alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Diplodocus

Diplodocus is a huge dinosaur from the same time as the Allosaurus. It lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 145 to 155 million years ago. It was a vegetarian, eating mostly leaves with its peg-like teeth.

Size  
Diplodocus was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long. It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail. Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg. It had a short 6 ft long head. Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs. It used its long neck to poke into forests because its body was too big. It is also believed to have knocked the trees down. The longest species is the hallorum, which was thought to be the longest of all dinosaurs (now Amphicoelias).

Fossils 
Diplodocus skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found. Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA. A complete tail has never been found.

Seismosaurus 
Seismosaurus was thought to be its own genus of dinosaur. In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of Diplodocus. It is now known as Diplodocus hallorum.

Seismosaurus was the longest animal ever known, but paleontologists found they had misplaced vertebrae, making the body too long. Current length estimates are 33–36 metres long. Weight estimates vary from 40 to 60 tonnes. Weight estimates of other Diplodocus species are much lower: 10 to 17 tonnes.

References 

Diplodocids
Jurassic dinosaurs
Sauropods
Wash

Wash could mean:
 Wash (creek), a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain
 WASH, a Clear Channel Communications radio station
 Wash (distilling), the liquid produced by the fermentation step in the production of distilled beverages
 Wash (Firefly), a fictional character who originated in the science fiction television series, Firefly
 Wash (painting), a light covering of diluted paint on a painting
 Wash (Prison Break episode), 40th episode of American television series Prison Break
 The Wash, the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia
 The Wash (movie), a hip-hop styled movie,
 "Wash (song)", a Pearl Jam song

Related pages
 Car wash (disambiguation)
 Washing

Basic English 850 words
Onion

Onions are plants in the genus, Allium. They are eaten as vegetables. Most species of onions have bulbs that people can eat. They have a strong flavour and a very distinctive smell.

Onions have been grown for a long time. They were probably first grown in Ancient Egypt, together with leek and garlic, but maybe earlier. Now, most of the world's cultures eat onions.

Cultivation 
Farmers and gardeners can grow onions from seeds or from bulbs. If they plant seeds, they must later pull out most of the young plants so the rest can grow better. This is called 'thinning'. A different way to plant onions is to plant young bulbs. This is faster, but the onions that grow this way are weaker than the onions that started as seeds.

In food 
Onions can be eaten in different ways:
 Fried sliced or chopped onions are often served on hot dogs.
 Onion rings are sliced, the slices dipped in batter, and deep-fried so the batter is crisp and onion is cooked soft.
 Pickled onions are eaten as a relish with chips or with salad.
 Raw onions:
 Sliced (cut into flat layers) for hamburgers and sandwiches
 Chopped or minced fine in salads or as garnish on cooked foods
 Cooked in soups, stews and curries
 Roasted whole alongside roasted meat

Why onions make eyes water 
When you cut an onion, you open some cells of the onion. Then, some chemicals react. When one chemical floats through the air and reaches your eyes, they sting.
There are ways to keep the chemical away. You can:　
 Cut the onion under water
 Keep the onion in the fridge, and cut when it is cold
 Leave the root end on until last
 Use a sharper knife
 Have a fan blowing away from you on the onion
 Wear goggles, like for swimming or skiing

The ability of plants to deter or limit being eaten is called defence against herbivory.

Gallery 

Root vegetables
Allium
Universal House of Justice

The Universal House of Justice is the name of a council that leads the Bahá'í community.  It was described by the person who made the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, in his books and letters.  He called it the Supreme House of Justice.  His son, `Abdu'l-Bahá called it the Universal House of Justice, because it was going to lead all of the Bahá'ís.  There will be other "Houses of Justice" for each country and city, but for now these are called "Spiritual Assemblies."  

Bahá'ís vote for the members of this council every five years during a special festival held between April 20 and May 2.  

Bahá'í Faith
Buildings and structures in Haifa
Religion in Israel
Religious buildings
Logitech

Logitech (sometimes shortened to Logi) is a Swiss company that makes electronics. They are best known for making peripheral equipment for computers, including webcams, keyboards and computer mice.

History 
Logitech was founded in Apples, Switzerland, in 1981 by graduates of Stanford University Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta, and former Olivetti engineer Giacomo Marini.

In 2001, Logitech acquired Labtec for $150 million to expand its range of computer peripherals.

