alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Moat

A moat is a body of water around a castle or town to keep people out. The moat was introduced between 1154 and 1485. At first, moats were simple and used only for protection. Later on, moats became more complicated and were used for show.

Moats are deep, wide ditches filled with water. They were usually built near sources of water that flowed into the moats, filling them with water. The moats were filled with water for a few reasons. It made enemies swimming across the moat easy targets. It also made it impossible for enemies to dig underneath the castle walls, which was a common method of attack. It also prevented fires from destroying the castle.

Origin 
The word moat comes from the French word motte, which means hill. Moats were first used in the Medieval period, from 1016 to 1164. Castles were built on the top of high hills. The area at the bottom of the hill was eventually called the moat.

Usage 
Castle moats were usually between 5 and 40 feet deep, and they were not always filled with water. Not all moats contained water, as a simple dry, wide ditch could prove an obstacle. These were called dry moats.

In many stories, moats are filled with alligators or crocodiles. This is a myth. However, moats were sometimes filled with fish or eels for food.

References 

Castles
Filter (internet)

A filter is a website feature that removes some kinds of content. This can be to stop the user viewing the unwanted content. It can also be to stop the user posting content the site does not want. Internet filters most often work by stopping certain words being used. Filters to stop other content, such as certain kinds of pictures, can also be used. A filter can be used to only stop a certain kind of user seeing the content, children for example.

Where filters are used

Filters are very common in e-mail systems. Online games, usually children's games, sometimes have filters. Wikis have filters, too.

In the US, there is a filter used with TV called the V-chip. Sometimes parents use it when they want to control what their children are allowed to watch.

Things filtered

The items that a filter might be used to remove can include:
 Swear words
 Pictures about Pornography
 Threats
 Violence
 A certain topic, religion for example

Internet
Online and offline

"Online" and "offline" are terms used in telecommunications. If a computer or a user is connected to the Internet, it is said to be "online". A website, for example, is online, because it is on the Internet.

If something is not online, it is said to be "offline". If a system is offline, it is in a disconnected state.

Online can also mean that something is set up correctly and ready to what it is supposed to do. For example:

 A computer printer is online if it has electricity, is turned on, is connected to the computer and has paper in it. Once each of those things is true, then the printer is online and ready to print. 
 A government program is online when it has the equipment and people it needs to do whatever job it was created to do.

References

Related pages 

Computer networking
Online game

Internet
Snowman

A snowman is a statue of a person made of snow. Snowmen are usually made when people make three balls of snow that are different sizes.(In Japan, snowmen are made by two snowballs) They will stack the balls on top of each other to make a snowman, and stick some things in it to make it look more like a person like a scarf, pebbles, buttons and a carrot (for the nose). 

The biggest snowman in the US was built on February 26, 2008, which was 122 feet and 1 inch long.

References 

Snow
Statues
Sand castle

Sand castles are castles made of sand and water. People have taken making sand castles and turned it into an type of art called sand sculpture. Sand castles are often made on a sandy beach or in a sandpit.

Art
Beaches
Utility pole

A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power pole, or telegraph post is a post or pole upon which telephone network equipment is situated. Similar poles are often used for electricity cables (with pylons being used for only the higher voltage applications) and frequently a pole will share both power and communications lines. Telegraph poles first became commonplace in the middle 19th century. At first they had only one wire, then in urban areas many. In Canada, the poles are commonly referred to as hydro poles, as the electric companies commonly have "Hydro" in their name.

Utility poles are usually wooden, but vary greatly from nation to nation. Other common utility pole materials are steel and concrete, with composites (fibreglass) becoming used more often. In some countries, for example the UK, poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds for those working on the equipment or connections atop the pole.

Other websites 
 Lots of photographs 
 Photographs of Various U.S. Utility Poles 
 Hungarian Telephone Poles 
 Utility Poles

Tools
High School Musical

High School Musical is a 2006 Disney television movie, starring Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is High School Musical 2.

The story is set in New Mexico. It is about two high school students, Troy Bolton, who is captain of his school's basketball team, and Gabriella Montez, a shy new student who is good in mathematics and science. Together, they try out for the lead parts in their high school musical. Despite other students' attempts to foil their dreams, Troy and Gabriella persist and inspire others along the way. They also make new friends.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 
 High School Musical news 

2006 comedy-drama movies
2000s musical movies
2000s television movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American musical movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American television movies
English-language movies
 
Movies directed by Kenny Ortega
Movies set in New Mexico
Redcurrant

A redcurrant (Ribes rubrum) is a type of fruit. It is related to the blackcurrant. They are in the same genus Ribes. They can be found growing in the wild in western Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and northern Italy).

The redcurrant is more tart than the blackcurrant. Redcurrants are used in jams and other cooked foods.

