alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Posterior commissure

The posterior commissure (also known as the epithalamic commissure) is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the rostral end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. It constitutes part of the epithalamus.

Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitively determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the periaqueductal grey at rostral end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the oculomotor nucleus. Some are thought to be derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

For the pupillary light reflex, the olivary pretectal nucleus innervates both Edinger-Westphal nuclei. To reach the contralateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the axons cross in the posterior commissure.

References

External links

Brain
Assistant Chief of the Air Staff

The Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (ACAS) is a senior appointment in the Royal Air Force. The current ACAS is Air Vice-Marshal Simon Edwards.

The post was originally established circa February 1938, but without being made a member of the Air Council.

The ACAS post was re-established in 1985 by eliminating the Vice Chief of the Air Staff and combining the Policy and Operations two star assistant chiefs. In 1992, ACAS became a member of the Air Force Board. The ACAS is responsible for "assisting the Chief of the Air Staff in generating a balanced and integrated Royal Air Force capability and for maintaining the fighting effectiveness and morale of the Service including the development of policy." One of the many duties of the ACAS is to sit on the board of the Civil Aviation Authority as a non-executive member.

Assistant Chiefs of the Air Staff from 1985
1985–1986: Anthony Skingsley
1987–1989: Michael Simmons
1989–1991: John Thomson
1991–1992: Timothy Garden
1992–1994: Anthony Bagnall
1994–1996: Peter Squire
1996–1998: Timothy Jenner
1998–2000: Jock Stirrup
2000–2003: Philip Sturley
2003–2005: David Walker
2005–2007: Chris Moran
2007–2010: Tim Anderson
2010–2013: Barry North
2013–2015: Edward Stringer
2015–2017: Richard Knighton
2017–2018: Michael Wigston
2018–2019: Gerry Mayhew
2019–2021: Ian Gale
2021–present: Simon Edwards

References

Royal Air Force appointments
1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
Iorwerth Drwyndwn

Iorwerth mab Owain Gwynedd (or Iorwerth Drwyndwn meaning "the flat-nosed"), (c. 1130–1174), was the eldest legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd) and his first wife Gwladys (Gladys) ferch Llywarch. He married Marared ferch Madog. His son, Llywelyn the Great, eventually united the realm and became known as Llywelyn Fawr and is one of Wales's most famous monarchs. Iorwerth received Nant Conwy as his inheritance from his father, Owain Gwynedd. However, he did not receive the crown succession, as was the normal tradition, because of his nose defect (his sobriquet 'Trwyndwn' means broken-nosed).

Citations

Sources 

1130 births
1174 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Welsh royalty
Medieval Welsh killed in battle
Welsh people of Irish descent
12th-century Welsh people
House of Aberffraw
Death grip

A death grip is an extremely tight grip, such as that exerted by people in a panic for fear for their life. This was commonly thought to be a risk when rescuing drowning people—that they would cling to their rescuer with a death grip which would cause them both to perish.  Investigation showed that this did not actually happen in practice and so breaking a death grip is no longer emphasised in lifesaving.  The actual behaviour of drowning people is more passive as they lack the oxygen to take violent action and an instinctive paddling reflex occurs. An untrained individual should not approach anyone in a state of panic who represents a danger to the rescuer, and it is advised to wait until it is safe to attempt to rescue and resuscitate them.

References

Lifesaving
Mohammed Ayub

Haji Mohammed Ayub (born April 15, 1984) is a citizen of China, who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
The Department of Defense reports he was born on April 15, 1984, in Toqquztash, China.

Ayub is one of approximately two dozen detainees from the Uyghur ethnic group.

Ayub was one of the five Uyghurs whose Combatant Status Review Tribunal determined that he was not an enemy combatant and was transferred to an Albanian refugee camp.

McClatchy interview
On June 15, 2008, the McClatchy News Service published articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives.  McClatchy reporters interviewed Mohammed Ayub.
Mohammed Ayub told interviewers he found the conditions in Guantanamo so harsh that he dropped from 164 to 105 pounds, and that he was so hungry he was reduced to eating orange peels.
He told interviewers captives were punished harshly for small infractions, like having an extra napkin.

In spite of his treatment in Guantanamo Mohammed Ayub told reporters he would still like to move to the USA.
He has relatives who live in America, and in 2001 he had a student visa for the USA. However, a friend he was traveling with did not, and he decided to postpone his travel until his friend had a visa, too.

Mohammed Ayub described the interrogations the captives went through when Chinese security officials visited Guantanamo as:

Mohammed Ayub said that he and his companion decided to wait for the visa in Afghanistan, where he was mugged, lost his money and identity papers.

See also
Minors detained in the War on Terror
Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay

References

External links 
 Witness - A strange kind of freedom Aljazeera - video
 Escape to Hell - Fleeing China, Landing in Guantanamo Der Spiegel July 14, 2006
 Free and Uneasy. Tale of 5 Muslims: Out of Guantanamo and Into Limbo Cleared by U.S. of Terror Ties, They Won’t Return Home Due to Fear of Punishment. China Demands Repatriation

Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living people
Uyghurs
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
1984 births
Juveniles held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Bonamargy Friary

Bonamargy Friary is situated in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, off the Cushendall Road on the approach to Ballycastle. The name Bonamargy means ‘foot of the Margy River’, the river formed by the joining of the Cary River and Shesk Rivers.

