alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Clara Schumann

Clara Schumann (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann. She was a famous pianist and composer.

Clara was born Clara Wieck. Her father taught her the piano. She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.

She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university. Robert Schumann’s family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician. He took piano lessons from Clara’s father, Friedrich Wieck.

Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition. By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.

Clara’s father did not want them to marry. He did everything he could to stop the marriage. For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.they married by court permission

They had a happy marriage and had eight children. Clara played her husband’s piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano). She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing. Life was not always easy. When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him. Robert often had depression. They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.

Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum. Clara was left with seven small children to bring up. Nevertheless, she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert’s piano works. She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.

Clara’s own compositions are all from her early years. She was a very gifted composer. In those days people thought that women should not be composers. Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer. Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband’s music.

Clara’s compositions include more than 20 piano works, a piano concerto, some chamber music and several songs.

19th-century German composers
Romantic composers
German pianists
1819 births
1896 deaths
Four Noble Truths

The Four Noble Truths are a Buddhist teaching. They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.

The Four Noble Truths

The First Noble Truth

The first noble truth is called Dukkha, which means suffering. It says that life is full of suffering. To say it a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death. People can not keep what they want. People can not avoid what they do not want. If that is all a person learns, they suffer.

The Second Noble Truth 

The second noble truth is Samudaya, which says that there is a reason for suffering in the world. It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things. It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real. They do this because they are ignorant. People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real. Those evil actions lead to suffering.

The Third Noble Truth

The third noble truth is Nirodha. It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.

The Fourth Noble Truth

The fourth noble truth is called Magga. It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules. The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.

The Eightfold Path
See main article: Noble Eightfold Path

The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way. A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path. The eight parts are these:

Right Vision. A person should try to see things the way they really are.
Right Values. A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
Right Speech. A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
Right Actions. A person should try to do good things. If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
Right Livelihood. A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
Right Effort. A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
Right Mindfulness. A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
Right Meditation. A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.

Other websites
The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide

The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths

Buddhist terminology
Theory of relativity

The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 1900s. There are two theories of relativity. The first is special relativity and the second is general relativity.

The theory aims to solve problems which could not be solved by classical physics, or by 19th century physics. Certain observations, like the orbit of Mercury or the way light from distant sources bends as it passes a star, cannot be explained by the physics of 1900. Einstein set out to revise the basic ideas of physics. His work was done in two stages, and each stage has a separate page on this wiki.

Special relativity
General relativity

References 
 Hawking, Stephen. The Universe in a nutshell. Bantam Books, 2001.

Other websites 

 Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or Less
  New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe. 
  Relativity Calculator – Learn Special Relativity Mathematics The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.

Relativity
Albert Einstein
BIOS

BIOS, computing, stands for Basic Input/Output System. The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. It brings life to the computer, and the term is a pun on the Greek word , bios meaning "life".

"Booting", sometimes called "Booting up" is the process that the computer completes to get it ready to use when it is first turned on. When the computer turns on, the BIOS starts up and performs a Power-On Self Test (POST). During the POST, the BIOS will check various devices in the computer like the computer processor, memory, the video card and others to make sure they are present and functioning. Once the POST has completed successfully, the BIOS looks for an operating system to load, which is usually located on the computer's hard drive. When it finds one, it starts to load it. At this point, the operating system takes over control of the system.

Overclocking
Some people try to configure their computer to run faster than it was designed to do. This is called "overclocking". Since the BIOS controls the computer processor, entering the BIOS setup screen while it is booting up gives people access to advanced computer settings. For most computers, pressing the delete or F12 button while the computer is booting up will bring up the BIOS setup screen. There are many ways a computer can be overclocked to run faster, but most involve simply turning up the speed of the computer processor. Doing this will usually make your computer run much hotter, though, and can sometimes break your computer, which is why overclocking will usually void your computer's warranty. Only people who are computer hardware experts should attempt to overclock their computers.

References

Software
Anna Politkovskaya

Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist. Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper Novaya Gazeta. She was born in the New York City, United States. Her parents were diplomats and her mother was Ukrainian. Her birth name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa (Russian:Анна Степановна Мазепа).