In 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest Labs' Freespace motion control technology to produce the MX Air Mouse, which allows a user to use natural gestures to control a PC.

In December 2009, Logitech acquired video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize Communications.

In July 2011, Logitech acquired the mobile visual communications provider Mirial.

In January 2013, Bracken Darrell became Logitech's chief executive officer; then-CEO Guerrino De Luca continued as Logitech's chairman of the board.

In January 2016, Logitech spun off the video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize.

In April 2016, Logitech agreed to pay  penalty related to accusations that it and some former executives improperly inflated the company's results for its 2011 fiscal year to meet guidance and other accounting violations. 

On 12 April 2016, Logitech  announced that they had agreed to acquire Jaybird, a leader in wireless audio wearables for sports and active lifestyles, for , with an additional earnout of up to  based on achievement of growth targets.

On 15 September 2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for .

On 26 September 2019, Logitech acquired Streamlabs, producer of software and tools for live-streaming, for approximately $89 million.

On 29 July 2021, Logitech, in collaboration with choreographer JaQuel Knight,  introduced its #Creators4BIPOC initiative under the Logitech For Creators brand. It allows social media creators, particularly BIPOC influencers, to copyright and monetize their online creations by making it possible for choreographers who amplify attention to hits by major artists in the entertainment business to secure copyright of their choreography using Labanotation and earn royalties from it.

Mice 
The first mice were made in Switzerland. Now Logitech makes its items all over the world. Selling computer mice made Logitech a big company. In 2008, Logitech made its billionth mouse.

Product lines 
As well as webcams, keyboards and mice, Logitech also makes other products such as:
 Loudspeakers
 Gamepads
 Phone accessories
 Special TV remotes
Headphones
Programmable remote controls

Logitech has also made two computer games: Jelly Jumper and Jelly Battle.

References

Other websites 
 Logitech
 Mouse maker reveals how niche players succeed , Swissinfo, 20.4.2006

Technology companies of Europe
Companies of Switzerland
Morges (district)
Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. The term is commonly shortened to phage.
Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Like viruses that infect eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi) there are many different phage structures and functions.

The top of phages is made up of a dice-like shape which has 20 sides and 30 edges. Inside it contains the genetic information, which is its DNA. This dice-like shape often sits on a tail that has leg-like fibres.

Phages are typically made of an outer protein hull that has genetic material inside it. The genetic material may be single-stranded (ssRNA or ssDNA), or double-stranded (dsRNA or dsDNA). It may be between 5,000 and 500,000 base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.

Phage genomes may code for as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages have a life cycle that begins when the phage attaches to the bacterium. Then they inject their genome into the bacterium. The genome uses the parts of the bacterium to replicate inside it. When there are many phages inside the bacterium, they put enzymes in the bacterium that weaken the outer cell wall so they can burst through it to infect new bacterias.

Phages are everywhere there are bacteria, such as soils or the intestines of animals. They are very common in sea water: up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages.

They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. However, it was not until the first phage was observed under an electron microscope by Helmut Ruska in 1939 that its true nature was established.

They are a possible therapy against antibiotic resistant strains of many bacteria. On the other hand, some phages complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. They shelter the bacteria from drugs and so prolong the infection.

References 

Viruses
Parasites
Licensed to Ill

Licensed to Ill is the first album by the Beastie Boys. Beastie Boys is an American hip hop music group. The album was released in November 1986.

Track listing 

"Rhymin & Stealin"  – (4:08)
"The New Style" – (4:36)
"She's Crafty" – (3:35)
"Posse in Effect" – (2:27)
"Slow Ride" – (2:56)
"Girls" – (3:14)
"Fight for Your Right" – (3:28)
"No Sleep Till Brooklyn" – (4:07)
"Paul Revere" – (3:41)
"Hold It Now, Hit It" – (3:26)
"Brass Monkey" - (2:37)
"Slow and Low" – (3:38)
"Time to Get Ill" – (3:37)

Members 

Mike D - Voice 
Adam Horovitz - Voice 
Adam Yauch - Voice 
Rick Rubin - Sampling
Kerry King - Electric guitar

1986 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease, also called coronary heart disease, is a heart disease. ("Coronary" means "the blood vessels of the heart".) Coronary heart disease causes plaque to build up inside the coronary arteries. This causes the coronary arteries to become narrower. An artery is a blood vessel - a tube that carries blood. After the heart supplies blood that is full of oxygen and nutrients, the arteries carry the blood to different parts of the body. The coronary arteries are very important: they supply blood to the heart muscle. So when the coronary arteries become narrower, less blood gets to the heart muscle.

