alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Hypomanganate

In chemistry, hypomanganate, also called manganate(V) or tetraoxidomanganate(3−), is a trivalent anion (negative ion) composed of manganese and oxygen, with formula .  

Hypomanganates are usually bright blue. Potassium hypomanganate  is the best known salt, but sodium hypomanganate , barium hypomanganate , and the mixed potassium-barium salt  is also known.   The anion can replace phosphate  in synthetic variants of the minerals apatite<ref name=Dardenne>K. Dardenne, D. Vivien, and D. Huguenin (1999): "Color of Mn(V)-substituted apatites A10((B, Mn)O4)6F2, A = Ba, Sr, Ca; B= P, V". Journal of Solid State Chem.istry, volume 146, issue 2, pages 464-472. </ref> and brownmillerite.

History
The manganate(V) anion was first reported in 1946 by Hermann Lux, who synthesized the intensely blue sodium hypomanganate by reacting sodium oxide  and manganese dioxide  in fused sodium nitrite  at 500 °C.  He also crystalized the salt from strong (50%) sodium hydroxide solutions as the decahydrate ·10.

Structure and properties
Manganate(V) is a tetrahedral oxyanion structurally similar to sulfate, manganate, and permanganate.  As expected for a tetrahedral complex with a d2 configuration, the anion has a triplet ground state.

The anion is a bright blue species with a visible absorption maximum at wavelength λmax = 670 nm (ε = )..

Stability
Hypomanganate is unstable towards disproportionation to manganate(VI) and manganese dioxide:  The estimated electrode potentials at pH 14 are:.
MnO + e−  MnO   E = +0.27 V
MnO + e− +   MnO2 +    E = +0.96 V
However, the reaction is slow in very alkaline solutions (with OH− concentration above 5–10 mol/L.

The disproportionation is believed to pass through a protonated intermediate, with the acid dissociation constant for the reaction HMnO  MnO + H+ being estimated as pKa = . However, K3MnO4 has been cocrystallized with Ca2Cl(PO4), allowing the study of the UV–visible spectrum of the hypomanganate ion..

Preparation
Hypomanganates may be prepared by the careful reduction of manganates with sulfite, hydrogen peroxide or mandelate.

Hypomanganates can also be prepared by the solid state method under  flow near 1000 °C.  They can be prepared also via low temperature routes such as hydrothermal synthesis or flux growth. It is produced by dissolving manganese dioxide in molten sodium nitrite.

Uses
The strontium vanadate fluoride  compound, with hypomanganate substituted for some vanadate units, has been investigated for potential use in near infrared lasers.

The barium salt  has interesting magnetic properties.

Related compounds
In theory, hypomanganate would be the conjugate base of hypomanganic acid .  This acid cannot be formed because of its rapid disproportionation, but its third acid dissociation constant has been estimated by pulse radiolysis techniques:
HMnO  MnO + H+   pK''a = 

Cyclic esters of hypomanganic acid are thought to be intermediates in the oxidation of alkenes by permanganate.

See also

 Dimanganite, a manganate(III) anion 
 Manganate or manganate(VI), 
 Permanganate or manganate(VII),

References

Manganese(V) compounds
Transition metal oxyanions
ORWOhaus

The ORWOhaus is a Berlin-based musical collective. It is located in a 1970s industrial building in Marzahn-Hellersdorf district of Berlin.

Built for the ORWO company which produced photographic film, by 1990 the building was owned by the property company TLG (Treuhandliegenschaftsgesellschaft), and was mostly empty, with some floors used by other companies for storage. From 1998 it was increasingly used by bands for rehearsal space, thanks to its isolation in an industrial estate. In June 2004 the lack of statutory fire protection meant that the owners had to close the building. By that time approximately 400 musicians had found a place for rehearsals, and had extensively adapted and furnished their rooms.

By use of protests and the occasional occupation they generated publicity for the project, and gained support from the press and local politicians. Berlin senator Thomas Flierl negotiated with the TLG and achieved an agreement. A non-profit association "ORWOhaus" was created that gained financial support from the National Lottery, and recognition from the "Germany - Land of Ideas" initiative. On 30 April 2005, the ORWOhaus association signed a sales contract, which was confirmed at the end of May 2006. Repairs to bring the building up-to-date were begun and in July 2006 a music festival mounted.

In mid-2007 — after two years of campaigning by ORWOhaus musicians to have the street's name changed — their street (Street 13) was renamed "Frank-Zappa-Straße" after American composer and musician Frank Zappa. Sheik Yerbouti — a Frank Zappa cover band; Napoleon Murphy Brock; and sixteen other bands celebrated the renaming with an all-night concert. More than 2,800 people attended the concert, which was held on the final weekend of July, 2007. 

As the reason for their efforts to rename the street, a spokesperson for the ORWOhaus association is quoted by the AP as saying: "...he was without taboo, musically versatile, provocative, and didn't allow himself to be captured by capitalistic enterprises.".

Facilities

The ORWOhaus is a unique facility for musicians and artists in Berlin. It offers meeting places, studios, and music services in approximately 2500sq.m. of space, open around the clock. In addition there are booking agents, companies providing event management and promotion, graphic and web design, equipment rental and artist management. On the ground floor concerts and workshops can be organized. A café with a roof terrace is planned in which musicians can meet, exchange ideas and make contacts.