It is a late Franciscan foundation established in 1485 by Rory MacQuillan. It is said that the first battle between the warring MacDonnell and MacQuillan clans was fought on nearby land. At the main entrance to the friary is a small two-storey gatehouse which opens into a store and workroom. Well worn steps lead directly to the dormitory above. Traces of an altar can still be found in the adjoining church, and the locked vaults hold the remains of the celebrated chieftain, Sorley Boy MacDonnell, and several of the Earls of Antrim. His grandson Randall, 1st Marquess of Antrim, noted for his role in the War of the Three Kingdoms, is also buried there.

Perhaps the friary's most famous resident was the 17th century prophet and recluse Julia MacQuillen. Known as "The Black Nun", MacQuillen wished to be buried at the entrance of the chapel so that she might be trodden under the feet of those who entered. A worn Celtic cross (rounded with a hole in the centre) marks her grave at the west end of the main church.

Around 1822 four manuscripts were found in an old oaken chest in the ruins of Bonamargy Friary.  One of these manuscripts is described as "Saint Bonaventures Life of Christ" and/or "A History of the Blessed Scriptures".  Another manuscript contained a large portion of one of the principal theological works of Saint Thomas Aquinas, written on vellum, in very contracted Latin and extending to about 600 quarto pages.  The earliest date appearing on it is 1338 and the latest 1380.  It originally belonged to the Monastery of Saint Anthony, of Amiens in France.

Bonamargy Franciscan Friary is a State Care Historic Monument in the townland of Bonamargy, in Moyle District Council area, at grid ref: D1268 4086. The area surrounding the state care monument of Bonamargy Friary is a Scheduled Historic Monument, at grid ref: D1268 4087.

See also 
 Abbeys and priories in Northern Ireland (County Antrim)

References 

1480s establishments in Ireland
Ballycastle, County Antrim
Christian monasteries established in the 15th century
Christian monasteries in Northern Ireland
Franciscan monasteries in Northern Ireland
Religion in County Antrim
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1485
Religious organizations established in the 1480s
Ruins in Northern Ireland
William H. Seymour

William Henry Seymour (September 8, 1840 – December 24, 1913), was an American politician and amateur historian best known for having written a history of Algiers, Louisiana.

Early life
Seymour was born in Warrenton, Warren County, Mississippi.  He lived in Europe as a child, then moved to Louisiana while still a dependent of his parents.

Career
At the outset of the American Civil War, he enlisted in the Confederate Army, becoming an artillery sergeant and receiving an honorable discharge.

In 1863, he moved to Algiers, Louisiana, where he was initially employed by the Opelousas Railroad.  Algiers, across the Mississippi River from New Orleans, was then an independent municipality, but would be within a few years annexed to the city.

Seymour is best known as the author of The Story of Algiers, a 128-page history published in 1896.  The book was republished in 1971 and has been referenced in New Orleans and Louisiana histories.  An index of the book is on-line.

Political career
Seymour took an interest in local affairs and was elected in 1864 to the Louisiana Constitutional Convention, where he was the youngest delegate.  Also in 1864 Seymour was elected justice of the peace and president of the parish police jury.  In 1865, Seymour was elected to the Louisiana state legislature.  He was admitted to the state bar association in 1881.  From 1892 through 1896, he served as elected judge of the Third City Court.

References
Cited references

General references

Writers from New Orleans
1840 births
1913 deaths
Historians from Louisiana
Malcolm Hancock

Malcolm "Mal" Hancock (May 20, 1936 – February 16, 1993) was an American comics artist and cartoonist, most notable for his work in National Review.

Information
Hancock's work was also seen regularly in such publications as Playboy, The Saturday Evening Post motive Magazine,  and the Washington Post. He drew many comic strips, including 'Nibbles' (1960–63), 'Humphrey Hush' (1963),'Patrick' (1965–69), 'The Fantastic Foster Fenwick' (1968–72), Polly (1972–73), 'Fenwick' (1977-1979), 'The Lumpits' (1970–78) 'Pig Newton' (1983),'Willie' (1983–85) 'Malfunction Junction' (1990–93), and 'Hi and Jinx' (1991–93). The Citadel Press, Inc. (NYC) published a book of his earliest cartoons in 1968:  'How Can You Stand It Out There!" His work was notable for its sharp satire.
 
Hancock was paralyzed from the waist down and used a wheelchair after a fall he suffered as a teen. He was vacationing with his family in Wisconsin. He and his dad decided to play a round of golf. Mal was looking for a lost ball and did not realize he was so close to the unmarked edge of a limestone cliff. He slid about 15 feet and then free fell the additional 35 feet. He credits his handicap for realizing his potential. He said, "You have to play with the hand you are dealt. Everyone has a handicap--with some it is physical; with others, it is psychological, mental or whatever. Sometimes a handicap is an advantage because it focuses your attention on your talent. I was lucky because I had a particular talent that could be focused--and it wasn't tied to my legs." 
He died at the age of 56 of cancer.

References

American cartoonists
American comics artists
People from Great Falls, Montana
1936 births
1993 deaths
HSG

HSG may refer to:

 BNR class HSG, a class of locomotives
 Handling stolen goods
 Haringey Solidarity Group
 Hathersage railway station, England
 Hawker Siddeley Group, a former British aircraft manufacturer
 Hesnes Air, a Norwegian airline
 High School for the Gifted, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
 High Sierra Group, the creators of the High Sierra Format CD-ROM filesystem
 High-speed grinding, a method of maintaining railway track
 Hira Singh railway station, in Pakistan
 Hysterosalpingography, using X-rays to find the shape of the uterus and fallopian tubes
 Saga Airport, in Japan
 University of St. Gallen, in Switzerland
List of The 4400 episodes

The 4400 is a science fiction television series produced by CBS Paramount Network Television in association with Sky Television, Renegade 83 and American Zoetrope for USA Network in the United States and Sky One in the United Kingdom. The show was created and written by Scott Peters and René Echevarria, and it stars Joel Gretsch and Jacqueline McKenzie. The series ran for four seasons from 2004 until its cancellation in 2007. 

