alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
SuSE Linux

SUSE is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Attachmate Group. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium. Starting from version "10.2 Alpha 3" its official name is openSUSE. The current mascot of SUSE is a chameleon called "Geeko".

History
The SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first distribution to contain X and TCP/IP. S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals. In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware, under the name "S.u.S.E Linux 1.0." Then in 1996, SuSE Linux gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux. The name "SUSE Linux" came in September 2003.

On 4 November 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE. They planned to release the administration program YaST2 under the GPL license and add a community project, openSUSE. The openSUSE desktop  environment can be GNOME or KDE. Most parts of the program were "open"—not completely, but more than before. The version "10.0" was the first version that had public beta testing. The philosophy changed from before. There were multiple versions of the "10.0" Linux distribution for download. They are "OSS" (completely open source), with all programs "free" and without proprietary softwares, and "eval" (has both open source and proprietary applications).

Versions

Official website
 SUSE

Linux distributions
Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire is an economic and political philosophy. It is from a French phrase that means to "leave alone". It means that government does not interfere with business and economy. Finance and trade decisions are left for the private individual to make. It is the belief that unregulated competition in business represents the best path to progress. Supporters claim that a free and unregulated market creates a natural balance between supply and demand. The phrase is supposed to have come from the 18th century. In a meeting between the French finance minister Colbert and a businessman named Le Gendre, Colbert asked how the government could help commerce. Le Gendre replied "Let us do what we want to do".

History 
In Ancient China, there were three schools of political thought. Taoism believed in almost no economic interference by the government. Legalism included the belief that the state should have the maximum power. They created the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire. Confucianism was split between these two extremes although was closer to Legalism than Taoism. 

During the 19th century Laissez faire developed as a social and economic philosophy. It was believed that government involvement in business was harmful at worst and ineffective at best. Socially, it was believed that government intervention to help the poor was harmful because it made them lazy and dependent on the government. Economically there was debate at this time in Europe and the United States over whether free trade or tariffs promoted the most economic growth. Up until the 1840s protectionism was favored over Laissez faire. In Britain the Corn Laws placed high tariffs on imported corn to protect British farmers and land owners.

Related pages 
 Economic liberalism
 Anarcho-capitalism
 Free-market anarchism
 History of economic thought
 Libertarianism
 Market fundamentalism
 Neoliberalism

References

Other websites 
 What is Laissez faire; YouTube

Politics
Political movements
Libertarianism
Walter Moers

Walter Moers (born 24 May 1957 in Mönchengladbach, Germany) is one of the best-known and most commercially successful German comic book creators and authors.

Works available in English translation
Little asshole, 1991 (English Edn)
The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear, 2000 (UK) / 2005 (US)
A Wild Ride Through the Night, 2004
Rumo and His Miraculous Adventures, 2004
The City of Dreaming Books, 2006. 
The Alchemaster’s Apprentice, 2009 (English Edn).  978-1-846-55222-9
The Labyrinth of Dreaming Books, 2012 (English Edn)

References

Other websites
Official page

1957 births
Living people
Comics artists
German artists
People from Mönchengladbach
Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia
Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger

Dorothy Marie "Dottie" Metcalf-Lindenburger (born on May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American astronaut. She works for NASA.

She is married to Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.

NASA experience 
Metcalf-Lindenburger was selected by NASA in May 2004 and began training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. 

She successfully finished this training in February 2006. This qualified her as a NASA Astronaut.

Education 
 Fort Collins High School, Fort Collins, Colorado.
 Bachelor of Arts, Geology with honors and cum laude, Whitman College, Washington, 1997.

Organization 
 Phi Beta Kappa
 National Education Association

Honors 
 1999 Outstanding Teacher Preparation Candidate at Central Washington University.
 1997 Whitman College Leed's Geology Award
 1997 Whitman College Order of the Waiilaptu
 1996 GSA Field Camp Award
 1995-1996 NAIA Academic All-American in Cross Country and Track
 1996 NAIA Conference Champion in the 10K.

References 

1975 births
Living people
American astronauts
People from Colorado Springs, Colorado
Worker

A worker is a person who works. This usually means a person who does manual labour, like manufacturing goods. In economics there are three factors of production. These are labour (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).

People who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken). 

May Day is an international holiday for workers' rights.

Related pages 
Working class
Workers of the world, unite!

 
Labor

no:Blåsnipparbeider
Actinium

Actinium is chemical element 89 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ac. Actinium's mass is 227 g/mol. 