External links
 ORWOhaus website (German)

Buildings and structures in Marzahn-Hellersdorf
Colomesus

Colomesus is a genus of pufferfishes confined to tropical South America. Apart from differences in size, the three species are superficially similar, being green above, white below, and patterned with black transverse bands across the dorsal surface.  C. asellus is commonly found in the aquarium trade, while C. psittacus, due to its size and more specialized requirements, is not found as often.

Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus according to FishBase and the Catalog of Fishes.

 Colomesus asellus (J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1849) (Amazon puffer)
 Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Banded puffer)
 Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho, 2013

References

External links
FishBase: C. psittacus
FishBase: C. asellus

Tetraodontidae
Freshwater fish genera
Taxa named by Theodore Gill
Cary Guffey

Cary Guffey (born May 10, 1972) is an American former child actor and financial planner. He is best known for his debut in the role of Barry Guiler in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).

Biography
Born in Douglasville, Georgia, Guffey was raised in West Windsor, New Jersey and attended West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South before graduating from the University of Florida with a degree in marketing and from Jacksonville State University with an M.B.A.

Guffey made his film debut in the 1977 film Close Encounters of the Third Kind. In 1979, he appeared in the movie The Sheriff and the Satellite Kid and its sequel Everything Happens to Me, with Bud Spencer. Guffey made his last onscreen appearance in the 1985 miniseries North and South.

As an adult, Guffey embarked on a career in financial services, first with Merrill Lynch, then, beginning in 2012, with PNC Investments.

Filmography

References

Bibliography 
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 390.

External links

1972 births
Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Male actors from New Jersey
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Jacksonville State University alumni
Living people
People from Douglasville, Georgia
University of Florida alumni
West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South alumni
Canadian Aviation Expo

The Canadian Aviation Expo (CAE) was Canada's largest aviation event, combining a three-day tradeshow with a fly-in. Except for 2007 it included an airshow. The Expo was held annually at the beginning of May at the Hamilton/John C. Munro International Airport in Ontario. The event attracted about 20,000 visitors per year.

History

The event was started as the Toronto Aviation & Aircraft Show in 1993 by Toronto Air Traffic Controller Eamonn Flynn, and was held at the Toronto International Centre, adjacent Toronto Pearson International Airport.  In 1994, requiring a greatly increased display area, it was moved to the Canadian Airlines hangar at Toronto Pearson International Airport, and later to accommodate a fly-in aspect of the show, moved to  Downsview Airport in north Toronto. The business was purchased prior to the 2001 show by Stephen Wilcox. The move to the Oshawa Airport was made in 2002 and the name was changed to Canadian Aviation Expo at the same time.

In 2009 the Expo moved from Oshawa Airport to Hamilton Airport where it used the facilities of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in a joint show.

The event has not been held since 2014.

Management

Principals in the operation of the show since 2002 have been Stephen Wilcox, Steve Nichols and John Green.

Sponsors
The Expo's major sponsor since 2002 has been Breitling.

A major supporter of this event is the Canadian Owners and Pilots Association who held their annual convention in conjunction with the CAE in both 2003 and 2006.

See also
History of aviation in Canada

References

External links
 Canadian Aviation Expo

Aviation in Canada
Former aviation exhibitions
Henbit

Henbit may refer to:
 Any of several plant species with the common name "henbit":
 Lamium amplexicaule, wild flower known as henbit dead-nettle, common henbit, or greater henbit
 Lamium album, white henbit or archangel
 Lamium confertum, garden henbit
 Lamium galeobdolon, yellow henbit or yellow archangel
 Lamium maculatum, spotted henbit
 Lamium purpureum, red henbit or red dead-nettle
 Monarda russeliana, Russells henbit or redpurple beebalm
 Plagiobothrys lamprocarpus, shinyfruit popcornflower, less commonly known as henbit dead-nettle
 Veronica hederifolia, small henbit or ivy-leaved speedwell
 Henbit (horse) (1977–1997), racehorse
Martin Smith (academic)

Martin Smith is a former Professor of Robotics at Middlesex University in north London, UK. He is also a former President of the Cybernetics Society in the UK (1999 - 2020).

Smith was awarded Freedom of the City of London, and was awarded the Public Awareness of Physics Award by the Institute of Physics.

Television appearances

Smith has appeared on many television programmes: as a technical presenter on the BBC television programme Techno Games  and as a judge on Robot Wars from the third series having previously competed in the first series. He was a judge and programme consultant on Channel 4's Scrapheap Challenge  and technical presenter on Granada TV's Mutant Machines. He has also appeared on Tomorrow's World, Tomorrow's World Live at the NEC, and the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures series entitled The Rise of Robots.

Editorships

Smith is a member of the editorial boards of Kybernetes: The International Journal of Cybernetics and Systems, The International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, The International Journal of Applied Systemic Studies, the International Journal of General Systems, and The International Journal of Social Robotics. He is a Director of the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics.

Former posts

He has held posts as Visiting Research Professor in Robotics at the Open University, Professor at the University of Central England UK, (now Birmingham City University) and at the University of East London (UK) where he was founder and Head of the Mobile Robots Research Unit.

