alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor,  (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was the British Prime Minister during the last half of World War I. He was Prime Minister for six years, between 1916 and 1922.

Early life 
Lloyd George was born in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, Lancashire, England to Welsh parents. His father, who died before Lloyd George was two-years old, was a teacher and a farmer. When he was young, he lived with his mother and his brother. When he was 21, Lloyd George became a lawyer and opened an office in the back of his brother's house.

Political career 
Lloyd George's law practice was a success. Shortly after opening it, Lloyd George became interested in politics. He began working with the Liberal Party. He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) on 13 April 1890. Lloyd George would serve as an MP until 1945. In the House of Commons, Lloyd George worked to promote Welsh issues, fought against the Second Boer War and campaigned for education reform.

In 1905, Lloyd George was selected to become a cabinet minister. He served as President of the Board of Trade (1905–1908) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908–1915). After World War I started, he held the positions of Minister of Munitions (1915) and War Secretary (1916).

By the end of 1916, the war was going badly for Great Britain. Lloyd George gathered together a coalition (a type of political team) of Liberal and Conservative MPs to form a new government. On 5 December 1916, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigned, and Lloyd George took his place. Lloyd George's government introduced conscription (forcing men to join the armed forces) and rationing (placing limits on the amount of food someone can buy) by the end of the war.

After the war, Lloyd George represented Britain at the Versailles Peace Conference and helped create the Irish Free State. By 1922, Lloyd George's coalition was breaking apart. In October 1922, the Conservative Party led by Andrew Bonar Law won the election. Lloyd George remained an MP, however, until 1945.

In 1945, he was given the titles Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor and Viscount Gwynedd. He was to take a seat in the House of Lords, but he died before he could do so.

References

Notes

1863 births
1945 deaths
Baptists
British lawyers
British people of World War I
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)
Legion of Honour
Liberal Party (UK) MPs
Members of the House of Lords
Order of Merit
Politicians from Lancashire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
United Kingdom Earls
Welsh Christians
Welsh politicians
Zionists
Big Ben

Big Ben is the nickname of a bell that hangs in the clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, England. Officially, the tower itself is called Elizabeth Tower. It was previously known as just the Clock Tower, but was renamed in September 2012 as a tribute to the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. However, most people, including those that live in London, call the tower "Big Ben" because it is very large.

Designed by Edmund Beckett Denison, the clock took 13 years to build and it was completed in 1859. It has worked continuously since then except for a few months in 1976 when it broke down and had to be fixed.

Big Ben is one of England’s best-known landmarks. Some believe it got its name from Sir Benjamin Hall. The Elizabeth Tower which it is located in has become one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the establishing shot of films set in London.

Since August 2017, repair work is being done on the clock, which shuld have taken four years but it will reopen 2023. For the safety of those doing this work, Big Ben no longer rings out every hour. It will still be heard on special occasions, such as the New Year and Remembrance Day.

Description 

The Elizabeth Tower is over  high and the turret clock mechanism that drives the clock alone weighs about 5 tons (5.08 tonnes). The clock on it has four faces that are  in diameter, making it one of the largest in the world for a clock that chimes and strikes every hour. The figures on the clock face are about  long and the minute spaces are  long. There are, however, clocks with much bigger faces that Big Ben. One of these is the Abraj Al Bait, a hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Its faces are more than ten times bigger than Big Ben.

The bell known as Big Ben weighs 13 tons and is the biggest of the five bells in the Elizabeth Tower. Big Ben only sounds at the top of every hour, and at that time it rings once for every hour (for example, it rings three times at 3 o'clock). The other four bells in the tower are smaller and play a short melody every 15 minutes. This melody, which is broadcasted live on BBC Radio 4 at 6 pm and midnight every day, can be heard in many other clocks around the world and is called the Westminster Chimes.

The bells are struck by hammers that are connected to the clock mechanism, which is powered by large weights that are wound three times a week. It does not use any electricity except for winding and to light the faces so that the clock could be seen when it is dark.

References

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Bells
Strontium

Strontium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Sr. It has the atomic number 38. It is a metal. The color of the metal is silver-white or yellow-silver. The metal is soft, and highly reactive chemically. 

In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkaline earth metals. Strontium has a high chemical reactivity. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. Strontium has properties similar to those of its two vertical neighbors in the periodic table, calcium and barium. 

It is found naturally in the minerals celestite and strontianite. The 90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.9 years.

