alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Madeline

Madeline is a popular children's book series. It was written by American author Ludwig Bemelmans. The first book in the series, Madeline, was published in 1939. The book was very successful. In the 1940s and 1950s, Bemelmans wrote many more sequels to the original. Bemelman’s grandson, John Bemelmans-Mariano, writes the series of books to this day. There are 16 Madeline books. The books were later made into a television series and a movie.

In two straight lines...
The books and the television show describe the adventures of  Madeline's life in the late 1940s in France.  Madeline is the smallest and youngest girl at her school. She is also the liveliest and the most popular. Madeline is not afraid of anything. She laughs at tigers in the zoo and taunts bullies. She even runs away to join a circus. She is also a very kind friend to the rest of the children at her school, and never loses her smile. Madeline attends a convent school in the heart of France with eleven other students. They leave the house at half past nine every morning in rain or shine. Miss Clavel is their teacher and a nun. The girls of her school mean more to her than anything. Miss Clavel is worried about Madeline because she is an orphan and has no family.

Although Madeline is set in France, with French accents, it is very popular all over the world, especially in the United States and in the Philippines, where a Filipino version was aired in the TV station ABS-CBN. Madeline has many internet pages including an official website and fan club.

Other websites 
 Official Madeline website
 
 
 

Series of books
American children's books
1939 books

es:Madeline
Professional

A professional is someone who has a specialised job which only very well trained people can perform, such as  Doctors, lawyers, and teachers. These occupations are known as professional occupations. They may often get paid more than other people. In sport, a professional is someone who is paid to play. For example, Petra Kvitová and Tim Cahil are professional sportspeople.

The word "professional" is often used as an adjective, e.g.
 "He did a thoroughly professional job" (meaning: a very good one, even if he was not a professional).
 "His behaviour was always professional" (meaning: he behaved in a proper way, like someone of his profession should).
The opposite of "professional" in this sense is: "unprofessional".

Another word that is the opposite of "professional" is "amateur". This means that someone does not get paid for the job he is doing (even if he may be doing it very well).
Apartment

An apartment (US English) or flat (British English) is a place to live that is only part of a larger building. Usually it is a group of rooms on one floor of a building in a city, where land is too expensive for people to have separate houses. An apartment that people own is called a condominium or "condo". A lesser known ownership structure for apartments is housing cooperatives. A rented has an owner called a landlord who charges money ("rent money" or "rent") from the people who live there ("tenants").

An apartment building or block of flats may have a few or many apartments. Each apartment is a separate room or set of rooms for people to live in. Sometimes an apartment will only be one small room, and tenants will have to share other rooms like the bathroom and kitchen. Other times, tenants will only share an entrance hallway with different doors leading to each apartment. This shared area is often cared for by a janitor or caretaker.

An apartment complex or housing estate is a group of apartment buildings. In an apartment complex, all of the apartment buildings are usually made in a similar way.

In many apartments, the tenants only pay the landlord for renting the apartment, and they have to pay other people to provide utilities like electricity and heat. In some apartments, especially the ones in apartment complexes, the tenants will have to pay more to rent the apartment, but in return the landlord will give them things like utilities, laundry rooms (where people wash their clothing), exercise rooms, and parking spaces for bicycles, motorcycles, and cars.

An apartment complex may also provide recreational facilities such as a swimming pool, mini golf course, movie theater, bowling alley and others

Apartment buildings are more common in cities than houses, because there is less room in a city to fit buildings. Building a house for one family in a dense city would cost an enormous amount of money compared to building a house outside of a city.

Kinds of apartments

In a studio apartment, there is a single large room instead of separate rooms for the living room, bedroom, and other areas. Usually the bathroom is a separate room.

Apartments can be classed according to how many bedrooms and bathrooms they have (e.g. one bedroom apartment, two bedroom apartment one bed one bath apartment, etc.).

Apartments can also be named by the type of building they are in (like high-rise apartments, etc.)

A garden apartment building is usually no more than three stories high and grouped around a courtyard. Sometimes a garden apartment has its own building entrance.

Communal apartments are single-room units in countries that practice or practiced Marxist-Leninism. In these apartments, all the units on a floor share a bathroom and kitchen

Loft apartments are units converted from a warehouse or factory.

In the United Kingdom, a bedsit is a one-room apartment that does not have its own bathroom.

A duplex apartment is on two floor levels

Triplex apartments have three levels.

Penthouses are luxurious apartments on the top floors of the building.

Accommodations
Blouse

A blouse is a dress shirt for women that fits loosely. In the past, men, women, and children wore blouses. These loose shirts often had a belt or tie at the waist.

Tops (clothing)
Pocket

A pocket is a bag which is part of an item of clothing, reached through an opening in the clothing. The fabric of the clothing is shaped to make these little pouches or purses which are very handy for keeping small amounts of money and other small objects for daily use.

