is the lowest level of taxonomic hierarchy. There are about 8.7 million different species on Earth. The word refers to a group of organisms that are similar in shape, form, reproductive features. Species can be further divided into sub-species.

Taxonomy
Digestion

Digestion is the process of breaking down food to absorb it. Food is broken down into smaller food particles which are soluble in water. Only then can the food be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Digestion occurs in three phases. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can be got at by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. Finally, the nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream. Once in the blood stream the nutrients are taken to the liver, which is a kind of chemical factory for the body.

After we swallow food, it travels down a muscular tube to the stomach. There, it is mashed into a mixture like soup. The mixture passes into the small intestine, where tiny bits of food pass into the bloodstream. The food that is still left goes into the large intestine. Finally, waste products leave the body. Digestion usually takes about 18 hours. Food stays in the stomach for about three hours. If uncoiled, the small intestine would be about six meters (20 feet) long. Many digestive tracts are about as long as a bus.

Food slowly enters the small intestine from the stomach. This is where nutrients are taken into the blood. It then enters the large intestine. Water is taken away

Organs
Mouth
Tooth
Salivary gland
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Tongue
Palate
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus
Appendix
Liver
Biliary tract
Pancreas

References

Other websites
 Human Physiology - Digestion 
NIH guide to digestive system 

Digestive system
Basic English 850 words
Pharynx

The pharynx is an organ in the back of the throat. It is also the meeting point of the digestive and the respiratory systems. The opening of the respiratory system in the pharynx is called the glottis. It is guarded by a cartilagenous flap called the epiglottis which prevents food or liquid from going into the respiratory system. It closes during swallowing action. As such, it is part of the gastrointestinal system. It comes after the mouth and before the esophagus. Food and air go through the pharynx. The pharynx keeps food and liquids out of the lungs.   

The pharynx has 3 parts:  
 Nasopharynx - the upper part of the back of the throat, that leads up into the nose 
 Oropharynx - the part at the back of the throat  
 Laryngopharynx - the bottom part, before the windpipe and esophagus split from 1 into 2 tubes 

Neck
Jejunum

The jejunum is a section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. It is between 1 and 2 meters long.The term "jejunum" derives from the Latin "jejunus," which means "empty of food," "meager," or "hungry." The ancient Greeks noticed at death that this part of the intestine was always empty of food. Hence, the name the jejunum. 

The Latin "jejunus" also gave rise to "jejune" means lacking in nutritive value and devoid of substance, significance or interest, that is dull. A jejune argument is one that is empty (like the jejunum) and totally devoid of interest. 

Famous quote...."Have You Ever Been Punched in The Jejunum?"

Anatomy of the digestive system
Ileum

The ileum is the last section of the small intestine. It is between 2 and 4 meters long in humans.

Anatomy of the digestive system
Cecum

The cecum is a part of the large intestine. It helps with fermenting dietary fiber. It comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system. The appendix is connected to the cecum. The size of the cecum varies in humans and other omnivores but it is large in herbivores and small in most carnivores.

References 

Anatomy of the digestive system
Romano Prodi

Romano Prodi (born 9 August 1939 in Scandiano, Italy) is an Italian politician and leader of a left-wing coalition named L'unione (The Union).

Prodi was "President of the Council of Ministers", that is, Prime Minister of Italy between 1996 and 1998. 

He then served as President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004.  

He was re-elected Prime Minister of Italy for a second time in 2006, when he defeated Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the right-wing coalition named Casa delle Libertà (House of Freedom).

1939 births
Living people
European Commissioners
Politicians from Emilia-Romagna
Prime Ministers of Italy
Basilicata

Basilicata is a region in the south of Italy. The capital is Potenza. The population was about 597,768 in 2004. The region is very mountainous. Because of this, communication in the area was very difficult until modern times. This has also caused Basilicata to be one of the least developed areas of Italy. Basilicata borders the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto at its lowest elevations. The highest point in the area is Monte Pollino at 2233m (7325ft). The area also includes a dead volcano, Monte Vulture. The region has an area of .
 
Basilicata also used to be one of the poorest regions in Italy. It has become richer over the past couple of years because of the discovery of oil.

Provinces 
Basilicata is divided into two provinces. 
 Matera
 Potenza

Other websites 
 Official Site  (IT)
Campania

Campania is a region of the south of Italy. The capital is Napoli. The population in 2021 was about 5,679,759.

Provinces 
 Province of Avellino
 Province of Benevento
 Province of Caserta
 Province of Naples Capital
 Province of Salerno
 Provincia Campanese

Other websites 
 Official site (IT)