Strontium forms salts which make a red flame when they burn. They are used in flares for signalling the position of survivors or shipwrecks and to make the red color in fireworks.
It is named after the village of Strontian, Scotland.  

Alkaline earth metals
Alkaline earth metal

The alkaline earth metals are the second group of metals on the periodic table. They are related to the Alkali metals, but they do not react as much because they need more energy to remove their two electrons, so they do not have to be stored in petrol.As ions they have a charge of +2a. The alkaline earth metals are mostly silver colored, soft metals, which react readily with halogens and water to form salts, though not as rapidly as some of the alkali metals, to form alkaline hydroxides. Many prokatates and hantates can be found in the crust of  these metals

The alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). 

Beryllium is very brittle metal that is used in gemstones.

Magnesium is used in making steel alloys.

Calcium can be used in dairy products like milk.

Strontium is used for making glass for TVs and to make fireworks red.

Barium is used in fireworks to turn them green.

Radium is a very radioactive metal used in glowing watches.

Alkaline earth metals
Dag Hammarskjöld

Dag Hammarskjold (Swedish: Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld) (29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. He served as Secretary-General from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in what is now Zambia, on 18 September 1961. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize after his death in 1961.

Note

Aviation deaths
Swedish diplomats
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
1905 births
1961 deaths
My Belarusy

"My Biełarusy" (, meaning "We Belarusians") is the national anthem of Belarus. The song's music, which was composed by Nieścier Sakałowski, is the same as that of the anthem used when the country was part of the former Soviet Union. The words of the song were written by Michaś Klimković and Uładzimir Karyzna. This song became the country's national anthem in 2002.

Lyrics

References

European anthems
National symbols of Belarus
Yorkshire pudding

Yorkshire pudding is a British food, a baked pudding made from a batter of eggs, flour, and milk or water. It is usually served with roast meat and vegetables.

Other websites 

 How to make a Yorkshire Pudding
 Yorkshire Pudding Recipe 

Baked foods
British culture
Extraterrestrial life

Extraterrestrial life is life that is not from the planet Earth. It is also called alien life or just aliens. The word 'Terra' in Latin refers to our planet - Earth. Thus, extraterrestrial life refers to the life forms not originating on or from the planet Earth.

It is reasonable to say that planets rather like ours exist, and that life might evolve there also. So far none has been found, though it is possible that life once existed on Mars.

Searches like SETI have been made for signals from extraterrestrial life-forms. No signals have been received yet.

It is not a new idea. Quite a few philosophers have speculated on the existence of other planets like ours, with the idea that what happened here could also happen there. One thing we do know is that many other star systems do have exoplanets.

In fiction

Alien life is commonly seen in Science fiction and some Fantasy. Aliens in fiction are frequently shown as looking a lot like humans, but some authors have created much stranger aliens. H.P. Lovecraft, Kurt Vonnegut, and H.G. Wells all wrote about aliens that look very different than humans.

In religion

Some religions believe in aliens and may treat them like divine beings in other religions. Examples are Raëlism, Scientology and the Heaven's Gate cult, who killed themselves because they thought it would allow their souls to go to an alien spaceship.

In pseudoscience
Some people think that UFOs are alien spacecraft, or claim to have seen alien life on Earth. They may even claim they were kidnapped by aliens, who are often said to have big black eyes and grey skin. There is no good evidence for these claims and most scientists consider them Pseudoscience or Urban legends.

Related pages

 Abiogenesis
 Astrobiology
 Earliest known life forms
 Extraterrestrial sky
 Panspermia
 Voyager Golden Record

References

Other websites 
Actual Aliens : Extraterrestrial News and Current Events
PBS: Exploring Space - The Quest for Life by Scott Pearson
ufoskeptic.org by Bernard Haisch
"What Aliens Might Look Like" from National Geographic
Top stars picked in alien search
Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry

Christian Apologetics Research Ministry (CARM) is a religious organization that was created in 1995 by Matt Slick. It is an internet apologetics ministry. It writes things against what he considers cults. On the CARM website there is a chat room and internet forum. This lets people to talk to other people about things related to CARM and its teachings. On the CARM website there is a theology and apologetics school that is online. There is a cost to join the school. Matt Slick also has the website The Calvinist Corner.

