alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Reforesting

Reforesting is the process of replacing plants in an area where they have been cut down or destroyed. It usually refers to trees, but could include other types of plant life. 

Reforestation is often needed after deforestation, when trees are cut down to make lumber.

Reforestation also regains back the homes of animals.

Related pages 
Conservation biology
Environmentalism

Forests
Cocoon

A cocoon is a shell made of silk by most kinds of moth caterpillars and other insect larvae. Some butterfly larvae (in the family Hesperiidae and subfamilies Parnassiinae and Satyrinae) do spin cocoons. However, most butterfly pupae are called chrysalids. Some caterpillars attach small twigs or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon to hide it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a hidden place. Examples would be on the underside of a leaf, in a crevice, or down near the base of a tree trunk.

Silkworm cocoons are processed and used to produce natural silk for clothing.

References

Lepidoptera

en:Pupa#Cocoon
ms:Pupa#Kokun
Proctor Silex

Proctor Silex Co. was created in 1960 with the merger of Proctor Electric and Silex Corporation.  The company made household appliances such as toasters, irons, and coffee makers. In 1990 Proctor Silex merged with Hamilton Beach.

Other websites 
 History of Proctor-Silex, 1788 to 1972 

Companies based in Virginia
1960 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Virginia
Columbine High School massacre

The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting and attempted bombing at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, near Denver, that happened on April 20, 1999. Eighteen-year-old Eric Harris and 17-year-old Dylan Klebold carried out the massacre and were both students at the school. They murdered 12 students and one teacher using guns. Ten of the murders happened in the school's library, where they then killed themselves with their guns. Before the shootings, they had planted two large propane bombs in the school's cafeteria. They could have killed many people in there, but they did not explode. They also planted two car bombs in the school's parking lot, which were supposed to kill first responders and news reporters. They also did not explode. They also carried pipe bombs and molotov cocktails, which they lit and threw. Most of them exploded but nobody was injured or killed by any of the bombs used during the massacre.

It was one of the first well-known massacres at a school in the United States, and the one with the most deaths until the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007.

After the shooting
After the shooting, many people wanted to know why it had happened. Many people thought that Klebold and Harris had done it because they were bullied, and schools in the United States began talking about how to stop bullying. However, it is now thought that Klebold and Harris were bullies themselves. Other people blamed parts of the media, saying that the lyrics of bands and singers like Marilyn Manson and violent video games that the shooters played might have caused it.

In 2002, filmmaker Michael Moore released a documentary movie called Bowling for Columbine that was about why the shooting happened and about the role guns have in American culture. In the movie, Moore interviewed Marilyn Manson.

Memorials

Many impromptu memorials were created after the shooting. Memorials included victims Rachel Scott's car and John Tomlin's truck.

In 2000, youth advocate Melissa Helmbrecht organized a remembrance event in Denver. It featured two surviving students. It was called "A Call to Hope." The library (where most of the shooting happened) was removed and replaced with an atrium. In 2001, a new library, the HOPE memorial library, was built next to the west entrance.

On February 26, 2004, thousands of pieces of evidence from the shooting were shown at the Jeffco fairgrounds in Golden.

References

1999 in the United States
1990s murders in the United States
20th century in Colorado
April events
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1990s
Columbine High School massacre
Denver
Mass murder in the 1990s
Mass shootings in the 1990s
Mass shootings in the United States 
Massacres in the United States
Murder in Colorado
Murder-suicides in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Idiot

Idiot is a word used to describe someone who is not very smart.

Modern usage 
Today "idiot" is often used to show that someone has done something which was not very clever:
 "You idiot, look at what you just did!" (using the word as a noun)
 "I think that idea is perfectly idiotic." (using the word as an adjective)

In literature and folklore 

The word "fool" is similar to "idiot", but it is not as strong. In the history of drama a "fool" was a jester: someone who made people laugh. Kings often had jesters in real life. A court jester had the job of making the king feel happy when he was sad. Jesters often pretended to be stupid, but were actually very clever. There are jesters and fools in a lot of Shakespeare’s plays.

The word simple can also be similar to "idiot". Someone who is simple is a person who is not very clever or "streetwise". They are naïve and can easily be made to believe things because they are kind and expect everyone else to be kind as well. Such people are often called simpletons. 

Idiots or simpletons are commonly used in literature. In German literature (and in Wagner’s opera), Parsifal is described as "perfect fool" because he does not understand the evil ways of the world and is therefore completely good. That is why he can break the magic spell cast by Klingsor. The idiot often appears in Russian literature. Because the idiot is so simple he (it is always a male) is often able to express the truth which other people cannot see. Dostoevsky wrote a novel called The Idiot. It is about a man who is simple and trusting. At the end of the opera Boris Godunov by Mussorgsky the crowd of poor people gather round the simpleton who is the last person to sing in the whole opera. His moans express the fact that Russia will continue to be ruled by cruel dictators and the people will remain poor.