References

External links
Biography - the Cybernetics Society

Academics of the Open University
Cyberneticists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Alpha Sigma Lambda

Alpha Sigma Lambda () is the oldest and largest national honor society for Non-traditional students (typically adults also engaged in professional careers) who achieve and maintain outstanding scholastic standards and leadership characteristics while adroitly handling  additional responsibilities of work and family.

The motto of Alpha Sigma Lambda is "First in Scholarship and Leadership". The founding chapter was established by Dr. Rollin Posey at Northwestern University in 1946, to recognize the accomplishments of those returning to  academic pursuits after the close of World War II.  Its purpose, he wrote, "is to bind together in one Society the excellent students within the University College in order to provide a stimulus for and recognition of their worthy efforts."

Today there are more than 300 active ASL chapters in the United States, including the Phi Beta chapter of Alpha Sigma Lambda at Harvard University and Gamma Tau chapter at Georgetown University.

References

External links
 Alpha Sigma Lambda official website
  at Association of College Honor Societies

Association of College Honor Societies
Honor societies
Student organizations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Illinois
2004 Swedish Touring Car Championship

The 2004 Swedish Touring Car Championship season was the 9th Swedish Touring Car Championship (STCC) season. In total nine racing weekends at five different circuits were held; each round comprising two races, making an eighteen-round competition in total.

Teams and drivers

Race calendar and winners

Championship results

Championship Standings

Driver's championship

STCC Challenge

Manufacturer's Championship

References

Swedish Touring Car Championship seasons
Swedish Touring Car Championship
Swedish Touring Car Championship season
Shūsaku Narimasa Chiba

was the founder of the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō (北辰一刀流兵法) and one of the last masters who was called a Kensei (sword saint).

Early life 
Chiba Shūsaku was the son of the swordsman Chūzaemon, who was originally from Miyagi Prefecture. He was born as the second son of his family in Kesen-Mura. His father Chūzaemon studied Kenjutsu under Chiba Kōemon Narikatsu (founder of the Hokushin Musō-ryū). There has been some confusion about Chiba Shūsaku’s ancestry and birthplace. Shūsaku’s father Chūzaemon had moved his family to Mito, Chiba prefecture, and demonstrated his swordsmanship skill at the end of the 19th century. Afterwards, Chūzaemon was adopted by Chiba Kōemon Narikatsu and given the new name Chiba Chūzaemon Naritane. Shūsaku originally studied the family martial art, the Hokushin Musō-ryū, of the Chiba clan, first from his father and later directly from his grandfather, Chiba Kōemon Narikatsu.

In 1809, Chiba Chūzaemon moved with his family to Matsudo, near Edo. In Matsudo Shūsaku studied the Ittō-ryū under Asari Yoshinobu Matashichiro and Nakanishi Chubei Tanemasa. Shūsaku married Asari Yoshinobu Matashichiro’s daughter, changed his name to Asari Shusaku Narimasa, and took charge of the Asari dojo. After a falling out with his father-in-law, Shūsaku changed his name back to Chiba and began his Musha shugyō, visiting many Dōjō and dueled many famous swordsmen of ryūha like the Shinto Munen-ryū, Jikishinkage-ryū Maniwa Nen-ryū, different Ittō-ryū lines and many other.

Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō

After studying several styles of martial arts, Shūsaku created his own style in the 1820s, and called his school Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō (北辰一刀流兵法).  The name is a combination from Hokushin Musō-ryū and the Ittō-ryū lines he studied.

In some ways the Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō is a simplification of the Ittō-ryū forms, but one that concentrates on the essentials. Shūsaku’s teaching methods were seen as revolutionary and influenced other styles. In the Bakumatsu-period there was a saying, "If someone needs 6 years of training to master a ryuha, he will only need half the time in the Hokushin Ittō-ryū". The curriculum of the school contains mainly Kenjutsu, Battojutsu, Naginatajutsu and Jūjutsu.

References

External links 
 Official website of the Hokushin Ittô-ryû Hyôhô (Hombu-Dôjô Japan)
 Official website of the Hokushin Ittô-ryû Hyôhô (Hombu-Dôjô Europe)
 Lineage of the Hokushin Ittô-ryû Chiba-Family (Japanese)

1792 births
1856 deaths
Martial arts school founders
Japanese swordfighters of the Edo period
19th-century philanthropists
Museum of Power

The Museum of Power is located in the former Southend Waterworks (now Essex and Suffolk Water) Langford Pumping Station in Langford, Essex, England. It is on the B1019, on the main road from Maldon to Hatfield Peverel.

History
Langford Pumping Station was built by Thomas and Charles Hawksley in 1924, and opened in 1927. It continued pumping fresh (treated) water using steam engines until 1963, when electric pumps took over. It is designed to extract water from the Rivers Chelmer, Ter, and Blackwater. The three inflows merge in a small settling reservoir, where sediment is naturally deposited, and then pumped for treatment, and again to a storage reservoir. Two of the three engines and the boilers and coaling plant were scrapped in 1963, and the octagonal chimney was demolished.

The pump house buildings and the remaining engine were declared scheduled monuments in 1986 and also received engineering heritage listed status from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 2012 as a result of the return to steam.