Pockets can be on pants, shirts, skirts, or dresses. Pockets come in very different styles, shapes, closed or unclosed with zippers or buttons. Some styles of clothing though, do not have pockets.

Basic English 850 words
Dress shirt

A dress shirt is a shirt worn by men with a necktie in order to have a professional appeal and to look dignified in a crowd. In England, this is a term for a shirt that is worn with a tuxedo.

Tops (clothing)
Gilmore Girls

Gilmore Girls is an American television series. It is about a single mother Lorelai Victoria Gilmore (Lauren Graham) and her teenage daughter Lorelai “Rory” Leigh Gilmore (Alexis Bledel). They live together in a fictional small town called Stars Hollow, Connecticut. The show aired on television from October 5, 2000 until May 15, 2007. Gilmore Girls was created by Amy Sherman-Palladino. She also acted as the executive producer during the first six series with her husband Daniel Palladino. The show first aired on The WB network and moved to the CW network when the WB merged with UPN.

Gilmore Girls episodes are an hour long. It has very witty storylines that explored family, generational divides, love, and friendship. It has the makings of a comedy because of the fast-paced dialogue, the wild references and sense of humour that was in the program. Gilmore Girls is set in Stars Hollow, a fictional town where everyone knew each other and many strange types of people walked the streets.

Characters

Other websites 
 Official Site 
 
 Episode reviews and comments  from TelevisionWithoutPity.com

2000 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American drama television series
American teen drama television series
Movies set in Connecticut
Television series about families
Television series set in Connecticut
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
Nasal cavity

The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.

Function
The nose cavity is divided into a right and left passageway. The tissue that covers the wall of your nasal cavity contains many blood vessels. Heat from the blood in the vessels helps warm the air as you breathe. Moisture (small amount of water) is added to the air you breath by special cells in the walls of the nasal cavity. The air is warmed and moistened before it reaches your lungs.
Cilia (small hairs) and mucus along the inside wall of the nasal cavity trap and remove dust and germs from the air as it flows through the nasal cavity. The cilia move the mucus down the nasal cavity to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed.

Location
The nasal cavity is covered by the nasal bone. The top of the inside of the mouth separates the nasal cavity from the mouth. 
The nasal cavity is divided in two by a vertical fin called the nasal septum. On the sides of the nasal cavity are three horizontal outgrowths called turbinates. These turbinates guide the air through the nasal cavity. The vomeronasal organ is found at the back of the septum and has a role in finding pheromones.

Diseases
Diseases of the nasal cavity include viral infections and nasal cavity cancer. Picking your nose can lead to bloody noses as well.

Other websites

 Gross anatomy dissection of the nasal cavity, video   and  
Nose
Anatomy of the respiratory system
Daniel Radcliffe

Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989) is a British actor. He is best known for playing Harry in the movies based on J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter books.

Career
Radcliffe started acting in school plays when he was in primary school. When he was 10 years old, he played the part of the young David Copperfield in the television show David Copperfield. 

In 2001, he played Mark Pendel in the movie Tailor of Panama. Later that year, he was chosen to play Harry Potter in the movie Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (called Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in the United States). He also played Harry in the other Harry Potter movies.

Filmography
 2001: The Tailor of Panama
 2001: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
 2002: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
 2004: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
 2005: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 2007: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
 2007: December Boys
 2009: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
 2010: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part I
 2011: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II
 2012: The Woman in Black
 2013: Kill Your Darlings
 2013: Horns

References

Other websites
 
 DanRadcliffe.co.uk 
 DanRadcliffe.com 
 Daniel Radcliffe interview for Order of the Phoenix at TheCinemaSource.com

1989 births
Living people
Actors from London
British atheists
British child actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Hammersmith
European Jews
Juice

Juice is a liquid that comes from plants, animals or fruit. The juice from fruit is often made into a drink. Some fruits that are often made into drinks are apple, orange, tomato, pineapple, grapefruit, guava, mango, passionfruit, watermelon, cranberry, grape, lemon and lime, but there are many others. 

In the United Kingdom the name of a fruit or fruits followed by juice can only legally be used to describe something which is 100% fruit juice. This is because of the Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (England) Regulations and the Fruit Juices & Fruit Nectars (Scotland) Regulations 2003.

Juice can be bought from a store, already in bottles. Companies sell fruit juice just like any other drink. Juices are made by squeezing the juice out of the fruit.

If something has a lot of juice in it, it is said to be juicy. Juice does not have to be a drink. It can just be a liquid contained in something.

Some Juices could be healthy. Orange juice has vitamin C, folic acid, and potassium which may help prevent various diseases.

References 

Drinks
Morning

Morning is time periode of the day from midnight to noon (00:00:01-11:59:59). Morning is usually cooler than afternoon (12:00:01-17:59:59).