Fruits
Ribes
Alex Trebek

George Alexander "Alex" Trebek  (July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American television game show host. He hosted Jeopardy! from 1984 until his death in 2020. He was born in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1998. In 2011, he snapped his achilles tendon while trying to stop a thief trying to rob his San Francisco hotel room.

In March 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He died from the disease  more than a year and a half later on November 8, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 80. The same disease previously affected his predecessor on Jeopardy!, Art Fleming, 25 years earlier. He had been contracted to host Jeopardy! until 2022.

Following Trebek's death, a series of guest hosts filled in for Trebek for the remainder of season 37 of Jeopardy! (his final season). On July 27, 2022, it was announced that Mayim Bialik and Ken Jennings will succeed Trebek as the permanent hosts of Jeopardy! after alternating in multi-week stints for the remainder of the show's 38th season after Mike Richards (the show's then executive producer who briefly succeeded Trebek as host of the program) was let go after taping a week's worth of episodes after various controversies came to light.

On August 19, 2021, prior to the start of Jeopardy! season 38 taping, the producers of Jeopardy! re-dedicated Stage 10 at Sony Pictures Studios, the show's longtime home, the Alex Trebek Stage in his honor, with his family present at the dedication.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 1993: Rugrats - as Alan Quebec, the host of "Super Stumpers" (episode 2.37 - "Game Show Didi")
 1996: The Magic School Bus - Announcer (voice) (episode 2.6 "Shows and Tells")
 1997; 2012: The Simpsons - as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" and "Penny-Wiseguys" (Voice)
 2000: Arthur - as Alex Lebek, the host of Riddle Quest
 2000: Pepper Ann - as himself (2 episodes)
 2006: Family Guy - as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "I Take Three Quagmire" (voice)
 2020: Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Total Jeopardy" (voice, posthumous release)

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1940 births
2020 deaths
American game show hosts
Canadian television presenters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Order of Canada
Entertainers from Ontario
Jeopardy!
Clementine

A clementine is a type of citrus fruit. It has a bright orange rind. They have a diameter of about 3 to 5 inches. Clementines are easy to peel and have no seeds. They are grown in California, and are usually available from November to January.

They were more popular outside the United States than inside, but in 1997, there were not many Florida oranges available because it was very cold. People bought clementines instead, which made them more popular. They are still popular today.

Clementines are popular in the winter months. They are usually found in wooden crates in the supermarket. A popular clementine brand is called Cuties.

They are named after a French monk, Père Clément Rodier, who lived in North Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. He either found a natural mutation of the mandarin orange, which he grew, or he created a hybrid of the mandarin and the Seville oranges. The fruit, however, may have originated long before in Asia.

Citrus
Dishes named after people
Ugli fruit

An ugli is a type of citrus fruit. It is related to the lemon. It started to grow quickly all across Jamaica over 80 years ago and was quickly discovered by the natives there. It became popularly known, but it did not have a name. The natives on Jamaica named it the ugli fruit because of its ugly appearance. It was shipped to the United States and South America on cargo ships and after it arrived in the Americas, its popularity only grew. The original fruit is believed to have been a hybrid formed from the Seville orange, the grapefruit, and the tangerine families. It's rich in vitamin C and other nutrients, low in calories, and contains powerful anti-inflammatory antioxidants called flavonoids. Most tangelos are free of furanocoumarins, which means they may be safe for those taking certain medications. Ugli fruit is a tasty way to enjoy the many benefits of citrus fruit.

Other websites 
Ugli(R) official web site
5 recipes with Ugli fruits
Health benefits from eating Ugli fruits

Citrus
Duralumin

Duralumin is an alloy made up of 90% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5–1% magnesium, and less than 1% manganese.
It is an extremely hard alloy that is used, for example, in vehicle armour in the defense industry.

Other website 
Armor-plating composite

Alloys
Mango

A mango is a type of fruit. The mango tree is native to South Asia, from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropics. It is harvested in the month of March (summer season) until the end of May. 

Pakistan and India share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as Langra, Dusshera, Chausa, Tota, and Safadi. Alphonso mangoes can be found in various parts of  western India.

These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of Nigeria, Akwa Ibom. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes.

Benefits of Mango 

 High in nutrients
 Low-calorie intake
 Mango may aid in the prevention of diabetes
 Mango contains immune-boosting nutrients
 Helps to maintain heart health
 Mango may support your eye health
 It reduces the risk of certain cancers
 Mango may improve digestion
 A versatile and easy-to-use food

Mango also has a variety of other health advantages. You may learn more about these advantages here .

Mango trees 

The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its wood. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects. The wood is used for musical instruments such as Ukeleles, plywood and low-cost furniture. The wood is also known to produce phenolic substances that can cause dermatitis. It was the state tree of Junagadh State.