Museum

The surviving engine, Marshall, and pump set has been preserved and restored to operating condition by the museum's volunteers in 2011. The museum runs 10 steam days annually, which are part of the many events (examples listed above). The engine, built by the Lilleshall Company of Oakengates in Shropshire, is a triple-expansion steam engine built in 1931 and numbered 282. Museum research shows that 'Marshall' was the last triple-expansion engine to be built by the Lilleshall Company and is the only one of its kind in the UK still in its original location, with its original pump sets. When operating on steam, 'Marshall' could be unique worldwide, but this cannot be proved.

The museum operates the Langford and Beeleigh Miniature Railway, which offers passenger rides around the museum, as well as Astaria, the only model village in Essex. The museum hosts major events such as the Easter Transport Fest, Classic Vehicle & Vintage Show, American Car Show, and Bike Meet, which see a large array of visiting vintage cars, motorbikes, and American and custom vehicles on display. It is also the home of Essex's major steampunk event, which takes place every September.

Address
Steam Pumping Station
Hatfield Road
Langford, Maldon
Essex, CM9 6QA

See also
 Internal Fire Museum of Power, a museum of internal combustion engines in West Wales
 Prickwillow Museum
 Stretham Old Engine
 Cambridge Museum of Technology

References

External links
 
 Astaria Model Village at the Museum of Power
 Langford and Beeleigh Miniature Railway at the Museum of Power

Industry museums in England
Museums in Essex
Scheduled monuments in Essex
Steam museums in England
Preserved stationary steam engines
Marske, Richmondshire

Marske is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England, situated in lower Swaledale on the boundary of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, the village is approximately 5 miles (8 km) west of Richmond. According to the UK 2011 Census, the population of the parish of Marske, including New Forest was 127. The parish includes the hamlets of Applegarth, Clints, Feldom and Skelton.

History 
The Church of St Edmund King and Martyr dates back to the 12th century.

In 1870-72 John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Marske as:"A village and a parish in Richmond district, N. R. Yorkshire. The village stands on the rivulet Marske, a little above its inflnx to the Swale, 5½ miles W of Richmond r. station; and has a post office under Richmond, Yorkshire. The parish contains also the hamlets of Feldon and Skelton, and comprises 6,557 acres."

Marske Hall 
Marske was long associated with the Hutton family, landowners and High Sheriffs of Yorkshire. Matthew Hutton, the archbishop of Canterbury, was born in Marske. Marske Hall, on the outskirts of the village, was bought in 1596 by the then Archbishop of York, Matthew Hutton. Initial work on the hall was started by Matthew's son, Timothy, and after a remodelling in the 1730s, a stable block was added in 1750 by John Hutton II, the son of the former member of parliament for Richmond bearing the same name, whose racehorse Marske was best known for siring the undefeated Eclipse. The ornamental gardens were added in 1836, and the grounds, as well as the stables remain separated from the hall by a road providing access to the village.

During the Second World War, the hall was used to house pupils from Scarborough College. In the 1960s the estate was sold to local builder George Shaw and converted into ten apartments, however the mansion was put on the market in 2012 for the sum of £2.5 million. In 2020, proposals were made to convert the grade II listed building into 20 holiday lets.

Governance 
The civil parish now shares a grouped parish council with the civil parish of New Forest, known as Marske & New Forest Parish Council. The village lies within the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency, which is under the control of the Conservative Party. The current Member of Parliament, since the 2015 general election, is Rishi Sunak. Marske is part of the Richmondshire District Council electoral ward of Lower Swaledale and Arkengarthdale.

References

External links

Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Swaledale
New York State Route 187

New York State Route 187 (NY 187) is a short state highway located entirely in Erie County, New York, in the United States. It serves as the southern end of the busy Transit Road in the town of Elma. Its southern terminus is at Quaker Road (U.S. Route 20A or US 20A) and its northern terminus at US 20 where that highway becomes Transit Road. Unlike much of the rest of Transit, which is mostly designated as part of NY 78, the NY 187 portion is lightly trafficked, two-lane and largely undeveloped. NY 187 was assigned in the early 1940s and was previously part of NY 78.

Route description 

NY 187 begins at an intersection with US 20A (Quaker Road) as a continuation of County Route 553 (CR 553). It takes on CR 553's name, Transit Road, and progresses northward as a two-lane road. The highway serves the nearby Bob-O-Link Golf Course prior to entering a stretch of fields in Orchard Park, where it intersects with CR 460 (Milestrip Road), the eastward continuation of NY 179. The route continues on, loosely paralleling Cazenovia Creek and intersecting Michael and Willardshire roads (CR 365 and CR 377, respectively) before passing the Harvest Hill Golf Course in Elma. NY 187 soon intersects with Reserve Road, an east–west connection from US 20 eastbound, before turning to the northwest and terminating at its own junction with US 20. The Transit Road designation continues north onto US 20.

History
When NY 78 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, it initially bypassed the southeastern Buffalo suburbs on a routing that passed through the village of East Aurora, the hamlet of Elma, and the village of Lancaster. It was rerouted  to head west from East Aurora instead by way of an overlap with US 20 (now US 20A), then head north on Transit Road to rejoin its former routing in Depew. NY 78 was realigned again  to overlap NY 16 northwest from East Aurora, bypassing the southernmost portion of Transit Road. The former routing of NY 78 between US 20A and US 20 was redesignated as NY 187 in the early 1940s.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

187
Transportation in Erie County, New York
RHEM 2: The Cave

RHEM 2 is an adventure game from Knut Müller and Got Game Entertainment and the sequel to RHEM. It is distributed as a Macromedia Director file. 

