alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
English rule (attorney's fees)

In the field of law and economics, the English rule is a rule controlling assessment of lawyers' fees arising out of litigation. The English rule provides that the party that loses in court pays the other party's legal costs. The English rule contrasts with the American rule, under which each party is generally responsible for paying its own attorney fees (unless a statute or contract provides for that assessment). The English rule can make it easier for a poor person to bring suit, but by the same token it gives everyone more risk of being sued. 

Some argue that the American system encourages frivolous or "extortionate" suits against businesses with "deep pockets," because plaintiffs can have a contingency fee arrangement with the attorney whereby they pay nothing to the attorney if the case loses. Under a contingent fee arrangement, the attorney for the plaintiff faces no consequences, other than lost time and effort, for bringing a suit that loses, but he can collect huge fees (typically 30% to 40% of the damages awarded) if he wins. By the same token, wealthy defendants have a strong incentive to pay the plaintiff to get a settlement, if they face a small chance of having to pay a huge amount. 

The rationale for the English rule is that a litigant (whether bringing a claim or defending a claim) is entitled to legal representation and, if successful, should not be left out of pocket by reason of their own legal fees. It should be borne in mind that, in virtually all English civil litigation, damages are merely compensatory.

The English rule is followed by nearly every Western democracy other than the United States.

United States jurisdictions
In the United States the "American rule" is generally followed, each party bearing its own expense of litigation. However,  provides that in patent cases, the losing party may have to pay attorney fees of the winning party if the case is deemed "exceptional." However, after the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. on April 29, 2014, it is now easier for courts to award costs for frivolous patent lawsuits initiated by patent trolls.

Alaska has long been an exception to the U.S. pattern, where the English rule applies. A very limited version of the English rule was adopted in Texas during the 2011 legislative session that applies only to the filing of a baseless lawsuit. Tex. R. Civ. P. 91a.
Then Texas governor Rick Perry called in his state of the state address for a one-way version of the English rule which would apply only to those who initiate a suit, the plaintiff.

See also
Costs in English law
American rule (attorney's fees)

References

Black's Law Dictionary (8th Ed. 2004).

External links
 Walter Olson, "Loser Pays"
 GS2Law comments on the differences with US

Civil law (common law)
Robert Rynasiewicz

Robert Rynasiewicz is a professor of philosophy at Johns Hopkins University and an adjunct professor in philosophy and the Committee on History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Maryland.

Rynasiewicz earned his ScB. in physics from Brown University, and his PhD from the University of Minnesota. He has held NSF, NEH, and Mellon fellowships.

His research interests include Philosophy of Physics, Logic, Philosophy of Language, and Philosophy of psychology. His publications have chiefly addressed the history and foundations of space-time physics.

References

External links 
philpapers
Hole Argument
Page at the Johns Hopkins University

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Philosophers of language
Brown University alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Philosophers of science
The Immortals (1995 film)

The Immortals is a 1995 action thriller film produced by Elie Samaha and directed by Brian Grant. Eric Roberts, Tia Carrere, Joe Pantoliano, Chris Rock, William Forsythe, Clarence Williams III and Tony Curtis feature in this film.

Plot summary
A crafty nightclub owner (Jack) brings together a group of small-time hoods and teams them up in unusual pairs (black man and white racist, Ivy Leaguer and simpleton) for a set of multiple heists which turn out to be an elaborate double cross against a notorious gangster (Dominic). During an extended standoff in a nightclub between Jack and his band of thieves and Dominic's henchman, the hoods discover why Jack brought them all together for what amounts to a suicidal mission.

External links 
 
 
 

1995 films
HIV/AIDS in American films
American crime thriller films
1995 crime thriller films
Films about organized crime in the United States
1995 action thriller films
Films produced by Elie Samaha
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Carlos Bea

Carlos Tiburcio Bea (born April 18, 1934) is a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He was appointed to that court by President George W. Bush in 2003 to replace Judge Charles Edward Wiggins.

Biography

Bea was born in San Sebastian, Spain and emigrated with his family in 1939 to Cuba. While present under a non-immigrant visa, he studied at Stanford University and received his Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1956. He joined Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity while at Stanford. In 1952, Bea represented Cuba as a member of the country's basketball team in the Helsinki Olympics. Upon his return, he was put into deportation proceedings for allegedly avoiding the draft. Bea suggested to the immigration judge that he be drafted to cure the apparent violation, but the judge refused as the Korean War had already ended. Bea won his appeal at the Board of Immigration Appeals, opining that the lower court had abused its discretion. After having his residency reinstated and accumulating the requisite physical presence, Bea petitioned for and became a naturalized citizen in 1959. He attended Stanford Law School and received his Juris Doctor in 1958. He was in private practice in California after that, but in 1990 he became a trial judge on the San Francisco County Superior Court. He served there until his appointment to the Ninth Circuit in 2003.

Federal judicial service

Bea had previously been nominated in 1991 to be a federal district judge for the United States District Court for the Northern District of California by President George H. W. Bush, but he never received a vote in the Senate.

Bush nominated Bea to the Ninth Circuit on April 11, 2003. The United States Senate confirmed him on September 29, 2003 by a 86–0 vote. Bea received his commission on October 1, 2003. In June 2019, Bea announced his intention to assume senior status upon the nomination, confirmation and appointment of a successor. He assumed senior status on December 12, 2019.