In the pilot episode, what was originally thought to be a comet deposits a group of exactly 4400 people at Highland Beach, in the Cascade Range foothills near Mount Rainier, Washington. Each of the 4400 had disappeared at various times starting from 1946 in a beam of white light. None of the 4400 have aged from the time of their disappearance. Confused and disoriented, they remember nothing of events occurring between the time of their disappearance and their return.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2004)

Season 2 (2005)

Season 3 (2006)

Season 4 (2007)

Specials

References

External links 
 
 

 
Lists of American science fiction television series episodes

it:4400 (serie televisiva)#Episodi
Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd

Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd was the eldest child of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd between 1137-1170). His mother was an Irish woman Pyfog (sometimes called Ffynnod Wyddeles) who was one of his father's many mistresses. Despite being illegitimate he was his father's favourite child and chosen successor. However, his premature death in 1146 is said to have cast his father into a deep depression which was only cured when he heard his forces had captured Mold Castle from the English.

Physical Appearance

The Brut y Tywysogion describes Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd as: "fair of form and aspect, kind of conversation, and affable to all... tall of stature and fair of complexion, with curly yellow hair, long of countenance, with eyes somewhat blue... he had a long and thick neck, broad chest, long waist, large thighs, long legs which were slender above his feet; his feet were long and his toes were straight."

References

Welsh royalty
Welsh people of Irish descent
12th-century Welsh people
King Diamond discography

The discography of King Diamond, a Danish heavy metal band, consists of twelve studio releases, three live albums, five compilations, six singles, and four music videos. King Diamond was formed in 1985, after the dissolution of the group Mercyful Fate, by vocalist King Diamond, guitarists Andy LaRocque and Michael Denner, bassist Timi Hansen, and drummer Mikkey Dee. The following year, the band released their debut album Fatal Portrait on 14 March 1986 which charted at number 33 in Sweden. King Diamond's second studio album, Abigail, was released on 15 June 1987 and reached number 123 in the US, number 39 in Sweden and number 68 in the Netherlands. Following some line-up changes, the group released the album "Them" on 20 June 1988, which peaked at number 38 in Sweden, number 65 in the Netherlands, and at number 89 in the US, making "Them" King Diamond's highest-charting album in North America. The following year, the band released the follow-up album Conspiracy, which charted at number 111 in North America, number 41 in Sweden and at number 64 in the Netherlands. In 1990, after more line-up changes, King Diamond released the album The Eye, which only charted at number 179 in the US, which makes The Eye King Diamond's lowest-charting album in North America.

After Mercyful Fate was reformed in 1993, King Diamond remained inactive until 1995, when the band released the album The Spider's Lullabye with the line-up of King Diamond, Andy LaRocque, guitarist Herb Simonsen, bassist Chris Estes and drummer Darrin Anthony. The album went on to reach number 31 in Finland. The Spider's Lullabye was followed by The Graveyard (number 23 in Finland) and Voodoo (number 27 in Finland, number 55 in the Netherlands) in 1996 and 1998 respectively. In 2000, King Diamond released the album House of God, which peaked at number 60 in Sweden. After the release of 2002's Abigail II: The Revenge, which peaked at number 42 in Sweden and at number 24 in Finland, King Diamond's line-up has remained stable to this day, consisting of King Diamond, Andy LaRocque, bassist Hal Patino, guitarist Mike Wead and drummer Matt Thompson. In 2003, the band released The Puppet Master, which reached number 36 in Sweden. In 2007, King Diamond released their 12th studio album Give Me Your Soul...Please, which peaked at 174 in the US, number 28 in Sweden and at number 25 in Finland.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

References 

Heavy metal group discographies
Discographies of Danish artists
The Best of King Diamond

The Best of King Diamond is a compilation album by the heavy metal band King Diamond.

Track listing
"The Candle" – 6:42
"Charon" – 4:17
"Halloween" – 4:15
"No Presents for Christmas" – 4:22
"Arrival" – 5:26
"A Mansion in Darkness" – 4:35
"The Family Ghost" – 4:08
"Abigail" – 4:52
"Welcome Home" – 4:37
"The Invisible Guests" – 5:04
"Tea" – 5:15
"At the Graves" – 8:57
"Sleepless Nights" – 5:05
"Eye of the Witch" – 3:48
"Burn" – 3:44

Personnel
King Diamond - vocals, keyboards
Andy LaRocque - guitars
Michael Denner - guitars
Pete Blakk - guitars
Timi Hansen - bass
Hal Patino - bass
Mikkey Dee - drums
Snowy Shaw - drums

References

King Diamond compilation albums
2003 greatest hits albums
Roadrunner Records compilation albums
Nightmare in the Nineties

Nightmares in the Nineties is a compilation album by the heavy metal band King Diamond. It was released on 6 March 2001 through Massacre Records only in Germany.

Track listing
"From the Other Side" – 3:49
"Waiting" – 4:27
"The Exorcist" – 4:51
"Eastmann's Cure" – 4:32
"Just a Shadow" – 4:37
"Cross of Baron Samedi" – 4:30
"Trick or Treat" – 5:10
"One Down Two to Go" – 3:46
"Catacomb" – 5:02
"Six Feet Under" – 4:00
"Lucy Forever" – 4:55
"The Trees Have Eyes" – 4:47
"LOA House" – 5:33
"Peace of Mind" – 2:30

Tracks 1, 4 & 10 from The Spider's Lullabye (1995)
Tracks 2, 7 & 11 from The Graveyard (1996)
Tracks 3, 6, 8 & 13 from Voodoo (1998)
Tracks 5, 9, 12 & 14 from House of God (2000)

References

King Diamond compilation albums
2001 compilation albums
Massacre Records compilation albums
Iefan ab Owain Gwynedd

Iefan ab Owain Gwynedd was a son of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd between 1137–1170) and his second wife Cristina ferch Gronw. He had a daughter named Gwenllian.