Journalism 
She was best known for her thoughts about the war in Chechnya, a Russian state. She was also against the leader of Russia, president Vladimir Putin. Many of her texts asked for human rights.

In 2002 Politkovskaya won the Courage in Journalism Award.

In 2007 her set of memoirs A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia was published in English.

Death 
On 7 October 2006, she was shot dead at her house in Moscow. It is possible she was murdered for political reasons. Some Western countries have asked for a thorough investigation of her death. They see it as an attempt to end opposition to the current Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia. The Noyava Gazeta has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.

Related pages
American people of Ukrainian descent
Boris Berezovsky

References 

1958 births
2006 deaths
Russian activists
Russian journalists
Murders by firearm in Russia
Russian murder victims
Russian writers
Unsolved murders
Writers from New York City
Bengali language

Bengali is the most eastern Indo-Aryan language from South Asia. It developed from a language called Pali. 
Bengali is spoken in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, parts of Assam and Jharkhand and in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh.

Almost all of the people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous books and poems are written in Bengali. Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali. Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were written in this language.

References 

Indo-Aryan languages
Peso

The peso is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines. Originating in Spain, the word peso translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines).

The silver peso worth eight reales was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries.

In 1868, Spain discontinued the peso as its main currency and replaced it with the peseta. However, both the peso and the peseta both continued to be legal currencies up until 2002 with the euro.

Countries that use pesos

Current

Former

Relared pages 
 Thaler

Currency
Robert Menzies

Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the 12th Prime Minister of Australia.

Australia

He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944 he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949 he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.

Commonwealth
According to his biography in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."

Honours
 Knight of the Thistle, 1963
 Constable of Dover Castle, 1965
 Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965

References

1894 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Attorneys General of Australia
Monarchists
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
United Australia Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Pauline Fowler

Pauline Fowler was a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders. She was played by English actress Wendy Richard (1943–2009).

In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square. She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin. Mark died in 2004 of AIDS.

She was married to a man called Joe Macer in 2006, and she also had three grandchildren called Vicki, Mark and Rebecca and a dog called Betty.

When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale. She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who was the father of her children. He died in 1996.

Pauline's father Albert and mother Lou Beale are both dead. She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie. Pete and Ronnie are both dead.

Pauline worked at a launderette with her best friend Dot Branning.

Pauline was in the show since it started in 1985 until her death at Christmas 2006.

EastEnders characters
Television characters
Fictional British people
Will Young

Will Young (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor. He was born in Berkshire.

He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, Pop Idol. Since then, he has had a successful music career.

Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He acted in the film Mrs. Henderson Presents.

He is openly gay.

Discography 

Albums
From Now On
Friday's Child
Keep On

Singles

"Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
"Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Official Myspace
 Will Young interview at musicOMH.com 
 

Actors from Berkshire
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
Musicians from Berkshire
1979 births
Living people
Concentration

In chemistry, concentration is how much of a substance is mixed with another substance.

The substance that is dissolved (shown as the red dye in the example) is known as the solute. The substance in which the solute is dissolved (shown as the water in the example) is known as the solvent.

To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent. To dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.

Related pages 
Molar concentration

Analytical chemistry
Woodworking

Woodworking is a skill. In woodworking, one can cut or sand (make wood smooth).

Safety measures 
When one is doing woodworking, be careful of being hurt. Remember to wear safety goggles or a facemask (like safety goggles. but to protect ones face). Do not wear long clothing, because it can get stuck in a tool.

Courses 
There are a lot of woodworking classes, many of them are offered in middle school.

In woodworking, the type of wood you get is very important. There are many kinds of softwood and many kinds of hardwood. The words hard and soft wood comes from the type of tree it came from. A hard pice of wood could be softwood.

There are a lot of tools that people use during woodworking, such as sandpaper (used to make wood smooth to touch), files, rasps (all used for trimming wood, cutting, etc.), saws (cutting wood), and automatic saws (saws that use electricity to run).
Chessmaster

Chessmaster is a series of chess-playing computer games. It is made by Ubisoft. It is the best-selling chess franchise in history, with more than five million games sold . The first version of the game, Chessmaster 2000, was released in 1986. This first version and the next one, Chessmaster 2100, were produced by the now-defunct Software Toolworks company.