References 

Plants of Asia
Tropical fruit
Anacardiaceae
National symbols of Pakistan
National symbols of India
National symbols of Bangladesh
National symbols of the Philippines
Shuttlecock

A shuttlecock is used in the sport badminton. The shuttlecock center is hit with a badminton racquet over the net, in this fast sport. A shuttlecock is also called a shuttle. Other names for shuttlecock are bird, or birdie, because it can be made with feathers.

Materials
Shuttlecocks can be made of many types of materials, including plastic and feathers. It creates a cone shape, and is held together by a round center, usually made of cork or rubber. The cone shape the feathers, or other materials create is called a shuttlecock skirt.

In North America and Europe, feather shuttlecocks cost more. In Asia, where the prices of feathers are lower, shuttles made of plastic are rarely used; feather shuttles are used.

It is harder to hit a feather shuttlecock fast, because there is more drag. They are also less durable than plastic shuttles. Experienced badminton players usually play with feather shuttlecocks, and in competition, badminton is almost always played with feather shuttles. They feel that feather shuttles give them more control, and better play is needed to hit feather shuttles. 

In school gyms and amateur/beginner clubs in Europe and North America, plastic shuttlecocks are more often used than feather ones. This is to save feathers, since plastic shuttlecocks do not break easily. Feathers on the feather shuttles bend or break if the player does not hit the cork or rubber center.  

Sports equipment
Janne Da Arc

is a Japanese rock band from Hirakata, Osaka. The visual kei band's name is sometimes shortened to "Janne" (ジャンヌ) or "JDA".

History
Janne Da Arc formed on May 9, 1996. In early time, they put on make-up like X Japan. Its members are vocalist Yasu, guitarist You, bassist Ka-Yu, keyboardist Kiyo and drummer Shuji.  The origin of the band name is a character of Japanese comic, "Devilman".

Fans were called "Darcar" in the days of the early days. Now they are called "Janner".

Their song "Gettkouka" was used as the opening music for the cartoon Black Jack on television, so this song is famous.

Janne Da Arc stopped making music in 2006. Yasu formed a new band, Acid Black Cherry.

Members
 yasu (Yasunori Hayashi ), singer, born January 27, 1975 in Hirakata, Osaka. When he was in junior high school, he started an X Japan cover band with You and Ka-Yu. This was his first band. In 2007, Janne Da Arc stopped performing, and Yasu started his solo project, Acid Black Cherry.
 you (Yutaka Tsuda), guitarist, born July 24, 1974 in Kobe.
 ka-yu (Kazuyuki Matsumoto), bass player, born January 21, 1975 in Hirakata, Osaka. In 2010 he started a new project called DAMIJAW.
kiyo (Masanobu Kiyose), keyboard player, born June 27, 1974 in Hirakata, Osaka.
shuji (Shuji Suematsu), drummer, born November 21, 1974 in Kobe.

Discography

Singles
 "Red Zone" (1999)
 "Lunatic Gate" (1999)
 "EDEN" (2000)
 "Heaven's Place/Vanity" (2000)
 "will" (2000)
 "Mysterious" (2000)
 "Dry?" (2001)
 "NEO VENUS" (2001)
 "seed" (2001)
 "shirubia" (シルビア) (2001)
 "feel the wind" (2001)
 "Shining ray" (2002)
 "marianotsumeato" (マリアの爪痕) (2002)
 "kasumiyukusorasenishite" (霞みゆく空背にして) (2003)
 "Rainy" (2003)
 "uetataiyou" (飢えた太陽） (2003)
 "FREEDOM" (2004)
 "Kiss Me" (2004)
 "DOLLS" (2004)
 "ROMANCE" (2004)
 "BLACK JACK" (2004)
 "Love is here" (2004)
 "Gettukouka" (月光花) (2005)
 "Diamond vergin" (ダイアモンド　ヴァージン) (2005)
 "Hurimukeba/ Destination" (振り向けば) (2006)
 "HEAVEN/Mevius" (メビウス) (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Janne Da Arc website 
 AvexTrax Janne Da Arc website  

Musical groups from Osaka
Visual kei bands
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Japan
Olive

Olive can mean the things below:

 Olive (fruit), the fruits of the olive tree
Olive (color), the colour of these fruits
Olive (fruit)

The olive (Olea europaea) is the fruit of the olive tree.  It is an important food crop in countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and places with a Mediterranean climate. 

It is a healthy food but rather fatty.  It has olive oil, one of the fattiest cooking oils in use, even more than palm, canola and other vegetable oils. Olive oil is the juice made by crushing olives. It is considered to be healthier alternative to sunflower oil.

In Roman literature, the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace: "extending the olive branch". In Christianity, too, it is seen as a symbol of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over. Many writers and illustrators use olive branches around text to give it greater artistic credit (a similar effect is achieved with wheat). 