Actinium is a silver radioactive, solid metal in actinide group. It is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. Even a small amount of actinium is dangerous to people.

History
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist.  In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium.

Properties 
Actinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive metal. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Because its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light.

Actinium reacts quickly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that stops the actinium from oxidizing.

Isotopes 
Actinium that is found in nature is made up of two radionuclides 227Ac and 228Ac. Thirty-six radionuclides of actinium have been found. The most stable is 227Ac which has a half-life of 21.772 years. The shortest-lived known isotope of actinium is 217Ac which has a half-life of 69 nanoseconds.

Occurence 
Actinium is only found in trace amounts in uranium ores. For example, one tonne of uranium ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of 227Ac. Thorium ores contain about 5 nanograms of 228Ac per one tonne of thorium.

Uses 
225Ac is now being studied for use in cancer treatments. 227Ac is studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators. 225Ac is used in medicine to make 213Bi in a reusable generator. It can be used in radiation therapy.

References

Actinides
Alyson Michalka

Alyson Renee "Aly" Michalka (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.

Early life
Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.

Later life 
She began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on Phil of the Future, then began her singing career. She says on Disney 411 that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.

Musical career
Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie Now You See It... her sister and she started a band and created a music video called Do You Believe In Magic?. The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.

Acting career 
Soon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show Phil of the Future, which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing Keely Teslow in Phil of the Future on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like Now You See It... and Cow Belles. She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister.

Filmography 
 Phil of the Future (2004-2006)-- Keely Teslow
 Now You See It... (2005 movie)-- Allyson Miller
 Cow Belles (2006 movie)-- Taylor Callum
 Bandslam (2009 movie) -- Charlotte Barnes
 Hellcats (2010 movie)--

Discography 
 Do You Believe In Magic?–2005
 No One–Ice Princess, 2005
 Walking on Sunshine–Herby: Fully Loaded, 2005
 Into the Rush–Twitches, 2005
 Chemicals React–2006
 Pontential Break Up Song–2007

Other websites 
 
 Hollywood Records's Aly & AJ Bio 

1989 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
American rock guitarists
American pop musicians
Actors from Torrance, California
Phil of the Future

Phil of the Future is an American comedy children's television series. It was produced by 2121 Productions (a part of Brookwell McNamara Entertainment). It was first shown on June 18, 2004 on the Disney Channel, and ended on August 19, 2006 as part of the Disney Channel Games. Stars of the show include Ricky Ullman (Phil Diffy), Amy Bruckner (Pim Diffy), and Alyson Michalka (Keely Teslow). The last episode was shown in the United States on August 19, 2006.

Cast 
 Ricky Ullman as Philip "Phil" Diffy
 Amy Bruckner as Pim Diffy
 Craig Anton as Lloyd Diffy
 Lise Simms as Barbara Diffy
 Alyson Michalka as Keely Teslow
 J.P. Manoux as Curtis and as Vice Principal Hackett
 Kay Panabaker as Debbie Berwick
 Rory Thost as Bradley Benjamin Farmer

Episodes

Season 1 
 Your Cheatin' Heart
 Unification Day
 Meet the Curtis
 Phillin' In
 Tanner
 Raging Bull
 My Way
 Daddy Dearest
 Pheremonally Yours
 Future Tutor
 Future Jock
 You Say Toe-Mato
 Doggie Daycare
 We'll Fix it in Editing
 Halloween
 Age Before Beauty
 Neander Phil
 Double Trouble
 Milkin' It
 Corner Pocket
 Team Diffy

Season 2 
<li>Versa Day
<li>Virtu-Day
<li>The Giggle
<li>Dinner Time
<li>Tia, Via, or Me... Uhh
<li>Ge Ready to Go-Go
<li>Phil Without a Future
<li>Time Release Capsule
<li>Mummy's Boy
<li>Maybe-Sitting
<li>Good Phil Hunting
<li>Pim-Cipal
<li>Phil of the Garage
<li>It's a Wonder-Phil Life
<li>Christmas Break
<li>Stuck in the Meddle with You
<li>Broadcast Blues
<li>Happy Nirday
<li>Ill of the Future
<li>Where's the Wizard?
<li>Not-So-Great Great Great Grandpa
<li>Back to the Future (Not the Movie)