Symptoms
Most people with coronary heart disease can feel healthy for years before they start experiencing symptoms. The most common symptom is a heart attack.  If coronary heart disease is not treated, some of the plaques in the coronary arteries can break away and block the blood flow to the heart.  Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of sudden death. It is also the most common cause of death in people over 65 years old. Men are 10 times more likely to get coronary heart disease than women.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a form of heart disease. It causes fatty materials (like cholesterol) to build up in the arteries, forming harder materials called plaques. This causes the arteries to become narrower. It also makes it more difficult for blood to flow through the arteries. This can cause blood clots to form, blocking blood from traveling through the arteries.  Small pieces of plaque can also break off and block smaller blood vessels.

If an artery becomes blocked completely, it causes serious problems. All cells, tissues, and organs in the body need oxygen and nutrients (carried by blood) to survive. If cells or tissues are not supplied with enough blood, they will die. (This is called necrosis.) When this happens in the coronary arteries, a section of the heart dies. This can cause a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) to happen.

Prevention 
People can do many different things to keep themselves from getting coronary heart disease:
 They can change their diet. For example, they can eat fewer fatty foods, and take in as few saturated fats and avoiding trans fats as possible.
 They can eat more vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains.
 They can avoid drinking alcohol, and can take in less salt.
 They can exercise regularly.
 They can avoid becoming overweight or obese by doing things to control their weight.

Heart disease
Fructose

Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods. It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two are glucose and galactose. Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose. Processed foods also contain fructose due to how sweet it is.

References

Other websites 
 What is Fructose? 
 Fructose 
 Carbohydrate metabolism 
 Fructose Information Center

Monosaccharides
Sweeteners
Peer pressure

Peer pressure is influenced by the peer group members. It often happens to children during puberty. The group defines some social values. For somebody to stay "cool" in that group, they must act like other people. Social pressure (and wanting to be accepted or in favor inside the group) leads people to do things they would not do otherwise. For example, it can influence a person to smoke cigarettes or  marijuana, to drink alcohol, commit crimes, and many other things that they might regret.Most of the time,adolescents create a peer group of their age to enjoy themselves. They have strong faith and belief in their friends of the same group. The new desires, aspirations, and interests are developed because of the changes they experience. They become sensitive and sentimental.

When parents and society do not consider and address their needs, aspirations, and desires, they feel dominated and leave home to spend most of their time with their friends in peer groups. Sometimes they cannot get proper counseling and guidelines in these stages. Consequently, sometimes, they can fall prey to many bad habits. There are many positives and negatives to peer pressure. 

Peer pressure is commonly thought of negatively, but in reality, it's not always a bad thing. Sometimes peer pressure is used to influence people positively. Learning about acceptable group norms can be a positive part of learning how to live with and socialize with other people.  

Positive peer pressure, in which people are influenced to do nice things like give to charity, is usually a good thing.

References 

Psychology
Sociology
Cuticle

In biology, a cuticle is something that covers the outside of living things called organisms. Cuticles are usually tough but also bendable. In plants, cuticles in the leaves help it from losing too much water by evaporation.

Integumentary system
Leek

Leek is a vegetable. It belongs to the genus Allium. This is the same genus as the onion and garlic. It can be used for cooking.
They usually come in a cylinder like body and they are tall and skinny

Leeks take around 100 to 120 days to grow and they are mainly harvested in Europe or Asia they are planted in deep holes to prevent them from sun and to avoid photosynthesis. The soil is required to be fertile and allows water to travel without crating puddles or drain to quickly.

Nutrition 
Leeks contain only contain 61 calories, 14.15 Carbohydrates, 1.5g of protein, 0.3g Fat, Vitamins A, C, E and K.

Root vegetables
Allium
Great power

A great power is a nation or state that is able to influence other states in most of the world. That is possible because it has great economic, political and military strength. It is not as powerful as a superpower or hyperpower.

Its opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere. They also have soft, cultural power, and often economic investment in less developed countries. There is no definite list, but five great powers are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and seven are in the G7.