The raw olives are very bitter. They are "cured" mostly by bacterial fermentation. Later they may be alternately washed with water and packed with salt. The procedures vary a lot, and different varieties of olives get different treatment. The bitter chemical oleuropein, a phenol compound, has to be broken down or removed. This is what the curing process does. Even so, olives still often do have a rather bitter taste. There is a variety called "Kalamata" which grows around 
kalamata region in Greece. The olives which are eaten raw and have a very pleasant taste. 

Fruits
Oleaceae
Star Trek: Voyager

Star Trek: Voyager was the fourth television series based in the Star Trek universe. It features a starship, Voyager, lost on the other side of the galaxy. It also has the first important female ship's captain.

Cast 

 
 
Television spin-offs
UPN network shows
English-language television programs
Killamery

Killamery is a village in County Kilkenny, Ireland. It was the site of a monastery which was built in about 632 and has a High Cross.

Other websites 
Killamery brooch  
Killamery High Cross 
Flash Earth

Villages in Ireland
County Kilkenny
Speed limit

A speed limit is a legal limit on how fast a road vehicle can be driven. Some roads also have a minimum speed limit, which is how slow a vehicle is allowed to travel.

Reasons

Safety 
Reducing speed reduces the number of accidents by giving more time to the driver to manage their vehicle. Reduces the consequences of an accident by reducing the energy involved in that crash.

Climate and environment 
Because the emission of air pollutants increases disproportionately with increasing speed, speed limits are used to protect the climate and the environment. They are also used to reduce noise pollution.

Traffic flow 
Minimizing the speed differences in traffic leads to more consistent speeds, which increases road capacity and reduces the risk of congestion. This improves the flow of traffic.

Due to the lower probability and severity of accidents, there are also fewer accident-related closures with a speed limit.

Driving situation 
Speed limits are also used because they can create a more relaxed atmosphere for drivers.

Speed limits in different countries 

In the UK, the speed limit in towns is usually 30 miles per hour, which is about 50 km/h, and the speed limit on dual carriageways and motorways is usually 70 miles per hour, which is about 105 km/h. In France, the speed limit on motorways is usually 130 kilometres per hour, which is about 80 miles per hour. Also, in the United States, most highways are from 65 to 70 miles per hour, and freeways are from 55 to 80 miles per hour. In Canada, the speed limit is usually about 100 km/h. In Australia the speed limit on freeways, highways and rural roads is between 100 and 130 kilometres per hour, and in towns and cities between 40 and 60 km/h but can go up to 90 km/h.

Nowadays, in the European Union, speed limits may vary from country to country or from region to region. Typical speed limits are 130 km/h or 120 km/h on rural motorways, between 80 and 100 km/h for rural roads, 70 km/h on point requiring a reduced speed, 50 km/h in main urban roads, and 30 km/h on residential urban areas.

Germany does not have a general speed limit for its motorways, but a recommended speed (Richtgeschwindigkeit) of 130 km/h. Sometimes, there are also variable or temporary speed limits.

However, most Germans want a speed limit.

There are also many organizations that support a speed limit in Germany like Deutscher Verkehrssicherheitsrat, Auto Club Europa, Verkehrsclub Deutschland, Deutsche Umwelthilfe, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Greenpeace, World Wide Fund for Nature, Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen, Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH, Gewerkschaft der Polizei, Deutscher Ärztetag, Umweltbundesamt and Evangelische Kirche in Mitteldeutschland.

Other websites
Wikispeedia.org

References

Road transport law
Pure Pwnage

Pure Pwnage is an Internet video series.  It is about a man named Jeremy who spends his days playing video games and making fun of other people, or as he calls them, "n00bs". The first season of the show had 12 episodes. The people who make the show are planning to make at least two more seasons and maybe a full length movie. The first season ends with a cliffhanger that leads into the second season. The second season is expected to be put online in 2007.

History
The show started when two friends got together and made a short video of the main character talking about video games. Inspired by the cultural phenomenon that online video gaming has become, and the series creators' personal online experiences; the series actually spawned from a project for film school. After they uploaded the video onto the Internet, it got downloaded a few thousand times, so they made Episode 1: Life of a Pro Gamer. The character 'Jeremy'(Played by Jarett Cale), also known as 'teh_pwnerer', was designed to comically represent, and almost stereotype, online gamers around the world. This concept was based loosely around the idea of a person who had grown up doing nothing but online gaming; whose entire vocabulary and social mannerisms were molded solely by internet interactions. As such, the episode was supposed to be a mockumentary of sorts, as Jeremy is followed and filmed by younger brother 'Kyle'(Geoff Lapaire) (Played depicting "A day in the life of a ProGamer". After this became very popular, they made episodes 2 and 3.  When episode 4 was downloaded roughly 3000 times, they decided that they should pursue this full-time. Throughout the series, the characters make use of many expressions in videogame terminology, including "noob", "uber-micro" and of course "pwnage".