Morning activities
Many people use the morning as a time to get ready for the day. This includes things like taking a shower, eating a meal (called breakfast, because you break the fast of the night) and getting dressed. Then many people go to work or school. 

Many people buy a morning newspaper to read about what is going on in the world.

References

Basic English 850 words
Parts of a day
Disinfectant

Disinfectant is a liquid used to destroy and kill unwanted germs and parasites. It is often used in the activity of cleaning, especially in bathrooms and kitchens, as they are the areas most likely to be contaminated with dangerous microorganisms.  Disinfectants are dangerous liquids and should be used carefully because they can be deadly to humans and animals when in large amounts; it is also different to antiseptics for this reason - disinfectants can only be used on non-living things, while antiseptics are not strong enough to combat the germs disinfectant fights. 

Types of Disinfectant
Disinfectant types are classified based on various types of applications. 
Different disinfectants are used differently. 

Four types of disinfectant:
 Air Disinfectant – These types of disinfectants are applicable in hospitals.
 Phenols – These are household types of disinfectants.
 Alcohol – These are surface disinfection type.
 Oxidizing Agents – These are water treatment types of disinfectants.  

Healthy lifestyle
Hygiene
Floor

A floor is a horizontal surface inside a building. People walk on a floor. A floor can be made of many different materials, including concrete, tiling, or wooden floorboards. People often put carpets on a floor. 

The word "floor" can also mean the level in a building. Another word for this is "storey".

The way these levels are numbered may be different in different countries. In Britain and most of Europe, the ground level floors are called the "ground floor", the next level is called the "first floor". In most of the United States, Russia and China, the floor at ground level is called the "first floor", the next level is called the "second floor". This can be confusing for people visiting other countries.

Gymnasts also perform an event on floor. The women perform a routine to music, and the men perform a routine without music.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Architectural elements
Only Fools and Horses

Only Fools and Horses is a British comedy series sitcom. It is set in Peckham, south London. It was shown on BBC One and GOLD from 1981 to 2003.

Cast
David Jason as "Del Boy"
Nicholas Lyndhurst as Rodney
Buster Merryfield as Uncle Albert
Lennard Pearce as Grandad
Roger Lloyd Pack as Trigger
John Challis as Boycie
Tessa Peake-Jones as Raquel
Kenneth McDonald as Mike Fisher
Gwyneth Strong as Cassandra Trotter
Paul Barber as Denzil Tulser
Sue Holderness as Marlene Boyce
Patrick Murray as Mickey Pearce
Roy Heather as Sid
Jim Broadbent as Roy Slater
Benjamin Smith & Doulgas Hodge as Damien Trotter
Denis Lill as Alan Perry
Gerry Cowper as Lisa

1981 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
1980s British sitcoms
1990s British sitcoms
2000s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Television series about brothers
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
Ateneo de Manila University

The Ateneo de Manila University (also called "Ateneo de Manila" or simply "the Ateneo") is a private university run by the Society of Jesus in the Philippines. Its main campus is at Loyola Heights in Quezon City, Metro Manila. It offers elementary, secondary, undergraduate, and graduate level education. It teaches many things, for example Arts, Humanities, Business, Law, Social Sciences, Theology, and Pure and Applied Sciences.

Institution 
The Ateneo de Manila University has three campuses in Metro Manila. Several thousand teachers teach students of different ages, from elementary to postgraduate. The Loyola Schools have around 7,500 undergraduate students and around 3,000 graduate students, making the Ateneo small, in number of students, compared to many other Philippine universities.

The university began in 1859 when the City of Manila turned over the Escuela Municipal, a public primary school in Intramuros, to Spanish Jesuits. The school took the name Ateneo when it began teaching secondary education in 1865, and it has since grown into a university.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines
Jerry Seinfeld

Jerry Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954) is an American comedian and actor.

Seinfeld is known by many people for his television show, Seinfeld, which he created, wrote and acted in. The show won many awards. These included the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards.

Seinfeld wrote the movie Bee Movie. He was the voice of Barry B. Benson.

Seinfeld was born in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. His father, Kalmen Seinfeld (1918–1985), was of Austrian Jewish background. His mother, Betty (1915- ), is of Syrian Jewish descent.

Work

Film

Television

Stand-up home video appeareances

Video games

Discography 
Comedy specials

Directing

Bibliography 
SeinLanguage (1993)
Halloween (2002)
Is This Anything? (2020)

Writing credits for Seinfeld

The list below only includes episodes mainly written by Seinfeld, as he (and Larry David in Seasons 1 through 7) rewrote the drafts for each episode.

References

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American actors
20th-century American comedians
Actors from New York City
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Seinfeld
Subtropical Storm Nicole (2004)

Subtropical Storm Nicole was the fourteenth named storm and first subtropical cyclone to form during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first subtropical storm to be given a name from the standard hurricane naming list and be considered a subtropical cyclone in real-time. The storm never made landfall as a subtropical cyclone, though its remnants affected Anticosti Island, just off of the provinces of Prince Edward Island and Quebec.