Other websites 
CARM
Calvinist Corner website 
Evangelical Outreach

Christian organizations
American University of Beirut

The American University of Beirut (AUB; ) is the first American university to be built in Beirut, Lebanon. Its old name was the Syrian Protestant College, and it was built in the year 1866. The name was changed to American University of Beirut on November 18, 1920.

References

Colleges and universities in Asia
Beirut
1866 establishments
Organizations based in Lebanon
Caliph

In Arabic, caliph means "a successor to the prophet". This is what leaders of the Islamic faith came to be called. Their rule is called a caliphate.

Some of the early leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's (570–632) death called themselves "Khalifat Allah", meaning representative of God. But the other title of "Khalifat rasul Allah", meaning the successor to the prophet of God, became the common title. Some academics write the term as Khalīf.

Caliphs were often also called Amīr al-Mu'minīn (), leader of the Muslims. This title has since been shortened to "emir". It is also found as a personal name in some countries.

After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was used by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other dynasties in Southern Pakistan, Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt. Most historical Muslim rulers simply titled themselves sultans or emirs, and the caliph himself often had very little real authority. The title was not used after the Republic of Turkey abolished the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.

Related pages 
Caliphate
Emirate
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Shah
Shaykh al-Islam
Bensheim

Bensheim is a city in Hesse, Germany. It is at the edge of the Odenwald and near to the river Rhine. It had 39,642 inhabitants in 2005 and is the biggest city of the Bergstraße district.

Industry
Economically it is in an area where wine grapes are grown. Many small businesses in the areas such as electronics, software development or services can be found.

The city has also factories/offices of Sirona  former known as Siemens, Tyco International, Akzo Nobel , Suzuki and SAP SI .

Bensheim-Auerbach - Fürstenlager State Park
The ”Fürstenlager” near Bensheim-Auerbach are simple buildings built like a village around the Good Well in the middle of a landscaped park. Its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the court.

Neighbouring communities and areas
To the West, Bensheim borders Lorsch and Einhausen; to the North Zwingenberg; to the East Lautertal; and to the South Heppenheim.

It is also known for its good traffic connections to other nearby cities. In the North Darmstadt and Frankfurt am Main; in the East Worms; and in the South Heidelberg, Mannheim and Ludwigshafen are all within an hour's drive.

References

Other websites 

 www.bensheim.de
 Fürstenlager Auerbach 
 NITYA SEVA

Bergstraße (district)
False prophet

A false prophet is a person who claims to be a true prophet but really is not. A false prophet is also someone who uses prophecy to do evil.

The term is also used outside religion to describe someone who fervently promotes a theory which the speaker thinks is false.

Christianity
In Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil. False prophets are the opposite of prophets. False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god. They use false information to lead people away from god. There are many false prophets in the Bible.

References

Religion
Phrases
Fraudsters
Paul Dirac

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (August 8, 1902 in Bristol – October 20, 1984 in Tallahassee) was an English physicist.

Dirac's father came from the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

Dirac worked out a formulation of quantum mechanics, which includes Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1926. In 1928 he found the Dirac equation and he found out that spin in quantum mechanics is an effect of relativity. The Dirac equation allowed Dirac to predict the existence of antimatter, which is the opposite of matter.

In 1933 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics chair at Cambridge University from 1932 until his retirement in 1969. He was Professor of Physics at Florida State University from 1972 until his death in 1984.

References

Related pages 
Dirac delta function

Other websites 

 Dirac Medal  of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics
 Dirac Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC)
 Photographs of Dirac 
 The Paul Dirac Collection at Florida State University
 The Paul A. M. Dirac Collection Finding Aid at Florida State University 
 Photocopies of Dirac's papers from the Florida State University collection, held under Dirac's name in the Archive Centre of Churchill College, Cambridge, UK
 Letters from Dirac (1932-36) and other papers, held in the Personal Papers archives of St John's College, Cambridge, UK
 Annotated bibliography for Paul Dirac from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 

1902 births
1984 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British Nobel Prize winners
English physicists
Order of Merit
Alumni of the University of Bristol
British theoretical physicists
Florida State University faculty
Pipe (smoke)

A pipe is a tool that people use to smoke tobacco and other drugs. Pipe smokers do not usually breathe in the smoke. They let it go into their mouths and then exhale it. Pipe smoking is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.

Types of pipes 
Tobacco pipes are used to smoke tobacco. In some Middle Eastern countries, people smoke tobacco with water pipes, which cool the smoke in water. Different types of pipes are also used to smoke marijuana, hashish, and crack cocaine. Some people who smoke marijuana or hashish use a special water pipe called a bong.