In humorous parlance 
The word "idiot" refers to a genetically incompetent human who is mentally inert on exposure to others - may have dampened senses and mental acuity when applied to any relatively simple task from long periods spent in a dark cave: the idiot's "natural habitat". Idiots tend to be ignorant of any metal and physical deficiency within themselves, simply because they do not want to believe it exists (even though it does, and they are aware of it). Mental deficiencies of others however, are overtly proclaimed by the idiots in order for them to separate themselves from habitual human tendencies, though they succumb to them more than they intend. They make no effort to rectify these though, as they view themselves in the best possible light. 

Pejoratives
Intelligence
Developmental psychology

Developmental psychology, also called human development, is the emotional study of how a person changes psychologically (mind and behavior) as they get older. Developmental psychologists first studied infants and children, and later they also studied teenagers (or adolescents) and adults. Developmental psychology studies human change in a lot of areas, including motor skills (and other processes that are both physical and psychological), problem solving abilities, understanding of concepts, learning language, moral understanding, and identity.

Related pages 
Jean Piaget

Developmental psychology
Lip

The lips are a body part around the mouth. There is a (usually larger) lower lip, and a smaller upper lip. They help us to eat, touch and speak.

Lips also show emotions.

Basic English 850 words
Face
Allergy

An allergy  is something which triggers an allergic reaction. This is the immune system defending the body against attack by bacteria and viruses. 

Sometimes the system goes wrong, and is triggered by some quite normal food, or flares up when the family pet comes into the room. This is what the ordinary person calls an 'allergy'.

Allergic reactions 
When people come in contact with something they are allergic to, there can be many different reactions. These reactions include itchy eyes,  drippy or stuffy noses, swollen faces, hives, sneezing, and coughing. If it is a food allergy, the person may get an upset stomach. 

Sometimes a person's oesophagus, or throat, may swell up so much that the person can no longer breathe. This is called anaphylaxis. When this happens, a doctor must give the person a medicine called epinephrine to make the swelling go down. Some people with allergies to very common things, like bee stings or fish, carry this medicine with them so it can be used quickly in an emergency. The device they use to inject the medicine is called an epinephrine autoinjector.

Common allergies 
Some common food allergies are:
 Nuts, especially peanuts
 Fish or shellfish
 Dairy products
 Eggs
 Soy products
 Wheat
 Fruits (kiwis and bananas)

Some common environmental allergies are:
 Latex
 Pollen
 Ragweed
 Mold
 Furry pets
 Bee or wasp stings
 Dust mites
 Tobacco smoke
 Pollution

References 

 

Allergies
Alfred Dreyfus

Alfred Dreyfus (1859 - 1935) was a French officer of Jewish descent.

He was wrongly accused of treason against the French military. This scandal was known as the Dreyfus affair.

He was imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana.

His highest rank was lieutenant colonel.

Dreyfus was born in Mulhouse and died in Paris.

References 

1859 births
1935 deaths
Colonels
French Jews
French military people
French military personnel of World War I
French prisoners
Jewish military people
People from Mulhouse
Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are large molecules where genetic information is stored. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA and ribonucleic acid, better known as RNA.

The nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. A nucleotide is made of a nitrogenous base, sugar with five carbon atoms and a  phosphate group.

Nucleic acids allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next. When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed from one cell generation to the next generation. 

DNA is organized into chromosomes and found within the nucleus of our cells. Its function in any cell is to carry the sequence of bases which will be transcribed into RNA. The function of RNA is much more difficult to explain. One well-known function is for messenger RNA to be translated into proteins, mainly enzymes. But there are other types of RNA, and these are called non-coding RNAs.

Molecular biology
Adam Elliot

Adam Elliot (born January 2, 1972) is an Australian animator. He is from Melbourne, Australia. His short movie called Harvey Krumpet won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. He uses claymation and has won five Australian Film Institute Awards because of his work.

Early life
Elliot was brought up on a prawn farm run by his father who had once been a circus clown, and his mother who had been a hairdresser. The family later moved to Melbourne, where Elliot made money selling hand painted T-shirts at local markets. After finishing school he went to the Victorian College of the Arts to study animation.

Other websites
 Adam Elliot's website

References

1972 births
Living people
Animators
Australian filmmakers
Academy Award winning directors
People from Melbourne
Academy Award winning cinematographers
Academy Award winning writers
Group home

A group home, Also called an ''adult family home'', care home or congregate living facility (depending on country and region)is a private house that serves as a home for people who are not in the same family but have a common characteristic. In the United States and certain other countries, this would mean a home for people who need social assistance or who are not able to live alone or without proper care for safety reasons. Group homes provide a structured environment and assistance with some activities of daily living (Assisted living). Before the 1970s, these people lived in psychiatric hospitals, homes for the poor and orphanages.