The Chessmaster chess engine is called "The King". It is written by Johan de Koning of the Netherlands. It was introduced in Chessmaster 4000. Earlier releases had a chess engine written by David Kittinger. One version of the game, Chessmaster 9000, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known American chess grandmaster and former multiple U.S. champion.

Timeline
 1986-88: The Chessmaster series started with Chessmaster 2000 by The Software Toolworks. It was published for Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Macintosh and DOS on a 3.5 disk in February 1988.
 1988: Chessmaster 2100 was published for the Apple IIGS.
 1989: Chessmaster 2100 was published for DOS.
 1990: The Chessmaster was published for the NES.
 1991: The Chessmaster was published for the SNES.
 1991: Chessmaster 3000 was published for DOS, Windows 3.x.
 1993: Chessmaster 4000 Turbo was published for Windows 3.x.
 1995: Chessmaster 4000 was published for Windows 95.
 1995: Chessmaster 3D for PlayStation had the Chessmaster 4000 engine.
 1996: Chessmaster 5000 was published for Windows 95.
 1997: Chessmaster 5500 was published for Windows 95.
 1998: Chessmaster 6000 was published for Windows 95 and Windows 98.
 1999: Chessmaster 7000 was published for Windows 98 and Chessmaster II was published for PlayStation.
 2000: Chessmaster 8000 was published for Windows 98.
 2002: Chessmaster 9000 was published for Windows 98/ME/XP
 2004: Chessmaster 10th Edition was published for Windows XP.
 2007: The current version, Chessmaster XI, was released for PC (titled Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition) and Nintendo DS (titled Chessmaster: The Art of Learning) on 30 October.

References

Other websites 
 chessmaster (2000) on chessgames
 Chessmaster XI website
 Chessmaster 9000 at Feral Interactive

1986 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Game Boy games
Mobile games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Game Gear games
Ubisoft games
1094



Events 
 May – El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia.
 November 27 – Urban II in Clermont Synod proclaims crusade
 Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland
 The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see.
 Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes Count of Toulouse

1094
Francis of Assisi

Saint Francis of Assisi (September 26, 1181 – October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint. He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action. He was born in Assisi, Italy where a large basilica was built in his honor. 

On his feast day, October 4, many churches have a ceremony for people to bring their pets and working animals to church.

Early life
Saint Francis was born to Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant, and his wife Pica. He was originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone.  In his youth, he was first interested by French troubadours, known as wanderers who improvised songs on a stringed instrument. He later planned a career in military. When he was serving in the war between Assisi and Perugia in 1202, at the battle of Ponte Saint Giovanni,  he was captured and imprisoned for a year and became extremely ill. 

When Francis returned to Assisi he had a religious conversion experience, including a reported message from Christ calling him to leave this worldly life.  He began taking his Christianity faith seriously.  He acted towards people as if the Gospels were his law, taking Jesus Christ as a literal example for loving one another.  He dressed in rough clothes, ask and begged for his sustenance, and preached purity and peace.  His family disapproved, and his father disinherited him, so Francis renounced his wealth and inheritance. After that Francis started visiting hospitals and caring for the sick including of leprosy. 

In 1209 Francis started to attract followers, and with a blessing from the pope, he founded the Franciscans based on a simple statement by Jesus: “Leave all and follow me”. In 1219, he went to Egypt to convert the Sultan so the conflict of the Crusades could end.

References 

1182 births
1226 deaths
Christian saints
Franciscans
Italian Roman Catholics
1182



Events 
 Canute VI crowned king of Denmark.
 Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.
 First Sejm, or Polish Parliament, convenes at Łęczyca.
 Jews expelled from Paris by Philip II of France.
 Maronites reestablish their affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.
 Venetians massacred during a riot in Constantinople.
 Raynald of Chatillon instigates another war between Saladin and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.
 Béla III of Hungary sacks the city of Belgrade.
 Ending of the Yowa era in Japan. The era was marked by famine.
 Battle of Palnadu

Births 
 September 11 — Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)
 date not known — Francis of Assisi, founded the Franciscan Order (d. 1226)

Deaths 
 Maria of Antioch, Byzantine empress (murdered) (b. 1145)
 Valdemar I, King of Denmark (b. 1131)
 Yaropolk Rostislavich, Russian grand prince
 Cyril of Turaw, Orthodox Christian bishop and saint (b. 1130)
 Ahmed Ar-Rifai, Sufi saint and founder of the Rifai Order (b.1118)
Adelaide Cup

The Adelaide Cup is a horserace, held in Adelaide, South Australia. It has been held at the Morphettville Racecourse since 2001.