The series has introduced several other recurring characters, such as:
"FPS_Doug" -- Jeremy's illtempered rival (and sociopath), played by Joel Gardiner;
"Dave" -- Jeremy's close friend and local 'ProCook', played by Dave Lee
"Tagi" -- Jeremy's World of Warcraft addicted love interest, played by Miranda Plant
"TBag" -- the heavily sponsored Halo 3 player,
and "Teh_Masterer" -- Jeremy's ninja-clad mentor, Played by Geoff Lapaire - Voiced by Fr.William Craig
as well as an assortment of villains.

The series has also adopted a dynamic storyline in favour of its original, pseudo-casual style of interviews. Despite the additional casting and switch towards plot driven episodes, the series remains true to its satirical view of current trends in the gaming industry and the greater online community. The series has quickly developed a large fan base, spanning across multiple continents, and only continues in its success as its 2nd season comes to a close.

Other websites 
Official site
 Jeremy’s MySpace page
 Pure Podcast  
 Pure Pwnage Quotes on Wikiquote
 Pure Pwnage Interview on the ABC2 Show Good Game

Entertainment websites
Support

Support may mean the following:

 Supports in engineering and construction mean parts of the construction that prevent the construction from breaking down, such as: arch, beam (structure), column
 Sympathy (emotional support)
 Political Advocacy

Basic English 850 words
West Africa

West Africa or Western Africa is the western part of Africa. According to the United Nations (UN), West Africa has seventeen countries:

 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cape Verde
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Gambia
 Ghana

 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Morocco

 Niger
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo

Regions of Africa
Nun

Nun is a woman who made a special vow (or promise) dedicating herself to a religious life. Catholic nuns are said to "take the veil" as a symbol of their new life. Roman Catholic nuns are the most commonly thought of nuns in the West, but nuns are found in different forms of Christianity as well as non-Christian religions such as Buddhism. A fully ordained Buddhist nun is called a bhikkhuni or bhiksuni; ordained novices are sāmaṇerī. A nun is the female version of a monk.

References

Other websites 
Poor Clare nuns in Rockford, Illinois 
A Blog about Being a Catholic Nun in Today’s World
A Biography of a Vajrayana Buddhist Nun
Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women
Alliance for Bhikkhunis

Christian religious occupations
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is the most successful Formula One race car driver of the year. The award is given by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the driver who scores the most points during a season.

The WDC was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe "Nino" Farina. The first driver to win more than one Championship was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953. The latest driver awarded the championship is called the reigning or defending champion. As of the end of the 2021 Formula One season, the reigning champion is Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing.

The FIA does not officially award the Championship until the end of the season. Sometimes one driver will be far ahead of the other drivers in points. Even if the leading driver scores no more points, none of the other drivers could pass his point total. When this happens, the driver is said to have clinched the Championship.

Champions

By season 

Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since ).

 The  and  championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
 Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
 Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
 Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the  season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

By driver

By country

By constructor 

Constructors still active in Formula One are in bold.

Records

Youngest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Oldest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Most Drivers' Championships won in a row 

|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |

Active drivers are in bold.

Related pages
 List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
 Formula One World Championship scoring system

References 

 GrandPrix.com - Grand Prix Encyclopedia 
 Formula1.com - Hall of Fame
 ChicaneF1 - Drivers' Championships 
 Formula 1 Championships
 

Lists of sportspeople
Henry I the Fowler

Henry I the Fowler (German: Heinrich der Finkler or Heinrich der Vogler; Latin: Henricius Auceps) (876–2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and king of the Germans from 919 until his death. He was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and therefore he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, that was known until then as East Francia. As he was an eager hunter, he was called "the Fowler" (someone who hunts wildfowl) because it was said he was fixing birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.

Notes 

876 births
936 deaths

Kings and Queens in Germany
Ottonian dynasty
10th century in Germany‎
Propeller

A propeller makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick.  The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.

Other websites 

Aircraft-Info.net - Propeller Aircraft 
Titanic's Propellers

Tools
Aerospace engineering
Fluid

A fluid is a substance that can move easily and change shape such as water (liquids), or air (gases), or plasmas. They can 'flow'- flow and fluids both come from the same English word roots (Latin: fluere "to flow") and are pronounced similarly. The physics of fluids is called fluid mechanics.

Fluids usually take on the shape of their containers, in contrast to solids which maintain their own shape.

Some things are not exactly fluid and not exactly solid, such as Silly Putty. Powders are made up of small solids that appear to flow but don't actually.

Most fluids have a freezing point. At this temperature it becomes solid.

Related pages 
Superfluidity

Basic physics ideas
Ebony

Ebony can mean many things:

Ebony (tree), a type of tree
Ebony, a name for the color of the wood of the ebony tree, which is close to black
Ebony (magazine), a magazine for African-American readers
"Ebony and Ivory", a song sung by Stevie Wonder and Sir Paul McCartney
Shelter

A shelter is a place where someone or something is put in or goes to be kept safe or hidden. It can also be any place where people live that "shelters" (protects) them from any danger such as the weather.