Gadgets Used in the TV Series 

 Wizard - Can perform multiple functions (Usually spelled Wizrd)
 New Ager - Can make people older and younger
 DNA Scrambler - Manipulates the DNA of the person it is used on
 Insta Morph - Changes what people look like so other people think they are someone else(as seen in Not-So Great-Great-Grandpa)
 Skyak - A futuristic flying vehicle, which is like a jet-ski
 Penny Missile - Springing clip
 The Giggle - A futuristic version of the internet
 Replicator Gadget - Replicates (or 'clones') the subject
 Holographic Tracking Sensor - Can be used to track a subject
 Omnimatic Grapthifiers - Works as a laser operated gripping device, used for climbing
 Virtu-Goggles - Strap-on goggles that lets people view and experience a virtual-reality world
 Laser Squash - A futuristic game like handball
 Spray Food Cans - Spray cans that make any kind of food
 I Want Straight Hair - Makes frizzy, messy hair instantly neat
 Dress Me Hoop - Used to automatically dress a person when he or she goes through it
 Invisi-spray - Used to make someone invisible (cannot be seen)

Other websites 
 Save Phil of The Future 
 Brookwell McNamara Entertainment

Television series by Disney
2004 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Brenda Song

Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress.  She is also a former child model. Song was first famous for her appearances on the Disney Channel. She was a regular part on The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. Her character was noted as one of the Disney Channel's longest continuous characters. In 2010, she moved into mainstream movies and TV. These included Changeland, Angry Angel, and Station 19.

Biography

Early years 
Brenda Song was born in Carmichael, California to a Hmong American father and a Thai American mother. Song has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan. Brenda Song holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and was named an All-American Scholar in ninth grade.

Career 
Brenda Song began acting and modeling at age 6. She also played a very minor role in a skit on MADtv.

One of Song's more notable acting roles is her portrayal of London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody (along with Ashley Tisdale and twins Cole and Dylan Sprouse). She later continued this role in the spin-off The Suite Life on Deck. She also played a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel Original Series Phil of the Future. Song had minor guest appearances on both That's So Raven and American Dragon: Jake Long.

Song had her first starring role in 2006 in the movie Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior.

In 2010, Song was part of the main cast of The Social Network. This marked her entry into mainstream movies and TV.

In 2012, Song starred in the short film First Kiss along with her Social Network costar Joseph Mazzello.

In 2017, Song was cast in Freeform's movie, Angry Angel.

In January 2019, Song was cast in a starring role in the Hulu television series Dollface alongside Kat Dennings.

Personal 
She belongs to the Hmong tribe with their sacred and historical beliefs. She has received a black belt in one martial arts and had used her skills in the Disney Channel movie, Wendy Wu:Homecoming Warrior.

In 2017, Song began a relationship with actor Macaulay Culkin. They have a daughter together named Dakota, born in 2021.

Filmography

Film

Television

Web

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

 Brenda Song - Official Website
 

1988 births
Living people
American television actors
Models from California
Disney actors
Actors from Sacramento County, California
Singers from California
William E. Nelson

William E. Nelson (born February 18, 1941) is an Environmental Wax Researcher.

1941 births
Canadian inventors
Living people
Scientists from Ontario
Guide dog

Guide dogs are dogs trained to help blind  or vision impaired people live on their own.  They are sometimes called "Seeing Eye" dogs. Guide dogs are one type of assistance animals, which are animals trained to help people with a disability to lead more complete lives.

The blind person (sometimes called a "handler") and the dog need to work together. Both the dog and the handler must take special training to learn how to work as a team. The handler needs to let the guide dog know the direction they want to go. The dog can lead the person around things that may be dangerous, such as moving cars or other things. Also, guide dogs may be taught to press buttons to work elevators or get things for their handler.  Because dogs cannot see colors as well as people, they cannot read traffic signals, so the handler must use ways to tell if it is safe to cross a street.

Because the guide dog and handler will be in public, it is important that the dog stays calm in busy or loud areas. In many countries, guide dogs are allowed inside places where animals normally are not allowed, such as restaurants, stores, buses and trains.

History
Germany started the first guide dog schools during World War 1, to help soldiers who were blinded in the war. By 1931, schools and organizations such as The Seeing Eye in Morristown, New Jersey in the United States and the British Guide Dog Association in the United Kingdom were founded.

Related pages
Blindness

Working dogs
Service animals
Keelung City

Keelung (; Hokkien POJ: ), officially known as Keelung City, is a provincial city of Taiwan Province, Republic of China. It is in the northeastern part of the island. It is next to Taipei County. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung).

History

Early History
Keelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built San Salvador de Quelung, a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies. The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa. From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was under Dutch control. The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities
Keelung is twinned with:
 Bacolod and Davao City, Philippines
 Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
 Campbell, California, U.S.
 Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
 East London, South Africa
 Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia
 Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan
 Rosemead, California, U.S.
 Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
 Sangju, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
 Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
 Yakima, Washington, U.S.