Horse racing
Adelaide
2001 establishments in Australia
The Dark Side of the Moon

The Dark Side Of The Moon is an album by the band Pink Floyd. The album has sold over 45 million copies. It is believed to be one of the best-selling albums ever, behind Thriller. It is also widely considered one of the greatest albums of all time. Analysts say that The Dark Side Of The Moon is always playing somewhere on Earth. It is one of the most famous concept albums (albums where all the songs are about a central theme or tell a specific story), and was formally the best-selling album of all time.

History 
It was released in 1973 as Pink Floyd's ninth album. It is one of the most well-known albums of all time. It frequently places in the top five on lists of the greatest albums of all time made by rock music authorities.

Cover 
Its cover features a ray of white light going through a prism, coming through the other side as a rainbow. It is one of the most famous album covers of all time..

Wizard of Oz

When synchronized with the movie The Wizard of Oz, there are many similarities between the two.

Sales
The Dark Side of the Moon became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It is in the top 25 of a list of best selling albums in the United States.  It held the number one spot in the US for only a week. However, it remained in the Billboard album chart for a total of 778 weeks (nearly 14 years). This is the longest any album has spent on the Billboard charts. The album came back on the Billboard charts when the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart was introduced in May 1991. It has stayed there since then.  In the UK, it is the sixth best-selling album of all time.

Track listing

References 

1973 albums
Pink Floyd albums
Concept albums
Progressive rock albums
Arthur Fadden

Sir Arthur William Fadden (13 April 1895 – 21 April 1973) was the 13th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Robert Menzies resigned in 1941. He became Prime Minister but lost to John Curtin in an election held only one month after he became Prime Minister. When Menzies became Prime Minister again in 1949, Fadden was the Treasurer for eight years.

1895 births
1973 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Queensland
Monarchists
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
National Party of Australia politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
John Curtin

John Joseph Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945. He went to St Abrose's School. His background is Irish.

1885 births
1945 deaths
Curtin, John
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from Western Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Governor-General of Australia

The Governor-General of Australia is the representative in Australia of Australia's head of state, Charles III. The current Governor-General is David Hurley.

The Governor-General of Australia is a powerful person in the country. The Governor-General is leader of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Forces.

List of governors-general

Living former governors-general
 there are five living former governors-general of Australia. The most recently deceased governor-general, Bill Hayden (1989–1996), died on 21 October 2023.

Other websites
 Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia

References

 
australia
Lists of Australian politicians
Michael Jeffery

Major-General Philip Michael Jeffery (12 December 1937 – 18 December 2020) was the 24th Governor-General of Australia from 11 August 2003 until 5 September 2008. He was appointed by John Howard. Before this he was Governor of Western Australia. He quit the army in 1993 when he became Governor.

Biography 
Jeffery was born in 1937 in Wiluna, Western Australia, and he was educated at Cannington, East Victoria Park State Schools, and Kent Street High School. When he was 16 years old, he left Perth to go to the Royal Military College, which was Duntroon. After he graduated there in 1958, he went to Malaya in 1962 for a special service with the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment. In 1965, he was seconded to go to the British SASR (Special Air Service Regiment) for a tour in Borneo. Then he returned to Australia as the leader of the SASR in Perth. From 1966 to 1969, he worked in Papua New Guinea with the 1st Battalion. He married Marlena Kerr, who lived in Sydney during this work. After that, in 1972, he was chosen to go to the British Army Staff College at Camberley. Then he was chosen as the person to help with the 2nd Battalion in Wewak PNG. In 1976, he became the commander of the SASR and was appointed as the member of the order in Australia. He was also chosen to attend the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1985.

From 1986, he became the commander of the Army's 1st Division. In June 1988, he even became the Officer of the Order of Australia for his services to the Army, and in 1989, he became the Assistant Chief of the General Staff.