Native American tobacco pipes had two parts: a stone bowl and a wooden stem. Japanese "kiseru" pipes have a metal bowl and mouth piece with a wooden stem. Arabian "midwakh" pipes may be made from different materials. European tobacco pipes have been made from clay, tree root wood, meerschaum stone or even maize cobs.

Pipes to smoke opium may have clay or metal bowls with a wooden stem. Pipes for marijuana or hashish may be metal, wood or glass. Pipes to smoke other drugs may also be made of glass.

History 
Pipes were first used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies. When the English came to North America, they tried pipe smoking and liked it. They sent tobacco back to England.

Drug paraphernalia
Smoking
Thomas Tallis

Thomas Tallis (born c.1505; died Greenwich November 23 1585) was the most important English composer of his generation.

We know very little about Tallis’s youth.  He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey.  After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time. He was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. He had a job in the royal household until his death. He worked for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.

Tallis was an organist and composer.  He had to write music for the royal chapels.  He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of £91 12s a year (12s is 60p in modern money). That was a very good salary in those days.  In 1575, Queen Elizabeth I gave Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time). Tallis owned a house in Greenwich where he died in 1585.

In the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic. Voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time. Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler. In a lot of his music the choir sing homophonic music instead of using the older polyphony.  For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again.  This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon “Gaude gloriosa Dei mater” and a mass musical setting|mass “Puer natus est nobis”.  These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works.  After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe.  He wrote some very fine anthems.  Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.

One of his works is called Spem in Alium.  The choir divide into forty parts i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and each person sings a different line.  It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I’s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.

His Diliges Dominum is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called “Tallis’s canon”.

English composers
Renaissance composers
English organists
1505 births
1585 deaths
Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal
Homophony

Homophony means music in which the voices or instruments sing or play chords (chords are when two or more notes are played together.)  In homophonic music all the choir (sopranos, altos, tenors and basses) are singing the same words at the same time.  There is a tune on top and the lower parts are the accompaniment.  This is what happens in hymn singing. The opposite is polyphony.  Polyphonic writing is more complicated: the choir sing different melodic lines at the same time (see counterpoint).  The terms "homophony" (literally: "one sound")  and "polyphony" (literally: "many sounds") are mostly used for choir music.

In homophonic music it is easy to hear the words that are being sung.  In polyphonic music it is much harder for the listener to understand the words.  Composers often used polyphony when writing music for the mass because everyone knew the words anyway.  Homophonic music became more important when composers started to write operas and madrigals where a story is being told and the words must be heard clearly. 

Music theory
Technetium

Technetium is a radioactive chemical element that has the chemical symbol Tc and has the atomic number 43. It is the lightest synthetic element.

Chemistry of Technetium 
The color of technetium is silvery-grey and is a crystaline metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of technetium is similar to rhenium and manganese.

The isotope 99mTc is used in nuclear medicine. It is used for many diagnostic tests. It has a short half-life. 99Tc is used as a source of beta particles without emitting gamma rays. The ion that has oxygen and technetium bonded together (TcO4-) is named the pertechnetate ion. The pertechnetate ion could be used as to prevent anodic corrosion in steel.

History 
Before the element was found, many of the properties of element 43 were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev noticed a gap in his periodic table and named the element in the gap eka-manganese. In 1937 the technetium isotope 97Tc was the first element to be artificially produced. This was the reason why he named it Technetium as in Greek, τεχνητος means "artificial". Most technetium made on Earth is a by-product of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors. It is extracted from nuclear fuel rods. On earth, technetium occurs naturally only in uranium ores as a product of spontaneous fission. The amount of technetium in the ore is very small but has been measured. The longest half-life of Technetium is 4.2 million years (98Tc). This means that its detection in red giants in 1952 helped support the theory that stars can produce heavier elements.

Transition metals
Synthetic elements
Windows Neptune

Windows Neptune is a version of Microsoft Windows that was being made during 1999 and January 2000. Windows 2000 was released as an operating system for businesses and people that know how to use computers well. Windows Neptune was going to be a version of Windows 2000 that was easier for home users to use. Nobody knows if Microsoft was ever going to release Windows Neptune.  After Microsoft stopped developing it, some of its features were merged with Windows 2000's and a new project, "Whistler", was formed.  "Whistler" was later released as Windows XP.