Great powers 
The world's great powers as of the early 21st century are at least:

China
Germany
Japan
Russia
United States

Potential great powers
India

Older great powers
United Kingdom
France
Italy

Related pages
 Superpower
 Hyperpower

References

International politics
Country classifications
Bite

A bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal.  Animals may bite things in self-defence.  Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.

Bites can cause many medical problems, such as:
 Tearing or scratching the tissue
 Haemorrhaging if major blood vessels are pierced
 Infection by bacteria or pathogens, such as rabies
 Introduction of venom by venomous animals such as some snakes
 Introduction of things that may irritate the person by causing inflammation or itching

Treatment 
Bite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water.  The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage.  Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.

Animal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it.  If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies.  Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes.  If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably is not infected.  In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.

Snake bites 
Many of the world's snakes are not considered dangerous to humans, but even a bite from a "safe" snake may injure the victim if the wound is not treated properly, and large snakes such as constrictors are capable of causing a lot of damage with their bites.

Spider bites 
The black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults.  Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney. Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region.

Basic English 850 words
Injuries
Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the northern part of  the  European continent. Most people see the following states as part of it:
 The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Åland, the Faroe Islands and occasionally Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.
 Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (but see also Western Europe)
 The Baltic states, i.e. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania 
 Areas bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, e.g. north-western Russia, northern Poland (most often referred to as Eastern Europe), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and northern Germany.

Europe, the planet's 6th largest continent, includes 47 countries and assorted dependencies, islands and territories. 

Before the 19th century, the term 'Nordic' or 'Northern' was commonly used to mean Northern Europe in a sense that included the Nordic countries, European Russia, the Baltic countries (at that time Livonia and Courland) and Greenland.

In earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and Austria. In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.

In a European Union context, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are often seen as belonging to a Northern group.

References 

Regions of Europe
Western Europe

Western Europe is a geographic region of Europe. This term does not have an exact definition. Some definitions include countries like Spain and the United Kingdom, while some don't. Its use has changed over time. During the Middle Ages, the European parts of the Western World included those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. During the Cold War, Western Europe was a geographic and socio-political concept. It meant the democratic European countries of the First World, which are also vaguely defined. It was and still is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of economics, politics, and religion. At its widest medieval definition, it includes the following 32 countries:

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)
 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)
 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 

Many of these countries were members of the Western European Union. Many, such as Norway, are also in Northern Europe or in Central Europe or Southern Europe.

Countries in the Western European Union include Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

Today, the term "Western Europe" has to do with geography and with economics. The concept is commonly associated with liberal democracy, socialism and also with the European Union, though that also has some countries of Eastern Europe.

Most of the countries in the region share Western culture, and many have economic, and political ties with countries in North and South America and Oceania.

In addition, Scandinavia (in Northern Europe) is commonly associated with social democracy and remains fairly neutral throughout international disputes. The Iberian Peninsula, the most western part of Europe is similarly closely linked to the Americas.

It is a monotonous area with long and irregular coastlines.

References

Regions of Europe
Furnace

A Furnace is a device used for heating. It does this through burning propane, natural gas, other something else flammable. The word has different meanings, though:
 In American English, it is the name for a heating system in the house. British English usually calls such systems boiler, heater or kiln.
 There are industrial furnaces; these provide heat so some processes can take place. An example of such a furnace would be the use in metallurgic processing. Blast furnaces for example make iron.

Home appliances
Heat
HVAC
Southern Europe

Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. The official definition of Southern Europe includes the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and all northern Mediterranean countries of the European continent are considered part of Southern Europe.
Most importantly, in a European Union context, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Croatia and Slovenia officially belong to the Group of the South.

Geographical definition 
Geographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.
The Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.

Geopolitical definition of the United Nations 

For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions.  Corsica for example is part of France, thus not part of Southern Europe, but Italian Tyrol belongs to Southern Europe as it is part of Italy..

Climatical definition 
The climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.

Linguistic and cultural definition 
Countries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Italy and Spain. 
Greece, Malta and Anatolia are often associated with them.