References

Other websites

  
  
 WorldStatesmen.org — Taiwan
 

Cities in Taiwan
Ports and harbours of Taiwan
Chocolate cake

A chocolate cake is a cake made with chocolate or cocoa. The ingredients are put into a bowl and mixed together; then the mixed ingredients are put into a cake tin and put in an oven until it is fully cooked. Then the cake is taken out of the oven and placed on a cooling stand. If the cake maker wants to, they can ice the cake, when it has cooled down, by spreading thick icing on it. Chocolate cakes are a sold in shops as well as made at home. They are a sweet food and should not be eaten all the time, which would be unhealthy.

There are many different types of chocolate cake, depending on the recipe and different types of chocolate used. Different countries have different recipes for chocolate cakes. In France, gâteau au chocolate is popular. In Germany, Sachertorte is popular.

History
In 1828 Conrad Van Houten of the Netherlands made a mechanical extraction method for taking away the fat from cacao liquor resulting in cacao butter and the mostly de-fatted cacao. It was a compacted mass of solids that could be sold as it was "rock cacao" or ground into powder. The processes made chocolate from an luxury to an cheap daily snack. A process for making smoother chocolate called conching was made in 1879 by Swiss Rodolphe and made it easier to bake with chocolate as it "amalgamates smoothly and completely with cake batters." Until 1890 to 1900 chocolate recipes were mostly for drinks.
In the U.S., chocolate decadence cakes were popular in the 1980s; in the 1990s, single-serve chocolate cakes with liquid chocolate centers were popular.

Gallery

Other websites
 

Cakes
Ten Who Dared

Ten Who Dared is a movie made by Disney in 1960. It tells the real story of an officer of the United States Army called John Wesley Powell who was the first to travel up the Colorado river with other nine men to make a map of the region, and the dangers they had to face in their trip.

Some people say it is one of the worst movies made by Disney.

References

Other websites 
 Ten Who Dared at Rotten Tomatoes
 
 Ten Who Dared at AllMovieGuide
Ten Who Dared at Yahoo! Movies

Disney movies
1960 movies
1960s historical movies
Phycology

Phycology (or algology), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of "normal" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other microalgae); many others have many cells; some of these are very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum.

Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in lichens.

A phycologist is a person who studies phycology...

Algae
Branches of botany
Snorkeling

Snorkeling is swimming while using a tube to breathe underwater. Snorkeling is a very popular activity, particularly in places with clear, calm, warm oceans. It allows people to see underwater life in a natural setting, without the complicated equipment and training required for scuba diving. 

Generally, people snorkel in shallow reefs ranging from sea level to 4 meters (13 feet) deep. Snorkelers can also explore deep water reefs.  However, to see deeper reefs, a snorkeler has to hold their breath and dive down to the reef to see it. This kind of snorkeling takes more skill and fitness than shallow water snorkeling. It is also more dangerous than shallow water snorkeling.

Snorkelers use masks so they can see underwater. This allows them to see fish, coral reefs, and other kinds of sea life.

History 

Man has always been interested by what is under the ocean. Evidence shows that people have been free diving for at least 5,000 years.  The earliest known free divers were sponge farmers in Crete, who lived around 3000 B.C.E. These farmers used free diving to collect underwater sponges. They used hollow reeds like modern snorkels, to allow them to breathe while underwater.

Equipment 

Snorkelers use three basic pieces of equipment:
 A snorkel: A curved plastic tube that snorkelers can breathe through while underwater
 A mask: Snorkeling masks protect the nose and face, and allow snorkelers to see underwater
 Diving fins: Snorkelers wear these on their feet to make it easier to swim.  Free divers also use them to make it easier to dive to deep levels

Differences between snorkeling and scuba diving 

Snorkeling is swimming on the surface of the water, with the head and nose under the water, using a diving mask, snorkel, and diving fins. Scuba diving is swimming with the whole body underwater.  Scuba divers breathe through an oxygen tank, which allows them to breathe underwater for long periods at a time. Scuba divers also wear a tight diving suit, a diving mask, and diving fins.

Before a person can scuba dive, they have to get training how to use the breathing equipment and dive to deep waters. Snorkeling does not require any training. People who cannot swim can still snorkel if they use a life jacket to keep them floating on the water.