People who live in a group home may be recovering drug addicts, developmentally disabled, abused or neglected youths, and/or young people with a criminal record. A group home is different from a halfway house because it is not restricted to recovering addicts or convicted criminals, and also because the people who live there usually have to help maintain the household by doing chores or helping to manage a budget. In most countries, people can still vote and attend university while in a group home.

There are typically from 3 to 16 residents, as well as a resident manager or service staff. Residents may have their own room or share rooms, and share facilities such as laundry, bathroom in most cases, kitchen and common living areas.  The opening of group homes is occasionally fought against by neighbours who fear that it will lead to a rise in crime and/or a drop in property values.

A group home can also refer to family homes in which children and youth of the foster care system are placed until foster families are found for them.

References

Disability
Anfield

Anfield is a football stadium in Liverpool, England. The Football team Liverpool FC plays there. The stadium has just seen an expansion of the Main Stand increasing the capacity to 54,167.

Anfield is famous for the sign that is in the players' tunnel, which reads: "This is Anfield". One of their most famous rivals are Manchester United as well as  Everton FC. Liverpool v Everton is known as the Merseyside Derby. Anfield used to be owned by Everton F.C and Everton created Liverpool to use the stadium. They have won  6 European cups.

Related pages
 Liverpool F.C.

References

Other websites 

Football stadiums in England
Buildings and structures in Liverpool
Liverpool F.C.
Crawford, Texas

Crawford is a town in Texas, in the United States. It is former President George W. Bush's hometown. George W. Bush and the First Lady Laura Bush own a 1600-acre ranch in Crawford. They bought the ranch in 1999.  The first family's presence in Crawford, Texas, has helped the small town's economy to grow.  The once nearly deserted streets are now busy with tourists.

Towns in Texas
Metalocalypse

Metalocalypse is an animated comedy television series directed by Jon Schnepp. It is a part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. It is about a heavy metal group called Dethklok, who are the most famous and richest band in the world. The band is a very dangerous force to the people who like it and to world governments. Even though their fans often die or are hurt in the series, they still remain very popular. There is also a secret group of people who work for the U.S. Government who secretly spy on the band and plan to kill them.

People in Dethklok
 Nathan Explosion: The group's singer and leader, he is based on Glenn Danzig from The Misfits and Cannibal Corpse's George Fisher. He has long black hair, and is very large.
 Skwisgaar Skwigelf: Lead guitarist, who is from Sweden. He has long blonde hair, has blue eyes, and is skinny.
 Toki Wartooth: Plays rhythm guitar and is from Norway. He is very gullible and childlike. He has long brown hair and a "fu manchu" moustache.
 William Murderface: The bass guitar player, who is slightly overweight, very angry, and likes gross things including a new found love of "free-balling". He is partly based on Geezer Butler from Black Sabbath. He has triangular brown hair, and a mustache.
 Pickles-plays the drums, used to be leader of a band called "Snakes n' Barrels", a parody of Guns N' Roses. He is originally from Wisconsin. He has red cornrows.

CD & DVD Release
Cartoon Network released a DVD of the first season of Metalocalypse and an album of Dethklok's songs in the summer of 2007. The album has songs that are played during the series.

Comedy television series
Animated television series
2006 television series debuts
Adult Swim
English-language television programs
St. Lucia Day

St. Lucia Day is a holiday that is held on December 13 in several countries in Europe. Those countries include Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland. The holiday is in honor of Saint Lucy. On this day, young girls (mostly the oldest daughter of the house) dress like Saint Lucia in a white robe and a crown of candles. There are parades, pageants, and the girl playing Lucia serves cakes. They also sing special songs. Here is one of the songs:

The night treads heavily
around yards and dwellings
In places unreached by sun,
the shadows brood
Into our dark house, she comes,
bearing lighted candles,
Saint Lucia, Saint Lucia.

The Lucia celebrations also include ginger snaps and sweet, saffron-flavored buns (lussekatter) shaped like curled-up cats and with raisin eyes. People eat them with glögg or coffee.

Holidays
Pride

Pride means having a feeling of being good and worthy. The adjective is proud.

The word pride can be used in a good sense as well as in a bad sense.

In a good sense it means having a feeling of self-respect. People can be satisfied with their achievements. They can be proud of something good that they have done. They can be proud of (or take pride in) their work. They might be proud of their son or daughter or husband or wife or anyone else who is close to them and who has done something good. People can be proud of their country (patriotism). The opposite would be to be ashamed of someone or something. 

In a bad sense, pride can mean that someone has an exaggerated sense of feeling good. This might mean that someone has no respect for what other people do, only respect for what he or she does. Someone who is described as proud may be arrogant. The word is used in this sense in the saying: “Pride comes before a fall” or “Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall.” Prov.16:18 (meaning that someone is so overconfident that he or she might soon have a disaster).