Like Myst and Riven, Rhem 2 is a node-based first-person adventure game. The player explores a series of caverns in search of a certain artifact. The puzzles involve spatial reasoning, operating machinery, and logic.

There is little plot or character interaction in Rhem 2; the emphasis lies solely on its puzzles. Many puzzles require the player to determine his location with respect to adjacent areas or objects in order to solve it. For instance, in order to solve a puzzle it may be necessary to trace a cable through a wall between two rooms, but the path from one room to the other is circuitous.

Plot
The game opens with the player's arrival in a series of caves underneath the city of Rhem. A video greeting from another explorer, Kales, explains that the player must find an artifact hidden somewhere within the caverns, take a photograph of it, and bring the photo to Kales's brother Zetais. The player must find the artifact in order to unlock the train and leave Rhem.

Reception

RHEM 2 received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Anise Hollingshead of GameZone praised the quantity and quality of the game's puzzles but criticized the graphics and voice acting.

References

External links 
 
 
 http://www.rhem-game.com/en/rhem2/index.htm
 Andrew Plotkin's review

2005 video games
Adventure games
First-person adventure games
Classic Mac OS games
MacOS games
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Got Game Entertainment games
Single-player video games
Virtual Programming (company) games
Alway

Alway is an electoral district (ward) and coterminous community (formerly civil parish) of the city of Newport.

The ward is bounded by the Great Western Main Line to the south, Windsor Road, Chepstow Road and Beechwood Road to the west, the M4 motorway to the north, and a line running between Glanwern Grove, Ringwood Hill, Ringland Circle, Aberthaw Road, and Balfe Road to the east. The area is governed by the Newport City Council.

The ward contains the Alway estate itself plus Somerton and the eastern fringes of Beechwood around Beechwood Park. It is also home to Ladyhill Reservoir, a 22.5 ML treated water storage facility that serves the east of the city.

All the roads in the Alway Estate are named after famous composers.

See also
Somerton TARDIS

References

External links 

Communities in Newport, Wales
Wards of Newport, Wales
Rachel Carson Bridge



The Rachel Carson Bridge, also known as the Ninth Street Bridge, spans the Allegheny River in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the United States.

Named for the naturalist and author Rachel Carson, a Pittsburgh native, it is one of three parallel bridges called the Three Sisters, the others being the Roberto Clemente Bridge and the Andy Warhol Bridge. The Three Sisters are self-anchored suspension bridges and are significant because they are the only trio of nearly identical bridges—as well as the first self-anchored suspension spans—built in the United States.

The total length of the Rachel Carson Bridge is  including the  main span and two  side spans, or  including the approaches. The total width of the deck is , including the  roadway plus two  sidewalks outside the compressive plate girder. Whereas the roadway formerly carried two vehicle lanes and two streetcar tracks, it was changed to carry four wide vehicle lanes. The 2019-2020 refurbishment reduced the lanes to three.

History
The Rachel Carson Bridge was dedicated and opened during a noontime ceremony with Commissioner Babcock, Mayor Kline, and city council members including Herron and McArdle in attendance. The cost of construction was $1.46 million or $ in  terms.

The bridge was renamed on Earth Day, April 22, 2006, after years of lobbying by Esther Barazzone, president of Chatham University, the alma mater of the renowned environmentalist. Carson was born in 1907 in Springdale, Pennsylvania, in a farmhouse  up the Allegheny River, now the Rachel Carson Homestead.

On February 11, 2019 the bridge was closed to vehicles and pedestrians for a comprehensive rehabilitation project. The bridge was expected to remain closed until at least June 2020. Traffic was detoured over either the Andy Warhol Bridge or the Roberto Clemente Bridge, both of which run parallel and are less than 1/2 mile away from the Rachel Carson Bridge.

The bridge reopened in November 2020 after the completion of a $23.3 million rehabilitation project. It was reconfigured from four lanes to three with the direction of the middle lane depending on time of day.

Image gallery

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of crossings of the Allegheny River

References

External links

entry at pghbridges.com
entry at BridgeMeister.com

Carson
Bridges completed in 1926
Bridges over the Allegheny River
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Bridge
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
Suspension bridges in Pennsylvania
Self-anchored suspension bridges
Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
1926 establishments in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh
Macintosh Quadra 650

The Macintosh Quadra 650, originally sold as the Macintosh Centris 650, is a personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from February 1993 to September 1994. The Centris 650 was introduced alongside the smaller Centris 610 as the replacement for the Macintosh IIci and Quadra 700, and it was intended as the start of the new midrange Centris line of computers. Later in 1993, Apple decided to follow an emerging industry trend of naming product families for their target customers – Quadra for business, LC for education, and Performa for home – and folded the Centris 650 into the Quadra family.

The Quadra 650 was discontinued without a direct replacement in September 1994, although the recently introduced Power Macintosh 7100, which has the same IIvx form factor as the 650, had a similar target audience and was sold in the same price range.