References

Other websites 
http://www.tropicalsnorkeling.com/first-time-snorkeling.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20111021065205/http://www.npca.org/marine_and_coastal/coral_reefs/snorkeling.html
PIehl, Galen and Nicole Atkins. "First Time Snorkeling Tips - Avoid These Beginner Mistakes". TropicalSnorkeling.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 23 May 2016
How To Snorkel Safely
Snorkeling With Kids

Water sports
Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World

Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World is an aquarium in Auckland, New Zealand. It is all underground and within the walls of Auckland City's sewage holding tanks, unused since 1961. It opened on January 25 1985.

Kelly Tarlton, an avid diver, treasure hunter and undersea explorer, was responsible for the Underwater World concept and construction.  

Construction took 10 months and cost $3 million. Kelly Tarlton died suddenly of a heart attack on March 17, 1985, seven weeks after the Underwater World opened.

Large sharks, stingrays and 1500 fish of forty different species may be viewed through a 114 metre-long underwater plexiglass tunnel in a figure-of-eight shape. The plexiglass is 7 centimetres thick.

Other websites 
 Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World

Aquariums
Auckland
1985 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
1980s establishments in Oceania
List of cat breeds

This page lists breeds of domestic cats. The list includes breeds that are old traditional breeds, and also rare breeds or new breeds that are still being developed. Please see individual articles for more information.

Breeds

References

Lists of animals
Grave (mass)

Grave, shortened as gv, was the word that was used to describe mass before the word kilogram was introduced. Grave comes from the word gravity and was first used in 1793 in France. The name kilogram was introduced in 1795 but was not the official word for mass until 1875.

In order to have full consistency in the International System of Units (SI), many people think that the kilogram should be called something different. Using the word kilogram creates a problem because it is a base unit that has the prefix "kilo" already in its name. To fix the problem, some people have suggested using the word grave again.

Other websites 
 http://www.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/name_kg.html 
 http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/hist/Histoire%20du%20systeme%20metrique.pdf
 http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/prehist/GBigourdan.pdf

References 

Old units of measurement
Units of mass
The Smiths

The Smiths were an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1982 and split up in 1987. They released four studio albums. The band consisted of Morrissey (singing), Johnny Marr (guitar), Andy Rourke (bass) and Mike Joyce (drums). Critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. Q magazine writer Simon Goddard wrote that The Smiths were the one truly important group of the 1980s, "the most influential British guitar group of the decade" and the first independent group to become successful in the main music scene.

The band was based on the songwriting partnership of Morrissey and Marr. They signed to the independent record label Rough Trade Records. On this, they released four studio albums: The Smiths (1984), Meat Is Murder (1985), The Queen Is Dead (1986) and Strangeways, Here We Come (1987). They have also released several compilations, and many singles that were not released on any of their studio albums.

The Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty. All four of their albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a large following of fans. The band had limited commercial success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have refused several offers to reunite.

The music focuses on a guitar, bass and drum sound. They blend 1960s rock and post-punk. This sounded very different to the synthesiser-based contemporary dance pop that was popular in the early 1980s. Marr's guitar playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound influenced by Roger McGuinn of the 1960s group The Byrds. It influenced later bands from Manchester, such as The Stone Roses and Oasis. Morrissey's lyrics combined stories about ordinary people's lives with a sense of humour.

Band members 
Morrissey (lead singer)
Johnny Marr (guitar)
Andy Rourke (bass) (deceased, 2023)
Mike Joyce (drums)

Discography 

The Smiths (1984)
Hatful of Hollow (1984)
Meat Is Murder (1985)
The Queen Is Dead (1986)
The World Won't Listen (1987)
Louder Than Bombs (1987)
Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)
Rank (1988)

References

Other websites 
Morrisey on ¡ponte los cascos! article about Morrisey and Eurovision

1982 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1980s disestablishments in England
English rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1987
Musical groups established in 1982
Musical groups from Manchester

Warner Bros. Records artists
1987 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Allotheria

The Allotheria are an extinct infraclass or superorder of mammals. They are related to the prototheria and theria.

The allotheres was a branch of successful Mesozoic mammals. The most important characteristic was the presence of lower molariform teeth with two longitudinal rows of cusps.

Allotheres also had a narrow pelvis, indicating that they gave birth to tiny, helpless young as marsupials do.

The Haramiyida from the Triassic period were the earliest group, and the Multituberculates survived until the Oligocene, 35 million years ago.

References 

Mammals
Fossils
Multituberculate

The multituberculates were a group of rodent-like mammals which survived for about 166 million years – the longest fossil history of any mammal line.

They were eventually outcompeted by rodents, becoming extinct during the late Eocene. 