There are different kinds of shelters and they are for used for different reasons.
Picnic Shelters
Women's Shelters
Men's Shelter
Animal Shelters
Homeless shelter
Political Shelters
Religious Shelters
Shelters from War.
Shelters from disasters or emergencies.
bomb shelters and fallout shelters.

Currently, Women's Shelters are found around the United States, United Kingdom, and many other First World countries.  In these places, women are there to hide or are running away from abusive or dangerous situations. In these shelters, they are given food and a place to stay for an amount of time (usually 1-3 months at a time).  They are put into a support group and given a temporary counselor.  There is a high success rate in this type of place.  

Sociology
Buildings and structures
Zaiger's Genetics

Zaiger's Genetics is an American company that breeds fruit trees. They are in Modesto, California. They have created fruits such as the Aprium (apricot and plum), the Nectarcot (nectarine and apricot), Peacotum (peach, apricot and plum) and the pluot (plum and apricot).

They are dedicated to improving fruit worldwide.

In 2009 Floyd Zaiger was named one of the "top ten most creative people in food" by Fast Company.

Zaiger's Genetics gives fruit tours to commercial growers every Wednesday. An article in Western Fruit Grower titled "Wednesdays With Floyd" described a typical Wednesday with the Zaiger family.

References

Other websites
Family story 

Companies based in California
Agricultural organizations
Fruits
Almond

The almond, Prunus dulcis, is a small tree in the family Rosaceae. "Almond" is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated 'nut' of this tree.

Native to Iran and bordering regions, almonds are also grown in places with Mediterranean climates.

The fruit of the almond has an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed or nut inside. Shelling almonds means removing the shell to get the seed. Almonds are sold either shelled  or unshelled.

Description 
The almond tree is about four to 10 meters tall. It has a trunk about 30 centimetres wide. The young twigs are green at first. When they are in their second year, they turn gray. The leaves are three to five inches long. The flowers are white or light pink, 3–5 cm wide with five petals.

Related pages
Amygdalodon (almond teeth)
Almond flour
Almond butter
Almond milk

References

Other websites 

 The Almond Board of California
Prunus

Prunus is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae. It includes plums, peaches, almonds, apricots and cherries.

Notes

References
 
 .

Other websites
Yellow avens

Yellow avens is a type of flowering plant It is found in the warmer areas of North America, Asia and Europe. It is 1 meter (3 feet) tall.

Other websites 
 Distribution map

Rosaceae
Water avens

Water avens is a type of flowering plant. These flowers are small. They live in or near water.

Rosaceae
Prunus mume

An ume (Prunus mume) is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called "ume" in Chinese.

A lot of people have painted pictures of ume. It is often painted with bamboo next to it.

References

Prunus
Plums
Filipendula

Filipendula is a family of 12 flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Their flowers are mostly white.  These plants are adapted to moist woodland conditions with partial shade preferred.

Rosaceae
Mountain-mahogany

Mountain-mahogany is a family of 6 types of shrub. They are found in the United States and Mexico in very dry areas. They usually grow three to six meters tall but can get as tall as 13 meters.  
Mountain-mahogany is an extremely important upland forage for New Mexico Mule Deer and to a lesser extent American Elk.

Rosaceae
Shrubs
Dryas (plant)

Dryas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae.

There are three species and one hybrid:
Dryas drummondii – Drummond's avens
Dryas integrifolia – Entire-leaved avens
Dryas octopetala – Mountain avens
Dryas × suendermannii – D. drummondii × D. octopetala

Rosaceae
Acaena

Acaena is a group of shrubs. They are in the family of Rosaceae.

Rosaceae
Yellow Rose of Texas

The Yellow Rose of Texas (Harison's Yellow) is a flower in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of yellow rose. It is often found around homes in the American state of Texas and along trails in the state of Oregon. It is also called the Oregon Trail Rose.

Also mentioned in country songs such as Solid Country Gold by Shooter Jennings and Texas Pride by Miranda Lambert.

References

Roses
Ya pear

The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These pears are very crunchy, juicy, and fragrant. They have a skin that is pale white to light yellow, and the inside is white.

Ya pears are sold everywhere in China, and can also be found in shops outside China. Outside China, they are often called Asian pears or Chinese pears.

Pears
D'Anjou

D'Anjou (also known as the poire d'Anjou or Beurré d'Anjou) is a type fruit in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of pear that first came from Anjou,France. D'Anjou pears usually cost less than other types of pears, but are not as sweet. There are two main varieties of D'Anjou:

Green Anjou has a green skin that may turn yellow as the pear ripens.
Red Anjou has a red skin that darkens as it ripens.

