alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Ravicherla

Ravicherla is a village in Nuzvid Mandal, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a peaceful village with about 1300 people living in it. Most of the people living here work on agriculture. The main crops are mango and paddi. This village has different religions including Hinduism, Christianity and Islam.

In recent times, youths in this village are very interested in Information techology (IT) and getting good education and income in this field. Its a great place to learn many things in life. No of people are settled in IT profession from this small village. There are MBA's, MCA's and B.tech minds which come from this village, mainly favouritism for Tekugu Desam Partty and Nandamuri fans especially for Junior NTR

Villages in Andhra Pradesh
San Marino, California

San Marino is a residential town in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its population is 12,513 as per the 2020 United States Census.

References
Ballade

For the ballade as a musical (instrumental) form see ballade (musical form). 

A ballade is a medieval French verse or song which tells a story.  Like the rondeau and the virelai it was very popular in 14th and 15th century France.  All these three songs were originally dances.  Famous composers like Guillaume de Machaut wrote ballades.  

Ballade verses often had three stanzas which had the same metre and rhyme scheme, and the last line was often the same.  They might end with an envoi which meant that it was addressing a king or prince.  The great English poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote ballades.

Musical forms
Poetry forms
Ballade (classical music)

This article is about the instrumental ballade that was popular in the 19th century.
For the medieval French ballade see Ballade.

A ballade is a piece of music, usually for piano. It has several tunes, and one can easily imagine that it is telling a story (a ballade is a medieval French song which tells a story).

The first composer who used the title “ballade” for his piano pieces was Frédéric Chopin. He wrote four ballades. They are quite free in form. Chopin does not tell us about any particular story he had in mind. Perhaps they are just musical stories. They are four of his finest works.

Later on other composers also wrote ballades: César Franck and Franz Liszt in particular. Johannes Brahms wrote ballades for piano which are quite like songs in their form. Edvard Grieg wrote a ballade which was based on a Norwegian song.

Gabriel Fauré wrote a ballade for piano and orchestra. Some composers wrote ballades for orchestra, but they are really like short symphonic poems.

Musical forms
RAF

RAF may refer to:
 Royal Air Force - Air force of the United Kingdom
 Red Army Faction
Allianz Arena

Allianz Arena (; known as Fußball Arena München for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany. Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 München and the Germany national football team use this stadium. The stadium offers 69,901 seats.

The stadium was used for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final.

Construction 

The stadium took about 340 million Euros to make. The stadium was made with real grass. The architect was Herzog & de Meuron and ArupSport.

International tournament matches

2006 FIFA World Cup 
The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, due to sponsorship contracts, the arena was called FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich during the World Cup.

The following games were played at the stadium during the World Cup of 2006:

UEFA Euro 2020 
The stadium hosted three group stage matches and one quarter-finals match at the UEFA Euro 2020.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Allianz Arena Facts and Figures Section provides details like the amount of concrete used, composition of the facade, facade lighting etc.
 
 Seat Plan of the Allianz Arena
 Allianz Arena – video
 Allianz Arena Guide and Images

Buildings and structures in Munich
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Bavaria
Allianz
Imtech Arena

The Imtech Arena is a concert and sports arena in Hamburg, Germany. It is owned and used by the Hamburger SV football team. Many Hamburg residents still refer to the arena as the Volksparkstadion (Peoples Park Stadium), though AOL bought the naming rights for 30 million marks or 15.3 million euros in 2001. From July 2007 until July 2010 the name was HSH Nordbank Arena.

Museum 
The stadium houses a museum which presents the history of the Hamburger SV club.

The HSV museum is open daily from 10 am to 8 pm.

Other websites
Official site of the Imtech Arena
Pictures of the Imtech Arena 

Buildings and structures in Hamburg
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Hamburg
Veltins Arena

The Veltins-Arena (between 2001 and 2005 Arena AufSchalke) in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is the stadium of the German member of the soccer federal league FC Schalke 04. The Veltins arena is one of the most modern stages of the world and possesses since June 2015 a capacity of 62.271 spectators with plays on national level, with international plays due to the standing place prohibition of 54,740 spectators. Apart from the actual use as football stadium of the FC Schalke 04 also different meetings, like concerts, take place in this multi-function arena. Due to the outline of the Rhine stadium in Duesseldorf the arena became occasionally also venue of the Home plays of the American football crew Rhine Fire.

The Veltins arena got 2004 lent of the UEFA the status of a 5-Stars-Stadium. The comment of the UEFA delegation read even: The place of event will the requirements more than fair and could even than ‚six star Stadion' be evaluated. It may align thereby final games of the UEFA champions League and the UEFA cup.

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Football stadiums in Germany
Gelsenkirchen
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
FC Schalke 04

The Fußball-Club Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04, commonly known as FC Schalke 04, is a successful and popular German football  club.