List of countries 

Although there is no precise definition, the following territories are commonly thought to be parts of Southern Europe:

 Iberian Peninsula
 Portugal
 Azores
 Madeira
 Spain
 Balearic Islands
 Canary Islands
 Ceuta
 Melilla
 Andorra
 Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
 Italian Peninsula and Western Mediterranean islands
 Italy
 Sicily
 Sardinia
Corsica (France)
 Vatican City
 San Marino
 Monaco
Malta
Croatia
 Balkans and Aegean islands
 Cyprus
 Greece
 Ionian Islands
Aegean Islands
Crete
 Albania
Serbia
North Macedonia
Romania
Kosovo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Turkey 

Regions of Europe
Maser

A maser is a device that produces light and heat by using atoms to release energy. It was invented by Charles Hard Townes in the 1950s. A maser takes the small vibrations in atoms and amplifies them to release electromagnetic radiation. Originally, they were referred to by the acronym MASER or 'Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Unlike most radio transmitters, maser waves tend to have very similar wavelengths. Their usage was first predicted by Albert Einstein. In the 1960s masers were made to emit optical wavelengths, and soon were called lasers.

Machines
World Wide Web Consortium

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an organization created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, in order to continue the development of the web, and its languages. Tim Berners-Lee also wants to make standards for the languages, and to improve them. As of 2 April 2010, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 328 Members.

As of 29 March 2012, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 351 members.

As of  9 June 2014, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 384 Members.

References

Other websites 
W3C - Homepage

Internet
List of pterosaurs

This is a list of pterosaurs.

A 
Aetodactylus
Angustinaripterus
Anhanguera
Anurognathus
Arambourgiania
Araripedactylus
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Austriadactylus
Avgodectes
Azhdarcho

B 
Bakonydraco
Batrachognathus
Beipiaopterus
Bennettazhia
Bogolubovia
Boreopterus
Brasileodactylus

C 
Cacibupteryx
Campylognathoides
Caulkicephalus
Caviramus
Cearadactylus
Chaoyangopterus
Coloborhynchus
Comodactylus
Criorhynchus
Ctenochasma
Cycnorhamphus

D 
Darwinopterus
Dendrorhynchoides
Dermodactylus
Dimorphodon
Diopocephalus
Domeykodactylus
Dorygnathus
Dsungaripterus

E 
Eoazhdarcho
Eopteranodon
Eosipterus
Eudimorphodon

F 
Feilongus

G 
Germanodactylus
Gnathosaurus
Gallodactylus

H 
Haopterus
Harpactognathus
Hatzegopteryx
Herbstosaurus
Huanhepterus
Huaxiapterus

I 
Istiodactylus

J 
Jeholopterus
Jidapterus

K 
Kepodactylus

L 
Laopteryx
Liaoxipterus
Lonchodectes
Lonchognathosaurus
Longchengpterus
Ludodactylus

M 
Mesadactylus
Montanazhdarcho

N 
Nesodactylus
Noripterus
Normannognathus
Nurhachius
Nyctosaurus

O 
Ornithocheirus
Ornithostoma

P 
Parapsicephalus
Peteinosaurus
Phosphatodraco
Plataleorhynchus
Preondactylus
Pteranodon
Pterodactylus
Pterodaustro
Pterorhynchus
Puntanipterus

Q 
Quetzalcoatlus

R 
Rhamphinion
Rhamphocephalus
Rhamphorhynchus

S 
Santanadactylus
Scaphognathus
Sinopterus
Siroccopteryx
Sordes

T 
Tapejara
Tendaguripterus
Thalassodromeus
Tropeognathus
Tupandactylus
Tupuxuara

U 
Unwindia

V 
Volgadraco
Vectidraco

W 
Wukongopteryx

X 
Xericeps

Y 
Yikianopteryx

Z 

Zhejiangopterus

Lists of animals
Deinonychus

Deinonychus  was a medium theropod dinosaur. It was a dromaeosaur, and also a larger relative of the famous Velociraptor. This 3.4 meter (11 ft) long Deinonychus lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 115-108 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, Wyoming, and Oklahoma.

Deinonychus is perhaps the single most important dinosaur discovered in the mid 20th century.

Ostrom's analysis
Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of Deinonychus in the late 1960s started the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded. It is now accepted that all or most smaller theropods had feathers whose function was temperature regulation. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal, posture, and the enlarged claws on the feet, which suggested the animal was an active, agile predator. Before this, the popular idea of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants.

Deinonychus means 'Terrible claw'. This refers to the large, sickle-shaped claw bone on the second toe of each hind foot. In life, a horny sheath over this bone extended the length. Ostrom reconstructed the claw as over  long.