Personal

His son is Olympic rower Sebastian Bea.

See also
List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists

References

External links

U.S. Department of Justice Profile
Press Release from the Ninth Circuit Announcing Bea's Investiture

1934 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
American people of Basque descent
Basketball players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Hispanic and Latino American judges
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Olympic basketball players for Cuba
People from San Sebastián
Spanish emigrants to Cuba
Stanford Law School alumni
Superior court judges in the United States
United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush
Stanford University alumni
Hispanic and Latino American lawyers
Union of Bulgarians in Transnistria

The Union of Bulgarians in Transnistria, also calling itself the Historical and Human Rights Center of Bulgaria, is a non-governmental organization based in Transnistria whose leader is Alene Nikolayev, an ethnic Bulgarian born in Transnistria. The union is composed of ethnic Bulgarians. Of the 35 nationalities represented in Transnistria, ethnic Bulgarians represent less than 2 percent.

See also
 Union of Moldovans in Transnistria
 Union of Russian Communities in Transnistria
 Union of Ukrainians in Transnistria

References

External links 
 Official website
 
Politics of Transnistria
Political organizations based in Transnistria
Organizations based in Transnistria
Bessarabian Bulgarians
Funt

Funt may refer to:

 Funt (mass), an obsolete Russian unit equivalent to a pound
 Allen Funt (1914–1999), American producer-director and creator of Candid Camera
 Peter Funt, son of Allen Funt, current host of Candid Camera
 Sitz-Chairman Funt, a fictional character from the novel The Little Golden Calf
Újfehértó

Újfehértó (Yiddish, ) is a small town in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

History
By 1920, the Jewish population had reached 1,303 people, 11% of the total population. On 17 May 1944, the 400 Jewish families living in the village were deported to Auschwitz via Nyirjes and Sima.

Twin towns – sister cities

Újfehértó is twinned with:

 Braniștea, Romania
 Cherechiu, Romania
 Doberdò del Lago, Italy
 Hut, Ukraine
 Váhovce, Slovakia
 Żarów, Poland

Notable people
András Toma (1925–2004), probably the last prisoner of war (1945–2000) from the World War II to be repatriated
Erika Marozsán (born 1972), actress
János Marozsán (born in 1965), footballer
Gábor Péter (1906–1993), Communist politician and secret police leader
Teitelbaum family of Satmar Hasidic rabbis (see Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar))
Ferenc Zajti (1886–1961), orientalist, painter, representative of Hungarian Turanism

Gallery

See also
Teitelbaum, Satmar, Klausenberg
Nagykalló, Kalov

References

External links
Újfehértó - ShtetLink

Populated places in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County
Jewish communities in Hungary
Holocaust locations in Hungary
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust
Geylang East

Geylang East, as a planning subzone, covers what is more commonly known as Eunos. This is located in Geylang zone in the Central Region of Singapore. The vicinity is served by both Paya Lebar and Eunos MRT stations. This area is distinct from the Geylang East Central and estate, which is adjacent to and west of Eunos.

"Eunos" is also the name given to a street called  which spans the area.

Etymology and History 

The settlement was originally named Kampong Melayu, a large Malay village that used to include Kampong Ubi and Kaki Bukit areas. It was later renamed  Eunos in honour of its founder, Mohamed Eunos bin Abdullah.

Eunos was the Chairman and co-founder of the Singapore Malay Union and the first Malay representative of the Legislative Council, the then governing body of Singapore. In 1927, he appealed to the government and was granted $700,000 that the Singapore Malay Union used for the purchase of 670 hectares of land, which later became known as Kampong Melayu. This land was used to provide a home for Malays who were affected by the building of Singapore’s first airport at Kallang.

References 

Places in Singapore
Housing estates in Singapore
Geylang
Luggage lock

A luggage lock is a lock used to prevent luggage from opening by accident, usually with little or no security in mind, although the lock may serve as a deterrent to potential thieves. Luggage locks may be built into luggage or may be external locks such as padlocks or lockable straps.

Security

Luggage locks are typically low-security locks. The shackles have a small diameter and are easy to clip using bolt cutters or similar equipment. Luggage locks based on a pin tumbler lock design usually use only three or four pins, making them susceptible to lockpicking, even with tools as simple as a bent paperclip.

TSA Accepted

In the United States the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) requires access to luggage without the passenger being present; to allow travelers to lock their luggage they have accepted certain locks which they can open and relock. The TSA recommend that TSA-accepted locks be used, as luggage locked using other methods must be opened by force in order to be inspected.

Luggage locks accepted by the TSA can be opened by the authorities using publicly known universal "master" keys. Locks using this system are produced to meet standards set by Travel Sentry. Under agreement with the TSA, it is Travel Sentry that sets the standards for these locks and approves each design. Every lock with the Travel Sentry identifying mark (red diamond) is accepted by the TSA.

Some TSA-accepted locks feature an indicator which will appear red if opened by a master key, so the owner will know that their bag has been accessed.

Images of the master keys were left unsecured on the Travel Sentry web site allowing the seven master keys to be easily reproduced.