At least 200 species are known, ranging from mouse-sized to beaver-sized. These species occupied many  ecological niches, ranging from burrow-dwelling to squirrel-like tree-dwelling. 

Multituberculates are usually placed outside both the two main groups of living mammals, the Theria (placentals and marsupials), and monotremes. Some cladistic analyses put them closer to Theria than to monotremes.

Biology 
The multituberculates had a head anatomy similar to rodents. They had cheek-teeth separated from the chisel-like front teeth by a wide tooth-less gap (called the diastema). Each cheek-tooth displayed several rows of small cusps (or tubercles, hence the name) which worked against similar rows in the teeth of the jaw. It was an efficient chopping device.

Most small multituberculates would have eaten seeds and nuts, supplemented with insects, worms, and fruit.

The structure of the pelvis in the Multituberculata suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless young, similar to modern marsupials.

References 

Mammals
Fossils
Gondwanatheria

Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of mammals that lived during the Upper Cretaceous to the Miocene. They lived in the Southern Hemisphere continents which had been part of the supercontinent Gondwana. 

These mammals are known only from isolated teeth and a few lower jaws. Because of these fragmentary remains, their relationships are unclear. Later finds have improved our knowledge of them. It was thought previously that climate changes at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary had caused their extinction.

Fossils have come from South America, India and Antarctica, where gondwanatherids lived in the lush forests which once covered much of the world.

References 

Mammals
Fossils
Gondwana
Taichung

Taichung City ( or ; POJ: Tâi-tiong) is a city in west-central Taiwan with a population of over 2.7 million people, making it the second largest city on the island.  The city's name is Chinese for "Central Taiwan". The average temperature of Taichung City is about 23°C, and average rainfall is about 1.7 m per year.

Districts
Beitun District (北屯區)
Central District (中區)
East District (東區)
Nantun District (南屯區)
North District (北區)
Xitun (Situn) District (西屯區)
South District (南區)
West District (西區)

Cities in Taiwan
Majuro

Majuro is the capital city of the country of the Marshall Islands. Built on 64 islands, Majuro has a port and an international airport. It has a population of 25,400 (2004). Majuro is located at 7°7'30" North, 171°4' East (7.125, 171.0667). 

The atoll of Majuro has a land area of only 3.75 mi² (9.7 km²), and is surrounded by lagoon of 113.92 mi² (295 km²). Sport fishing and underwater diving are popular. During World War II, on January 30, 1944, United States troops attacked Majuro (controlled by Japan).

Marshall Islands
National capitals in Oceania
South Tarawa

South Tarawa (in Gilbertese and English: Teinainano Urban Council or abr. TUC) is the capital city of the country Kiribati. It is on an island called Tarawa Atoll. The meaning of Teinainano is "down of the mast", referring to the sail-shape of the atoll.

The South Tarawa population center is made up of all the small islands between Bairiki (on the west) to Temaiku on the east. All of separated islands are joined by causeways, forming one long island on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. There is also a new causeway—the Japanese Causeway—that links South Tarawa to Betio. South Tarawa is at 1°19' North, 172°58' East (1.31667, 172.9667). 

There is a Kiribati Teacher College and one University of the South Pacific center on South Tarawa. Bairiki is sometimes considered the capital of Kiribati because at one time both the Parliament, the Presidency and main administrative offices were located there. The Parliament meets on Ambo island; Government department are spread among South Tarawa, Betio and Christmas Island.

The Roman Catholic diocese and the Kiribati Protestant Church are on South Tarawa. Bairiki (executive), Ambo (legislative), Betio (judicial) are the main places of the capital.

National capitals in Oceania
Settlements in Kiribati
Bairiki

Bairiki is a village and an island now part of South Tarawa, and one time is the center of government of Kiribati. One of three post offices on Tarawa is located at Bairiki. Bairiki Island is the most southern island on the atoll of Tarawa. About nine islands are larger than Bairiki.

Bairiki includes the main administrative center of Kiribati, but the Parliament has since moved to Ambo, halfway between Bairiki and Bonriki. In the village there is a small port and near Bairiki is a center of the University of the South Pacific.

Villages
Settlements in Kiribati
Audio engineer

An audio engineer (or simply engineer for short) is a person who operates, and usually chooses and sets up recording equipment. The term applies mainly to a person who works in a recording studio but can also apply to people who do the same kind of work, in other places. An engineer may work with multitrack recordings or stereophonic remixes.

Audio engineering deals with the recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and electronic  means and is a part of audio science. The field draws on many disciplines, including electrical engineering, acoustics, and music. An audio engineer is closer to the creative and technical aspects of audio than an acoustical engineer.