Emotions
Seven deadly sins
Symmetry

Symmetry is a property of certain geometrical objects that appears the same when reflected along an axis or when rotated around a point. The opposite of symmetry is asymmetry, which refers to the absence of symmetry.

In reflectional symmetry, the axis of symmetry must cross the shape through the middle, dividing it into equal halves. 

In rotational symmetry, the object is identical when it is rotated by a certain amount. 

The precise notions of symmetry have various measures and operational definitions. For example, symmetry may be observed
with respect to the passage of time;
as a spatial relationship;
through transformations such as rotation;
through other kinds of transformations; 
as an aspect of scientific models, language, music and even knowledge itself.

References

Further reading 

Geometry
Mount Ruapehu

Mount Ruapehu is an active volcano on North Island, New Zealand. It is the highest mountain in North Island with a height of . It is located in Taupo, New Zealand. It last erupted in September 2007.

History
In 1948, an airplane crashed into the volcano. All the people in the airplane died.

References

Volcanoes of New Zealand
Mountains of New Zealand
Klang

Klang (also known as Kelang) is the royal capital of Selangor, Malaysia. A popular harbour called Port Klang is located there. It is one of the busiest ports in the world.

History
 1867 - 1874 Klang War
 1880 - 1889 Klang became the capital of Selangor.
 1945 - Klang Town Authority formed.
 1954 - Klang Town Council formed (27.5 km²)
 1971 - Klang District Council formed, including areas surrounding Kapar and Meru towns.
 1974 - 1977 - Capital of Selangor when Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory and before Shah Alam was made the capital of Selangor.
 1977 - Klang Municipal Council formed (60.9 km²)

Weather
In Klang, it rains all year round. The monthly rainfall is slightly higher here in April and November. It might be because of the monsoon season.

The average temperature in Klang is around 25°C to 36°C (77°F to 96.8°F). There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the town. Klang is hot and humid throughout the year.

Districts
There are two districts in Klang, Klang North and Klang South. Both are divided by a river called the Klang River.

Famous Local Food
Klang is famous for its Bak Kut Teh, a herbal soup which contains pork. Klang is also famous for its Rojak Klang. 

Another popular delicacy here is the "Cendol Klang". The stall was opened in 1972.

Other websites 
 Klang Municipal Council website
 ODP's Klang category 
 Klang travel guide at Wikivoyage
 Klang Community eSpace Forum
   Port Klang Free Trade Zone
  Klang North Port

Cities in Malaysia
Selangor
Jessica Simpson

Jessica Simpson (born July 10, 1980) is an American singer and actress. She is known for her reality television show, Nick and Jessica: Newlyweds. In the late 2000s, she was married to Nick Lachey. In 2008, she filed for divorce and she married Eric Johnson. She is the daughter of Tina and Joe Simpson and older sister of singer and actress Ashlee Simpson.

She has starred in the movies The Dukes of Hazzard (2005) and Employee of the Month (2006)

Early life
Jessica Simpson was born in Abilene, Texas. She is the daughter of Tina Ann and Joseph Truett. She has a sister whose name is Ashlee Simpson who is also a singer.
At first, Simpson sang at a local church. At age twelve, she auditioned for The Mickey Mouse Club, but was not selected.

Personal life 
Simpson was married to musician Nick Lachey from 2002 until they divorced in 2006.

Simpson began dating NFL tight end Eric Johnson in 2010. The couple has 2 children together—daughter Maxwell Drew Johnson (born May 1, 2012) and son Ace Simpson Johnson (born February 22, 2013).

Albums
 Sweet Kisses - November 9, 1999
 Irresistible - May 29, 2001
 This Is the Remix - July 2, 2002
 In This Skin - August 19, 2003
 Rejoyce: The Christmas Album - November 23, 2004
 A Public Affair - August 29, 2006
 Do You Know - 2008
 Happy Christmas - 2010

References

Other websites
 Jessica Simpson—official website
 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Texas
American Baptists
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American television actors
Singers from Texas
People from Abilene, Texas
Monty Python and the Holy Grail

Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the second movie made by Monty Python. It was made in 1974 and was very successful. It is still very popular, and considered one of the best comedy films ever made. It was also made into a musical called Spamalot.

Story
This is a comedy about King Arthur's search for the Holy Grail. He gathers a group of knights around him. They do not ride horses - instead, they clap coconut halves together, to make the sound of a horse galloping. They search for the grail, but keep on getting distracted by peasants (poor farmers) who want to talk about politics, or French knights insulting them.

The movie was made in Scotland.