Only one known confirmed version of Windows Neptune exists. which is Windows Neptune Build 5111.1. Windows Neptune Build 5111.1 exists on the Internet as an ISO image. It used to be hard to find, but now it can easily be found.

Other websites 
 Neptune: The Windows that wasn't  on Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows.

Microsoft operating systems
Alexander Lukashenko

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (born 30 August 1954) is the President of the country of Belarus. He has been its leader since 1994. He was the first leader of the country to be chosen by Belarus citizens. 

Before becoming the leader, he belonged to the law making section of the government. He was also in the military of the Soviet Union and ran a factory that made things to help farming.

He has been called "Europe's last dictator".

His re-election in 2020 was seen as controversial with many saying it was rigged and unfair. His re-election caused many to protest against the election results. After the contested election, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ukraine and the United States do not recognize him as the legitimate president of Belarus.

In July 2020, he said that he had COVID-19 after telling people that to avoid the disease they should drink vodka and go to a sauna.

Alexander Lukashenko is under the sanctions of the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand

References

1954 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Presidents of Belarus
Dictators
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Shelf

A shelf is a piece of furniture that is used for storing items.

It could also mean:
 Shelf (computing), a user interface feature in the NeXTSTEP operating system
 Shelf, West Yorkshire, a village in West Yorkshire, England
 Continental shelf, the extended perimeter of a continent, usually covered by shallow seas
 Ice shelf, a thick platform of ice floating on the ocean surface
 Light shelf A reflective element placed outside of a window to enhance room illumination by natural light
 Sulphur shelf, an edible mushroom
 Shelf cloud, a type of cloud associated with a thunderstorm gust front or cold front
 Shelf life, the length of time that perishable items are considered suitable for sale or consumption
 Shelf registration, a registration arrangement for the sale of securities

Basic English 850 words

de:Bauholz#Brett
Throat

The throat is a part of the body. The throat is connected to the mouth at the top and to the stomach at the bottom. The throat is where food travels after being eaten and chewed by the teeth. Fluid drinks, such as water, also travel through the throat to the stomach and on to the rest of the body.

Neck
Safe

The word safe has more than one meaning. 
Safe is the state a person or object is in when they are not in danger.
In the sport of baseball, a player is safe after he gets to a base without being touched by another player with the baseball. 
A safe is a place where people put important things to protect them from fire, theft, or both. A safe is usually a box-shaped container with a lock (although safes designed to protect from fire only sometimes don't have a lock). It is usually heavy and made of a strong substance such as steel. It is designed to resist attack from crowbars, hammers, drills, and other tools.

Basic English 850 words
Locks
Jelly

This article is for the dessert, Jelly. See jam for the condiment.
Jelly or Gelatin desert is a dessert item. It comes in different taste choices, or flavors, depending on what fruit or artificial flavor has been added. Jelly is a cold and solid food that is normally made from hot water and powder. The powder is made from gelatin and various additives.

Jelly can be added to foods like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

Naming and Spelling
Depending on where you live, gelatin may be called different things. In the United States and Canada, jelly is often called 'Jell-O'.  Jell-O is a brand of gelatin that has become a generic, or typical, name for gelatin desert.  In Commonwealth Nations like the United Kingdom and New Zealand, almost all gelatin is called jelly. Also, it is spelled gelatine.

'Jell-O Shots'
Sometimes, alcohol is added to jelly. You can make jello shots with almost any type of alcohol. Jello shots can be served in small glasses and can be any color depending on the other ingredients put into the Jell-O shot. The jello shot is also known as the poison rainbow.

Basic English 850 words
Desserts
Biophysics

Biophysics is a science where the laws of physics are used to study biology, the science on life and living things. Unlike biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where macromolecules or "large" groups of molecules are studied, biophysicists study single or small groups of molecules.

Related pages 
Bionics
Database of Molecular Motions
Nanotechnology

Branches of biology
Subfields of physics
Dendrology

Dendrology is the science of trees and other woody plants such as shrubs or lianas. The word "dendrology" comes from Greek words δένδρον meaning "tree" and λόγος meaning "study".

Trees
Branches of botany
Entomology

Entomology is the science of insects. People who study insects are called entomologists. Insects have been studied since prehistoric times, but it was not until as early as the 16th century that insects were scientifically studied.

Some entomologists study how insects are related to each other. Others study how insects live and reproduce because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects. Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food. There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonomists categorize the newly found.