Welsh royalty
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Welsh people of Irish descent
12th-century Welsh people
Collector's Item (EP)

Collector's Item is an EP by the heavy metal band King Diamond. It is a collector's item shaped in a form of a head. It was released in 1999 through Massacre Records.

Track listing
"Moonlight" – 4:30
"'LOA' House" – 5:35
"Black Hill Sanitarium" – 4:28
"From the Other Side" – 3:49
"Voodoo" – 4:34

Credits
King Diamond - vocals, keyboards
Andy LaRocque - guitars, keyboards
Herb Simonsen - guitars
Chris Estes - bass
Darrin Anthony - drums
John Luke Hebert - drums
Dimebag Darrell - solo on "Voodoo"

King Diamond albums
1999 EPs
Kinbane Castle

Kinbane Castle (Caisleán Ceinn Bán, White Head Castle, Kenbane/Kenbaan Castle) is located in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, on a headland between Ballycastle and Ballintoy. The name comes from the Irish for "white head", referring to the limestone of the promontory. Nowadays, the castle is largely destroyed. Kinbane Castle is a State Care Historic Monument sited in the townland of Cregganboy, in Moyle District Council area, at grid ref: D0876 4383. The area surrounding Kinbane Castle is a Scheduled Historic Monument, grid ref: D0879 4381. The site also has views of Rathlin Island and Dunagregor Iron Age fort.

History

In 1547, a two-storey castle was built at the headland by Colla MacDonnell. The castle was damaged and partly destroyed due to English sieges under Sir James Croft in the 1550s. Rebuilt afterwards, Colla MacDonnell died at the castle in 1558, and his son Gillaspick MacDonnell subsequently inherited it.

The hollow below the castle is known as Lag na Sassenach (Hollow of the English) and it was allegedly during the 16th century that a troop of English soldiers besieging the castle were surrounded and killed there.

Sorley Boy MacDonnell, brother of Colla, later acquired the castle when trading property with Gillaspick. He later handed it to the MacAlisters because of their loyalty. The castle remained in the possession of the descendants of the MacAlisters of Kenbane until the 18th century.

See also 
Castles in Northern Ireland

References 

Castles in County Antrim
Clan MacAlister
Ruined castles in Northern Ireland
State Care Monuments of Northern Ireland
Tower houses in Northern Ireland
Plasma effect

The plasma effect is a computer-based visual effect animated in real-time. It uses cycles of changing colours warped in various ways to give an illusion of liquid, organic movement.

Plasma is the name of a VGA graphics demo created by Bret Mulvey in 1988 and released on CompuServe. It uses a diamond-square algorithm to generate a 2D pattern, and then cycles the colors using hardware palette in its 256-color mode.

Plasma was picked up by demo coders for their demos where the effect was heavily used, especially in the early 1990s. The effect was particularly common on the Amiga where it could be implemented very efficiently with its display hardware features. Plasma can also be implemented easily in software rendering by using  sinus tables and pseudocolor palettes, and it has also been the first true demo effect for many beginning PC democoders.

The fractal software Fractint also incorporates an algorithm known as "plasma", which, when combined with the color cycling feature of the software, can provide a result which resembles a typical plasma effect used in demos. The technical basis, however, is completely different, and a color cycling plasma is somewhat less dynamic than a demo plasma.

Similar effects can be implemented on modern GPUs using pixel shaders.

Synopsis 

As there are many "hacked" approaches for implementing a plasma effect, this outline of an algorithm will just describe the theoretical basis for the effect. In order to achieve a sufficiently fast and good-looking real-time implementation (especially on the limited hardware available at the time this effect was at the height of its popularity in the 1990s), one would often do "non-correct" approximations to this algorithm. This, however, can often be done without noticeable visual differences.

This algorithm is given in two dimensions, but could easily be adopted to any number of dimensions or any number of color channels.

Let  be a multi-frequency noise function of two variables (e.g., a Perlin noise function). Let each color component  at the pixel  be a linear function of the expression . Increasing the value of the constant  tends to increase the steepness of the color gradients in the image.

See also 

Diamond-square algorithm is the fractal used by the original Plasma demo, and is now often called the plasma fractal which was the name given to it in Fractint.

External links 
 Page explaining how the effect is built and including a JavaScript animation

Demo effects
Jean Ginn Marvin

Jean Ginn Marvin is a former state representative in the state of Maine. She represented Cape Elizabeth in the Maine House of Representatives from 1994 to 2000 as a member of the 117th, 118th, and 119th Legislatures. During her tenure in the Legislature, Marvin served as Ranking Minority Member of the Business and Economic Development Committee, as well as a member of the Appropriations and Financial Affairs Committee.

After leaving the legislature in 2000, Marvin became the Chair of the Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices. She also serves as the Treasurer of the board of directors for Maine Educational Services.

Marvin studied at Syracuse University and earned an M.A. in public policy from the Muskie School of Public Service at the University of Southern Maine.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
People from Cape Elizabeth, Maine
Women state legislators in Maine
Syracuse University alumni
University of Southern Maine alumni
21st-century American women
Sick role

Sick role is a term used in medical sociology regarding sickness and the rights and obligations of the affected. It is a concept created by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1951. The sick role fell out of favour in the 1990s replaced by social constructist theories.