Models 

There are two versions of the Centris 650: One with 4 MB of RAM soldered to the logic board and an FPU-less Motorola 68LC040 CPU, and one with 8 MB of logic board RAM, a full Motorola 68040, and an onboard AAUI port for Ethernet. Each can be configured with a 80 MB,  230 MB, or 500 MB 3.5-inch hard drive. Standard equipment on all Centris 650 models includes onboard video (with VGA support via an adapter), 3 NuBus slots, a Processor Direct Slot, two ADB and two serial ports, an external SCSI connector, and a 5.25-inch drive bay. There are four SIMM slots that support 4, 8, 16, and 32 MB SIMMs, allowing for a maximum of 132 or 136 MB of RAM depending on the amount of soldered memory. System 7.1 was included as standard and is the minimum required version.

The higher-end model also came with 1MB VRAM installed, enabling 16-bit color at 640x480 resolution. The availability of 16-bit color was significant, as it was the standard bit depth of Apple's then-new QuickTime video standard.

As a way to promote the use of multimedia, Apple also sold a Centris 650 "CD ROM bundle", which had 8 MB of RAM and 1 MB of video RAM, and included a microphone, an AppleCD 300i CD-ROM drive, and a System 7 install CD.

Introduced February 10, 1993:
 Macintosh Centris 650: Sold in five configurations:
 25 MHz 68LC040, 4 MB RAM (on board), 512 KB VRAM, 80 MB HDD, no Ethernet
 25 MHz 68040, 8 MB RAM (on board), 512 KB VRAM, 80 MB HDD, Ethernet
 25 MHz 68040, 8 MB RAM (on board), 512 KB VRAM, 230 MB HDD, Ethernet
 25 MHz 68040, 8 MB RAM (on board), 1 MB VRAM, 230 MB HDD, Ethernet, AppleCD 300i and microphone
 25 MHz 68040, 24 MB RAM (including 8 MB on board), 1 MB VRAM, 500 MB HDD, Ethernet

Introduced October 21, 1993:
 Macintosh Quadra 650: 33 MHz 68040.

Timeline

References

External links 

 Centris 650 and Quadra 650 at apple-history.com
 Centris 650 and Quadra 650 at Low End Mac
 Centris 650 and Quadra 650 at EveryMac.com

650
650
Quadra 650
Quadra 650
Quadra 650
Computer-related introductions in 1993
Products and services discontinued in 1994
Sunfire

Sunfire may refer to:

Sunfire (comics),  a superhero character in Marvel Comics
Sunfire (Exiles), a superheroine character from the Marvel Comics series Exiles
Sunfire (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
Pontiac Sunfire, an automobile manufactured by General Motors
Asuna Sunfire, an automobile manufactured by Isuzu
Sunfire (series), a series of young adult novels
Sun Fire, brand of server computers introduced by Sun Microsystems in 2001
The Ron Clark Story

The Ron Clark Story (also known as The Triumph) is a 2006 television film starring Matthew Perry. The film is based on the educator Ron Clark. It follows the tale of an idealistic teacher who leaves his small hometown to teach in a New York City public school, where he faces trouble with the students. The film was directed by Randa Haines, and was released directly on television. The film premiered on TNT on August 13, 2006.

Plot

In 1998, Ron Clark leaves his teaching at an elementary school in his North Carolina hometown, where he is known for his innovative teaching methods which results in raising test scores. He decides to look for a teaching job in a tough New York inner city school where he feels he could be more useful. He finds a job at Inner Harlem Elementary School, where the students are sorted according to their potential.

The principal of the school believes Clark may be too "nice-looking," to take on the rough, disruptive students in a sixth-grade class that has just been abandoned by their teacher. He offers Clark a third-grade class, but Clark insists on taking the older kids that nobody else wants. He quickly learns that it will be a battle of wills between himself and his students to see who can outlast the other. He struggles to understand them, both individually and collectively, before he can teach them the standardized materials.

Cast
 Matthew Perry as Ron Clark
 Melissa De Sousa as Marissa Vega
 Patricia Idlette as Devina
 Ernie Hudson as Principal Turner
 Hannah Hodson as Shameika Wallace
 Brandon Mychal Smith as Tayshawn Mitchell
 Micah Stephen Williams as Julio Vasquez
Jerry Callaghan as Ron Clark, Sr.
Marty Antonini as Howard
Patricia Benedict as Jean Clark
Vashon Baker as Student

Reception

Accolades

References

External links

The Ron Clark Story on Rotten Tomatoes
Official website

2006 television films
2006 films
TNT Network original films
2006 biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
Biographical films about educators
Films set in the 1990s
Films set in 1994
Films set in 1998
Films set in 1999
Films directed by Randa Haines
Cultural depictions of American men
Cultural depictions of educators
2006 drama films
2000s American films
Teroldego

Teroldego is a red Italian grape variety grown primarily in the northeastern region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy.

Description
Wine has been produced since ancient times in  "Campo Rotaliano", an alluvial plain between the rivers Adige (Etsch) and Noce. Teroldego may take its name from its traditional method of cultivation, trained on a system of “tirelle” or wire harnesses, an explanation that's more likely, albeit less pretty, than its legendary association with German dialect for gold of the Tirol. Another theory, put forth in the book "Wine Grapes"   credits a northern Italian village called Teroldege, or Teroldeghe, where documents dated in 15th century refer to the sale of Teroldego wine. It has recently been discovered to be a full sibling of the Dureza variety from France, which is one of the parents of Syrah.