The species name antirrhopus means “counter balance”. This refers to Ostrom's idea that the tail balanced the front of the body. As in other dromaeosaurs, the tail vertebrae have ossified (bony) tendons and super-long bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance. A fossil of the closely related Velociraptor has an connected tail skeleton that is curved side to side in a long S–shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could swish to the sides with some flexibility.

Paleoecology
Deinonychus remains have been found near those of the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Teeth discovered near  Tenontosaurus specimens suggest it was hunted or at least scavenged by Deinonychus.

References

Dromaeosauridae
Cheerleader

A cheerleader is a person who does cheerleading, or leads cheers for sporting events or during competition. This is usually done as a group. It is done to keep the spirit of a sports team up.

History 
This sport is originally from the United States. It was first seen in the beginning of the 1900s. It was, and is still used to support a local sports group (for example football). 

Because of the athletic ability often needed in cheerleading, many people think cheerleading is a sport. Cheerleaders perform routines that include dancing, tumbling, cheering, stunting and jumping. Cheerleading teams can compete in competitions against other cheer teams as well as perform for different sporting events.

Other websites 

Cheerleading Squads

Sports occupations
My Opera Community

The My Opera Community is a virtual community, which provides help and social networking services for people who use the Opera browser.

History 
The My Opera Community started in August 2001 and was shut down after February 2014. It currently has over 16,000,000 members, who are from all over the world.

Sources

Other websites 
The My Opera Community Website

Opera ASA
2001 establishments
2014 disestablishments
Linen

Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).  It is mainly used to make cloth, especially for light clothing and table coverings.

History 
The flax plant is one of the plants humans have grown and used. Linen cloth was already made at least 6,000 years ago in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This makes linen one of the oldest fibers and cloths used by humans, besides wool and hemp. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time. Linen was for example also used to wrap Egyptian mummies.

In recent centuries linen has largely been replaced by cotton and synthetic materials, which are cheaper.

Other websites 

Fibers
Woven fabrics
Papyrus

Papyrus is a kind of paper that was used in Ancient Egypt for writing. It was first made in the 3rd millennium BC. It was made from a kind of reed called Cyperus papyrus. 

This plant grows in marshy areas around the Nile river.  The Egyptians also used the papyrus plants to make boats, mattresses, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. 

Specially cultivated papyrus, grown on plantations, was used to make the writing material. Papyrus was first used in Ancient Egypt, but it was later used elsewhere in the Mediterranean region.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Ancient Egypt
Writing media
Paper
Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite is an unstable compound composed of sodium and hypochlorite ions. It is stable in solution, though. It is light green and has the chemical formula NaClO (or NaOCl). It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is used to disinfect (kill bacteria) and as a bleach to remove stains from clothing. It is not good for cotton because the sodium hydroxide normally contained eats away the clothing fibers. It reacts with acids to produce chlorine.

Related pages
Potassium chlorate
Hypochlorite

Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Raisin

Raisins belong to the family Vitaceae, a family of dried grapes. They have a lot of sugar.

And they are Bussin.

Other websites 
 Cooking.com: Raisins 
 Natural Benefits and Curative Properties 
 The World's Healthiest Foods: Raisins 
 A close-up photo of a raisin 

Fruits
Vitaceae
Taste bud

Taste buds are small 'bumps' on the tongue. They are the sense organs which detect the taste of things that go into the mouth. They are involved in detecting the five (known) elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami.

Other websites 
 Beyond the Tongue Map
 Taste Perception: Cracking the Code 
 Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds from National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, July 22, 2005

Sensory system
Nectar

Nectar, in botany, is a liquid made by the flowers of plants. It is sweet because it has sugar in it. Plants make nectar to attract pollinating animals. It is made in glands called nectaries. The nectaries are usually at the bottom of the perianth of the flower. This means the animal trying to get the nectar has to touch the parts of the plant that are used for reproduction. By doing this, the animal getting the nectar helps the plants reproduce.

Some plants make nectar outside the flower. These plants do it to attract predatory insects. These insects will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects found near the plant.

Nectar is economically important because it is where the sugar for honey comes from. It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adults of many predatory insects, as well as hummingbirds, eat nectar. Some plants give off very rich scents.

Extrafloral nectaries 
Extrafloral nectaries  (not in the flower) are specialised nectar-secreting plant glands. They develop outside flowers, and are not involved in pollination.