Some amateur (and a few professional) engineers are self-taught, and learn mostly by doing, or with the help of an instruction manual. Many engineers started in other studio jobs (such as running errands), and learned about recording as they became familiar with the studio where they worked. An engineer learns about the use and placement of microphones, how to operate and maintain an audio mixer, recording deck, sound effects, and other machines, and how to switch between live and recorded sounds, to make the best, and often the most unique, recording possible. A good engineer will strive to make recordings that are both of high technical quality, and also pleasing to hear.

Starting wages may be small in recording studios, and many beginners work as unpaid volunteers. Experienced engineers, especially those who have worked on a hit record, may command a large wage. Some engineers are paid a salary, while others may earn hourly pay (sometimes based on the studio's rates), or be paid per session. Many go on to start their own recording studios, or maintain a private studio or mobile recording service. A few work only for a single recording artist, band, or producer.

Several colleges and universities in the United States and other countries offer classes in recording, which may cover its history, its uses, and of course technique and technical knowledge. Some schools offer degree or diploma programs in Recording. Graduating such a program does not guarantee a person a studio job, but increases one's chances, and can provide better preparation for such a career.

Besides studio work, some engineers have one or more specialties, such as making new digital versions of old recordings, as consultants to places that give concerts and live performances, and sometimes as expert witnesses in court trials, when sounds or a recording may be important to the outcome of a case.

Equipment 
Microphones
Mixing consoles
Signal processors
Digital audio workstations
Music sequencers
Speakers
Preamplifiers
Amplifiers

Related pages 
Electrical engineering
Record producer

Other websites 
Audio Engineering Society
Audio engineering formulas and calculators
Recording engineer video interviews
Audio Engineering online course  under Creative Commons Licence

Entertainment occupations
Music industry
Jermain Defoe

Jermain Defoe (born 7 October 1982) is an English football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||Bournemouth||Second Division||29||18||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||18
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001/02||35||10||3||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||14
|-
|2002/03||38||8||2||2||2||1||colspan="2"|-||42||11
|-
|2003/04||First Division||19||11||0||0||3||4||colspan="2"|-||22||15
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="5"|Premier League||15||7||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||7
|-
|2004/05||35||13||5||4||4||5||colspan="2"|-||44||22
|-
|2005/06||36||9||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||9
|-
|2006/07||34||10||5||1||5||4||5||3||49||18
|-
|2007/08||19||4||2||0||5||1||5||3||31||8
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Portsmouth||rowspan="2"|Premier League||12||8||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||8
|-
|2008/09||19||7||0||0||0||0||4||2||23||9
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||8||3||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||10||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
300||108||19||11||22||16||14||8||355||143
300||108||19||11||22||16||14||8||355||143
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||8||1
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||6||2
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||6||3
|-
|2009||6||5
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||38||11
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
Footballers from London
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Premier League players
Province of Ascoli Piceno

The Province of Ascoli Piceno () is a province in the region of Marche in Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno.

Geography

Ascoli Piceno has an area of . The province is bordered to the east by the Adriatic Sea and to the north with the provinces of  Macerata and Fermo. It borders with three regionsː the Abruzzo region to the south, the Lazio region to the soutwest and the Umbria region to the west.

The main river in the province is Tronto,  long and the highest mountain is Monte Vettore (), with an altitude of .

Population
There are 209,450 persons living in the province (1 January 2017). The population density was  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

Municipalities 
There are 33 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:

 Acquasanta Terme
 Acquaviva Picena
 Appignano del Tronto
 Arquata del Tronto
 Ascoli Piceno
 Carassai
 Castel di Lama
 Castignano
 Castorano
 Colli del Tronto
 Comunanza	
 Cossignano
 Cupra Marittima
 Folignano
 Force
 Grottammare
 Maltignano
 Massignano
 Monsampolo del Tronto
 Montalto delle Marche
 Montedinove
 Montefiore dell'Aso	
 Montegallo
 Montemonaco
 Monteprandone
 Offida
 Palmiano
 Ripatransone
 Roccafluvione
 Rotella
 San Benedetto del Tronto
 Spinetoli
 Venarotta

The largest comune is Ascoli Piceno, with  and the smallest is Colli del Tronto, with . The comune with fewest inhabitants is Palmiano, with 188 inhabitants.