Concept
Parsons was a functionalist sociologist, who argued that being sick means that the sufferer enters a role of 'sanctioned deviance'. This is because, from a functionalist perspective, a sick individual is not a productive member of society. The patterns of sickness are often caused by persistent pain which helps to support their attitude of not wanting to take positive action to get better. Therefore this deviance needs to be policed, which is the role of the medical profession. Generally, Parsons argued that the best way to understand illness sociologically is to view it as a form of deviance which disturbs the social function of the society.

The general idea is that the individual who has fallen ill is not only physically sick, but now adheres to the specifically patterned social role of being sick. ‘Being Sick’ is not simply a ‘state of fact’ or ‘condition’, it contains within itself customary rights and obligations based on the social norms that surround it. The theory outlined three rights of a sick person and two obligations:

Rights:
 The sick person is exempt from normal social roles
 The sick person is not responsible for their condition
Obligations:
 The sick person should try to get well
 The sick person should seek technically competent help and cooperate with the medical professional(s) 

There are three versions of sick role: 
 Conditional, wherein both rights and duties apply
 Unconditionally legitimate - wherein obligations may not apply (the terminally ill are not obligated to try to get well)
 Illegitimate role: condition that is stigmatized by others (wherein rights do not apply as the sick person is blamed for their condition)

Criticisms
Critics of Parsons and the functionalist perspective point to different flaws they see with his argument. The model assumes that the individual voluntarily accepts the sick role, and ignores that the individual may not comply with expectations of the sick role, may not give up social obligations, may resist dependency, and may avoid the public sick role, particularly if their illness is stigmatized. The model also blames the sick, where “rights” do not always apply.

The sick role fell out of favour in the 1990s, with alternatives conceptualisations in terms of labeling theory viewing illness as a social construction to label socially deviant as inferior, with the medical system and physicians used as a means of control. Burnham argues that this rejection was combined with an explicit or implicit rejection of the idea unconscious (replaced with cognitive-behavioral theories) together with an explicit or implicit adoption of a Marxist perspective that disease was caused by economic circumstances.

See also
 e-Patient

References

Medical sociology
Role status
Hugh Kirkaldy

Hugh Kirkaldy (5 June 1868 – 4 April 1897) was a Scottish professional golfer who played in the late 19th century. He won the 1891 Open Championship.

Early life
Kirkaldy was born on 5 June 1868 at St Andrews, Scotland. His brothers, Andrew and Jack, were also professional golfers.

Golf career

1891 Open Championship
He won the 1891 Open Championship, which was played over the Old Course at St Andrews. The tournament was played in October, in rough weather, and his winning score was 166 for 36 holes. He beat his brother Andrew and Willie Fernie of Troon by two shots. It was the last Open Championship contested over 36 holes.

Death and legacy
On 4 April 1897, just six years after winning the 1891 Open Championship, he died of phthisis pulmonalis at the age of 28.

Results in major championships

Wins (1)

Results timeline

Note: Kirkaldy only played in The Open Championship.

"T" indicates a tie for a place

References

Scottish male golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Golfers from St Andrews
Tuberculosis deaths in Scotland
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
1865 births
1895 deaths
Rhodesia cricket team

The Rhodesia cricket team played first-class cricket and represented originally the British colony of Southern Rhodesia and later the unilaterally independent state of Rhodesia which became Zimbabwe. In 1980 the Rhodesia cricket team was renamed as the Zimbabwe-Rhodesia cricket team, and in 1981 it adopted its current name of the Zimbabwe national cricket team.

Honours
 Currie Cup (0) – 
 Gillette/Nissan Cup (1) – 1977–78

Club history

The Rhodesian Cricket Union was formed in 1898 as the governing body of the game in the colony. Rhodesia competed in South Africa's Currie Cup championship from 1905, but its appearances were sporadic at first. Having lost their inaugural match to Transvaal by an innings and 170 runs, Rhodesia did not play in the Currie Cup again until 1929–30. They also played in 1931–32, winning four out of five matches, but losing the cup to Western Province under the points system then in use. The Rhodesian team then did not return until 1946–47, after which they at last played regularly. The Rhodesian team toured other areas of Africa. In 1951 they toured their northern neighbours East Africa.

Rhodesia was visited by a New Zealand team at the start of their tour of South Africa in October 1961. They played two three day first-class games against Rhodesia, the first in Bulawayo and the second in Sailsbury. Both matches ended in draws.

A total of 242 cricketers represented Rhodesia with noted Rhodesian players including Denis Tomlinson, Chris Duckworth, Tony Pithey, David Pithey, Jackie du Preez, Joe Partridge, Godfrey Lawrence and Colin Bland. These were the only Rhodesian born cricketers to represent South Africa, together with Shropshire-born Percy Mansell and the South Africans Paul Winslow, Mike Procter, Peter Carlstein and Egyptian-born John Traicos but the team never won the Currie Cup. The team played in 1979–80 as "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia" and left the competition for good at the close of that season, after Zimbabwe officially became independent.

Rhodesian players were eligible to represent South Africa in Test cricket until the country became Zimbabwe.