References

External links
Transportation Security Administration:TSA Recognized Baggage Locks

Locks (security device)
Luggage
Transportation Security Administration
WOKQ

WOKQ (97.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. The station serves the Merrimack Valley, the New Hampshire Seacoast, and York County, Maine, including the cities of Manchester and Portsmouth.

The transmitter is located in Barrington, New Hampshire, with the station's city of license being Dover, New Hampshire.  The studios are located in Dover. WOKQ also operates a simulcast on W250AB on 97.9, a translator that fills in signal holes in downtown Manchester. It brands itself as "The Big 97.5".

WOKQ is owned by Townsquare Media. At 50,000 watts of power, its broadcast signal can reach most of southern and central New Hampshire, southern Maine and northeastern Massachusetts clearly.

History
WOKQ was put on the air in August 1970 by Eastminster Broadcasting Company under the call letters WDNH.  Its country format was in place by 1972.  Eastminster sold WDNH to Fuller-Jeffrey Broadcasting in 1977, at which point it became WOKQ. Fuller-Jeffrey was sold to Citadel Broadcasting in 1999. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.

On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would acquire 53 Cumulus stations, including WOKQ and WPKQ, for $238 million. The deal was part of Cumulus' acquisition of Dial Global; Townsquare and Dial Global are both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The sale to Townsquare was completed on November 14, 2013.

Translator
WOKQ also broadcasts on the following translator:

References

External links

OKQ
Dover, New Hampshire
Townsquare Media radio stations
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in New Hampshire
Country radio stations in the United States
Nir Alon

Nir Alon (born 1964) is an Israeli sculptor and an installation artist based in Hamburg. 

Alon studied from 1988 until 1992 at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem. In 1996 he received the prize for young artists of the Israeli Ministry for education and Culture. In 1998 he participated in an exchange exhibition in Hamburg. In 2001 he received a working scholarship as a guest artist to Harburg. Since then he works and lives in Hamburg. He had solo exhibitions in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Schwerin, Bonn, Mannheim, Frankfurt and Hamburg. He preferably develops his sculptures from cast-off everyday life articles such as furniture, suit-cases, lamps, light bulbs and cables, whereby the installations are arranged directly at the place of exhibition and in the reference to these. Thus it obtains an urgent effect with most economical means. 

His works are in public and private collections in Germany, Israel, Italy and United States.

Selected exhibitions/installations
Cultural tracks-Trivial traps, Bezalel Academy, Jerusalem, 1993
Very delicate foundations, Kidmat-Eden-Gallery, Tel Aviv, 1994
Correct posture, Gross-Gallery, Tel Aviv, 1996
Game of suppositions and refutations, Nahshon Gallery, Nahshon, 1996
Sample of pervert imitation, Chelouche Gallery, Tel Aviv, 1997
Installation, Schleswig-Holstein-Haus, Schwerin, 2001
Operant Conditioning (Show), Kunstverein Harburger Bahnhof, Hamburg, 2002
A state of being present, Installation, Hamburg, 2003
Tell me about love, Installation, Kunsttreppe, Hamburg, 2004 
Ostentatiously stagger (guest), Atelierhaus Bonn, 2004
Ein Tag, ein Raum, ein Bild - Special show, Sebastian Fath Contemporary, Mannheim, 2004
Tell me about love (part II), Installation, Westwerk, Hamburg, 2004, (download catalogue 1.5 MB)
An installation kit for a wanderer artist (Guest), Hamburg, 2004
A funny game (Melancholy), Kampnagel Hamburg, 2005
In case of leftovers, Sebastian Fath Contemporary, Mannheim, 2005
This way or another – Kunstverein Buchholz.
Etwas Grosses wird geschehen, Appel Gallery, Frankfurt, 2006
Zeichnungen nach Installation, Magnus P. Gerdsen Gallery, Hamburg, 2006
Now You Have A Problem Mister, MARKING SPACE. HAMBURG. JERUSALEM., Galerie ChezLinda, Hamburg, 2007
active constellation, works from the collections of Reinking and Lafrenz – The House of Art, Brno, Czech Republic, 2007.

Bibliography 
Rik Reinking, Eva Martens, Petra Nietzky, Hajo Schiff, Robin Hemmer, Thomas Schönberger, Anne Vieth, Sculpture@CityNord: Das temporäre Skulpturenprojekt 2006, Modo, Freiburg, 2007. 
Nir Alon, Anke Feuchtenberger, Stefano Ricci, Ich/I/Je/Io, Mami Verlag, Hamburg, 2008.
Michele Robecchi, The Ground on Which I Stand: Nir Alon & Gazmend Ejupi, STP Books, London, 2019.

External links 
Official website: http://www.nir-alon.com/

References 

Living people
1964 births
20th-century Israeli sculptors
21st-century Israeli sculptors
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design alumni
Israeli contemporary artists
Paul Foley (ironmaster)

Paul Foley (1644/5 – 13 November 1699), also known as Speaker Foley, was the second son of Thomas Foley of Witley Court, the prominent Midlands ironmaster.

Ironmaster
He took over his father's ironworks in and around the Forest of Dean in the early 1670s and continued them until 1685 when he let them to John Wheeler and Richard Avenant, who had managed ironworks for his brother Philip Foley.  In 1692, the two brothers entered into a partnership with these managers and John Wheeler's brother, Richard.  This lasted until after Paul's death.