In contrast to floral nectaries, nectar produced outside the flower generally has a defensive function. The nectar attracts predatory insects which will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects around, they work as 'bodyguards'.

Extrafloral nectaries have been reported in over 3941 species of vascular plants belonging to 745 genera and 108 families, 99.7% of which belong to flowering plants (angiosperms). This is 1.0 to 1.8% of all known species. They are most common among eudicots, occurring in 3642 species (of 654 genera and 89 families). They often occur in rosids.

References 

Flowers
Plant physiology
Hunting dog

A hunting dog is any dog who helps humans in hunting. There are several types of hunting dogs.  The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs.  These categories have smaller groups in them that are based on different things the dogs are good at doing.

Types of hunting dogs

Hounds
There are two types of hounds, sight hounds and scent hounds. The difference between them is if they use sight or smell to find what they are hunting for. They are often used to hunt animals with fur. In America, raccoon, coyote, and large predators are hunted with hounds, and traditionally in Britain hounds were used to hunt the fox.

Gun dog
These dogs are also called bird dogs. They are used by hunters who carry shotguns to hunt small animals.  Gun dogs come in three main classes. The classes are retrievers, flushing spaniels, and pointing breeds.

Retrievers
The main job of a retriever is to get the animal after the hunter shoots it. Retrievers are very good in the water and often used by hunters shooting ducks.

Flushing spaniels
Flushing spaniels are used when birds being hunted are found in areas where they can hide, for example high grass. The spaniel will run through the grass. This makes the birds fly into the air so the hunter can shoot them. Spaniels stay close to the hunter so when the birds start to fly, the hunter is close enough to shoot them.

Pointers
Pointers find birds then stand still and point at where the bird is. They often are farther away from the hunter than a spaniel would be. By pointing instead of flushing the bird out, they give the hunter time to get close enough to shoot the bird.

Terriers
These dogs are almost always used to hunt mammals.  Terriers are used to find the den or living space of the animal. They will go into where the animal lives and either force it to run out or they will kill it. Many of the animals hunted with terriers are animals that cause damage, for example, ground hogs, fox and badger.

Cur types
Curs are used in the same way as terriers but on larger animals. Curs are used to hunt boars, raccoon, cougars, and other large mammals

Working dogs
Purebred dog

Purebred dogs are dogs whose ancestors are all the same breed.

A breed of dog is a particular subspecies that has been bred through time to exhibit certain characteristics, for example a bulldog is bred to be short and have a flat nose while a greyhound is bred to be light and run fast. Some dogs are bred to look special which is why poodles have fluffy hair.

Dogs
Rib cage

The ribcage is a part of the skeleton of humans and some animals. It is made up of curved bones called ribs. The rib cage is found in the chest area. It protects a person's internal organs from damage. Most humans have 12 pairs of rib bones with one from each pair on each side of the chest. Some people may have 11 or 13 pairs of rib bones. The bones are also filled with bone marrow. The bones that are connected to the sternum directly are called true ribs, and the bones that are connected to the sternum indirectly, through the seventh bone, are called false ribs (eighth, ninth, and tenth bones), and the bones which are not connected to the sternum, and is connected to the back bone, are called floating ribs. If these floating ribs were connected to the sternum, we could not breathe properly, as the chest needs space to expand and decrease. The rib cage is also called the thoracic cavity.

Bones
Interview

An interview is a conversation where somebody is trying to get information from another person. The person asking questions is the interviewer and the person answering questions is the interviewee.  

Employers interview people trying to get a job to find out if they are a good person for the job. Researchers use an interview to ask people to find how they feel or what they know about something. Since the middle 19th century, interviews have often been used in journalism to get information for stories on news shows or in newspapers.  

Police interview witnesses to a crime to find out what happened. Military intelligence agents interview prisoners to learn about enemy plans and capabilities. These interviews are often called interrogation.

References 

Human communication
Television genres
Athelstan

Athelstan or  Æthelstan, (893/4–27 October 939), called the Glorious, was the first King of England. He reigned from 924 to 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder. Athelstan's reign is sometimes overlooked but it was of great importance to political developments in the 10th century.

Athelstan was the son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of Alfred the Great. His father succeeded, after some difficulty, to the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons formed by Alfred. His father had also been the King of Mercia. When Edward died Athelstan quickly became King of Mercia but he was not immediately accepted as King of England. His brother, Ælfweard, had more support in England but died soon after Edward. This made it easier for Athelstan to become king.