It plays in Gelsenkirchen. With more than 80.313 members (15. Dezember 2009) at present it is the second largest Sportsclub of Germany and has departments for football, basketball, table tennis, handball and athletics. Since August 2001 the association plays its home plays in the Veltins arena (to 30 June 2005 Veltins Arena), one of the most modern stages of the world. In the coat of arms a white G is to be recognized, which stands for Gelsenkrichen.

There exists a great rivalry between Schalke 04 and Borussia Dortmund. The reason is the honorable competition of these clubs which live in neighborhood. Since the first match in 1925 there have been 135 matches. Schalke won 55 of them, Dortmund won 45 and 35 ended in a draw. In the 2009–10 Bundesliga season Schalke won both matches.

Football 
The football team is playing their home plays in the Veltins Arena. 61,673 people can visit the stadium for football matches in national, or 54,442 in internation competitions. During other events as for example concerts or opera plays 79,296 people can take place in the stadium. Its was also one of the 12 venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany and the final of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League between FC Porto and AS Monaco has been played there.

The players in the season 2021-22

Squad

Coach 
The current coach (and Manager) of Schalke 04 is Dimitrios Grammozis.

Success 

International
 UEFA-Cup-Sieger
o 1997 (1:0 und 0:1 (4:1 i.E.) gegen Inter Mailand)
 UI-Cup-Sieger 2003, 2004

Championship
 German champion (seven times):
o 1934 (2:1 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1935 (6:4 vs VfB Stuttgart)
o 1937 (2:0 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1939 (9:0 vs Admira Wien)
o 1940 (1:0 vs Dresdner SC)
o 1942 (2:0 vs Vienna Wien)
o 1958 (3:0 vs Hamburger SV)
o Schalke was eight times runner-up

DFB-Cup
 DFB-Pokalsieger:
o 1937 (2:1 vs Fortuna Düsseldorf)
o 1972 (5:0 vs 1. FC Kaiserslautern)
o 2001 (2:0 vs 1. FC Union Berlin)
o 2002 (4:2 vs Bayer 04 Leverkusen)
o 2011 (5:0 vs MSV Duisburg)
 DFL-Ligapokalsieger 2005

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Schalke 04
 Official site of Schalke's Veltins Arena

Gelsenkirchen
Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1904 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany
Michael Ballack

Michael Ballack (born 26 September 1976 in Görlitz, Germany) was  a German football player and is the retired captain of the Germany national team. He last played for Chelsea, an English club.

Ballack started his career in a small club in Eastern Germany. He later turned to several German clubs, including Bayern Munich. In 2006/07 he arrived England to join the big club, Chelsea.

Ballack has attended the World Cup Twice in 2002 and 2006, but has not won it with the Germany national football team. He is considered as one of the strongest midfield players to ever play for the German national team. Also he is regarded as the current talent on German national team, and very few German football players achieve this.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Chemnitzer FC||2. Bundesliga||15||0||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|1996/97||Regionalliga||34||10||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||10
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1998/99||30||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||37||4
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||23||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||2||25||5
|-
|2000/01||27||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1||34||8
|-
|2001/02||29||17||4||1||colspan="2"|-||15||7||48||25
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||26||10||5||4||colspan="2"|-||7||1||38||15
|-
|2003/04||28||7||3||2||colspan="2"|-||8||0||39||9
|-
|2004/05||27||13||4||3||colspan="2"|-||9||2||40||18
|-
|2005/06||26||14||5||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1||37||16

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Chelsea||rowspan="4"|Premier League||26||5||3||1||6||0||10||2||45||8
|-
|2007/08||18||7||2||0||3||0||7||2||30||9
|-
|2008/09||29||1||6||3||1||0||10||0||46||4
|-
|2009/10||32||4||4||1||2||0||7||0||45||5

|-
|2010/11||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||1||0||0||0||||||1||1||0||0
282||85||27||11||||||57||14||366||110
105||17||15||5||9||0||34||4||163||26
387||102||42||16||9||0||91||18||510||136
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||9||6
|-
|2002||11||6
|-
|2003||5||2
|-
|2004||13||8
|-
|2005||11||7
|-
|2006||14||6
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||12||4
|-
|2009||8||3
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
!Total||98||42
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Saxony
Coat of arms of Germany

The coat of arms of Germany (German Wappen Deutschlands) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold ). It is the oldest existing state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however. To the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was revered as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious significance in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism.

 
Germany
National symbols of Germany
Plauen

Plauen is the biggest city of the Vogtlandkreis in the southwest of Saxony. It is the fifth-largest city in the state. Only Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau are larger.

Plauen was a Kreisfreie stadt until July 2008. Since 1. August 2008 Plauen ist Part of the Vogtlandkreis.

The nearest large cities are Zwickau, about  northeast and Gera, about  north of Plauen.