Gentleman

Paul Foley had the resources from his father and the profits of his ironworks to buy himself a substantial estate around Stoke Edith in Herefordshire, part of which still belongs to a descendant.  Important purchases included Stoke Edith from the trustees of Sir Henry Lingen in 1670 (made by his father), and other property from Sir Thomas Cooke in 1683. He rebuilt the house at Stoke Edith and laid out formal gardens and a park (which he had a royal licence to empark.

Politician
Paul Foley was elected MP for Hereford in 1679.  He was elected again for the same seat in 1689. He actively campaigned for the exclusion of the Duke of York from the throne.  He was imprisoned at the time of the Rye House Plot and again during the Monmouth Rebellion. However, James II later favoured him during his own later difficulties. During the reign of William III, he took an anti-court position, leading the "Country Whigs" faction with his nephew Robert Harley. During the early 1690s, he sat on several important Parliamentary committees, including being a commissioner of accounts. He was elected Speaker of the House of Commons on 14 March 1695, a post he held until his death. He was (like the Harleys and his elder brother Thomas) a Presbyterian and used his patronage rights in the Church of England to appoint clergy of that persuasion to churches.

Family
He married Mary daughter of Alderman John Lane of London.  Their eldest son was Thomas Foley.  His younger son Paul, was also briefly an MP.

Arms

References

People from Herefordshire
English ironmasters
Speakers of the House of Commons of England
People of the Rye House Plot
1640s births
1699 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

English MPs 1679
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1689–1690
English MPs 1690–1695
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1698–1700
Paul
Come and Get These Memories (album)

Come and Get These Memories is the debut album by the American girl group Martha and the Vandellas, released in 1963. Put out by Gordy after the success of the trio's hit of the same name, the album also contains the group's debut single, "I'll Have to Let Him Go", which was originally intended for Mary Wells, and "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)". Most of the album was produced by Holland–Dozier–Holland and William "Mickey" Stevenson.

Former member Gloria Williams originally sang lead on the song "There He Is (At My Door)" and Martha Reeves later revealed in her autobiography that the song was re-recorded after Williams left with her on lead vocals. Williams backing vocals on "I'll Have to Let Him Go" is her only album appearance. This album also includes a cover version of "Tears on My Pillow" by Little Anthony and the Imperials, and standards like "Moments to Remember".

Track listing

Personnel
Martha Reeves – lead vocals; backing vocals on "There He Is (At My Door)"
Rosalind Ashford – backing vocals
Annette Beard – backing vocals
Gloria Williams – backing vocals on "I'll Have to Let Him Go"
Brian Holland – additional backing vocals on "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)"
Raynoma Liles Gordy – organ on "I'll Have to Let Him Go"
Other instrumentation by the Funk Brothers: 
Joe Hunter – piano on "I'll Have to Let Him Go" and "Come and Get These Memories"
Earl Van Dyke – electric piano on "Come and Get These Memories"
James Jamerson – bass on "I'll Have to Let Him Go" and "Come and Get These Memories"
Benny Benjamin – drums on "I'll Have to Let Him Go" and "Come and Get These Memories" 
Eddie Willis – guitar on "I'll Have to Let Him Go" and "Come and Get these Memories"
Robert White – guitar on "Come and Get These Memories" 
Andrew "Mike" Terry – baritone saxophone on "I'll Have to Let Him Go" and "Come and Get These Memories"

References

1963 debut albums
Martha and the Vandellas albums
Gordy Records albums
Albums produced by William "Mickey" Stevenson
Albums produced by Brian Holland
Albums produced by Lamont Dozier
Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.
Albums produced by Eddie Holland
Joanna of Naples

Joanna of Naples may refer to:

 Joanna I of Naples (1325–1382)
 Joanna II of Naples (1373–1435)
 Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (1454–1517), wife of Ferdinand I of Naples
 Joanna of Naples (1478–1518), also queen consort of Ferdinand II of Naples

See also
Joanna of Aragon (disambiguation)
Don Woods (programmer)

Donald R. Woods (born April 30, 1954) is an American hacker and computer programmer. He is best known for his role in the development of the Colossal Cave Adventure game.

Biography

Early programming career
Woods teamed with James M. Lyon while both were attending Princeton in 1972 to produce the unprecedented, excursive INTERCAL programming language. Later, he worked at the Stanford AI lab (SAIL), where among other things he became the SAIL contact for, and a contributor to, the Jargon File.  He also co-authored "The Hacker's Dictionary" with Mark Crispin, Raphael Finkel, and Guy L. Steele Jr.

Work on Adventure
Woods discovered the Colossal Cave Adventure game by accident on a SAIL computer in 1976.  After contacting the original author by the (now antiquated) means of sending an e-mail to crowther@sitename, where sitename was every host listed on ARPANET, he heard back from William Crowther shortly afterward.

Given the go-ahead, Woods proceeded to add enhancements to the Adventure game, and then distributed it on the Internet.  It became very popular, especially with users of the PDP-10. Woods stocked the Kentucky cave that Crowther had written with new magical items, creatures, and geographical features. Crowther's game, which originally featured few supernatural elements, was transformed into a loose fantasy world featuring elements from role playing games. Woods can thus, in a sense, be considered one of the progenitors of the entire genre of computer adventure games and interactive fiction.