1974 adventure movies
1974 comedy movies
Arthurian movies
British adventure movies
British comedy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Monty Python
Fantasy comedy movies
Yen

The Japanese yen or en is the currency used in Japan. It is usually written with the romanised symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円. The coins are very light and range from ¥1 up to ¥500. The highest paper note value is ¥10000. The Japanese currency is the third most traded currency in the world.

Related pages

 Japan

Currency of Asia
Japan
If and only if

In logic and mathematics, if and only if (sometimes abbreviated as iff) is a logical operator denoting a logical biconditional (often symbolized by  or). It is often used to conjoin two statements which are logically equivalent. 

In general, given two statement A and B, the statement "A if and only if B" is true precisely when both A and B are true or both A and B are false. In which case, A can be thought of as the logical substitute of B (and vice versa).

An "if and only if" statement is also called a necessary and sufficient condition. For example:

"Madison will eat the fruit if and only if it is an apple" is equivalent to saying that "Madison will eat the fruit if the fruit is an apple, and will eat no other fruit".

This makes it clear that Madison will eat all and only those fruits that are apples. She will not leave any apple uneaten, and she will not eat any other type of fruit. That a given fruit is an apple is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for Madison to eat the fruit.

Note that the truth table shown is also equivalent to the XNOR gate.

Related pages 

 Equality (mathematics)
 Implication (logic)
 Propositional logic

References 

Logic
Logical connectives
AppleTalk

Appletalk is a suite of protocols for computer networking. It allowed Apple Macintosh computers to connect one another. It also allowed a computer to use a printer connected to the network. Apple has switched from Appletalk to TCP/IP.

Computer protocols
Computer networking
Apple Inc.
Western States 100

The Western States 100 is a 100 mile race that is held each July in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.  It is the oldest regularly run ultramarathons. It is considered by some to be the most difficult.  Some of the best runners ever to compete in the Western States 100 race are Scott Jurek and Tim Twietmeyer.

Ultramarathons
Sports in California
July events
Scott Jurek

Scott Jurek (b. October 26, 1973) is an famous runner who lives in Seattle, California.  He is perhaps best known for running the difficult Western States 100 Mile Race seven years in a row.  He has also won the Badwater Ultramarathon the past two years.

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Minnesota
American long-distance runners
Badwater Ultramarathon

The Badwater Ultramarathon is a race run from the lowest point in North America to the trail head of Mt. Whitney.  It is 135 miles in very high heat.

Ultramarathons
Wisdom

Wisdom is knowing things that help a person to live sensibly and make good decisions. Wisdom is defined differently by many cultures. Some say that wisdom is something a person learns as they grow older. Other cultures expect people to complete certain rituals in order to get wisdom.

If someone has wisdom, they are called wise. Most cultures from the past have had special people who were supposed to be wise. People asked them for advice when they had problems because they knew things that ordinary people did not know or could not know. They were often called "sages".

There are many stories in Western culture in which the owl of Athena or Minerva is supposed to be a wise bird.

Knowledge
Virtues
Skate (fish)

For the act of skating, see skating.

Skates are cartilaginous fish. They are the family Rajidae  in the order Rajiformes. They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays. There are more than 200 species in 27 genera.

There are two subfamilies, the hardnose skates and the softnose skates.

Skates and stingrays 
Skates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails. There is also a difference: skates do not have stings. Instead, their tails are thicker, with small "thorns" along the edges. At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins.

Skates and rays are also different in the way the give birth. Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs. This means they are oviparous.

References 

Cartilaginous fish
Roger Moore

Sir Roger George Moore  (14 October 1927 – 23 May 2017) was an English actor and a UNICEF ambassador. He is probably the most well known for playing fictional spy James Bond in seven movies from 1973 to 1985. He played James Bond more times than any other actor. He was also well known for playing Simon Templar in the television show The Saint. He began his career by becoming a male model.

Early life
Moore was the only child of policeman, George Moore, and housewife, Lilian "Lily".  He attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during the Second World War. He was then educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. He then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but never graduated.  Moore served in the Royal Army Service Corps, commanding a small depot in West Germany.

Personal life
Moore left his first wife, skater Doorn Van Steyn, for singer Dorothy Squires.  Squires was 12 years older than him.  She was also, at that time, much more famous than he was. They lived together for a short time in Dafen, Llanelli, South Wales. While making a movie in Italy in 1961, Moore left Squires for Italian actress Luisa Mattioli. Moore has a daughter and two sons with Mattioli. Moore ended this marriage in 1993. His current marriage is to the Danish-Swedish multi-millionaire Kristina 'Kiki' Tholstrup.

When Moore married Kiki Tholstrup, he began spending winters in Crans-Montana, Valais (Switzerland) and summers at his apartment in Monaco.

In 1999, Moore was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 14 June 2003.  He was proud the honor was for his charity work rather than his acting.