Entomologists meet to talk about their study of insects and to share ideas, just as all scientists do.

Related pages 
 Arachnology

Branches of zoology
Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 — 16 November 1272) also known as Henry of Winchester and nicknamed the Pious, the Wise and later the Saint was the King of England from 1216 until his death in 1272. He was considered one of England's best kings. His long and mostly successful 56-year reign was the longest in medival English history.

Throughout his reign, England would experience peace, stability, and prosperity. Henry was extremely helpful, pious, and religious. He helped the poor people in England. He upgraded Westminster Abbey and re-isssued the Magna Carta. However in 1258, Henry became unpopular as the barons forced him to give up some of his power to them. In 1263, a baron whi was Henry's brother-in-law as he married one of Henry's sisters, Simeon de Montfort, defeated, imprisoned him and became the disputed ruler of the country. However, with the help of his son, Crown Prince Edward, Henry managed to escape captivity and killed de Montfort. Henry regained his powers from the barons. This made Henry popular again. However, in 1264, the barons rebelled against him starting the Second Barons' War. However, Heney defeated the barons in 1267.

Henry continued to be helpful, pious, and religious by continuing to help the poor people. He continues continued to rebuild Westminster Abbey and continue to improve life and health care in England. The people of England would once again experience peace, stability, and prosperity. In early 1272, Henry's health started to decline and on November of the same year, he died at the age of 65 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. Because Henry was a religious person, he was canonized two months after his death on 26 February 1273 by Pope Gregory X. Many historians view Henry as a weak but great king.

1207 births
1272 deaths
House of Plantagenet
Kings and Queens of England
Dukes and Duchesses of Aquitaine
13th century in England
Cell nucleus

The cell nucleus (plural: cell nuclei) contains the cell's genes and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It has a double layered nuclear membrane round it. The nucleus is usually the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus is small and round, and works as the cell's control center. It contains chromosomes which house the DNA. The human body contains billions of cells, most of which have a nucleus. 

All eukaryote organisms have nuclei in their cells, even the many eukaryotes that are single-celled. Bacteria and Archaea, which are prokaryotes, are single-celled organisms of a different type and do not have nuclei. Cell nuclei were first found by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century.

The nucleus has a membrane around it but the things inside it do not. Inside it are many proteins, RNA molecules, chromosomes and the nucleolus. In the nucleolus ribosomes are put together. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA into proteins.

When a cell is dividing or preparing to divide, the chromosomes become visible with a light microscope. At other times when the chromosomes are not visible, the nucleolus will be visible.

Nuclear membrane 
Large molecules cannot get through the double-layer nuclear membrane. However, nuclear pores exist. They control the movement of molecules across the membrane. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel. The larger molecules are actively transported by carrier proteins, and there is free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes.

Nucleolus 
Within the nucleus is a structure called a nucleolus. It is made at a nucleolus organizer region (NOR). This is a chromosomal region around which the nucleolus forms. Inside the nucleolus ribosomes are made. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm. There they  work to build proteins. They become attached to the endoplasmic reticulum if they are making membrane proteins.

References 

 
Cell biology
Organelles
Scotland Yard

Scotland Yard (officially New Scotland Yard) is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London.

Duties
This police force is responsible for the security in Greater London. They are not responsible for the square mile of the City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. Also, they are not responsible for the London Underground and National Rail networks, which are the responsibility of the British Transport Police. 

The name "New Scotland Yard" comes from the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place. This had a rear entrance on a street called Great Scotland Yard. The Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous. 

The New York Times wrote that, just as Wall Street gave its name to New York's financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London.

Buildings
The force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890 to a newly completed building on the Victoria Embankment right next to the Ministry of Defence. The name "New Scotland Yard" was adopted for the new headquarters. An adjacent building was completed in 1906. A third building was added in 1940. 

In 1967, the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) moved its headquarters from the three-building complex to a tall, newly constructed building on Broadway in Victoria. In summer 2013, it was announced that the force would move to a building on New Scotland Yard's previous site (1890–1967). The headquarters were renamed as 'Scotland Yard.' In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters. 
The words "New Scotland Yard" (in tall letters) can be seen in a photograph of the front of the building.

History

4 Whitehall Place
The Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, passed by Parliament in 1829. Peel selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. Previously a private house, 4 Whitehall Place () backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard.