By 1977 tapes of the game were common on the Digital user group DECUS, and others (see The Soul of a New Machine by Tracy Kidder for a human history of this period).

References

Further reading
Don Woods' web page
Interview with Woods regarding Adventure
Computerworld Interview with Don Woods on INTERCAL

Video game programmers
Interactive fiction writers
Princeton University alumni
Living people
1954 births
Google employees
Game Developers Conference Pioneer Award recipients
Consolida regalis

Consolida regalis, known as forking larkspur, rocket-larkspur, and field larkspur, is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Consolida of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).

Distribution
Consolida regalis is native to: 
Western Asia: Turkey, Georgia, western Siberia.
Northern Europe — Denmark; Finland; Sweden; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania.
Middle Europe — Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Netherlands; Poland; Slovakia; Switzerland.
East Europe — Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Moldova; Russian Federation—European part; Ukraine.
Southeastern Europe — Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece; Italy; Macedonia; Montenegro; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia.
Southwestern Europe — France; Spain.

Habitat
The plant is found growing on sandy or chalky soils. It is present at an altitude of  above sea level. 

It grows in dry weedy places and roadside ditches, and in cereal crop fields. The plant has become quite rare in central and southern Europe because of the increased use of herbicides and intensive soil cultivation. 

This species is grown as an ornamental plant.

Description
Consolida regalis reaches on average  in height. The stem is erect, hairy and very branched at the top. The roots grow into the soil up to a depth of , so the plant can survive long periods of drought. The leaves are alternately arranged. 

The inflorescence is a cluster with five to eight hermaphrodite flowers. The flowers are dark blue or purple with five sepals. The upper sepal is prolonged in a spur of  long, pointing toward the back. There are eight to ten stamens. The flowering period extends from May through August. 

The flowers are pollinated by hymenoptera and lepidoptera. The seeds ripen from June through September. All plant parts are poisonous in large doses, especially the seeds, that contain up to 1.4% of alkaloids.

Chemical constituents
The alkaloids which have been isolated from Consolida regalis include

 aicolorine
 atisine
 corepanine
 delcoridine
 delcosine
 delsoline
 gigactonine
 hetisinone
 lycoctonine
 paniculine
 regaline
 takaosamine

Gallery

References

 Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 - Vol. I, pag. 291
Consolida regalis

External links

Global Species — Consolida regalis

regalis
Flora of Europe
Flora of Western Asia
Butterfly food plants
Garden plants of Asia
Garden plants of Europe
Consolida ajacis

Consolida ajacis (doubtful knight's spur or rocket larkspur) is an annual flowering plant of the family Ranunculaceae native to Eurasia. It is widespread in other areas, including much of North America, where it is an introduced species. It is frequently grown in gardens as an ornamental for its spikes of blue, pink or white flowers. It may reach a meter in height. Since the aerial parts and seeds of C. ajacis have been found to contain diterpenoid alkaloids (see below), including the highly toxic methyllycaconitine, the plants should be considered as poisonous.

Sowing
In the UK, Consolida ajacis can be sowed under cover between February and April, or directly outdoors between April and May and/or late August and September.

Flowering
In Europe, it flowers between June and October.

Chemical constituents
The first alkaloid to be isolated from C. ajacis seeds was ajaconine, reported by Keller and Volker in 1914. Since that time, over thirty other structurally related diterpenoid alkaloids have been reported; these are:

14-acetylbrowniine

14-acetyldelcosine

14-acetyldelectine

13-O-acetylvakhmatine

ajabicine

ajacine

ajacusine

ajadelphine

ajadelphinine

ajadine

ajadinine

ajanine

ambiguine

anthranoyllycoctonine

browniine

14-deacetylajadine

14-deacetylambiguine

delajacine

delajacirine

delajadine

delcosine

delectine

delphatine

delpheline

delphisine

delsoline

deltaline

deltatsine

dihydroajaconine

gigactonine

lycoctonine

18-methoxygadesine

methyllycaconitine

19-oxoanthranoyllycoctonine

19-oxodelphatine

takaosamine

vakhmatine

Gallery

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment

ajacis
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Tidewater Transportation District Commission

The Tidewater Transportation District Commission was formed in January 1973. 

The formation began with the acquisition of the Virginia Transit Company, Norfolk Division (January 1973), the Community Motor Bus of Portsmouth (May 1975) and the Norfolk, Portsmouth and Elizabeth Tunnel operators in September 1977.

The formation of the Tidewater Regional Transit (TRT) became complete in September 1977.

In 1999, TRT merged with PENTRAN and became Hampton Roads Transit.

Transportation in Virginia
Transit agencies in Virginia
Cumberland Law Review

The Cumberland Law Review is a law review published by the students at Cumberland School of Law in Birmingham, Alabama.

Founded in 1970, the Review publishes two issues a year, with each issue averaging between 150 and 200 pages. Each issue consists of any combination of tributes, articles, essays, notes, and comments. Generally, an issue includes at least one article, note, and comment. Occasionally, part of an issue or an entire issue is devoted to a single topic. For instance, in 2016 the Review published a symposium on Harper Lee's books "Go Set a Watchman" and "To Kill a Mockingbird." The Review's online companion, the Cumberland Law Review Online, publishes shorter pieces surveying recent developments with the Supreme Court of Alabama and United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.