On 11 October 2007, three days before he turned 80, Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.  Moore's Star was the 2,350th star.  It is appropriately located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard.

In 2008, the French Government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

His autobiography My Word is My Bond was published the same year.

Filmography

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
Actors from London
Actors who played James Bond
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from prostate cancer
English autobiographers
English movie actors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Extras
Humanitarians
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
United Nations officials
Melbourne Cup

The Melbourne Cup is Australia's major horse race. It happens once a year.  People say it is The race that stops a nation, it is for horses three-years-old and over, and it is 3200 metres long. The event has been held on the first Tuesday in November since 1861 (except on one year during the Second World War) by the Victoria Racing Club, on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne. Many people say it is the most important "two-mile" horse race in the world.

The race was first held over two miles, about 3,218 metres, but after Australia changed to the metric system in 1972 it was changed to 3,200 metres. This made it 61 ft 6in shorter, and Rain Lover's 1968 race record of 3min.19.1sec was changed to 3min.17.9sec. Now, the record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3min 16.3sec.

The race starts at 3.00pm Melbourne (AEST) time.

Attendance
The event is one of the most popular events to watch in Australia. Over 110,000 people attend the race. Some people dress in traditional formal raceday clothing. Other people dress in different kinds of strange and amusing costumes,
In 2005 a total of 383,784 race fans went to the Melbourne Cup Carnival annual event

History 

Seventeen horses raced in the first Melbourne Cup in 1861. The prize was a gold watch and 170 pounds cash. Some people say Archer (the winner) walked 800 km to the course from Nowra, New South Wales.  However, it is possible he travelled by ship. Four thousand people watched the race.

Archer won again the next year.  However, because the owner's application form arrived late the next year, Archer was unable to try for a third cup. Many owners boycotted (did not race in protest) the race, so it started with only seven horses.  That is the smallest number in the history of the cup.

The winner of the Melbourne Cup last year was Rekindling, from Great Britain.

Off the track 
'Fashions On The Field' is a major focus of the day.  Raceday fashion sometimes draws almost as much attention as the race itself.  The miniskirt received worldwide attention when model Jean Shrimpton wore one on Derby Day during Melbourne Cup week in 1965.

In Melbourne, the race day is a public holiday.  In the rest of Australia most people watch the race on television and gamble. Some people bet at the TAB (the Australian betting office).  Other people bet in workplace cup "sweeps".  (In "sweeps" each person pays a small amount [e.g. $3] and draws a random horse.  First, second, and third place then share the money.)  In 2000 it was estimated that 80 percent of the adult Australian population placed a bet on the race that year.

Betting on the Melbourne Cup has become more and more popular over the years, with one time a year punters having a crack at picking the winning horse.

References 

Sport in Melbourne
Horse racing
1861 establishments in Australia
November events
King Philip's War

King Philip's War (Metacom's War) was a war between Native Americans and English colonists. King Philip's War was fought between 1675 and 1676 in the area of the United States that is now New England.

When the Pilgrims left England, they came to live in Massachusetts near the Indians. As more Puritans arrived, they needed more land and they took it.  Metacom, or "King Philip" as he was called in English was the leader of one of the Wampanoag Pokanoket tribes.  His father had made a treaty with the English.

The English began to fear the power of the natives.  The two sides accused each other of violating the treaty and preparing for war.  John Wussausmon was Christian convert and a trader.  He told the English that Philip was preparing an alliance to attack them.  When he was found dead, the English executed three Indians for his murder, and people on both sides became more angry.  Philip brought together a large force of Indians and attacked the Puritan settlements.  The resulting war was large.  The Indians lost and thousands of them died but not before the whole countryside suffered much loss.  Many towns burned and every inhabitant was enveloped some way in the conflict. When King Philip was killed by a native, his head was cut off by Benjamin Church to be brought back to Plymouth.  500 Indians were also taken prisoner and made slaves.

17th century in the Thirteen Colonies
History of Native Americans
Wars involving North America
1675
1676
17th-century conflicts
Lip balm

Lip balm is a product which is put on lips so they will not dry when a person is outside in the sun and wind. Lip balm is usually made from petrolatum. Some types of lip balm also include sunscreen to protect the lips from sunburn. Lip balm comes in tubes and small pots with screw-on lids. Lip balm is often used during the winter, because the cold winter winds can dry out a person's lips so that they are cracked and hurting (this is called having "chapped" lips).

Care
Coprophagia

Coprophagia is the eating of faeces. Many animals eat faeces, either their own or that of other animal groups. It is particularly common in dogs and puppies of about six months old, but little is known why; lack of stimulus and variety in the lifestyle or diet have been cited as potential reasons.

Adding pineapple to their food is  a well recognized solution for many dogs. Humans do it only on rare occasions and it is looked down upon in society.  Eating one's feces can also spread disease.