Venues
Rhodesian venues included: 
 Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo (March 1910 – present):
 Salisbury Sports Club (March 1910 – present): Mashonaland venue since 1954
 Raylton Club, Bulawayo (occasional venue Dec 1924 – Feb. 1955)
 Old Hararians A Field, Salisbury (used once in March 1950)
 Bulawayo Athletic Club (used once in Nov 1951): a Matabeleland venue since 1994
 Police A Ground, Salisbury (Oct 1957 – Dec 1968)
 Police B Ground, Salisbury (Nov 1969 – Jan 1980)

Notes

References

 South African Cricket Annual – various editions
 Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – various editions

South African first-class cricket teams
Former Zimbabwean first-class cricket teams
National cricket teams
Rhodesian cricket from 1890–91 to 1979–80
Old Style Pilsner

Old Style Pilsner (often known as Pilsner or Pil) is a brand of beer brewed by Molson-Coors Canada Inc. Created in the pilsner style, it has been brewed in western Canada since 1926.

Old Style Pilsner was first brewed in 1926 by Fritz Sick at his Sick's Breweries Ltd. in Lethbridge, Alberta.  The beer was and still is brewed after the formula of the House of Lethbridge, which can be seen in the top left hand side of the label.  Sick's Breweries Ltd. grew in the early half of the 20th century to include breweries located throughout western Canada and the United States. In 1958, Sick's Breweries Ltd., along with the Old Style Pilsner Brand, was bought by Molson Inc.

Old Style Pilsner became available in Ontario in 1992 but only remained available for a few years there. Around May 20, 2013, Old Style Pilsner was reintroduced at The Beer Stores in Ontario, where it is sold in cases of 24 bottles and a variety of pack sizes in cans.

In 2015, Old Style Pilsner was introduced in Quebec, mainly in corner stores and grocery stores like Métro, Loblaws and IGA.

The beer appeared in the movie Fubar. Molson's sponsorship the Canadian Football League's Saskatchewan Roughriders is centered on the brand, with the adults-only standing room section of the south end zone at Mosaic Stadium dubbed Pil Country.

References

External links
 pilcountry.com

Canadian beer brands
Economy of Lethbridge
Molson Coors brands
Alcohol in Saskatchewan
Beer brands
Oldross

Oldross is a large civil parish in the barony of Bantry, County Wexford, Ireland. It contains the Ecclesiastical parish of Cushinstown in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns. The three churches in the latter parish are situated at Rathgarogue, Cushinstown and Terrerath, cater for a population of approximately 2500. Villages in the parish include Ballywilliam, Cushinstown, Ballinaboola and Cassagh.

Townlands 
These are Ballylane West, Ballylane East, Ballymacar, Begerin (Lloyd), Begerin (Loftus), Bushpark, Camlin, Creacon Lower, Creacon Upper, Dunanore, Finnseoge, Heathpark, Kilclammon, Knockroe, Lacken, Millquarter, Moorfields, Mylerspark, Palace East, Palace West, Robinstown Great, Robinstown Little, Rochestown, Slaght, Springpark, Ballintober, Ballinvegga, Ballyanne, Ballynabanoge, Berkeley, Boherstooka, Bolacaheer, Coolback, Gobbinstown, Mounthanover, Rathgaroge, Scark, Carnagh, Cushinstown, Aclamon, Terrerath, Ballinaboola, Kilscanlon.

Education
There are two primary schools in the parish. Cushinstown NS serves the Cushinstown and Terrerath areas while Rathgarogue NS serves people from the Rathgarogue area. Most people from the parish go to secondary school in the nearby town of New Ross as there is no secondary school in the parish.

Sport
There are four main sports organisations in the parish. They include Rathgarogue-Cushinstown GAA Club, Ballyanne Racquetball Club, Terrerath Badminton Club and Cushinstown A.F.C. (soccer).

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

External links
Parish homepage
Cushinstown GAA Website

References 

Civil parishes of County Wexford
Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns
Martin Johnson

Martin Johnson may refer to:

Martin Johnson (rugby union) (born 1970), English rugby union footballer and manager
One half of Martin and Osa Johnson (1884–1937), a husband-and-wife adventurer/explorer/filmmaker team from Kansas
Martin Johnson (musician) (born 1985), lead singer of Boys Like Girls
Martin Johnson (racing driver) (born 1963), British auto racing driver
Martin Hume Johnson (born 1944), Emeritus Professor of Reproductive Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
Martin Michael Johnson (1899–1975), Roman Catholic Bishop of Nelson, British Columbia, then Archbishop of Vancouver 1964–1969
Martin N. Johnson (1850–1909), U.S. Senator from North Dakota
Martin W. Johnson (1893–1984), U.S. oceanographer
Marty P. Johnson, CEO of Isles, Inc. in Trenton, NJ
Martin Johnson (Hollyoaks), a fictional character from British soap opera Hollyoaks
Martin Johnson (MP), Member of Parliament for Woodstock
Martin Johnson (writer), English writer on cricket and other sports
Martin Johnson (footballer) (1906–1977), English footballer

See also
Martin Johnston (1947–1990), Australian poet and novelist
Marty Johnstone (1951–1979), drug dealer
Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd

Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1174) was an illegitimate son of Owain Gwynedd, a Prince of the ancient Kingdom of Gwynedd, Wales. He held the title "Lord of Meirionnydd".

In the battle for the throne of Gwynedd after the death of his father, he was ultimately driven into exile in 1173 by Gwynedd's new co-rulers Dafydd and Rhodri. After Cynan's death in 1174 his sons supported his nephew Llywelyn ab Iorwerth's successful bid for the throne in 1195.

External links
The National Library of Wales

Welsh royalty
Year of birth missing
1174 deaths
12th-century Welsh people
History of Wales
Welsh people of Irish descent
TW Piscis Austrini

TW Piscis Austrini (also known as Fomalhaut B) is a main sequence star in the constellation Piscis Austrinus. It lies relatively close to the Sun, at an estimated distance of .
To an observer on Earth the star is visually separated from its larger companion Fomalhaut (A) by 2 degrees—the width of four full moons.