History

Plauen was already settled in the Bronze Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1122, when the oldest church (named Johanniskirche) was build. About 1224 Plauen has get the Town privileges. 1632 a big part of the city was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. Since about 1830 Plauen grow because of the textile-industry. In the Second World Warabout three quarters of the city was destroyed by the United States Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force.

1989 Plauen was the first city in the German Democratic Republic were happens a big demonstration against the Government. This leads to the Wende.

Population change
Plauen became a large city in 1904 when the population reached 100.000. In 1912 it reached its biggest ever population with 128.000.

After the Second World War Germany was divided. Plauen was in the border area. Laws about living in the border areas of East Germany meant the population fell greatly.

According to the statistics office of the Free State of Saxony, on 31 December 2009 Plauen's population was 66,412.

References

Vogtlandkreis Rural District
Braunau am Inn

Braunau am Inn is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. It was in the American Occupation Zone of Austria from 1945 to 1955 .

References

Settlements in Upper Austria
Berlin Hauptbahnhof

Berlin Hauptbahnhof (English: Berlin Central Station) is the central railway station of the German capital Berlin. It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006.

It is on the site of the old Lehrter Bahnhof. Until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway, temporarily named Berlin Hauptbahnhof - Lehrter Bahnhof in 2002.

The station has the largest traffic volume for a through-station in Europe. Paris Gare du Nord is the largest station in Europe measured by traffic volume but it is regarded as a terminus.

The longest route that runs through Berlin Central railway station is the Sibirjak. It links Berlin to some cities in Russia. It passes through Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. The longest route offered goes to Novosibirsk. This takes almost four days to travel.

References

2006 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Railway stations in Germany
Mazurka

The Mazurka is a Polish country dance.  It comes from an area called Mazovia near Warsaw where the people are called Mazurs.  It was known in the 16th century.  In the 17th century its popularity spread all over Poland and by the 19th century it was becoming known in England and then the United States.  The Mazurka is very similar to the Kujawiak which is a dance from another district near Warsaw.

The Mazurka is a lively dance in 3/4 metre.  It has lots of dotted rhythms and the fourth note of the scale is often sharpened.   The dancers often click their heels on the 2nd or 3rd beat of the bar.  The speed is not always fast, it can be slow, but it is a wilder dance than the waltz which is also in 3/4 time and had become very popular as a ballroom dance.

The composer Frédéric Chopin wrote more than 50 mazurkas for the piano.  Chopin really shows his genius in these pieces.  They are very beautiful  and there is a lot of variety and interest in them.  Many of them are not all that difficult to play.  Some of them have very chromatic bits in them.

There were other classical composers who wrote Mazurkas, but none of them are as good as those of Chopin.  Some Russian composers like Glinka and Tchaikovsky wrote several mazurkas.  It was danced a lot in Russia in the 19th century and it is mentioned a lot in Russian novels.  In the 20th century Karol Szymanowski wrote several mazurkas.

Ballroom dances
Musical forms
Bundesliga (disambiguation)

Bundesliga is the name of the highest level of play in many different sports. Bundesliga literally means "Federal League", or league of the whole country. The word is used in the countries Germany and in Austria.  Soccer is the most popular sport in these countries. That is why Germany's soccer league is the best-known Bundesliga.

Bundesligen in Germany
 Other association football leagues:
 Frauen-Bundesliga – Women's top division association football in Germany (1990–present)
 Under 19 Bundesliga – Men's under 19 football (2003–present)
 Under 17 Bundesliga – Men's under 17 football (2007–present)
 Badminton Bundesliga
 Baseball-Bundesliga (1984–present)
 Basketball Bundesliga (1966–present)
 Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga (founded 1947), women's basketball
 Billard Bundesliga, carom billiards (1967–present)
 Bundesliga (artistic gymnastics)
 Bundesliga (baseball) (1984–present)
 Feldhockey Bundesliga (Men's field hockey)
 Feldhockey Bundesliga (Women's field hockey)
 Bundesliga (handball) (1965–present)
 Handball-Bundesliga (women) (founded 1975), women's handball
 Bundesliga (shooting) (1997–present)
 Bundesliga (speedway)
 Bundesliga (table tennis) (1966–present)
 Tennis Bundesliga (men) (1972–present)
 Bundesliga (volleyball)
 Bundesliga (weightlifting) (1964–present)
 Bundesliga (wrestling) (1964–present)
 Chess Bundesliga (1980–present)
 Cricket Bundesliga
 German Football League (1979–present), American football Bundesliga, renamed in 1999
 Ruder-Bundesliga (2009–present), rowing (eight)
 Roller Hockey Bundesliga (founded 1967), men's roller hockey
 Go-Bundesliga , Go
 Ice hockey
 Deutsche Eishockey Liga (1995–present)
 Ice hockey Bundesliga (1958-1994)
 German women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
 Rugby
 Rugby-Bundesliga, rugby union (1971–present)
 Women's Rugby Bundesliga (1987–present), women's rugby union
 Unihockey-Bundesliga, Floorball
 World League eSport Bundesliga (2005-2006), video games

Bundesligen in Austria
 Austrian Football Bundesliga – men's football
 Austrian Football League – men's American style football
 Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga – men's basketball
 1. Rugby Bundesliga - men's rugby
 Austria women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
Weserstadion

The Weserstadion is a stadium in Bremen, Germany. It lies to the right side of the Weser, in the Pauliner Marsch, a flooding area in the quarter of Peterswerder. It is the homeground of the Werder Bremen football club.