References 

Zoology

Health problems
Frankenwald

The Frankenwald (roughly translates to Franconian forest) is a mountain range. It is in the district of Oberfranken in Bavaria. It connects the Fichtelgebirge to the Thuringian forest. It is a long forested plateau. The hills in the plateau form a watershed between the Rhine and the Elbe rivers. 

It was settled in the 13th century. The main branches of industry were porcelain-making, forestry, and the production of charcoal. Rafts were built to get the wood into the larger cities, along the Main river, and the Rhine. First, the people setlted on the plateau. They cut down some forest, and settled in the clearing that was created that way. A well preserved example of such a setltlement is Wilhelmsthal. Only at a later date did people settle in the valleys.

In the Frankenwald, the following landscapes are prevalent:

plateaux where the forest has been cleared.
forested slopes
grassy valleys.

Geography of Bavaria
Mountain ranges of Germany
Municipality

A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government.

In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council. The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation.

The word used may be  "commune" (for example, French commune, Italian comune or Swedish kommun), canton, district, civil parish or borough

 
Types of settlements
Order

Order has many meanings or uses:

Religious
 Holy orders are the rites or sacraments in which priests are ordained
 Religious order, a group of people that live together, and share some ideals

Honors
 Order (decoration), an award or medal

Legal and military
 Court order, made by a judge
 Executive order, issued by the executive branch of government
 General order, a published directive from a commander
 Standing order, a general order of unset duration, and similar ongoing rules in a parliament
 Direct order

In scientific classification
 Order (physics), the opposite of chaos or disorder (in the sense of randomness), or entropy
 Order (biology), a rank between class and family, or a taxon at that rank
 Order (chemistry), a concept of chemical kinetics
 Social order, a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences. May mean lawfulness, but more often means class structure.

In mathematics
 Order (group theory), the cardinality of a group
 Order theory, a branch of mathematics that studies many different kinds of binary relations called orders
 Order (ring theory), a kind of an algebraic structure
 Orders of approximation, Big O notation
 Order of magnitude, a class of scale or magnitude of any amount
 Order, or degree of a polynomial

In computer science
 Canonical order, the order of elements that follows a certain rules or specifications

In telecommunications
 Modulation order, the number of different symbols that can be sent using a given modulation

Other uses
 Collating order, sequence for text, such as alphabetical
 Order (business), an instruction from a customer to buy
 Order (exchange), customer's instruction to a financial entity for a financial transaction
 Order (information processing), a measure of the number of objects or sub-systems in a system
 Order (organization), an organization of people united by a common fraternal bond or social aim.
 Architectonic orders
 Way of categorizing Electronic filters by steepness
 Way of categorizing the size of lighthouse Fresnel lenses
 "The Order"
 Order (food), a customer's choice of food at a restaurant or for delivery

Basic English 850 words
Friedrichshafen

Friedrichshafen is a city in Germany. It is at the north shore of the Lake of Constance. It is the second largest city at the lakeside, after Konstanz. About 58,000 people live there. The city is famous for having one of the first Zeppelins.

References

Other websites 

Cities in Baden-Württemberg
Zeppelin

A Zeppelin is a type of airship. Airships are aircraft that float in air, because they are filled with a lightweight gas. A Zeppelin is a dirigible, which means it is a rigid airship, but can be moved around by itself. It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century. The name Zeppelin is now used as a common name for all rigid airships. Zeppelins were used in the First World War. In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes.

One of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States.  After this, Zeppelin passenger service came to a stop.  The LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin was still in use, although some modifications had to be made.  Early the Second World War the remaining Zeppelins were demolished so their metal could be used for other things. 

Plans have been proposed, to use Zeppelins to lift heavy weights.  Some are used as tourist attractions, or for advertising.

World War I
Airships
666

666 was a common year in the western calendar, as counted Anno Domini.

Events 
Wighard became Archbishop of Canterbury.
Chertsey Abbey was built in England.
Barking Abbey was built in England.

Births 

 Zhang Jiazhen, Chinese general

References
Stanza

A stanza is a related group of lines or verses in a poem. A stanza also can be a verse in paragraph form. They can keep on going without punctuation. It may also be a line in a poem.

Two most important features of a stanza is the number of lines and the rhyme scheme. There are many kinds of stanza. 

 Two-line stanza (aa).
 Three-line stanza (aaa).
 Four-line stanza (aaaa, aabb, abab, abba)
 Five-line stanza (for example ababb)
 Six-line stanza (for example ababcc)
 Seven-line stanza (for example ababbcc, it is called rhyme royal)
 Eight-line stanza (for example abababcc, it is Italian ottava rima)   
 Nine-line stanza (for example ababbcbcc, it is Spenserian stanza)
 Ten-line stanza (for example ababccdeed)

An Italian sonnet consists of two four-line stanzas and two three-line stanzas:

 abba abba cdc dcd 

A French ballad is composed of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line one:

 ababbcbc ababbcbc ababbcbc bcbc

Some stanzas are named after poets, who invented or often used them. An example is Sapphic stanza that was named after famous Greek woman poet Sappho.