Pears
Roseraie de L'Haÿ

Roseraie du Val-de-Marne is a garden of roses. It was created in 1894 in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Val-de-Marne, France. It is said to be the first garden created only for roses.

Roseraie du Val-de-Marne has 13,100 rose bushes of 3200 different kinds of roses. The garden has modern French and foreign roses on one side, the formal rose garden with a reflecting pool in the center, and the old garden roses and classic roses on the other side.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 
 Roseraie du Val-de-Marne Website
 Arena Roses website with photos
 Town council website for Roseraie de L'Haÿ  

Botanical gardens in Europe
Buildings and structures in France
Val-de-Marne
Monochrome

Monochrome comes from the two Greek words mono (meaning "one") and chroma (meaning "surface" or "the colour of the skin"). If something is monochromatic, it only has a single color. 

In physics, the word is used when talking about electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength. 

For an image, the term monochrome usually means the same as black-and-white or grayscale. It may also be used when talking about other combinations that only have two colors, for example, green-and-white or green-and-black. In computing, monochrome has two meanings:

It may mean having only one color which is either on or off.  If it also has shades of that color, then it is called grayscale.
A monochrome computer monitor can only show a single color, often green, amber, red or white. It can often also show shades of that color.

Color
Semitone

A semitone 
(British English) (also called a half step or a half tone) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.

A whole tone means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.

This is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard.  The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).

To go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.

To go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.

To go from a C to a D is a tone.

An octave is divided into twelve semitones.  These semitones are exactly equal in size.

Musical intervals are defined by a ratio of frequencies. An octave is a ratio of 2:1, so from 100 Hz to 200 Hz, and from 200 Hz to 400 Hz, are both octaves. A semitone is a ratio of the 12th root of 2 to 1, which is equal to 1.05946:1, so 1000 Hz and 1059.46 Hz are a semitone apart. A musical interval sounds better if the two notes have a small integer ratio. For this reason, it can be approximated by a ratio of 16:15 in just intonation.

Related pages
Scale (music)
Interval (music)
Circle of fifths 
Chromaticism

References

Further reading
Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 2001.  .
Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978. .

Music theory
Vaud

Vaud is a canton of Switzerland. It borders the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Fribourg, Berne and Valais (west to east).  The capital city is Lausanne. About 790,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 138,000 live in Lausanne. About 82% of the population speak French as their first language.

Districts 
Between 1803 and 2007, the canton of Vaud was formed out of 19 districts:

 Aigle, capital Aigle
 Aubonne, capital Aubonne
 Avenches, capital Avenches
 Cossonay, capital Cossonay
 Echallens, capital Echallens
 Grandson, capital Grandson
 Lausanne, capital Lausanne
 Lavaux, capital Cully
 Morges, capital Morges
 Moudon, capital Moudon
 Nyon, capital Nyon
 Orbe, capital Orbe
 Oron, capital Oron
 Payerne, capital Payerne
 Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Château-d'Œx
 Rolle, capital Rolle
 La Vallée, capital Le Sentier
 Vevey, capital Vevey
 Yverdon, capital Yverdon-les-Bains

But since 2008, there is only 10 districts.
 Aigle, capital Aigle
 Broye-Vully, capital Payerne
 Gros-de-Vaud, capital Echallens
 Jura-Nord vaudois, capital Yverdon-les-Bains
 Lausanne, capital Lausanne
 Lavaux-Oron, capital Cully
 Morges, capital Morges
 Nyon, capital Nyon
 Ouest lausannois, capital Renens
 Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Vevey

References
Malvern, Worcestershire

Malvern is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills, and was the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar.

Other websites 
Malvern Gazette Local Malvern weekly newspaper
Malvern Hills District Council 
Worcestershire County Council  
Malvern Museum
Biking in Malvern 
Malvern Linux Users Group
Malvern Fringe Festival 

Towns in Worcestershire
Airfoil

An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing, or blade of a propeller, the blade of a ship's screw or the shape of a sail as seen in cross-section. When moving through a fluid it will provide lift and drag. Lift is not only up, it may be in other directions depending on what it is used for. The airfoil has a rounded leading edge (front edge of the wing) to make the airfoil more insensitive to the angle of attack.

Fluid mechanics
Aerospace engineering
Silly Putty

Silly Putty (originally called nutty putty) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by Binney & Smith Inc.. It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.

Description
Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids.

Other websites 
 Explanations from the Official Website of Silly Putty
 Full story at MIT's Invention Dimension: Silly Putty page
 Various scientific experiments done with Silicone Putty 
 American Chemical Society "What's that stuff?" page about Silly Putty
 Dropping a 50lb beach ball-sized sphere of Silly Putty off a parking garage (pics and video) 

Toys
Maloideae

The Maloideae (which is a Latin plural form) is a traditional name for a subfamily of plants in the rose family (Rosaceae). These plants are shrubs and small trees. The most well known Maloideae are apples and pears. Recently it has been shown that the Maloideae are a part of the traditional subfamily Amygdaloideae, and most botanists no longer use the name Maloideae.