For Athelstan it was very important to have many allies. A year after his crowning he married one of his sisters to the Viking King of Northumbria, Sithric. However, Sithric died only a year later, and Athelstan seized Northumbria. This move made him king of more land than any other before him, roughly the same as modern England. Historical records indicate that the other rulers in Great Britain accepted him as king at Bamburgh around this time.

Athelstan died at Gloucester in 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.

References 

890s births
939 deaths
House of Wessex
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

Saint Henry II (972 – 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty. 

 

972 births
1024 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Christian saints
Ottonian dynasty
German Roman Catholics
11th century in Germany‎
Internet protocol suite

When computers connect and transmit data between each other on the Internet, they follow a set of rules to do so. These rules are universal; all computers throughout the Internet must follow them. Otherwise, the Internet would not function as computers would not be able to transmit data in a meaningful and useful way. These rules are called protocols. There are many different protocols, each for different purposes, and they all together are called the Internet protocol suite. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which ensure data is delivered at the right place, and without errors, and is what computers use when they access servers (computers that have the data that is accessed on the Internet) on the World Wide Web, as well as for email, and the like. Other protocols include the Network Time Protocol, which ensures clock synchronisation in computers, and there are many others.

The TCP/IP model and other related protocols are not maintained by the  Internet Engineering Task Force, whose parent organisation is the Internet Society, and which also cooperates closely with other standards bodies such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISO/IEC.

Other websites 

 Internet History – Pages on Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and TCP/IP (reviewed by Cerf and Kahn).
  – Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
  A TCP/IP Tutorial – from the Internet Engineering Task Force (January 1991)
 TCP/IP FAQ
 The TCP/IP Guide – A comprehensive look at the protocols and the procedures/processes involved
 A Study of the ARPANET TCP/IP Digest
 TCP/IP Sequence Diagrams
 Daryl's TCP/IP Primer – Intro to TCP/IP LAN administration, conversational style
 Introduction to TCP/IP
 A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, Cerf & Kahn, IEEE Trans on Comms, Vol Com-22, No 5 May 1974

Internet
Computer protocols
Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

Conrad II (c. 990 – 4 June 1039) was the son of Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace. He was elected king in 1024. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on 26 March 1027. He was the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty.

During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had become strong enough that it no longer depended on contracts between king and dukes alone.

990 births
1039 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
11th century in Germany
Copernicium

Copernicium (formerly Ununbium) is a chemical element in the Periodic Table. It is also named eka-mercury. It has the symbol Cn. It has the atomic number 112. It is a transuranium element.

The element is named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Using periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal. It is likely to be more volatile than mercury.

History 
Copernicium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Copernicium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.

The element was made in 2000 and 2004 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.

In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method. They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of copernicium.

In February 2010 IUPAC officially approved the name copernicium and symbol Cn.

References

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Copernicium
 Apsidium - Copernicium 
 Indication for a gaseous element 112 
 Element 112 is Named Copernicium 

Transition metals
Synthetic elements
Otto the Great

Otto I the Great (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor. He won a big war against the Magyars and later conquered northern Italy.

Other websites

912 births
973 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Ottonian dynasty
10th century in Germany‎
Tropic of Capricorn

The Tropic of Capricorn, or Southern tropic, is one of the five major circles of latitude of a map of the Earth. It is 23° 26′ 22″ south of the Equator.

It marks the most southerly latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead. This happens at the December solstice, when the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to its maximum extent.

Countries 
The Tropic of Capricorn goes through these countries, starting at the prime meridian and going west:

 Brazil
 Paraguay
 Argentina
 Chile
 French Polynesia - passing just south of Tubuai
 Tonga - passing just north of the Minerva Reefs
 Coral Sea Islands Territory (Australia) - passing just south of Cato Reef
 Australia
 Madagascar
 Mozambique
South Africa
 Botswana
 Namibia

History 
The Tropic of Capricorn is named because about 2000 years ago the sun was entering the constellation Capricornus on the December solstice. Now the sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius during the December solstice. The change is due to precession of the equinoxes. The word "tropic" comes from the Greek tropos, meaning turn. This refers to the fact that the sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.

Related pages
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropics
Tropic of Cancer
Northern Hemisphere
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle

Lines of latitude