Membership 
Membership on the Cumberland Law Review is available to those students in the top fifteen percent of  the  1L  class,  determined  at  the  close  of  the  second  semester,  who  successfully  complete a write-on competition, known as the Candidates Program, consisting of a Bluebook examination and casenote submission. A student must successfully complete both phases to become a member of the Review. Members of the Review's editorial staff perform cite checks, attend mandatory meetings, write surveys tracking legal developments, and submit a comment for publication consideration.

Submissions 
The Cumberland Law Review considers articles, essays, notes, and comments from professionals and professors with a law degree for both its print and online publications. Individuals who wish to submit a piece for publication should consult the Review's website for specific submission instructions.

Seminars 
The Cumberland Law Review hosts a yearly academic seminar, either in the form of a Symposium or a Colloquium. In the past, the Review has hosted symposia on Alabama Dram Shop Liability, the legal practice in the wake of COVID-19, Harper Lee's works, and alternative dispute resolution.

External links

References 

American law journals
Samford University
General law journals
Sugging

Sugging is a market research industry term, meaning "selling under the guise of research". This behavior occurs when a product marketer falsely pretends to be a market researcher conducting a survey, when in reality they are simply trying to sell the product in question. 

Generally considered unethical, this tactic is prohibited or strongly disapproved of by trade groups, such as the UK Market Research Society MRS, CASRO and MRA, for their member research companies.

See also
Frugging
Push poll

References
Elliott, Stuart, "You've Got Mail, Indeed", The New York Times, October 25, 1999
Elliott, Stuart, "A New Survey Seeks to Gauge the Research Needs of American Companies as They Look Abroad, The New York Times, January 5, 1996  
Glossary of Terms at Association for Qualitative Research (UK)
"Comment on Email Authentication: Summitt Issues", filed by CASRO with Federal Trade Commission
"Comment of Proposed Rule: CAN-SPAM Act Rulemaking", filed by CASRO with Federal Trade Commission
"Sales Under the Guise of Research (Sugging)", Marketing Research Association (US)
 XploreMR
 

Ethically disputed business practices
Market research
Arabsiyo

Arabsiyo is  a town in the Gabiley district of Somaliland. The town is located about 30 km west of Hargeisa.

Overview
Arabsiyo has a three valleys located on the West, Central and on the Eastern of the city with a number of farming villages such as Huluq, Agamsa, Gogol-wanaag, Beeyo-Qalooce, Dhagaxmadoobe, Biyomacaan, Laas Xadhaadh and Gogeysa towards Gabiley city.

Demographics 
Arabsiyo city has a total population of around 22,500 inhabitants and is primarily inhabited by the Jibril Abokor (Baha Omar and Bahabar Adan) and Hussein Abokor (Bah Gobo)  and Abdalla Abokor (Reer Galool) sub divisions of the Sa'ad Musa subclan of the Habar Awal Isaaq.

Education 
Primary schools and Secondary schools are available throughout the district.[5]

Primary schools

 Number of Primary Schools – 12

Secondary schools

 Number of Secondary Schools – 2

Climate 
The climate here is considered to be a local steppe climate. There is consistent precipitation in Arabsiyo. According to Köppen-Geiger system, this climate is classified as (BSh). In Arabsiyo, the average annual temperature is 21.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 489 mm. The driest month is December, with 2 mm of rain. In August, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 91 mm. June is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in June averages 24.5 °C. At 17.6 °C on average, January is the coldest month of the year. There is a difference of 89 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. The variation in annual temperature is around 6.9 °C.

See also
Administrative divisions of Somaliland
Regions of Somaliland
Districts of Somaliland

References

Populated places in Maroodi Jeex
Pulsatilla pratensis

Pulsatilla pratensis (syn. Anemone pratensis), the small pasque flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to central and eastern Europe, from southeast Norway and western Denmark south and east to Bulgaria. It grows from near sea level in the north of the range, up to  in the south of its range.

Name
The Latin specific epithet pratensis means "from the meadow", referring to one of its typical habitats.

Description
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to  tall. The leaves are finely divided and thread-like, and densely covered with silvery hairs. The flowers are  long, pendulous, bell-like, the tepals with reflexed tips; flower colour varies from purple in the north of the species' range to greenish-violet in the south. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and are pollinated by bees; flowering is from early to mid spring.

Subspecies
There are a number of subspecies:
Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. pratensis
Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. bohemica 
Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. hungarica 
Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. nigricans 
Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. ucrainica 
Pulsatilla pratensis nothosubsp. zichyi 

Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. hungarica grows in E Slovakia, NE Hungary and NW Romania. In Slovakia and Romania it is categorized as critically endangered CR. In Hungary it is protected by law. It occurs on open sand-plains and avoids limestone. In Hungary it can be found in two regions, the Nyírség and Bodrogköz.

Cultivation and uses
This plant is toxic, but can be dissipated through heat or drying.