Rosaceae
Trees
Rowan

A Rowan is a type of fruit-bearing plant in the family Rosaceae. They grow in the cooler areas of Europe and Asia. The fruit is a 4-8 mm diameter ball. It is bright orange or red in most species, but pink, yellow or white in some Asian species. The fruit is soft and juicy.

Fruits
Rosaceae
Fragaria × vescana

Fragaria × vescana is a plant in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of strawberry. It is a mix between a Beach Strawberry and a Strawberry that is normal.

Strawberries
.htaccess

.htaccess is a type of computer file for the configuring of some web servers. .htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages, or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures, also known as hot-linking to their own sites, costing the website owner bandwidth and therefore money.

Preventing direct or Hot-linking 
A .htaccess file is put onto the website, so that people will not be able to go onto the URL of the image (picture) (example: www.website.com/image.filetype). Owners can replace this picture, after they upload the file, with a message, or it can be made to redirect to an error page.

Examples of .htaccess being used

MediaWiki 
By default, MediaWiki uses http://www.example.org/index.php/Main_Page type of URL to display the main page. But by changing the .htaccess and LocalSettings.php, it can display URLs like http://www.example.org/wiki/Main_Page so that it will look nicer (like Wikipedia).

Wordpress 
By default, all posts made in Wordpress uses http://www.example.org/?p=123 to display posts. But it can be changed into URLs like http://www.example.org/2010/06/postname in .htaccess and the permalink setting in the site admin of that blog.

.htaccess 
htaccess file is to cache the image on the browser so that next time the website does not take much time to load.

References 

Internet
Butcher

A butcher is person whose job is to prepare and sell meat. Some butchers also kill the animals the meat is from. Butchers also prepare sausages, and other meat-products.

Food-related occupations
Mount Adams (Washington)

Mount Adams is the second-highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is a volcano in the Cascade Range.  Adams is located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount St. Helens.

Other websites 
  USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
 Backpacking information at FreeTrails.org 
 U.S. Forest Service page

Volcanoes of Washington (state)
Dazaifu, Fukuoka

Dazaifu (太宰府市, Dazaifu-shi) is a city in the Japanese prefecture of Fukuoka. It has a population of 67,428. The city was founded on April 1, 1982, but it has been historically important for around a thousand years.

Sister cities 
  Tagajō (Miyagi Prefecture) - 21 November 2005
  Nara (Nara Prefecture) - 27 June 2002
  Yabakei (Ōita Prefecture) - 26 September 1992
  Buyeo, South Chungcheong Province (South Korea) - 21 April 1978

Education
There are several universities in the city:
Chikushi Jogakuen University
Fukuoka International University
Japan University of Economics 
Fukuoka Social Medical Welfare University

Cities in Fukuoka Prefecture
Software versioning

Software versioning is a way to name different versions of computer software. A computer software has different states in its life-cycle process from Development through deployment into Production and Sustainment. Each state in the process is given a unique version and version number. Versions are most often a sequence of one to four numbers (for example, 12.2.3) to represent Major.Minor.Maintenance actions, but can also use names, dates, or other sequencing mechanisms.  In some practices, the numbers are used with variations like the 3rd digit being replaced by a letter (for example, 4.1a).  The changes are all revisions in that something is being changed and the version number tells people how complex the change is to the software.

Many times, after a program has been made, things called patches can be downloaded from the program's website. The patches usually make small updates or fixes to the main program, such as fixing bugs or updating information or program functions. When a patch is used, the program is advanced to the next version, advancing the version number by the appropriate level.

Versioning
Sympathy

Sympathy exists when the feelings or emotions of one person lead to similar feelings in another person so that they share feeling. Mostly sympathy means the sharing of unhappiness or suffering, but it can also mean sharing other (positive) emotions. In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase "a communist sympathiser".

The psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of empathy, but is not identical to it. Empathy is understanding and feeling another person's emotions as they feel them, but makes no statement as to how they are viewed. 

Sympathy, by contrast, implies a degree of equal feeling, that is, the sympathiser views the matter similarly to how the person themselves does. It thus implies concern, or care or a wish to reduce negative feelings others are experiencing.

Related pages
empathy
pity
liking

Emotions
Puddle

A puddle is a small mass of liquid, usually water, uncontained on a surface. It can form either in depressions in the surface, or directly upon the flat surface, held together by surface tension. A puddle is generally considered to be small enough to step over or shallow enough to walk through, and too small to traverse with a boat. 

Puddles commonly form during rainstorms, and can cause problems for transport, especially when combined with cold conditions to form patches of ice, which are highly slippery and difficult to see.

Water