New Scotland Yard is in a 20-storey office block on Broadway and Victoria Street in Westminster, about 450 metres away from the Houses of Parliament. The famous rotating sign, which is seen on television and in films, is outside the main doors on Broadway.

References

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Police stations
Buckingham Palace

Buckingham Palace is a palace in London. It is in the City of Westminster, in central London.

The Palace is the main official residence where the British monarch lives and works. The palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

Buckingham Palace was built in 1703 by John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normandy, as a townhouse residence in London. It was bought by the British royal family in 1761. It became the official London home of the family in 1837 and was greatly expanded in the 19th century. It has 775 rooms, 19 staterooms, and 78 bathrooms. Leading up to it is a ceremonial road called The Mall. A German bomb damaged the Palace during the London blitz.

The Palace's guard is changed every day at 11:01am.

References 

Palaces in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Royal residences in the United Kingdom

Grade I listed buildings in London
Amherst, Massachusetts

Amherst is a town in the American state of Massachusetts. It is in Hampshire County. There are three colleges in Amherst. It is named after Sir Jeffrey Amherst. It has a population of about 30,000 people.

References

Other websites 
Town of Amherst Official Site
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Amherst College
Hampshire College
Amherst Bulletin newspaper
Amherst Area Chamber of Commerce

Towns in Massachusetts
1703 establishments
1700s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Massachusetts
2008 Summer Olympics

The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, were celebrated in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24. The opening ceremony began at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. During the games, 10,500 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports.

The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after a vote of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic character jīng (京, meaning capital), meaning the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, One World, One Dream, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs were also recognised by the IOC.

The Chinese government used the games to promote China as an important and powerful country, and spent a lot of money on building new facilities and transportation systems for the games. The events were held in 37 venues, including 12 newly built buildings. In 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said that he thinks that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history". Although there was some controversy about having the games in China, the IOC's former president Jacques Rogge said that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.

Medal table 
At the end of the Olympics, China won the total gold medal count, while the United States led the grand total medal count.

Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.

Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. China, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.

Notes

References 

 
2008 in China
Pierre de Fermat

Pierre de Fermat (17 August 1601 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician. Many people see him as the father of modern calculus.

His method of finding the biggest and smallest ordinates of curved lines also makes him a contributor to differential calculus, which was not known at that time. His studies in the theory of numbers give him the rank of the founder of the modern theory. He also made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability and optics.

He is also famous for making a simple mathematical statement (known as Fermat's Last Theorem) that he said he could prove, but he never wrote down his proof. Mathematicians tried to prove it for hundreds of years before finally managing it. Fermat probably did not really have a proof for this theorem, and only thought he did.

He proposed his principle on light which states that light selects the path which takes least time to travel.This principle was famous as Fermat principle.

1601 births
1665 deaths
French number theorists
Gottfried Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also Leibnitz or von Leibniz) 1 July 1 (21 June OS) 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German intellectual who wrote mostly in French and Latin.
He played an important role in both philosophy and mathematics. He invented calculus independently of Newton, and his notation for derivatives is the one in general use since then. He also invented the binary system, foundation of modern computers.

Works
He was taught law and philosophy. He served as secretary to two major German noble houses: one became the British royal family while he served it. Leibniz played a major role in the European politics and diplomacy of his day.

Philosophy
In philosophy, he is most remembered for optimism. He thought our universe is the best possible one God could have made. He was one of the great 17th century rationalists. René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza are the other two. His philosophy also both looks back to the Scholastic tradition and anticipates modern logic and analysis.

Technology
Leibniz also made contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated ideas which surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, and information science. He wrote on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Sometimes, he even wrote in verse. His contributions are scattered in journals and in tens of thousands of letters and unpublished manuscripts. There is no complete edition of Leibniz's writings, and a complete account of his accomplishments is not yet possible. Leibniz is sometimes known as the last "universal genius".
Leibniz is perhaps most famous for his involvement in development of calculus independent of Isaac Newton and creation of Leibniz Notation which is the standard form of calculus today.

Related pages 

 German philosophy

References 

1646 births
1716 deaths
17th-century German philosophers
18th-century German philosophers
German mathematicians
Writers from Leipzig
Optimism

Optimism is a philosophy and a way of life. Optimists believe that the world is generally a positive place to be in. In the view of an optimist, people and things are good. Many liberal optimists do not believe in original sin. 