The name TW Piscis Austrini is a variable star designation. This is a variable star of the type known as a BY Draconis variable, with surface brightness variations causing the changes as the star rotates. It varies slightly in apparent magnitude, ranging from 6.44 to 6.51 over a 10.3-day period.

TW Piscis Austrini lies within a light-year of Fomalhaut. Due to sharing the same proper motion, and the same estimated age of approximately 440 ± 40 million years, astronomers now consider them to be elements of a multiple star system. A third star, dimmer and more widely separated, Fomalhaut C, gives the system the widest visual separation, to observers from Earth, at approximately 6 degrees.

Planetary system
In 2019, an exoplanet candidate around Fomalhaut B was detected by astrometry, but this remains unconfirmed.

References

External links
 TW Piscis Austrini at SolStation.

Piscis Austrinus
K-type main-sequence stars
BY Draconis variables
Piscis Austrini, TW
216803
113283
8721
0879
CD-32 17321
Forney Transportation Museum

The Forney Transportation Museum is a transportation museum located in Denver, Colorado.

It is named after the founder, J.D. Forney, who started Forney Industries, Inc., in Fort Collins.

Collection
The museum maintains a collection of approximately 800 exhibits.  Its early years were focused on antique automobiles but the focus soon expanded to other modes of transport.  The museum has a slogan, "Anything on Wheels". They feature, among others, the following items:

 Amelia Earhart's "Gold Bug" Kissel.
 Big Boy locomotive #4005.
 A Forney locomotive; locomotive designer Matthias N. Forney was a second cousin to the museum founder, J.D. Forney.

History 

The Forney Museum of Transportation began as a private collection and has expanded into one of the finest transportation collections in the country.  Mr. J.D. Forney, founder of Forney Industries in Ft. Collins, Colorado, became interested in antique and classic cars after his wife and children gave him a 1921 Kissel yellow Tourister, the same model he used to court his wife Rae.

Forney Industries has produced many products such as the Fornair airplane, a central vacuum system and portable vacuum cleaner, auto generators, and battery chargers, but the best-known products are the different models of electric welders and welding supplies.

Mr. Forney started taking in old cars and carriages as trades on some of the welder sales.  In 1961 the Forney Museum incorporated in Fort Collins, Colorado.  In 1964 it became recognized as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.

Locomotives 
The Big Boy Union Pacific #4005 is one of the few remaining examples of the world's largest steam locomotives, a 4-8-8-4 type  Only 25 were ever built, and eight remain in museums.  The #4005 was briefly converted to oil fuel from 1946 to 1948, and was also involved in a crash on April 27, 1953.

The Forney locomotive 0-4-4T was designed and patented by Matthias Forney, and this "Forney" tank-type of engine was built by several manufacturers.  The one displayed at the Forney Museum of Transportation was built by Porter in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1897. This type of engine was commonly used on elevated railways, such as the New York Elevated Railway, the Brooklyn Elevated, and the Chicago Elevated.  They were called the "Little Giants," and more than 500 were in service around 1900 hauling both freight and passengers. Steam-powered engines on the elevateds lasted only a few years, as they were replaced by the new electric engines.  Forney engines were then sold off to buyers all over the world for mining, lumber, plantations, and short-haul freight and passengers. The Forney locomotives hauled both freight and passengers in the Denver area.  The Denver, Lakewood and Golden Railway and the Denver Circle Railroad were the best known systems using this model.

Visiting 

The museum is located in Denver, Colorado. The facility has  open to the public and another  available for future expansion.

Gallery

References

External links

Museums in Denver
Railroad museums in Colorado
Automobile museums in Colorado
Museums established in 1961
1961 establishments in Colorado
Live & Rare (Korn album)

Live & Rare is a compilation album by American nu metal band Korn, released on May 9, 2006. It features 13 tracks: all seven from the DVD featuring 2003's CBGB show in New York, which are found on special editions of Greatest Hits Vol. 1, two from Woodstock 1999, three cover songs (one a hidden track from Follow the Leader and another a hidden track from Take a Look in the Mirror), and "Proud", taken from the I Know What You Did Last Summer soundtrack.

The compilation was released after Korn left Epic Records, so it is likely the band had no contributions to the track listing. Also, there is no new material on this album, and most of the tracks are available on other releases, thus sales of the compilation were disappointing.

As of May 31, 2006, it has sold nearly 52,000 total copies in the United States.

Track listing

Japanese edition bonus tracks

Additional notes 

Tracks 1–7:
Recorded live at CBGB, New York City, 11/24/2003
Mixed by Frank Filipetti
Additional mixing by Warren Huart

Track 8:
Live at Projekt Revolution
Recorded live at UMB Bank Pavilion, Maryland Heights, MO, 08/25/2004
Engineered by John Van Eaten
Live sound: Bill Sheppell
Mixed by Tim Harkins at NRG Studios, North Hollywood, CD

Track 9:
Hidden track originally from the Immortal/Epic release of Take a Look in the Mirror
Recorded live on 05/03/2003 at Universal Studios, Universal City, CA
Taken from "MTV ICON: Metallica"
Used with permission by MTV: Music Television

Tracks 10 and 11:
Produced by Mitch Maketansky
Recorded live at Woodstock '99 by Dave Thoener, Rome, NY, July 23, 1999
Mixed by John X at The Record Plant, NYC