Storm history

Nicole began with an upper tropospheric trough and a decaying frontal system over the southwestern North Atlantic in early October. By October 8, a broad area of surface low pressure formed about 400 miles (640 km) southeast of Bermuda. The system soon began to produce gale-force winds, affecting Bermuda on October 9. Early the next day, the National Hurricane Center said that the low-pressure system had sufficient tropical characteristics to be classified as a subtropical storm, and was given the name Nicole.

Steadily tracking over cooler waters toward the northwest, Nicole lost all of its tropical characteristics and was declared fully extratropical on October 11, 345 miles (555 km) south-southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Canadian Hurricane Centre continued to issue advisories on what was then called Post-tropical Storm Nicole, which had now merged with a stronger mid-latitude cyclone. This  weather system produced heavy rainfall across the Maritimes near Anticosti Island on October 14.

Impact
No damage or fatalities were reported, for that Nicole never made landfall or directly affected any land areas. It brought light rain to Bermuda and briefly threatened it before heading northeast. Its remnants combined with a stronger cyclone affecting Anticosti Island in Canada; however, no significant damage was caused in the area.

Records 
Since 2002, subtropical storms have been given names from the same naming sequence as tropical storms. As such, Nicole was the first named subtropical storm to get a name under this rule. Many subtropical cyclones between 1975 and 2001 with a sufficiently tropical nature were either considered fully tropical storms or numbered. Initially, however, the phonetic alphabet was used to name subtropical cyclones.

Related pages
Subtropical cyclone
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Other websites 
For official forecasts, see the NHC's public advisory archive on Subtropical Storm Nicole.

 NHC 2004 Tropical Cyclone Archive
U.S. Rainfall from Tropical Cyclones in 2004 
 NOAA hurricane season outlook 
 William Gray's 2004 preseason forecast 
 Tropical cyclone images and movies - Northern hemisphere 2004, from the United Kingdom Met Office 
 Effects of the Third-Quarter Hurricanes on Income Measures 
 Gary Padgett May 2004 Summary - Hispaniola Low 
 The Hurricane Hut  - Detailed Information on All the Storms of 2004
 Nicole's Tropical Cyclone Report 

Subtropical cyclones
Hurricanes in Bermuda
2004 Atlantic hurricane season
2004 in Canada
2000s in Bermuda
2004 in the United States
Cyanide

6Cyanides are chemicals that contain the cyano-group C≡N. Organic compounds that contain the CN group are called nitriles. In that group a carbon atom has three chemical bonds to a nitrogen atom. The group is present in many substances. Those substances that can release the compound CN are highly poisonous.

Certain bacteria, fungi and algae are able to produce cyanides. Cyanides are also found in certain foods or plants, such as cassava. The cyanides serve as a defense against being eaten by herbivores. 

In popular culture, cyanides are said to be highly toxic. There are some cyanides that  are, but others that are not. Prussian blue, a cyanide compound, is given as a treatment to poisoning with thallium and caesium, for example.

The poisons referred to are usually hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the chemicals which are similar to it, like potassium cyanide (KCN), and sodium cyanide (NaCN). They are derivatives of hydrogen cyanide. The single most hazardous compound is hydrogen cyanide, which is a gas and kills by inhalation. cyanide smells like bitter almonds when near.

Antidote 
Hydroxocobalamin reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This antidote kit is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006.

References 

Carbon compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Poisons
Ions
Kindergarten

Kindergarten, literally meaning "children's garden", is the first stage in the move from home to formal education. Children learn through play. In most countries kindergarten is part of the pre-school system. In North America and some parts of Australia kindergarten is the first year of school. Kindergarten children are usually between three and seven years of age. Kindergarten ages vary from country to country. In Malaysia, for example, kindergarten children are six and when they are seven years old they go to primary school.

The name kindergarten was coined by Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852). His work influenced early-years education around the world. 

Sometimes, children go to pre-kindergarten for a year, before they go to kindergarten. Pre-kindergarten is more common in United States, Canada, and Turkey than other countries.

Types of educational institutions
Crash Bandicoot (character)

Crash Bandicoot is a video game character from the video game series with the same name, where he is the hero. He is a bandicoot who acts like a human, wearing blue jeans and trainers.

Other websites 
 Crash on Naughty Dog.com
 Official site of the Vivendi Universal
 European site of the Vivendi Universal

Video game protagonists
Crash Bandicoot games
Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in 1996
Elbląg

Elblag ( ) is a city in northern Poland on the eastern edge of the Żuławy region with 124,257 inhabitants (December 31, 2011). Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province and in Poland.

Geometry
Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east of Gdańsk and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city is a port on the river Elbląg, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km (6 mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is located on the river Elbląg connecting Lake Drużno to the Vistula Lagoon, about 10 km (6 mi) from the lagoon and 60 km (37 mi) from Gdańsk.