History 
The Weser stadium was built in 1909 by Bremen's Allgemeiner Bremer Turn- und Sportverein as a sports field. After its first change in the year 1926, it was given the name ATSB Kampfbahn. Today's name, which goes back to the direct situation at the Weser river, exists since the year 1930. Since this time there also the sports association Werder Bremen makes its plays. At the beginning of the first season of the soccer Bundesliga in the year 1963 the stadium received its first roofed grandstand. In the following decades also the other grandstands were built and modernized gradually. 1992 for the first time in a stadium a VIP Loge was inserted.

Bremen (city)
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Bremen (state)
Belt

A belt is a piece of clothing worn around a person's waist. They can be used to hold up trousers(pants, men) or skirts(women) or for carrying things in pockets, such as on a utility belt, which police use. Belts are commonly made using cloth or leather. They are worn by men and women, however men wear them more casually and formally. The most common colors are black and brown. Belts have buckles. Belts are thread around belt loops on trousers(usually Jeans and dress pants for men). Belts have holes which the buckle is put into., making them looser to tighter. Cowboys often wear belt and customize/pick their buckles.

Other websites

Accessories
Zugspitze

The Zugspitze (Bavarian: Zugspitz) is located in Bavaria, Germany. It is the highest mountain in Germany. It is  above sea level. It attracts thousands of visitors every year.

Literature 

 Toni Hiebeler: Zugspitze: Von d. Erstbesteigung bis heute Mosaik-Verlag, 
 Heinrich Schott: Die Zugspitze : Gipfel d. Technik, Triumphe u. Tragödien Süddeutscher Verlag, München 1987, 

Alps
Geography of Bavaria
Mountains of Austria
Mountains of Germany
Tyrol (state)
G8

The Group of Eight (G8) was a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia (suspended), the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission is also represented in the committee. The group has conferences or meetings throughout the year, it researches policies, and has a summit meeting once a year. The heads of government of each G8 country attend the summit meeting.

Each year a different country takes over the presidency of the group for the duration of the year. The country that holds the presidency sets the agenda for the year and hosts the summit for that year. The first G6 meeting was in 1975. Canada joined in 1976, making G7. Russia made it G8 in 1997.

The organization's official 2014 summit was not held in Moscow as previously planned, due to the invasion and takeover of Crimea. On March 24, 2014, all seven member nations voted to suspend Russia from the G-8. The meeting was held in Brussels instead, and the G8 will be called G7 since there are now seven leaders.

Overview
The G8 is not considered an international organization because it does not have administrative structure. This means that besides the president, there are no official titles for the members, they are all considered equal. Their meetings are not formal. The goal is to talk about global topics and problems in a relaxed manner.

There are many global problems and issues that can be discussed at meetings. Some common topics of discussion include: health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice, terrorism, and trade.

Yearly summit
The annual meeting of G8 leaders is attended by the heads of government and other invited guests. It is usually held for three days in the middle of the year. Each year one of the G8 countries is considered the G8 president. The country of the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting a summit during that year. The first summit meeting was held in November 1975 in France.

Economic power 
The eight countries that make up the G8 represent about 14% of the people in the world but produce over 65% of the world's economic output measured by gross domestic product (GDP).

Source: World Development Report 2006, World Bank

References

Other page
 World Economic Forum

Other websites
 G8 research group, "G8 Research Group's Information Centre", utoronto.ca
 "Special Report: G8", Guardian Unlimited
 "Profile: G8", BBC News
 "We are deeply concerned. Again", New Statesman, 4 July 2005, - G8 development concerns since 1977

 
1975 establishments
Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician of the CDU party. He was the last Chancellor of West Germany, and he stayed in office after reunification as the first Chancellor of a united Germany. 

From 1969 to 1976 he was the Minister President of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and from 1982 to 1998 Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kohl helped to arrange the process of German reunification and participated considerably in the European unity process. A pro-EU conservative, he was often compared to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, two other leaders with similar views in the 1980s. In 1998, he retired as Chancellor, as the SPD won the election. His replacement was Gerhard Schröeder.

His involvement with the CDU donation affair, and in particular offences against party law is open to question.

Kohl died on the morning of Friday, 16 June 2017 in his hometown of Ludwigshafen, aged 87.