Main comuni
The following table shows the 10 comuni with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of comuni of the Province of Ascoli Piceno

References

Other websites

 Province of Ascoli Piceno official website
Groundhog

The groundhog (also known as the chuck, wood-shock, groundpig, whistlepig, whistler, thickwood badger, Canada marmot, monax, moonack, weenusk, red monk, or siffleux) is a rodent. It belongs to the group of ground squirrels. Those squirrels are also known as marmots. The animal may also be called woodchuck, or whistlepig. Groundhogs dig tunnels and live underground. Groundhog holes, called burrows, are easy to recognize; they are holes, about 9.in (inches) (23 cm (centimeters)) wide which usually have large piles of dirt and rocks at the entrance. Every single hole, may have tunnels which lead to as many as ten other holes, the tunnels are very large and can have chambers, like rooms, in them. Groundhogs can make their homes under trees, around buildings and in open fields.

Problems 

Some problems with groundhogs are that they eat crops and dig around the foundations of buildings. When groundhogs dig around buildings this can cause damage if the holes go too far under the building.

In Culture 

In the United States, there is a holiday called Groundhog Day. It is celebrated on February 2 of every year.

References 

Squirrels
Mammals of North America
Rodents
Squirrel

Squirrels are a large family of small to medium rodents. It includes tree squirrels, which are described on this page.

The other squirrels are: ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including groundhogs), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. 

Squirrels are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and have been introduced to Australia. The earliest known squirrels date from the Eocene and are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormouse among living rodent families.

Most squirrels are omnivores; they eat anything they find.  Many kinds of squirrels live in trees, so they often find nuts. They eat seeds, berries, and pine cones too. Sometimes they eat bird's eggs and insects. Most tree squirrels store food in the fall, to eat in the winter. Ground squirrels do not store food. They hibernate which means they spend winter in a deep sleep. 

Squirrels have many predators or enemies. Their predators are foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, raccoons, lynxes, cougars, weasels, cats, dogs, badgers, snakes, and birds of prey.

Tree squirrels 
The most common European squirrels are red or brown in color, while common American squirrels are grey or black. Grey squirrels have been introduced from America into Europe (most notably, Great Britain). 

The greys carry a virus to which they are immune, but which is deadly to red squirrels. They have taken over most of the red squirrels' territory in deciduous forest. This has greatly reduced the red squirrel's population. Red squirrels still enjoy dominance in the pine forests of northern Britain, but they are now rare in southern areas.

The grey squirrel is regarded as vermin. It is illegal to release any into the wild, and any caught have to be humanely killed.

Life cycle 
Squirrels breed in February and March in winter, and in June and July in summer. Females may become pregnant up to twice a year. Usually four to six young are born, after a gestation period (pregnancy) of around thirty-nine days. Only the mother looks after the young, which are born completely helpless. Young squirrels are deaf and blind during the first few weeks of their life. 

Most squirrels die in the first year of life. Adult squirrels can have a lifespan of five to ten years in the wild. Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity.

As pets 
Squirrels are considered exotic pets and are legal in only some parts of the world. Areas where they can be kept as pets include Canada and parts of Australia (in New South Wales only) and the United States (in 21 states). They are considered wild animals in most European countries and pests or potential pests in many countries, such as New Zealand and most of Australia.

Summary table

Related pages 
 Flying squirrel

References
Gestation

Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal, until its birth. Mammals can have more than one embryo or fetus at the same time.

The time between fertilization of an ovum and the birth of the young is called the gestation period. Humans have a gestation period of around 37 weeks or about 9 months and 1 week. Syrian hamsters have a gestation period of 16 days. That is believed to be the shortest gestation period for a mammal. The time the gestation period takes depends on the size of the animal, smaller ones have short lengths and bigger ones have the opposite.

Biological reproduction
Ground squirrel

Ground squirrels are marmots. These are small rodents, squirrels which live on and in the ground.

Most of them live in the mountains, like the Sierra Nevada, or the Alps. Marmots make holes in the ground. They live in burrows, underground. They hibernate, that is they sleep through the winter. Marmots are very social animals. They group together easily. They also like to communicate with each other, with whistles, especially when they sense danger.

They vary in size and habits. Most are able to rise up on their hind legs and stand fully erect comfortably for long periods. This way they watch for predators. They tend to live together more than other squirrels, and many live in colonies with complex social structures. Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels. The Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) is the largest living member of the Sciuridae, at 53–73 cm in length and weighing 5–8 kg.

Many historians suggest that marmots, rather than rats, were the carriers of bubonic plague epidemics in the Middle Ages.

Related pages 
Chipmonk
Groundhog
Prairie dog

Other websites 

Squirrels