Famous people who live there
 Hans von Bodeck (1582–1658), diplomat and Chancellor of Brandenburg
 John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), educator
 Ursula Karusseit (1939– ), actress

Cities in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
500 Series Shinkansen

The 500 Series Shinkansen is a high-speed train in Japan.  They run on the Shinkansen lines. They were retired from the primary Nozomi service in 2010.  They now run the all-stations Kodama service between Shin-Osaka and Hakata.

All 500 Series have 16 cars. Each train cost about 5 billion yen. Only nine were built.

References

High-speed trains
Shinkansen
Balaton

Balaton is the largest lake in Hungary and in Central Europe. Every year many tourists come to Balaton from Germany. There are many places to be visited. Balaton is a shallow lake, because its average depth is 3.2 meters and its maximum depth is 12.2 meters. The northern part of Balaton is deeper than the southern part.

The so-called capital of the Lake Balaton is Siófok. During the summer the streets are full of life, and at night there are several discos.

Images

References

Lakes of Hungary
Ceres (dwarf planet)

Ceres, also known as 1 Ceres (symbol: ), is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt.

It was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres, as the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.

With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. It was once thought to be smaller than Vesta, which is brighter.  The asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Ceres is located at 2.8 AU (257 million miles) from the Sun, which makes it the closest dwarf planet to the Sun. It is also the only dwarf planet in the Solar System than has no moons.

On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta. In 2015, Dawn became the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before NASA's New Horizons spacecraft visited Pluto, another dwarf planet.

Ceres has an unusual crater, Occator which contains bright salts.

Images

Related pages 
 Ceres
 List of planets

References 

Ceres
Aquarium

An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a place where fish and other animals that live in water are kept by humans. An aquarium can be a small tank, or a large building with one or more large tanks.

Keeping an aquarium is a popular hobby around the world. Careful aquarists (people who keeps aquariums) make sure their fish live in an environment similar to their natural habitats. This means caring about water quality, lighting, and food.

Large public aquariums are often popular with tourists. They show the fish and other animals they keep in large tanks, and also often protect species that are close to extinction. An example of a public aquarium is Sydney Aquarium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

History 
The artificial fish habitat  have existed since ancient times. Sumerians kept fishes in ponds before cooking them.
Earle Page

Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page (8 August 1880 – 20 December 1961) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister when Joseph Lyons died in office. He remained until a new leader, Robert Menzies, was elected by the United Australia Party.

Page, Earle
Politicians from New South Wales
1880 births
1961 deaths
Monarchists
National Party of Australia politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Ronin

Ronin (浪人) is the word used to describe a kind of samurai without a master. Hundreds of years ago in Japan, it was very important for every samurai to have a master.

It also refers to somebody who has failed their university entrance exams and is studying for the next year's exams.

Samurai
İsmet Özel

İsmet Özel (born 19 September 1944, in Kayseri) is a Turkish poet. He was born in Kayseri, Turkey.

He started his university degree at Political Science Faculty of Ankara University. He graduated from the French language department at Hacettepe University.

In 1970, he published a literature magazine Halkın Dostları with Ataol Behremoğlu, a Turkish poet and Russian linguist. In fact, Ataol Behramoğlu purified his poetry by leaving out crude propaganda and naive didacticism.

1944 births
Living people
Turkish poets
Acarology

Acarology is the study of mites and ticks. A person who studies acarology is an acarologist.

Branches of zoology
Fredrik Reinfeldt

John Fredrik Reinfeldt (born August 4, 1965) was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 2006 to 2014. He was also the leader of the Moderate Party. The Moderate Party is the largest of the four political parties in the Swedish government, but the second largest in the parliament following the Swedish Social Democratic Party and their leader Stefan Löfven.

Reinfeldt lost his re-election to Stefan Löfven as Prime Minister. Reinfeldt also announced that he was resigning his position as leader of the Moderate Party.

1965 births
Living people
European Union politicians
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Coat of arms of Russia

The coat of arms of Russia (Russian: Герб России/Transkription Gerb rossi) has been used since the year 1993 as the coat of arms of Russia. Since the year 2000 it was defined by court decision as the coat of arms of Russia. It is based on the coat of arms used before the Soviet Union. It has been changed many times, but can be traced back for centuries.

Objects

Double Eagle
The double eagle was added by Ivan IIII after his marriage with the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleologue. She was the niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor. The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Byzantine Empire. The orb and scepter held by the eagle are heraldic symbols of sovereign power and autocracy.