References

Notes

1930 births
2017 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
Ministers-President of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Ludwigshafen
Politicians from Rhineland-Palatinate
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Organ (anatomy)

In biology, an organ is a group of tissues that work together in an organism. They specialise in particular vital functions. They create an organ system which, as a whole, is an organism.

These are examples of organs:
 Heart
 Lungs
 Brain
 Ear
 Eye
 Gall bladder
 Stomach
 Spleen
 Bones
 Pancreas
 Kidneys
 Liver
 Intestine
 Skin
 Uterus
 Bladder

Classification 
Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organism
Postulate

A postulate (also sometimes called an axiom) is a statement that is agreed by everyone to be correct. This is useful for creating proofs in mathematics and science, (also seen in social science)Along with definitions, postulates are often the basic truth of a much larger theory or law. Thus a postulate is a hypothesis advanced as an essential presupposition to a train of reasoning.

Postulates themselves cannot be proven, but since they are usually self-evident, their acceptance is not a problem. Here is a good example of a postulate (given by Euclid in his studies about geometry).

Two points determine (make) a line.
Using this postulate and four others like it, Euclid brought a new understanding of geometry to the world, and many people think they are some of the most influential works in geometry (even in modern time).

Sometimes, postulates are not obviously correct, but are required for their consequences. One example is Albert Einstein's postulate that the universe is homogenous. This type of postulate was necessary to make possible some major scientific achievements, but can also be problematic since it is not self-evident. 

As a rule of thumb, postulates tend to have the following characteristics:
 Obvious and easy to understand
 Does not contain many words that are difficult to explain
 Few in quantity
 Work together without making any strange result (that is, they are consistent)
 True when used alone (which means that they can be used independently)

Postulates are sometimes proved to be wrong after they have been known for a long time, but this is usually because something new has been discovered, and the original creator could not have known any better.

Related pages 

 Koch's postulates
 Parallel postulate

References 

Science
Mathematics
Influence

Social influence means someone affecting the emotions, opinions, or behaviours of others. It can be either planned for a purpose, or be an unplanned result of other events.

The adjective influential means "having much influence", so influential people or things have the power to change other people or things in some way. This word is often used to describe famous people. For example, Mahatma Gandhi was a very influential person, because the things he did and said changed many peoples lives, and many people believe he has even influenced the world. Kings, clergy and celebrities are also among the influential, as people pay attention to what they say or do.

Events can also influence. For example, World War II changed many people's lives. They died or became richer or poorer or went to a new place, even after the war ended. When printing became common, it influenced developments in science, politics, religion, and other human activities.

References

Related pages 
Social Investment
VOA Special English words

Political science
Existence

Existence usually means "the state or fact of being", but there are many different views on the meaning of the word existence, and what it means to exist.

In English, existence is usually connected with the verb "to be".
 I am a human.
 This is a pen.
 The sky is blue.
 Four plus three is seven.
The first sentence can be understood to say "I exist as a human", and simply speaking, this is probably true. The fourth sentence is more difficult to understand, because it can be understood to say "seven exists as the sum of four and three", but "seven" is not something that we can see or touch like a pen or a human.

The question "What is existence?" is a very important one for philosophers, and many people think Aristotle is the first human being to have thought seriously about the question.

A universe from nothing by Lawrence M. Krauss. Free Press 2012. The book discusses modern cosmogony and its implications for the debate about the existence of God. The main theme is how "we have discovered that all signs suggest a universe that could and plausibly did arise from a deeper nothing... by processes that do not require any external control or direction."

Sources

Related pages 
Existence quantifier
Existential crisis
Existentialism
Ontology

 

Basic English 850 words
Philosophical concepts
Lidl

Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG is a German food retail company. It is an international enterprise with independent national companies almost everywhere in Europe. The company owns more than 10,000 stores. 3,000 of these stores are in Germany alone, making Germany Lidl's biggest national market.

History 

The Lidl & Schwarz Grocery Wholesale company was founded in Germany in the 1930s.

The first Lidl stores were opened in 1973, during the 1990s Lidl started to open stores outside Germany and today Lidl stores can be found in nearly every country in Europe. Lidl started its foreign expansion with entering France in 1988. The first store in the United Kingdom was opened in 1994, and now there are more than 380 stores in the UK.

Lidl supermarkets and Kaufland hypermarkets are part of the Schwarz Group which is one of the largest grocery retailers in Europe. It is based in Neckarsulm, Germany.