In January 1990 he became the Chief of the General Staff, and he was responsible for the Army. Later in 1991 he became appointed as the Assistant Chief of the General Staff for Material, which also included taking care of the Army equipment and building projects. On the first of November 1993, he was sworn in as the 27th governor of Western Australia, and he also became a Companion of the Order of Australia, until 2000. General Jeffery's interests were about young people, education, environment, and national security. Also, the Queen made him the Prior for Australia, and a Knight of Justice of the Order.

He and his wife Marlena had seven grandchildren, three sons, and a daughter. His hobbies were listening to music, reading, golf, and fishing.

Jeffrey died on 18 December 2020, six days after his 83rd birthday.

References 

1937 births
2020 deaths
Governors-General of Australia
Governors of Western Australia
Order of Australia
People from Western Australia
Australian military people
Viceroys in Australia
Nanny

A nanny is someone hired to take care of the children in a family.  They are usually female but there are also male nannies. Many nannies can begin their employment in their late teens. Many nannies live in their employers' home most of the days in the year. Some employers require their nanny/nannies to wear a uniform.

Related pages

Au pair
Babysitter

Personal service occupations
Domestic work
Frank Forde

Francis Michael Forde (18 July 1890 – 28 January 1983) was the 15th Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister for only a week after John Curtin died. He lost a leadership contest to Ben Chifley. He was prime minister for only eight days, less than any other Prime Minister from Australia. He also lived longer than any other Prime Minister, until Gough Whitlam, who passed Forde's age on January 21, 2009. He died at 92 years old.

Forde was from the Australian Labor Party. He was the Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin government (1929–1931). When Scullin retired in 1935, Forde tried to become the leader of the Labor Party, but he lost by one vote to John Curtin. When Labor won the 1941 elections and Curtin became Prime Minister, Forde was made Minister for the Army. On 5 July 1945 Curtin died; because he was Deputy Leader, Forde was then made Prime Minister until the Labor Party chose a new leader. At the leadership election on 13 July, Ben Chifley was voted leader, and Forde was made Deputy Leader again.

References

1890 births
1983 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Queensland
Australian Labor Party politicians
Government ministers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Ben Chifley

Joseph Benedict Chifley (22 September 1885 – 13 June 1951) was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia. He won the leadership after the death of John Curtin in 1945. His government tried to take over of all Australia's banks. This was not popular and the High Court said that it would not be allowed. Opposition leader Robert Menzies said that Chifley and the Labor Party were not strict against Communism. This is one of the main reasons why Chifley lost the 1949 election. He died soon after losing the 1951 election to Menzies.

Politicians from New South Wales
Prime Ministers of Australia
1885 births
1951 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Treasurers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
High Court of Australia

The High Court of Australia is the most powerful court in Australia. It was created in 1903 and is located in the capital city of Canberra.  It currently has seven judges who are called "Justices". It mainly hears appeals by people who are not happy with the decision of another court.

Law of Australia
Australia
1903 establishments in Australia
Harold Holt

Harold Edward Holt (5 August 1908 – 17 December 1967) was the 17th Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister after the retirement of Robert Menzies. He supported the United States in the Vietnam War. He disappeared while swimming at a beach in Victoria in December 1967. His body was never found. Many urban Australian myths surround his disppearance. 

On the day of his disappearance, the guards at the gate of Point Nepean told Percy Cenulty, who held a camp that day at Point Nepean, that Harold Holt wasn't in the car that went through the gate. Theories state that Harold never went to the beach that day. The second night, the Springvale Necropolis was surrounded by military For the whole night. This has not happened ever before and since.

Early life and education 
Harold Edward was born on 5 August 1908 in Stanmore, Sydney. Holt completed his schooling from Nubba State School. After one year of schooling at Nubba State School he went to Abbotsholme College, a private school in Killara where he studied for three years. In 1920, Holt went to Wesley College, Melbourne. He won a scholarship in his final year and graduated second in his class.

Related pages

List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

References 

.