Other part
The horse's rider is Saint George fighting a dragon. The three crowns were added in 1625.  Through time, their meaning has changed. They have been seen as the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, or as the coming together of 'All the Russias' - Grand Russia (Russia), Little Russia (today's Ukraine) and White Russia (Belarus). In the modern time, they became the symbol for the three parts of government: Executive, legislative and Judiciary.
Russia
National symbols of Russia
Metallica (album)

Metallica (also known informally as The Black Album) is the fifth studio album by thrash metal band Metallica. It was released in 1991 by Elektra Records. It debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, making Metallica the band's first album to do so. Currently, Metallica has sold over 15 million copies in the United States alone. It is the band's most successful album.

The album was hard for the band to make. Ulrich, Hammett and Newsted got divorces with their wives because of the stress.

Six singles were released from the album: "Enter Sandman", "The Unforgiven", "Nothing Else Matters", "Wherever I May Roam", "Sad but True", and "Don't Tread on Me". "Enter Sandman" was the best-selling. It won Best Metal Video at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.

The album won a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992.

In 2012 Metallica played the whole album in their 2012 European Black Album Tour from the end to the start.

Track listing 
 "Enter Sandman" - 5:29
 "Sad But True" - 5:24
 "Holier Than Thou" - 3:47
 "The Unforgiven" - 6:26
 "Wherever I May Roam" - 6:42
 "Don't Tread On Me" - 3:59
 "Through the Never" - 4:01
 "Nothing Else Matters" - 6:29
 "Of Wolf And Man" - 4:16
 "The God That Failed" - 5:05
 "My Friend of Misery" - 6:47
 "The Struggle Within" - 3:51

References 

Metallica albums
1991 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Rainbow trout

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of fish. It is farmed in some places. Like species of trout, the rainbow trout is related to salmon. The rainbow trout is one of many different kinds of trout. It is called a rainbow trout because its scales are colorful and shiny.

Other websites

Map showing endangered species status of West Coast steelhead 

Salmoniformes
Edible fish
Fat-tailed gerbil

The fat-tailed gerbil (Pachyuromys duprasi) is a species of gerbil. Its tail becomes fatter when it eats something. Then it uses it when food becomes scarce. They can live 5 to 7 years in captivity. It is from Africa.

They can survive a long time without drinking because they are adapted to a dry climate. 

They bury themselves under the sand until night so that there are not as many predators that will attack them.

Rodents
Goku

Goku is the protagonist of the manga and anime Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama. He is a Saiyan who likes having a great challenge towards enemies.

Appearances 
Goku is the main protagonist of the dragon Ball franchise. He starts off as young boy and meets a teenage girl named Bulma.

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Flowers for Algernon

Flowers for Algernon is a book written by Daniel Keyes in 1960.

The main character of the book is Charlie Gordon, an unintelligent but lovable person. Charlie is used in part of a new experiment to triple his IQ.  He becomes intelligent, and learns to read and enjoy the world around him better.  But later, people stop liking him as much because he makes them feel bad.  He learns that it is more important to be a good person than a smart person. He frequents a class for feeble minded folks taught by a teacher named Miss Kinnian. While Charlie's IQ grows so does his love for her. He finds himself in a state of depression, unhappy and unsatisfied with his new artificial IQ.

The title of the book comes from a mouse in the story named Algernon who also has the experiment done on him.

Flowers for Algernon is on many schools' lists of books that students must read.

References 

1960 books
Science fiction books
Soapstone

Soapstone or steatite is a metamorphic rock.  It has a large amount of the mineral talc.

Steatite is softer than most stones.  Because steatite feels like soap, people call it "soapstone".  People have been making things out of soapstone for thousands of years.

Soapstone has been a major component of ceramics used as electrical component insulators for many years. It is easily formed or carved into shapes.

During the Harappan/Indus civilization (2500 BC1750 BC) soapstone was used in the manufacture of seals. These people used to import steatite from Shaher-i-sokhta and the Kirthar hills.

Metamorphic rocks
Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494. The countries decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between Portugal and Spain. However, Natives had no say in this treaty. The Spanish Pope Alexander VI was the Pope at the time of the treaty. The Pope drew an imaginary line on a map. This line was 2,193 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands. He gave Portugal the land to the east of this line and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. The purpose of the treaty was to resolve conflict.    

King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile of Spain signed this treaty in Tordesillas, Spain. This is where the treaty got its name. Spain governed the territories West of the line and Portugal governed the territories east of the line. The two countries mostly followed the treaty.     

This treaty was an important event during the age of discovery and colonization. Natives did not acknowledge the treaty. The treaty also connected to the discovery doctrine. This doctrine said that European Christians had the right to colonize new lands. It did not matter who lived there first. It only mattered that a Christian first settled there. So the first Christian to settle in land would have a right to that land. Both Portugal and Spain respected this doctrine.     

Great Britain (1600) and the Netherlands (1602) soon joined the Portuguese and Spanish in exploring the world at the beginning of the 17th century. With these new countries, the Treaty was broken and more or less 'canceled'. By this time, Portugal's limited resources made it weaker. Portugal could no longer control its Asian colonies. It no longer had trading superiority. In time, the French, Danes, Swedes and later the Americans joined the earlier Europeans in colonizing South and East Asia. Protestantism did not regard the Pope's authority in the treaty.