The grapes ripen around the last week of September or the first week of October.

Cultivation & winemaking
The wine Teroldego Rotaliano, which is made with this grape in Trentino, has had DOC status since 18 February 1971. It is planted on about 400 hectares and is cultivated by over 300 producers.

In Australia the variety is sparsely planted and has found homes in warmer, coastal climates such as McLaren Vale and Margaret River.

Some California authorities compare Teroldego to Zinfandel, with its spicy red fruits, and hints of tar, pine, and almond, but few tasters would confuse the two varieties in a blind tasting. Its snappy acidity makes it a versatile food wine.

References

4. https://theknow.denverpost.com/2020/09/10/teroldego-wine-colorado/245037/

External links
"Kobrand Wine" profile of the teroldego grape

Red wine grape varieties
Wine grapes of Italy
Llyn Ogwen

Llyn Ogwen (; ) is a ribbon lake in north-west Wales. It lies alongside the A5 road between two mountain ranges of Snowdonia, the Carneddau and the Glyderau.  Somewhat unusually, the county boundary at this point is drawn so that the lake itself lies in the county of Gwynedd, but all the surrounding land (excluding the outflow) lies in Conwy County Borough.

Llyn Ogwen lies at a height of about 310 metres above sea level and has an area of , but is a very shallow lake, with a maximum depth of only a little over 3 metres. It is fed by a number of streams from the slopes of the mountains which surround it, which include Tryfan and Pen yr Ole Wen. The largest of these streams is Afon Lloer, which flows from Ffynnon Lloer.

It is said that after the Battle of Camlann (King Arthur's final battle), Sir Bedivere (Bedwyr) cast the sword Excalibur into Llyn Ogwen, where it was caught by the Lady of the Lake. Tryfan is said to be Sir Bedivere's final resting-place. According to the writer Jonah Jones:

Llyn Ogwen is the source of the Afon Ogwen which flows north to reach the sea near Bangor. A dam was built in the Afon Ogwen at Ogwen Bank, in the early 20th century, to raise the level of the river in order to provide water for the use in the nearby Penrhyn Quarry. The lake is popular with anglers and is said to contain excellent trout.

References

Geraint Roberts (1995) The Lakes of Eryri, Carreg Gwalch 

Capel Curig
Llanllechid
Ogwen
Ogwen
Ogwen
Tourism in Conwy County Borough
Tourism in Gwynedd
Tourism in Snowdonia
Superlative Stakes

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The Superlative Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run on the July Course at Newmarket over a distance of 7 furlongs (1,408 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.

History
The event was formerly known as the Bernard van Cutsem Stakes. It was named in memory of Bernard van Cutsem, a successful racehorse trainer who died in 1975.

The race was renamed the Superlative Stakes in 1991 to honour Superlative, a splendidly tough two-year-old in 1983, trained by Bill O'Gorman and owned by Mrs Poh-Lian Yong, who won the July Stakes and Flying Childers Stakes, and 'reached the frame' in three Group 1 contests - Prix Robert Papin(2nd), Middle Park Stakes(2nd), Dewhurst Stakes(4th).

For a period the Superlative Stakes held Listed status. It was upgraded to Group 3 level in 2003, and to Group 2 in 2006. It is currently staged on the final day of Newmarket's three-day July Festival meeting.

Records

Leading jockey since 1986 (4 wins):
 Steve Cauthen – Suhailie (1986), Samoan (1988), Be My Chief (1989), Hokusai (1990)
 Pat Eddery – Undercut (1987), Ardkinglass (1992), Bal Harbour (1993), Allied Forces (1995)
 Richard Hughes – Redback (2001), Kings Point (2003), King Torus (2010), Olympic Glory (2012)

Leading trainer since 1986 (9 wins):
 Sir Henry Cecil – Suhailie (1986), Samoan (1988), Be My Chief (1989), Hokusai (1990), Ardkinglass (1992), Bal Harbour (1993), Allied Forces (1995), Baltic State (1997), Vacamonte (2000)

Winners since 1986

See also
 Horse racing in Great Britain
 List of British flat horse races

References

 Paris-Turf: 
, , , , 
 Racing Post:
 , , , , , , , , , 
 , , , , , , , , , 
 , , , , , , , , , 
 , , , , , 
 galopp-sieger.de – Superlative Stakes.
 ifhaonline.org – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Superlative Stakes (2019).
 pedigreequery.com – Superlative Stakes – Newmarket.

Flat races in Great Britain
Newmarket Racecourse
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
The Culture of Narcissism

The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (1979), by Christopher Lasch, is a psychological and cultural, artistic and historical synthesis that explores the roots and ramifications of the normalizion of pathological narcissism in 20th-century American culture. For the mass-market edition published in September of the same year, Lasch won the 1980 US National Book Award in the category Current Interest (paperback).