References

pratensis
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Taxa named by Philip Miller
Hymn of Valledupar

Spanish; Himno de Valledupar

Hymn of Valledupar, is the representative anthem of Valledupar, a city located in northern Colombia. Established since 1984 by then Mayor of Valledupar, Miguel Meza Valera, the anthem was selected from a public contest and won by Samarian composer Rita Feranandez Padilla and musician Carlos Julio Parra, selected by a jury formed by Consuelo Araujo Noguera, Simon Martinez Ubarnez and Luis Rosenzwelg.

The anthem was selected after an open contest to the public ordered by Mayor's decree 16.

Lyrics

 

Anthems of Colombian cities
Spanish-language songs
Valledupar
Jabez Vodrey

Jabez Vodrey (1795–1861) was the first English potter to emigrate to and work west of the Appalachian Mountains in the United States.

Early years
Vodrey was born on 14 January 1795  in Tunstall, Staffordshire, a centuries-old centre of the English pottery industry. He is thought to be a cousin of Frederick Vodrey, who emigrated from Staffordshire to Dublin, Ireland in the late 19th century and founded an art pottery.

Emigration and first American potteries
In 1827, Vodrey and his wife, Sarah Nixon Vodrey, emigrated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, with another Staffordshire potter, William Frost.  Vodrey and Frost operated a pottery in Pittsburgh for about two years.  In 1829, Vodrey moved alone to Louisville, Kentucky, where he continued to work as a potter for the next decade.  In 1839, he moved to Troy, Indiana on the Ohio River, where he took over the operation of the abandoned pottery of James Clews.  It was not a success, as skilled labour was almost impossible to procure.

Years in East Liverpool, Ohio
In March 1847, Vodrey came to East Liverpool, Ohio, where he found work in the area's booming pottery industry.  He began with the manufacture of clay smoking pipes, and by 1848 had formed a partnership with William Woodward, a wealthy farmer.  Together, the two men produced simple yellow ware and Rockingham Pottery.  Within months, their small pottery was destroyed by fire, but the men began to rebuild the pottery with the financial backing of brothers James and John Simpson Blakely.

The new pottery of Woodward, Blakely and Company called its ware Phoenix, in honor of their success in rising from the ashes of the pottery Woodward and Vodrey had founded together.  By 1852, the company employed more than six dozen workers in five buildings.  A series of serious setbacks, including an Ohio River flood and a strike, decimated the business and by the end of 1857, it was essentially defunct.

Meanwhile, Vodrey's sons William, James and John were busy converting an abandoned East Liverpool church into a pottery.  By the spring of 1858, the Vodrey and Brother Pottery Company was operating at full capacity, producing Rockingham and yellow ware.

Later life
Jabez Vodrey died in 1861. His son John Wadsworth Vodrey was killed in the Battle of New Hope Church, Georgia while fighting for the Union Army's 46th Pennsylvania Infantry on 25 May 1864.  Despite these setbacks, the family pottery prospered for an additional six decades.  In 1876, the pottery began production of white ironstone.  In 1896, it changed its name to the Vodrey Pottery Company and semi-porcelain became part of its range.  Until it closed in 1928, Vodrey Pottery produced domestic and commercial dinnerware and chamber ware.

Vodrey and his wife, Sarah Nixon Vodrey, are buried at East Liverpool's Riverview Cemetery.  Descendants of the Vodrey family remain in the area.

External links
Vodrey Pottery Works price list, East Liverpool, Ohio 1864 - 1865
Museum Of Ceramics
Riverview Cemetery

1794 births
1861 deaths
American potters
People from Tunstall, Staffordshire
People from East Liverpool, Ohio
English emigrants to the United States
Viola palustris

Viola palustris (marsh violet, or alpine marsh violet) is a perennial forb of the genus Viola. It inhabits moist meadows, marshes, and stream banks in northern parts of North America and Eurasia. The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.

Description

Viola palustris is a 5 to 22 cm, glabrous herb with petioles and peduncles from slender rhizomes. The cordate to reniform leaves are 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide with coarse, shallow, blunt teeth. Petioles are 2 to 17 cm. The white to lilac flowers are 10 to 13 mm long. Peduncles are about the same length as petioles. The lower three petals have purple lines. The lateral pair are lightly bearded.

It is used as the foodplant for the pearl-bordered fritillary and the small pearl-bordered fritillary. It is a known host for the pathogenic fungi Hendersonia violae and Puccinia fergussonii.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment

palustris
Flora of Europe
Flora of Finland
Flora of Russia
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Kyiv Reservoir

The Kyiv Reservoir (), locally the Kyiv Sea, is a large water reservoir located on the Dnieper River in Ukraine. Named after the city of Kyiv, which lies to the south, it covers an area of  within the Kyiv Oblast. The reservoir filled in 1964–1966 after the dam for the Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant was built at Vyshhorod. The reservoir is mainly used for hydroelectricity generation, industrial and public consumption, and irrigation.

The reservoir is 110 km in length, 12 km in width, has a depth of four to eight meters, a volume of , and a usable volume of . The reservoir, together with the Kakhovka Reservoir, the Dnieper Reservoir, the Kamianske Reservoir, the Kremenchuk Reservoir, and the Kaniv Reservoir, has created a deep-water route on the river. However, its creation has also contributed to significant environmental problems such as the diminished flow velocity which reduces water oxygenation, and has a negative result on the balance of aquatic life forms. Also, some nearby villages were flooded when it filled.  One of these was Teremtsi, where the residents of the village persuaded Soviet authorities to let them stay, only to be evacuated later in 1986 during the Chernobyl disaster.