Track 12:
Hidden track originally appearing on the Immortal/Epic release of Follow the Leader
Produced by Steve Thompson, Toby Wright & Korn
Recorded by Toby Wright at NRG Recording, North Hollywood, CA
Additional Recording: John Ewing Jr.
Assisted by: John Ewing Jr.
Mixed by Brendan O'Brien at Southern Tracks Studio, Atlanta, GA

Track 13:
Taken from the Columbia release of I Know What You Did Last Summer
Produced by Ross Robinson
Mastered by Stephen Marcussen
Digitally edited by Stewart Whitmore for Marcussen Mastering, Hollywood, CA

Chart positions

References 

2006 compilation albums
2006 live albums
Epic Records compilation albums
Epic Records live albums
Korn compilation albums
Albums recorded at CBGB
Sony BMG compilation albums
Immortal Records albums
Suzanne Goldish

Suzanne Goldish, sometimes credited as Suzy Goldish, is an American ADR voice director, audio engineer, photographer and voice actress.

Career
Goldish worked on the properties of 4Kids Entertainment; she was the ADR engineer for the Pokémon TV series. Goldish is also known as the voice of Jasmine from the popular Yugioh GX series.

Goldish has gained extensive experience and honed her kids' entertainment chops through years in Sesame Workshop's Interactive Technologies group, as well as the Educate Products/Hooked on Phonics Product Development group in New York City. She is also an accomplished photographer; she holds a master's degree in photography at the NYU. Additionally, Suzanne also teaches photography classes in the Los Angeles area.

She currently resides in Los Angeles, California and works for Studiopolis. Goldish has directed the Viz Sailor Moon dub, Tiger and Bunny The Movie: The Rising, and the K: Missing Kings movie.

Voice roles

Anime/Animation
 Sonic X - Christopher Thorndyke (young)
 Winx Club (4Kids edit) - Additional voices
 Pokémon - Additional voices
 Pokémon Chronicles - Nick (young)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! GX - Jasmine
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Random child, additional voices
 Sailor Moon Crystal - Yumiko, Additional Voices

Video games
 L.A. Noire - Judy Lynn

Production credits
 Bleach - Recording engineer, Voice Director
 Bleach: The Hell Verse - Voice Director
 Blur - Recording engineer
 Digimon Fusion - ADR Mixing
 Dino Time - ADR Editor
 F-Zero: GP Legend - Recording Engineer
 Final Fantasy XIII-2 - Dialogue Editor, Recording engineer
 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. - Foley Artist
 K - Voice Director
 Kekkaishi - Casting & Voice Director
 Lost Planet 2 - Recording engineer
 Magical Doremi - ADR Engineer
 Marvel Heroes - Recording engineer
 NFL Rush Zone - ADR Mixer
 Naruto Shippuden - Recording engineer
 One Piece (4Kids Dub) - Sound Design
 Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys - ADR Editor
 Pokémon Advance - ADR Engineer
 Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja - ADR Mixer
 Red Dead Redemption - Recording Engineer
 Sailor Moon - Recording Engineer, Voice Director (Viz Media dub)
 Sonic X - Recording Engineer
 Sonic Colors - Recording Engineer
 Sonic Free Riders - Dialogue Editor, Recording Engineer
 Sonic Generations - Dialogue Editor, Recording Engineer
 Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric - Dialogue Editor
 The Super Hero Squad Show - Dialogue Editor
 Stitch! - Recording Engineer
 Tiger & Bunny - Recording Engineer, Voice Director
 Mew Mew Power - Sound Design
 Transformers: Prime - Dialogue Editor
 Transformers: Robots in Disguise - Dialogue Recordist
 Valkyria Chronicles II - Sound Engineer
 Vanquish - Recording engineer
 Yu-Gi-Oh! - ADR Engineer

References

External links
 
 
 Suzanne Goldish's official website

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American voice actresses
American voice directors
American photographers
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women photographers
21st-century American photographers
Carlos Graham

Carlos Aganza Graham - born in Hermosillo, Sonora (June 16, 1907 – April 18, 1970)  Mexican actor (known as Carlos Aganza), screenwriter, broadcaster and poet of Spanish and Scottish descent was known as the "Mexican Errol Flynn" during Mexico's Época Dorada del Cine under the name of Carlos Aganza. In the early 1940s, he was an announcer at Radio Station XECL, Mexicali, Baja California. In 1944, Carlos Graham relocated to the United States in 1944 where he became the pioneer of Spanish Language radio in the San Francisco Bay Area from the late 1940s - late 60's. His programme was on radio station KLOK. He was the host of the popular radio program Serenata Nocturnal for many years and the first Spanish-language television news anchor in Northern California. He was the uncle of the late renowned sculptor Robert Graham. He died in Santa Clara, California.

Movies of Carlos Aganza
 El Misterio del Rostro Palido (1935) [Horror; 90 minutes; Directed by Juan Bustillo Oro] - as a young Indian
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz (1935) [82 minutes; Directed by Ramon Peon]
La Cucaracha Mexicana (1936; in color) [Directed by Juan Jose Segura] - a featured performer
Mujeres de hoy (1936) [Directed by Ramon Peon] - as Ramoncito Beltran
El Bastardo (1937) [Directed by Ramon Peon]
Don Juan Tenorio (1937) [Directed by Rene Cardona] as Don Rafael de Avellaneda
 Alla en el Rancho Chico (1938) [Comedy; Directed by Rene Cardona] - Story by Carlos Aganza and Carlos Amador

1907 births
1970 deaths
Mexican male film actors
20th-century Mexican poets
Mexican male poets
Mexican people of Scottish descent
Mexican people of Spanish descent
People from Hermosillo
20th-century Mexican male actors
20th-century Mexican male writers