Optimism basically looks on the positive side, believing things will work out in the end. When a person is optimistic, it doesn't mean that they never doubt themselves. They might have a bad day or two. They recognize that they can make things better; there is a lesson to be learned from this, and they will move on. 

The opposing theory is called pessimism. Gottfried Leibnitz was a famous optimist. Arthur Schopenhauer is often considered to be a famous pessimist.

Optimism is associated with the idea of a glass looking "half full", instead of looking "Half empty". Optimism is also a habit of looking on the bright side of a situation

Refrences 

Philosophical movements and positions
Pessimism

Pessimism is an attitude of mind and a way to look at life. Pessimists believe that generally things are bad, and the world people live in is the worst possible world.

Someone who uses the philosophy is called a pessimist, they are the opposite of an optimist.

An example of pessimism is seeing that a glass of water is "half empty", not "half full".

Related pages
Antinatalism
Childfree
Ecclesiastes
Existential crisis
Emil Cioran
Giacomo Leopardi
Arthur Schopenhauer
Misanthropy
Nihilism

Epistemology
Emotions
Philosophical movements and positions
Fenrir

In Norse mythology, Fenrir (Old Norse: “he who dwells in the marshes”), also known as Fenrisúlfr (Old Norse: “Fenrir's wolf”), or Vanargand ("Monster of the River Van"), is a giant, monstrous wolf, son of Loki and the giantess Angrboða, and the brother of Hel and Jörmungandr. 

Fenrir was tied up by the gods but was destined to break free from his bonds and devour Odin during Ragnarök, after which he is killed by Odin's son, Víðarr. 

Fenrir has two sons, Hati ('hate') and Skoll.

The Legend of Fenrir
Odin found out about a prophecy that the children of Loki and Angora would cause trouble for the gods. He had Fenrir brought to him along with its brother Jörmungandr and its sister Hel. 

After throwing Jörmungandr into the sea and sending Hel into the land of the dead, Odin had the wolf raised among the Æsir. Only the god Týr was brave enough to feed the growing monster. The wolf got stronger and stronger. The gods were scared that he would eventually destroy them. They tried to chain it up. He agreed to be chained two times. Both times he easily broke the chains. 

Odin had the dwarfs make the chain Gleipnir ("deceiver" or "entangler"). It looked like a silken ribbon but was made of six magical ingredients: the sound of a cat's step, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, bear's sensibility, fish's breath, and bird's spittle.

The gods challenged Fenrir to break this chain as well. The wolf saw how thin and well made Gleipnir was and thought it was a trick. He agreed to try and break the chain, but only if one of the gods would put his hand in the wolf's mouth. He believed this would force them to free him if he could not break the chain. Only Týr was willing to put his hand in the wolf's mouth. Fenrir tried to break the chain. The more he tried, the tighter the chain held him. When the gods would not free him, the wolf bit off Týr's hand at the wrist. 

It is said that at Ragnarök, the wolf will break free. He will join forces with the enemies of the gods and will then eat Odin. After that Viðarr, Odin's son, will slay the wolf to avenge his father's death.

Other names and spellings

Fenrisúlfr
Vanargand, (anglicized), "Monster of The River" 
Hróðvitnir, 'the famous wolf'
Fenris Wolf (an English translation of Fenrisulfr)
Fenrisulf (an Anglicized form)
Fenris (not found in the Old Norse sources)
Fenrisulven (modern Norwegian, Swedish and Danish form)pir
Fenrisúlvur (Faroese)

Norse mythology
Legendary creatures
Russell Crowe

Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964) is an actor and singer with New Zealand citizenship who lives in Australia. He is most well known for the movie Gladiator. This movie gave him his fame in America. He won the academy award (Oscar) for Best actor in 2001, for acting in Gladiator. He also starred as Jor-El in the 2013 movie Man of Steel.

Crowe had attended Auckland Grammar School before moving to Australia.

He is married to Danielle Spencer. She is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress. They have two sons, Charles Spencer Crowe (born 2003) and Tennyson Spencer Crowe (born 2006).

Other websites 

 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Sydney
Actors from Wellington
Australian movie actors
Australian rock musicians
Australian singers
Australian television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand television actors
New Zealand voice actors
New Zealand stage actors
New Zealand singers
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1964 births
Living people
Renin

Renin is an enzyme that is made by the kidneys. It is released into the circulatory system to raise blood pressure. This causes more blood to be sent to the kidneys.

Related pages
Peptide hormone

Enzymes