Accidental deaths by drowning
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Missing people
Politicians from Sydney
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Prime Ministers of Australia
Treasurers of Australia
1908 births
1967 deaths
People declared dead in absentia
Biosphere

The biosphere includes everything living on Earth. It is also known as ecosphere. Currently the biosphere has a biomass (or amount of living things) at around 1900 gigatonnes of carbon. It is not certain exactly how thick the biosphere is, though scientists predict that it is around 12,500 meters. The biosphere extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere, including birds and insects.

In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, and potentially ones on other planets or moons.

Origin of the term 
The word "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875. Which he defined as a place on Earth's surface where life dwells.

Earth's biosphere 
The earliest known evidence of life in Earth includes biogenic graphite dated as far as 3.7 Billion years old. Life is scattered all throughout the surface of the Earth, from the polar ice caps to the equator, exhibits a life of some kind.

Extent of biological life 
Almost all parts of the planet contains a life of some kind. Recent advances in microbiology concluded that microbes can live deep beneath the Earth's surface.

References

Other Page 
Biosphere reserve - Project by UNESCO

Ecology
Piccolo

The piccolo is a small flute that plays one octave higher than the normal flute.  It sounds an octave higher than written.  It is the highest instrument in the orchestra. Sometimes it sounds like a birdcall. The name 'piccolo' comes from the Italian word meaning 'small'.

Flutes
Double reed

Double reeds are a group of musical instruments in the woodwind family. Instead of a mouthpiece, the player blows air through a pair of reeds that vibrate against each other. 

Examples of double reed woodwinds are the bassoon, oboe and Cor anglais (English horn).

 
Musical instrument construction

de:Zunge (Tonerzeuger)#Doppelrohrblatt
Alto flute

The alto flute is a flute that plays a fourth (half an octave) lower than the regular flute.  It is longer than the regular flute.  Sometimes alto flutes have a bent part at the top end.

The alto flute is a transposing instrument.  This makes it easy for someone who plays the flute to play on the alto flute.  The fingering for the note C on the flute will give a G on the alto flute.

The alto flute is not very often used, and only in very large orchestras.  Maurice Ravel wrote a beautiful tune for alto flute in Daphnis et Chloé.  Igor Stravinsky used one in The Rite of Spring.  In The Planets by Gustav Holst there is a passage with three flutes and alto flute playing 4 part harmony.

The alto flute must not be confused with a bass flute which is even bigger and lower.

Other websites

Flutes
Yu-Gi-Oh!

Yu-Gi-Oh! is a manga series, two anime series, and a trading card game (the books came first, then the cards and then the series) based on the two anime series. The series follows the adventures of Yugi Mutou, a high school student who plays a game called Duel Monsters. It has a spin-off called Yu-Gi-Oh! GX. Japan has an exclusive anime based on the first seven volumes of the manga.

Merchandise
"Yu-Gi-Oh cards" are a trading card game that uses monsters that Yugi and other characters on the show use. This trading card game is very popular with young children, teenagers, and even adults in Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Plot
The series is about having hope and faith in for the characters and Duel Monsters on each cards. Yugi's grandfather Sugoroku Mutou (Solomon Muto) owns a game shop. One day, Yugi finds a strange puzzle at the back of the shop, and tries to solve it. He tries to solve the puzzle for 8 years. When he is 16, he solves it. When he finishes the puzzle, he gets an extra soul. The soul is Dark Yugi (Yami Yugi), an Egyptian Pharaoh. Yami Yugi successfully recovers his lost memory. Yugi defeats Dark Bakura (Yami Bakura), Dark Yugi's worst enemy. Yu-Gi-Oh; cards of Doom

Related works
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters is an animation based on Yu-Gi-Oh! comic. 
Yu-Gi-Oh! GX The spin-off of Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters. The story is set several years after the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters story.
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5DS The story is set many years after the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters story. A prominent new feature of the Yu-Gi-Oh 5DS series is the use of Synchro Monster. 
Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal An anime series. Relevance of previous work is not declared. Xyz Monsters are introduced.

References

Anime
Yu-Gi-Oh!
Capacity

Capacity is the ability to hold something, very similar to volume.