Sources

1930 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Germany
Neckarsulm
Supermarkets of Germany
Asian Games

The Asian Games  are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of Asia.  It includes a variety of sports, from soccer to alpine skiing. Like the Olympics, it has a winter event and a summer event ^^

List of Asian Games
 1951 - 1st Asian Games, New Delhi, India 
 1954 - 2nd Asian Games, Manila, Philippines
 1958 - 3rd Asian Games, Tokyo, Japan
 1962 - 4th Asian Games, Jakarta, Indonesia
 1966 - 5th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
 1970 - 6th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (Originally hosted by Seoul, South Korea)
 1974 - 7th Asian Games, Tehran, Iran
 1978 - 8th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (Originally hosted by Karachi, Pakistan)
 1982 - 9th Asian Games, New Delhi, India
 1986 - 10th Asian Games, Seoul, South Korea
 1990 - 11th Asian Games, Beijing, China
 1994 - 12th Asian Games, Hiroshima, Japan
 1998 - 13th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
 2002 - 14th Asian Games, Busan, South Korea
 2006 - 15th Asian Games, Doha, Qatar  
 2010 - 16th Asian Games, Guangzhou, China
 2014 - 17th Asian Games, Incheon, South Korea
 2018 - 18th Asian Games, Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia (Originally hosted by Hanoi, Vietnam)

List of Winter Asian Games
 1986 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
 1990 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
 1996 Winter Asian Games, Harbin, People's Republic of China (originally hosted by North Korea)
 1999 Winter Asian Games, Gangwon, South Korea
 2003 Winter Asian Games, Aomori, Japan
 2007 Winter Asian Games, Changchun, People's Republic of China
 2011 Winter Asian Games, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Other websites 
 Olympic Council of Asia
 15th Asian Games - Doha - 2006 
 6th Winter Asian Games - Changchun - 2007

 
Multi-sport events
Newton Mearns

Newton Mearns is a small town near Glasgow in Scotland. About 22,000 people live there. Since 1996 it has been part of the East Renfrewshire area.

Towns in Scotland
NBA Finals

The NBA Finals, previously known as the NBA World Championship Series until 1987, is the championship series of the National Basketball Association, played under a best-of-seven playoff format. The team who wins the Eastern Conference Finals earns one of the two places in the championship round, with the other place for the team that wins the Western Conference Finals to win the Larry O’ Brien Trophy, which is named after the former commissioner. This event has been played at the end of every NBA and BAA season in history. The first was held in 1947.

List of NBA champions 

Finals
The Open Championship

The Open Championship - often known as the British Open outside the United Kingdom and Ireland - is the oldest of the four major championships in men's golf. The event is hosted annually by one of several prestigious golf clubs in the United Kingdom and is administered by The R&A regardless of its location. The next tournament, in 2013, will take place at Muirfield in Scotland.

Winners

Golf tournaments
Sport in the United Kingdom
1860 establishments in the United Kingdom
Musk deer

Musk deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Moschidae.  There is only one genus in Moschidae, Moschus. There are five species of musk deer, and they are all very similar. 

Musk deer are not true deer, and are classed in a different family.  Unlike other deer, musk deer do not grow antlers.  Instead, they have large canine teeth that reach down from the mouth. The Musk deer emits a particular odor which gives it its name.

Taxonomy
 Family Moschidae
 Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster)
Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster)
 Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus)
 Black musk deer (Moschus fuscus)
 Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)
Kashmir musk deer (Moschus cupreus)

Appearance
Musk deer are about 90 centimeters long and about 60 centimeters high with a tail length of 4-6 centimeters. They weigh about 10 kilograms. Musk deer usually have dark brown fur. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 7 cm long. Musk deer do not have antlers. Male musk deer also have a musk gland.

Habitat
Musk deer live in the mountain forests of Asia, Russia, China, and the Korean Peninsula. They live in the mountains, mostly at heights of 2500 to 3500 meters. They live in dense forests.

Life
Musk deer are mostly active at night. Musk deer eat grass and moss; in winter they also eat twigs and lichen. 

Musk deer live alone. They only come together to mate. If two male musk deer meet, they fight, during which they can seriously hurt each other with their tusk-like teeth. 

The female gives birth to 1-2 babies. A musk deer baby has spots on its fur.

Musk deer and humans
Male musk deer have a gland that produces musk. Musk is used to make perfumes and soap, and it is also used in Traditional Chinese medicine. One musk gland has about 25 to 30 grams of musk. Musk deer have been hunted and killed for its musk. Because of this, musk deer have become fewer and endangered. 
Another method is to catch a living musk deer, take its musk, and let it go free again. This method takes more time, so it is not used often. There are also musk deer farms.

References

Even-toed ungulates
Himalayan musk deer

The Himalayan musk deer or white-bellied musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) is a deer that lives in Central Asia.

Like other musk deer, the Himalayan musk deer lives in the Himalayan mountains and places around those mountains. They are large plant-eating animals that can live in cold places.

Behavior

Himalayan musk deer are active at night and at dawn and dusk. They spend most of their time alone.

Himalayan musk deer all leave their feces in the same place. Scientists call this a latrine site. They do this to mark their territory, meaning to show other deer that a place belongs to them.

Scientists have seen them 3200–4200 meters above sea level. Scientists believe Himalayan musk deer like forests with a mixture of Himalayan birch and Himalayan fir trees. They like places with many different kinds of smaller plants.