Safety issues 
Like all Dnieper reservoirs, Kyiv Reservoir poses potential threat of tremendous flooding if its dam is destroyed. Moreover, it contains additional major threat – after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, radionuclides washed away by rains badly contaminated the bottom silt of the reservoir. During the years following the disaster, there were suggestions to drain the reservoir because it was too shallow. It appeared that, if done, this might have created the threat of radioactive dust travelling by wind, possibly affecting Europe.

A similar threat was permanently discussed regarding the potential destruction of the dam (by natural accident, terrorism or war). But the authorities continued to dismiss such dangers as unreal, claiming to be in full control of the dam's safety. However, serious concerns were raised in 2005, when a fake terrorist alert was made.

Worries about possible destruction arose again in February 2022 during the Kyiv offensive. Russian forces took control of the power plant on 25 or 26 February. Ukrainian forces recaptured it on 26 February. It was claimed that Ukrainian air defenses intercepted a missile flying towards the dam. Interfax stated that if the dam were to fail, flooding could destroy "the entire left bank of Kyiv".

Gallery

See also 
 Dnieper reservoir cascade

References

External links 
 
 “Аргументы и факты” о реальных угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС 
 “Известия” о проблематике плотины Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС
 Эксперт УНИАН об угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища

Reservoirs of the Dnieper
Geography of Kyiv
Reservoirs built in the Soviet Union
Reservoirs in Ukraine
Geography of Kyiv Oblast
Donald Woods (disambiguation)

Donald Woods (1933–2001) was a South African journalist and activist.

Donald or Don Woods may also refer to:

 Donald Woods (actor) (1906–1998), Canadian-born American film and television actor
 Donald Devereux Woods (1912–1964), British microbiologist
 Don Woods (programmer) (born 1954), computer programmer and co-author of the game Colossal Cave Adventure
 Don Woods (American football) (born 1951), American football player
 Don Woods (meteorologist) (1928–2012), American weatherman

See also
Donald Wood (1933–2015), Canadian politician, businessman and farmer
Donald Wood-Smith, professor and doctor
Dallas Texas Temple

The Dallas Texas Temple is the 30th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).  It serves nearly 50,000 members in North Texas, and a few congregations in northwest Louisiana, southwest Arkansas and southeast Oklahoma.

History
Located in Dallas, Texas, the temple was dedicated on October 19, 1984 by Gordon B. Hinckley. The temple sits on a  site and was originally . It was the first temple in Texas and the South Central United States. A groundbreaking, to signify the beginning of construction, occurred in January 1983. With the LDS Church growing rapidly in the area, the temple was remodeled in 1987 to increase its size and make it more functional and efficient. The addition gave the temple  of added space. The Dallas Texas Temple currently has a total floor area of , five ordinance rooms, and four sealing rooms. L. Lionel Kendrick was a former temple president.

In 2020, along with all the church's other temples, the Dallas Texas Temple was closed for a time in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

See also

 Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
 Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Texas
 "Dallas Texas Temple", by Hobson, p. 191

References

External links
 Dallas Texas Temple Official site
 Dallas Texas Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org

20th-century Latter Day Saint temples in the United States
Religious buildings and structures in Dallas
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 1984
Temples (LDS Church) in Texas
1984 establishments in Texas
F14 (disambiguation)

The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American jet fighter aircraft.

F14, F.XIV, F.14 or F-14 may also refer to:

 Fokker F.XIV, a 1920s Dutch cargo plane
 Fokker F-14, a 1929 American transport aircraft 
 Ferrari F14 T, a Formula One racing car
 Farmall F-14, a model of Farmall tractor
 Fluorine-14 (F-14 or 14F), an isotope of fluorine
 F14, a former Swedish Air Force Base, now Halmstad Airport
Johannesburg South Africa Temple

The Johannesburg South Africa Temple is the 36th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

History
In April 1981, LDS Church leaders announced the building of a temple in Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa. Groundbreaking took place on 27 November 1982. Once the site of estates built by nineteenth-century mining magnates and financiers, the area around the temple now features hospitals, office buildings, and schools, many of which are housed in mansions from the Victorian era.

The temple is visible from many parts of the city with its six spires reaching into the sky. The edges of the building are finished with tiered layers of face brick. A gray slate roof and indigenous quartzite for the temple's perimeter walls and entrance archways are designed to fit in with the historic buildings nearby.

Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated the temple on 24 August 1985. Although additional temples have been announced in Durban, South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Johannesburg temple currently serves church members from the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Madagascar.

The temple has a total floor area of , four ordinance rooms, and three sealing rooms.

In 2020, the Johannesburg South Africa Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

See also

 Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
 Temple architecture (LDS Church)
 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa

References

External links
Johannesburg South Africa Temple Official site
Johannesburg South Africa Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org

20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in Johannesburg
Christianity in Johannesburg
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 1985
Temples (LDS Church) in Africa
Temples in South Africa
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa
1985 establishments in South Africa
20th-century religious buildings and structures in South Africa