The Treaty lasted a short time, but had indirect impacts. It changed Spanish and Portuguese exploration of the New World. The treaty in part explains why the Portuguese-speaking part of South America became one country called Brazil. The regions in South America more to the West speak Spanish.The Spanish-speaking colonies split up into many different independent countries including Argentina, Colombia, and many others.

References 

15th century in Spain
History of South America
Tordesillas
1494
History of Portugal
Spanish Empire
Portuguese Empire
Second (disambiguation)

Second stands for:
 a unit for time; See: Second
 Two is the second positive whole number. 
 Arcsecond, a unit of angle
 Second of right ascension, in astronomy
 Second (parliamentary procedure), to support a proposal
 Second, the agent of a participant in a duel or a cornerman in combative sports such as boxing

Music
 Diminished second, or unison
 Minor second, or semitone
 Neutral second, or three-quarters-tone (i.e., one-and-a-half semitones)
 Major second, or whole tone (i.e., two semitones)
Mr. Magoo

Mr. Quincy Magoo is a popular cartoon character from the late 1940s until the 1970s. Jim Backus was the voice of Mr. Magoo.  Mr. Magoo was not able to see well because he was very nearsighted.

History 

The first cartoon with Mr. Magoo was The Ragtime Bear (1949).

Magoo family 

 Mister Quincy Magoo, an old, nearsighted man.
 Waldo Magoo, Magoo's nephew.
 Mother Magoo, Magoo's mother (her actual name is Linda Magoo).
 Tycoon Magoo, Magoo's rich uncle.
 Justin Magoo, Magoo's 12-year-old nephew from Kung Fu Magoo.

Supporting Characters 

 Charlie, Magoo's houseboy from China.
 Prezly, Waldo's best friend.
 Wheeler and Dealer, two children Magoo and his mom often baby sit.
 Bowser, Magoo's cat, also called Cicero.
 Caesar, Magoo's dog from The Mr. Magoo Show.
 Hamlet, Magoo's hamster.
 Worcestershire, Tycoon's butler.
 Angesis McBarker, Magoo's dog from What's New, Mr. Magoo?.

Animated characters
Jam

Jam is a condiment. It is usually made from pressed fruit, sugar, and sometimes pectin. Most jams are cooked. After making, jam is normally put into an airtight jar.

Usually a jam contains as much sugar as it contains fruit. The two parts are then cooked together to form a gel.

In the European Union, the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) sets minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam.  It also expanded the definition of fruit.  This was done to take several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU into account.  For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated as fruits, such as tomatoes; fruits that are not normally made into jams, such as melons and watermelons; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as: rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins.  This definition continues to apply in a later directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001).

According to Canadian food and drug regulation (CRC), jam and jam products must at least have 45% of the named fruit and 66% of water-soluble solids. In addition, it may contain added pectin, pectinous preparation, or acid ingredient. Also, reasonable amount of a Class II preservative, a pH adjusting agent, and an antifoaming agent is acceptable. However, the jam product shall not contain apple or rhubarb.

Marmalade is jam made from oranges and tends to have pulp and peels.

Jelly is different from jam as it is made from mostly juice instead of fruit.

Fruit butters are made from slow cooking fruit to a smooth consistency.

Joan Miró used blackberry jam as an art medium.

As a gel, jam is neither a solid or a liquid. It can contain chunks of fruit which are solids. Once opened and out of the fridge the gel becomes more like a liquid, and is able to decay.

References

Other websites 
 National Center for Home Food Preservation - How do I...Jam & Jelly
 Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001)

Spreads
Penalty kick

A penalty kick (short pen) is a type of free kick in football. The ball is 11 meters away from the goal post. A penalty kick is taken by the team which has been fouled if the violent act is made in the penalty box.

Penalty shootout 
Penalties can also happen in a penalty shootout, when there is a draw in a match even after added extra time.

Football (soccer) terminology
Vanilla

Vanilla is a spice and a flavoring. The plant it grows on is the orchid Vanilla, which is a vine.

The main species picked for vanilla is called Vanilla planifolia. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.

Today, most of the flavoring is done in chemical laboratories because real vanilla beans are expensive. The pure (man-made) form of the flavoring is known as 'vanillin'.

History
The plant was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 1520s. Vanilla was a well-regarded spice in Mesoamerica.

The first people to grow vanilla were the Totonac people.  They lived the east part of Mexico, by the sea. The Totonac people say that the vanilla plant was first made when a royal daughter and her lover were killed.

In the 15th century, Aztecs fought a war with the Totonacs.  The Totonacs lost the war.  The Aztecs liked the taste of vanilla. They named the fruit tlilxochitl, which means "black flower", because vanilla fruits turn black and dry after they are picked.

Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the biggest producer of vanilla. In 1819, however, French businessmen shipped vanilla to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hope of growing vanilla there. Vanilla did not grow well there, because these places did not have the right kind of bees to take pollen between the plants. A young slave, Edmond Albius, discovered how to do pollination of the flowers quickly by hand. Then vanilla began to grow well in the new places.  Soon, vanilla plants were sent from Réunion Island to the Comoros Islands and to Madagascar. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla fruits, about 80% of the vanilla grown in the world.

In the 1930s, businesses made a group to choose prices.  The price of vanilla rose very high in the late 1970s after a big storm hurt important croplands. Prices remained high through the early 1980s, but then the group ended.  Prices dropped 70% in a few years, to nearly US$20 for one kilogram. In 2000, prices rose sharply again after another big storm struck Madagascar. The storm, political problems, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices up to US$500 for one kilogram in 2004.  In 2005, the price went down to about $40 for one kilogram.  By 2010, prices were down to US$20 for one kilogram. It remains one of the most expensive spices.

Today, most Bourbon vanilla and vanilla fruit is produced in Indonesia.  Madagascar also grows a lot of vanilla.  Mexico, once the biggest producer of natural vanilla, used to grow 500 tons of vanilla in a year.  In 2006, it made only 10 tons of vanilla.

About 95% of "vanilla" foods are flavored with man-made vanillin instead of with vanilla fruits.  Vanillin can be produced synthetically from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood.

References

Spices
Orchids
Glatzer Neisse

The Glatzer Neiße (Polish Nysa Kłodzka) is a river that flows into the Oder river from the left.

It is 150 km long, and flows through the cities of the central forest (Miedzylesie): Habelschwerdt (Bystrzyca Kłodzka) and Glatz (Kłodzko). It then runs eastward. Other cities on the river are Patschkau (Paczków), Ottmachau (Otmuchów), Lausitzer Neiße (Lewin Brzeski) and Schurgast (Skorogoszcz). Finally, it flows at the village of Riebnig (Rybna) southeast from Brieg (Brzeg) into the Oder.

Floods
The Glatzer Neiße has often left its banks and flooded nearby cities, at times destroying them completely. City chronicles from Kłodzko mention floods in the following years:

 14th century: 1310

 15th century: 1441, 1464, 1474

 16th century: 1500, 1522, 1524, 1560, 1566, 1570, 1587, 1589, 1591, 1598,

 17th century: 1602, 1603, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1625, 1646, 1652, 1655, 1689, 1693, 1696

 18th century: 1702, 1703, 1713, 1724, 1735, 1736, 1740, 1755, 1763, 1767, 1775, 1785, 1787, 1789, 1799

 19th century: 1804, 1806, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1850, 1854, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1891, 1897

 20th century: 1900, 1903, 1907, 1938, 1952, 1997, 1998

Rivers of Poland
Oder

The Oder River (; Czech/) is a river in Central Europe. It starts in the Czech Republic and flows through Poland and Germany. It forms 187 kilometers of the border between Poland and Germany. The river is 854 kilometres long and ends in the Szczecin Lagoon in the Baltic Sea.

Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police. The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Names 
The Oder River has different names in different languages. Most of these names are very similar, or almost the same:
 English and 
 Czech, Polish, and 
 
 
These names come from the Latin language names. In Medieval Latin the river was called Od(d)era. In Renaissance Latin, which was invented in 1534, the river was called Viadrus.

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the name of the river was Vjodr.

Geography 
The Oder is 854 km long. 112 km pass through the Czech Republic. 742 km pass through Poland. 187 km make up part of the border between Germany and Poland.

The Oder is the second-longest river in Poland. (The Vistula is the longest river.)

It begins in a watershed in the Oder Mountains that is 118,861 km². This basin is mostly in Poland, but a little bit is in the Czech Republic and Germany. The river runs through five voivodeships in Poland, and two states in Germany.

The river ends in the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. Here the Oder splits into three other rivers: the Dziwna River, the Świna River, and the Peene River. These three rivers start in Szczecin Lagoon and end Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.

The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Cities 

The Oder passes through 28 major cities and towns. These are:
 Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Kostrzyn – Cedynia  – Schwedt – Vierraden – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police

After the river splits, the Dziwna River branch passes through 3 towns:
 Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów

The Świna River branch passes through:
 Świnoujście

The Peene River branch passes through:
 Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast

These towns sit on the Szczecin Lagoon:
 Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde

Related pages
 2022 Oder environmental disaster
 Oder-Neisse line

References 

Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Poland
Lecture

A lecture is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting.  It is like a lesson.  At college or university students go to lectures to learn things.  The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the lecturer or sometimes professor.  The lecturer may accept questions from the audience.

Sometimes we say that someone was "given a lecture".  This means that he was told off for doing something wrong.

Learning