Summary
Lasch proposes that since World War II, America has produced a personality-type consistent with clinical definitions of "pathological narcissism". This pathology is not akin to everyday narcissism, a hedonistic egoism, but with clinical diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. For Lasch, "pathology represents a heightened version of normality." He locates symptoms of this personality disorder in the radical political movements of the 1960s (such as the Weather Underground), as well as in the spiritual cults and movements of the 1970s, from est to Rolfing.

Reaction

An early response to The Culture of Narcissism commented that Lasch had identified the outcomes in American society of the decline of the family over the previous century. The book quickly became a bestseller and a talking point, being further propelled to success after Lasch notably visited Camp David to advise President Jimmy Carter for his "crisis of confidence" speech of July 15, 1979. Later editions include a new afterword, "The Culture of Narcissism Revisited".

Author Louis Menand argues that the book has been commonly misused by liberals and conservatives alike, who cited it for their own ideological agendas. Menand wrote: Lasch was not saying that things were better in the 1950s, as conservatives offended by countercultural permissiveness probably took him to be saying.  He was not saying that things were better in the 1960s, as former activists disgusted by the 'me-ism' of the seventies are likely to have imagined.  He was diagnosing a condition that he believed had originated in the nineteenth century. Lasch attempted to correct many of these misapprehensions with The Minimal Self in 1984.

Anthony Elliott writes that The Culture of Narcissism and The Minimal Self are Lasch's two best-known books.

Some editions 

 New York: Norton, 1979. 
 New York: Warner Books, 1980. 
 New York: Norton; Revised edition (May 1991).

See also

Notes

References

Menand, Louis.  "American Studies."  Farrar, Straus & Giroux: New York,  2002.

1979 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about the United States
Books by Christopher Lasch
English-language books
National Book Award-winning works
Sociology books
Works about narcissism
W. W. Norton & Company books
Walter Russell Hall

Walter Russell Hall (22 February 1831 – 13 October 1911) was an Australian businessman and philanthropist.

Biography 

Hall was born in Kington, Herefordshire, England, eldest son of Walter Hall, glover (later a miller), and his wife Elizabeth Carleton, née Skarratt. He was educated in Kington and Taunton, Somerset.

Hall arrived in Sydney on 14 February 1852 with his two brothers, Thomas Skarratt Hall and James Wesley Hall with little money. Hall was employed for a short time by David Jones Limited and  then prospected for gold in Victoria with meagre success. From 1857 he was a major investor and administrator of the Australian stagecoach line Cobb and Co. He was also an original shareholder and director of Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited, incorporated in 1886. Other directorships included the Mercantile Mutual Insurance Co. Ltd, and the Sydney Meat Preserving Co. Ltd.

Hall married Melbourne-born Eliza Rowdon Kirk in 1874. They had no children. He died at their home in Potts Point, Sydney, in October 1911.

Legacy 
Hall's widow Eliza founded The Walter and Eliza Hall Trust that led to the establishment of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, using funds earned from Hall's business interests to establish the Trust.

The locality of Walterhall beside the Mount Morgan mine in Central Queensland was named after him.

References

1831 births
1911 deaths
People from Kington, Herefordshire
19th-century Australian businesspeople
Macrovipera

Macrovipera, known as the large Palearctic vipers, is a genus of vipers that inhabit the semideserts and steppes of North Africa, the Near and Middle East, and the Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. Like all other vipers, they are venomous. These snakes are responsible for a number of bites in Africa and Western Asia every year. They have a reputation for being ill-tempered and can inject a lot of venom, which is why they should be considered as very dangerous. Two species are currently recognized.

Description
These snakes are all capable of exceeding  in total length (body + tail).

The head is broad, flat, and distinct from the neck. Dorsally, it is covered with small, irregular keeled scales. The supraoculars are also fragmented or partially divided. There seems to be a lot of variation in the different scale characteristics.

Geographic range
Species of this genus are found in Morocco, Algeria and Tunis in North Africa, east to Pakistan, Kashmir and India, north to the Milos Archipelago in the Azerbaijan,  Aegean Sea (Greece), Armenia and Dagestan (Russia). To the south, there is only one old record from Yemen.

Habitat
Members of this genus are adapted to arid and dry habitats.

Reproduction
All of these species lay eggs (oviparous).

Species

*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species.

Taxonomy
The genus Macrovipera was created by Francis Albert Theodor Reuss (1927), specifically to accommodate M. lebetinus (the type species). The three other species currently recognized were, at one point, all regarded as subspecies of M. lebetinus. It is now likely that certain subspecies of M. lebetinus will also be elevated to valid species status in the not too distant future. Regarding the geographic range of M. lebetinus, it is possible that this species is now extinct in Israel.

Various species of this genus (and likewise of Vipera) have been suggested for inclusion in the genus Daboia instead, in particular M. lebetinus (Obst 1983) as well as M. mauritanica and M. deserti (Lenk et al. (2001).

References

Further reading
 Reuss [AF]T. 1927. Sechs europaïsche Giftschlangengattungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 73: 124-129.
  (in German).

External links

Viperinae
Snake genera
Department of Science and Technology

Department of Science and Technology may refer to:
Department of Science and Technology (Australia), an Australian Government department between November 1980 and December 1984
Department of Science and Technology (India)
Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)
Department of Science and Technology (South Africa)

See also
Directorate for Science and Technology (disambiguation)