Threats

Himalayan musk deer are in danger of dying out because human beings trap them for their fur and their musk pods. People use musk pods to make perfumes and in traditional medicines. When people set traps for male musk deer, they trap and kill female musk deer and fawns too. In the 21st century, one kilogram of musk pod can pay US$45,000.

References

Deer
Mammals of Asia
FIBA Basketball World Cup

The FIBA Basketball World Cup, known as the FIBA World Championship from 1950 through 2010, is a world basketball tournament for men's national teams held once every four years by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). After the 2014 FIBA World Cup, the tournament will move to a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the FIFA World Cup. To that end, no tournament will be held in 2018; the FIBA World Cup will resume in 2019.

The current champions are Spain. They defeated Argentina 95-75 in the 2019 tournament at the Cadillac Center in Beijing, China.

Tournaments

Related pages

 Basketball

References

Notes

Basketball
Ludwigsburg

This page is about the city. For the district of the same name, please see Ludwigsburg (district).

Ludwigsburg is a city in the center of Baden-Württemberg. It is about  from the Stuttgart city center. It is the district town and largest city of the Ludwigsburg district, as well as after Esslingen at the Neckar the second largest medium-sized town of Baden-Wuerttemberg.

Together with Kornwestheim, Ludwigsburg forms a central center for the surrounding municipalities. Since 1 April 1956, Ludwigsburg is a large district town.

References

Other websites
Cooking oil

Cooking oil is clean fat from plants or animals that is used for cooking. It is usually a liquid. Cooking oils can either be refined or cold extracted.

Some of the many different kinds of cooking oils are:
 Olive oil
 Coconut oil
 Avocado oil
 Canola oil
 Corn oil
 Cottonseed oil
 Sunflower oil
 Safflower oil
 Peanut oil
 Grapeseed oil
 Sesame oil
 Soybean oil
 Argan oil
 Rice bran oil
 Vegetable oil
 Oils from tree nuts (E.g. cashew, almond, macadamia, etc.)

Other websites
Hulk (Marvel Comics)

The Hulk is a popular superhero in Marvel Comics. He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. There has been lots and lots of stuff made about this character, including a television show and a few movies.

The Hulk is the alter-ego of Bruce Banner, a mild-mannered scientist. One day when Bruce was working he was exposed to Gamma radiation. When he gets mad, he turns into the Hulk. The Hulk is big and large. When he turns into the Hulk all his clothes except his purple shorts rip off. The Hulk is very strong and is almost invincible. His catchphrase is, "Hulk Smash!"

Portrayals
The Hulk has been portrayed by Eric Bana in Ang Lee's 2003 movie, Edward Norton in his first MCU appearance and Mark Ruffalo in the rest of his MCU appearances.

Other websites 
 tuffer.com
super man
MDP: Hulk (dr susie) - Marvel Database Project
 One of Stan Lee's Best  Article on the Incredible Hulk's Popularity
 The 1982 Incredible Hulk Cartoon @ Toon Zone 
 Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards 

Characters created by Stan Lee
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Hulk (Marvel Comics)
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Marvel Comics mutates
Avengers (comics) characters
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Fictional American people
Pelican

Pelicans are a genus of large water birds of the family Pelecanidae. They have a long beak and a large throat pouch. They drain water from the contents before swallowing the fish. They have mostly pale plumage, the exceptions being the brown and Peruvian pelicans. The bills, pouches and bare facial skin of all species are brightly coloured before the breeding season. The eight living pelican species have a patchy global distribution, ranging latitudinally from the tropics to the temperate zone. They are absent from interior South America as well as from polar regions and the open ocean.

Taxonomy 
 Family Pelecanidae
 Great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus)
 Pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens)
 Spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)
 Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus)
 Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus)
 American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos)
 Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
 Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus)

Gallery 

Pelecaniformes
Sharpie

Sharpie is a line of permanent marker pens in the United States that are manufactured by Newell Brands.

Sharpie markers are made with many tips. The most common and popular is the Fine tip. Other tips include Ultra Fine Point, Extra Fine Point, Brush tip, Chisel tip, and Retractable tip.

Colors

Other websites 
 Sharpie's website

Writing tools
Francis Ford Coppola

Francis Ford Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is an American director and movie producer. He directed the Godfather trilogy and the Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now. He is part of the group called the New Hollywood.  This group includes Martin Scorsese, Terrence Malick, Robert Altman, Woody Allen, William Friedkin, Philip Kaufman, and George Lucas.  In the 1970s they made movies in a different way.

Coppola was born in Detroit. At age two, he moved to Woodside, Queens, New York City.

Many of his relatives are famous. Actor Nicolas Cage is his nephew. Actress Talia Shire is his sister. Sofia Coppola is his daughter. Roman Coppola is his son. His first child Gian-Carlo Coppola died in 1986.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 

1939 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
BAFTA Award winners
Movie directors from Michigan
Movie producers from Michigan
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from Michigan
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Detroit
Writers from Queens
Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair

Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair (born 1 July 1954) is an Emirati billionaire who is chief executive of the publicly traded Mashreq Bank. His family's most valuable holding is worth an estimated US$8 billion.