Capacity may also mean:

 Capacity in economics, how much a company or a government uses its potential output
 Capacitythe legal ability to do certain things, such as making a contract
 Capacity of a set, in mathematics, one way of measuring a set's size
 Battery capacity, a measure of a battery's ability to store electrical charge
 Carrying capacity, in biology, the ability of an environment to sustain populations
 Channel capacity, in communications
 Combining capacity, in chemistry, number of chemical bonds formed by the atoms of a given element
 Heat capacity, in physics, the measure of how materials store heat as they change temperature
 Nameplate capacity, in power plants, the general number of Megawatts technically available
 Seating capacity, how many people can fit into in a sports venue

Related pages
 Incapacity
Creditor

A creditor is a person who loans money to another person. The person who gets the loan is called the borrower. Creditors are sometimes called moneylenders. Creditors expect the borrower to pay the money back at a later time. The creditor usually gets extra money from the borrower. This extra money is called interest.

Business
Anno Domini

Anno Domini (Medieval Latin : "in the year of the Lord"), shortened as AD or A.D., is used to refer to the years after the birth of Jesus. AD is also a shortening for Christian Era. Similarly, Before Christ, shortened as BC or B.C., is used in the English language to refer to all years before the start of the time period Anno Domini.  In past centuries, AD came before the year but comes after a century or millennium.  For example, a person would write AD 2014 but 21st century AD or 3rd millennium AD.  There is no zero year in this system.  This means that the year A.D. 1 follows the year 1 B.C.

Some people mistakenly interpret “A.D.” as standing for “after death.”  The abbreviation “A.D.” was originally placed before the year number (e.g. A.D. 145); then “B.C.” often placed after the year number (e.g. 145 B.C.).  Nowadays it is more usual to put both abbreviations after the numbers (e.g. 145 AD; e.g. 145 BC).

This dating system was meant to signal the year of Christ's birth, but modern scholars have decided Jesus was actually born a few years earlier.

Pre History  term
The system for working out the years was invented by Dionysius Exiguus in about AD 525. He fixed the point Anno Domini, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. He used it to identify the several Easters in his Easter table. He did not use it to date any historical event. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year — he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior [Flavius Probus]", which he also stated was 525 years "since the incarnation [conception] of our Lord Jesus Christ". How he arrived at that number is unknown. He invented a new system of numbering years to replace the Diocletian years that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.

The Anno Domini calendar era became dominant in Western Europe only after it was used by the Venerable Bede to date the events in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731. The French emperor Charlemagne made it popular in mainland Europe. Some parts of Europe did not use the Anno Domini system until the 15th century. For example, Portugal used a different system called the Spanish era until 1422.

References

Calendars
Chronology
Haze

Haze is reduction in visibility due to dust or other particles in the air. It is often a problem in air quality with smoke covering the sky. The particles may also make it hard to breathe. Some people fall sick as well due to the polluted air.

Haze
Neighbours

Neighbours is an Australian soap opera. The show started in March 1985 on the Seven Network, but they cancelled it the same year. Rival network Network Ten decided to start making and broadcasting the show, and have done that since 1986. It was produced by Reg Watson. The show started with low ratings, and Network Ten did their best to get more people to watch. They got new characters, two of them were played by Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan. These two characters became a couple known as "Scott and Charlene", and by the time they married in 1987, ratings were much higher.

The show is about the lives of people that live in a fictional street called Ramsay Street. Ramsay Street is in a fictional suburb, Erinsborough, in the real-life city Melbourne.

List of actors/characters who appear on the show

Other websites 

1985 television series debuts
1980s soap operas
1990s soap operas
2000s Australian television series
2000s soap operas
2010s soap operas
2022 television series endings
Melbourne
English-language television programs
John McEwen

Sir John McEwen (29 March 1900 – 20 November 1980) was the 18th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Harold Holt disappeared in 1967, and so was appointed Prime Minister until the Liberal Party elected a new leader. The Party elected John Gorton as the leader, and Gorton took over as Prime Minister on 10 January 1968. McEwen then served as Deputy Prime Minister until 1971.

References

1900 births
1980 deaths
Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
National Party of Australia politicians
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Prime Ministers of Australia
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Order of St Michael and St George
Politicians who committed suicide
William McMahon

Sir William McMahon (23 February 1908 – 31 March 1988) was the 20th Prime Minister of Australia. He was elected to the Australian parliament in 1949, and stayed as Member for Lowe, in Sydney, for 33 years. He challenged John Gorton for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Australia in 1971 and won. He was 63 years old. He lost the next election in December 1972 to Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party. This made him the first Prime Minister not to win an election since Labor's Ben Chifley (who lost in 1949). McMahon was married to (Lady) Sonia McMahon from 1965 until his death from cancer. Actor Julian McMahon is their son.