Bibliography 
Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, Art of Versification. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.

poetry
Nanga Parbat

Nanga Parbat is a mountain in Gilgit-Baltistan, between Chilas and Astore. It is the ninth highest mountain in the world. It is  above sea level. Nanga Parbat means "Naked Mountain". In 1953, an Austrian German named Hermann Buhl was the first to climb it.

Nanga Parbat is in the west of the Himalayas, and is the most western of the mountains higher than eight thousand meters. It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas in the region of Kashmir. Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram mountains.

Nanga Parbat is the highest peak in the Nanga Parbat Range. The range covers an area of  in length and  in width. In the east it joins the Pir Panjal Range.

The steep incline of its peak that rises above the ground far below makes Nanga Parbat a difficult and dangerous climb. Many deaths in the mid and early 20th century gave it the nickname of "killer mountain".

References

Other websites 

A mountain list ranked by local relief and steepness showing Nanga Parbat as the steepest 
Pictures from a winter expedition in 2013 

Himalayas
Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan
Respiration

Respiration is how nutrients change into useful energy in a cell. During respiration, energy is released in a form that can be used by cells. All living things respire. Both plant and animal cells use respiration to release energy from glucose.

There are two types of respiration. One is aerobic respiration and the other is anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen breaks down food (glucose) to release high amounts of energy. Anaerobic respiration happens in the absence of oxygen making lactic acid. During respiration in yeast and bacteria, oxygen is not involved in the oxidation of food. Food (glucose) is broken down into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide this is called anaerobic respiration. 

 Animals obtain carbohydrates, such as starch and sugars, by eating them. Some heat is released by these chemical reactions in cells, and it is this we experience as body heat.
 Plants make their own carbohydrates during photosynthesis. They get carbon dioxide from the environment and their energy from the sun.

Some use oxygen to break down glucose completely into CO2 (Carbon dioxide) and H2O (Water).

Related pages 
See these (in this order) for an outline of the biochemistry of aerobic respiration:
Cellular respiration 
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

Metabolism
Cellular respiration
69

69 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho and Vitellius all serve as emperor for a short time each before Vespasian takes over.
January 15 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, and survives three months before committing suicide.
First Jewish-Roman War – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem, which was captured by Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus after Vespasian became Emperor.
April 2– Galba, governor of Spain, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Roman emperors begun with Caesar and Augustus. He was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards in favor of Marcus Salvius Otho.
April 14 – First Battle of Bedriacum: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions, Otho commits suicide.
April 17 – After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
October 24 – Second Battle of Bedriacum: Flavians under Antonius Primus defeats Vitellians.
December 21 – Vespasian becomes emperor.
The Batavians, under the leadeship of Gaius Julius Civilis, revolt (Batavian rebellion).
Legio I Macriana liberatrix is disbanded.

Births 
Saint Polycarp of Smyrna

Deaths 
January – Locusta
January 15 – Galba
April 15 – Otho
December 22 – Vitellius killed by the army of Vespasian
410s

The 410s was a decade that began on 1 January 410 and ended on 31 December 419.

Events 
Sack of Rome by the Visigoths under Alaric
Britain lost from the Roman Empire
340s

The 340s decade ran from January 1, 340, to December 31, 349.

Events 
Ulfilas missionary to the Goths

Significant people 
 Constans, Roman Emperor
 Constantius II, Roman Emperor
 Flavius Philippus, praetorian prefect of the East, consul
 Hypatia of Alexandria
Web 2.0

Web 2.0 () is what people call new ways of showing or using things on the Internet. 

Web 2.0 is considered beneficial because it is easy for people to publish their work, connect with other people, and share and exchange information.

To people who use the Internet, wikis and blogs are Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is mostly about user-generated and interactive content.

Before Web 2.0, Internet users could just read information on web pages. With Web 2.0, users can interact with the site and add information. In Web 1.0, the previous version, information was only written by the website author. 

The Internet technology which is used for web 2.0 is not different from the old Internet technology, but the ways people use the web (the Internet) has changed.

Some people think that Wikipedia is a great example of "Web 2.0". Many other famous websites, such as Facebook and Youtube, are considered Web 2.0 Websites.
The Broons

The Broons is a comic strip in the Scottish newspaper The Sunday Post. It is about a Scottish family with 11 members.

The strip is written in Scots.

Family Members

Maw
Paw
Granpaw
Hen
Joe
Daphne
Maggie
Horace
The Twins
The Bairn

Comic strips
1936 establishments in Europe
Fictional families
20th-century establishments in Scotland