References

Business people
1954 births
Living people
Emirati people
Billericay

Billericay is a town in the United Kingdom.  It is in the east of England in the county of Essex.  It has a train station named Billericay railway station.

Geography 
Billericay is a semi-rural (not like a city and not like the countryside but looks like a mixture of the two) town with many green spaces. Some green spaces are Norsey Wood, Mill Meadows Nature Reserve, Queen's Park Country Park, Sun Corner, Lake Meadows and South Green.

Towns near Billericay include:

 Basildon
 Brentwood
 Chelmsford
 Ingatestone
 Shenfield
 Wickford

Villages near Billericay include:

 Crays Hill
 Great Burstead
 Hutton
 Little Burstead
 Ramsden Bellhouse
 Ramsden Heath
 Stock

Education
There are two high schools.  The names of the schools are Billericay School and Mayflower High School.  The nearest university is named Anglia Ruskin University.  Anglia Ruskin University is in a town near Billericay named Chelmsford.

Twin towns 
Billericay is twinned with these:
 Billerica in the United States
 Chauvigny in France
 Fishers in the United States

Other websites 
The Billericay School
Mayflower High School 
The history of Billericay at Billericay.net 

Towns in Essex
East of England

The East of England is a region in England.  There are nine regions of England.  It was made in 1994 and was used as a category for statistics in 1991.  The counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk are in the region.  Also Peterborough is in the region.

In 2001 the census in England found that 5,388,140 persons lived in the region.  The land is mostly low.  The highest place is the hill of Ivinghoe Beacon, near Tring in the county of Hertfordshire.  The top of the hill is 249 metres above the level of the sea.

 
1994 establishments in England
Regions of England

The region in England is also named the Government Office Region.  It is the highest level layer of local government in England.

List of regions (see map) 
Greater London
South East
South West
West Midlands
North West
North East
Yorkshire and the Humber
East Midlands
East of England

Other websites 
Boundary Commission for England
2018 Boundary Review
Regional Gateway

 
Lists about England
Prelude

A prelude is a short piece of music for a musical instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin pre=before; ludere=to play).

History
Preludes come from the Renaissance period, when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised (which means playing while making it up as they were going along) a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century, composers often wrote pieces which they called a “prelude” which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern.

By the early 18th century, the Baroque prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces like this, which were called “Preludes and Fugues”. Most of them were for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord or organ. Forty-eight of them are from a collection called The Well-Tempered Clavier, which was made up of two sets of twenty-four preludes and fugues that are each written in a different major or minor key signature. The first prelude, in C major, is very famous. It sounds like an improvisation made up of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his Ave Maria.) Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a “suite”).

In the Classical period, not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Frédéric Chopin wrote a collection of twenty-four short piano pieces which he called “Preludes”. Just like Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, there is a prelude in every major and minor key signature, but unlike Bach's, these pieces are not meant to be followed by anything; they are just separate pieces of music that are often performed together. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso).

Composers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote preludes in the style of Chopin. Other composers who wrote preludes included Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger. There were also composers who were inspired by the music of Bach and started writing Preludes and Fugues, such as Dmitri Shostakovich, whose collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano are, just like Bach and Chopin's, written in all the major and minor keys.

There are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called “Preludes”.  Sometimes, they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: “Vorspiel”) instead of the usual word “overture”.

Related pages
 Preludes (Chopin)

Musical forms
Polonaise

The polonaise is one of the fifth national Polish dance. It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility.  It is in 3/4 time.  It follows a distinctive rhythm as illustrated above. Many polonaises are composed in what is called ternary form, or song form, or minuet and trio. These forms all follow an A-B-A pattern. The music of the A sections is similar in both sections, if not exactly identical. The B section is entirely different. It provides contrast in some way to the A sections.  In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.

Polish culture was very popular and greatly influenced European dance and music as well as Europeam ballrooms. Polonaise was introduced to France in the 16th century.   Composers started to write polonaises for the piano.  Pieces called Polonaise had already been composed by Bach, Handel, François Couperin and others, but it was Frédéric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaises for piano which became famous.  Most of them are very difficult to play, especially the famous Polonaise in A flat, Op. 53. Polonaise is the French word of the dance meaning the Polish woman/girl, Polish adjective feminine, the original Polish name is Chodzony meaning „the walking dance”, or Wielki meaning "grand/great" 

Several Russian and other international composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballets The Sleeping Beauty and in his opera Eugene Onegin .

Musical forms
Ballroom dances
Elector

Elector may refer to:

 Elector, a person legally eligible to vote in an election.
 Prince-elector, someone who had the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor
 Elector, a member of the Electoral College, which formally chooses the President of the United States