The Liberal party had won lots of elections since 1949, but had some popularity problems by 1971. Australian soldiers were still in the Vietnam War. McMahon replaced John Gorton, then made him defence minister, but soon after made him resign for talking about problems in the Liberal Party. McMahon's government was the first to have a Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. Aboriginal land rights were an important topic of debate at this time. On foreign affairs, McMahon said the Opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, was wrong to visit communist China in 1972 - but soon after U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China and McMahon was embarrassed. The economy was not looking too good when the government went to the 1972 election.

References

Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Cancer deaths in Sydney
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Politicians from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Treasurers of Australia
University of Sydney alumni
1908 births
1988 deaths
IRC bot

IRC Bots are computer programs. They are used on Internet Relay Chat (IRC) to help control and protect chat rooms. They can do many of the things that a human user can do such as gather data, kick users out of the channel, ban users, or even send stats to other programs and websites.

IRC Bots/Chatroom bots are used in many things now, from sending RuneScape statistics, to keeping track of users who abuse the networks.

Popular IRC bots include Infobot, blootbot, Supybot.

Internet Relay Chat
Software
Shawn Lane

Shawn Lane (March 21, 1963 – September 26, 2003) was an American musician. He was a solo guitarist.

At the age of 4, he began taking vocal lessons, cello lessons and piano lessons. By age ten, he picked up a guitar and found out he was better with a guitar than his other instruments. He joined a band at the age of fifteen and played in bars and clubs.

A few years later he started playing shows again. He began to tour with his own band, playing guitar and keyboard. In February 2003, Lane accomplished one of his life long dreams and toured over India with his band. When they left India, they were called "true rock heroes" by the people. In September 2003, when getting ready to make an album with the Swedish bassist Jonas Hellborg and drummer Ginger Baker, Lane had bad breathing problems. He was told by doctors that he would have to remain on medical oxygen for the rest of his life. On Friday, September 23, 2003, he died.

Other websites 
Official site 
Official discography 
Fan forum 

1963 births
2003 deaths
Lane, Shawn
Lane, Shawn
Deaths from lung disease
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Warner Bros. Records artists
Greg Scott

Greg "Greggles" Scott (born March 6, 1969) is an English television presenter. He is best known for presenting Quizmania, a quiz show on ITV Play.

English television presenters
1969 births
Living people
Twin Dragons

Twin Dragons (1992) (also known as Brother vs. Brother and When Dragons Collide)

Identical brothers, separated at birth, end up as a criminal and a U.S. pianist, then cross paths years later in Hong Kong.

Cast 
Jackie Chan
Maggie Cheung
Nina Li Chi
Anthony Chan
Philip Chan
Sylvia Chang
James Wong
Lai Ying Chow
Kirk Wong
Ringo Lam Ling-tung
John Woo
Tsui Hark
Director(s): Tsui Hark, Ringo Lam Ling-tung, Ringo Lam
Producer(s): Ng Sze Yuen, Teddy Robin Kwan.
Language: Cantonese (Dubbed in English in North America)

Other websites 

 

1992 action movies
Martial arts movies
1992 movies
Chinese movies
Hong Kong movies
Cantonese-language movies
Golden Harvest movies
Motorola

Motorola was an American company that made cell phones and other electronics. The company was based in Schaumburg, Illinois, a small town just outside of Chicago, Illinois. After losing $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, Motorola was divided in two separate companies on January 4, 2011; Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions.

They were listed in the New York Stock Exchange as MOT .

The company began with the name Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928, and then later adopted the 'Motorola' name in 1947. They were the first developers of the walkie-talkie in World War II.

On August 15, 2011, Google said that it would buy Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion.

On October 30, 2014, Lenovo finalized its purchase of Motorola Mobility from Google.

References

2011 disestablishments in the United States
1928 establishments in Illinois
Companies based in Illinois
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
American telephone companies