alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Samuel Alito

Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. (; born April 1, 1950) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31, 2006.

Background
Alito was born to Italian American parents. He served in the U.S. Army reserves from 1972 to 1980, as Assistant United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey 1977-1981, as Assistant to U.S. Solicitor General 1981-1985, as Deputy Assistant Attorney General, 1987-1990, and from 1990 on as a member the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit before his 2006 nomination to the Supreme Court. Alito holds an originalist view of the law. The vote by the U.S. Senate to confirm Alito to the Supreme Court judge was the second narrowest in recent U.S. History to that point (58-42), the only narrower one being the 52-48 vote to confirm Clarence Thomas. Alito is from Trenton, New Jersey.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Trenton, New Jersey
American Roman Catholics
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Abigail Johnson

Abigail Johnson (born January 7, 1961) is an American businessperson. She runs the mutual fund company Fidelity Investments with her father, Edward Johnson. In 2005, she was ranked as the fifth richest woman in the world.

1961 births
Living people
Johnson, Abigal
William Wrigley Jr.

William Wrigley Jr. (September 30, 1861 – January 26, 1932) was an American businessman. He was the founder of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. His company makes Wrigley brand chewing gum.

Wrigley, Willian 02
1861 births
1932 deaths

Original word Riglee is derived from the Arabs in 622 BCE, which means two feet/foot numbers, length or mammalian organs from god. The  British that created Toronto the 6922 blue colour, made it mean more. Blue color.
Dan Marino

Daniel Constantine Marino, Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a Hall of Fame quarterback who played for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League.

Marino started his career playing for University of Pittsburgh as a quarterback. Marino finished his career with the university having thrown 74 touchdown passes. In 2002 he was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He had a long and successful career as a quarterback for the Miami Dolphins, breaking many passing records but never leading his team to win the NFL Super Bowl.

References

1961 births
Living people
Miami Dolphins players
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Joe Montana

Joseph Clifford Montana, Jr. (born June 11, 1956) is a retired American Hall of Fame football player.  He played as a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. With the San Francisco 49ers, he won four Super Bowls. He was named the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) three times. Montana began his career playing for the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. He broke many records while playing for San Francisco. His main receiver was Jerry Rice, who is also in the Hall of Fame.

References

1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Kansas City Chiefs players
San Francisco 49ers players
American football quarterbacks
Once Upon a Time in America

Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods as Jewish gangsters. The movie was Sergio Leone's last before his death.

The movie is set at three different times; 
the early 1920s; the characters as children,
the early 1930s; the characters as adults,
1968; the few still living characters in their old age.

When Leone finished making the movie it was 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes) and started with an old character (Robert De Niro) remembering his past; it then showed him as a child and as a young adult. We call this flashbacks; it can happen in movie but certainly not in real life. But when it was first shown to American audiences it was made much shorter and set in chronological order; meaning the movie first showed the characters as children, then as young adults and then as older adults; or 'from start to finish'. We call this chronological; this is what would happen in real life. Many people agree that the longer version is much better than the shortened chronological version.

1984 movies
American crime drama movies
Italian drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
Liu-bo

Liu-bo is an Italian martial art. It started in Sicily.

History
In Sicily, the art of paranza, moving the stick by hand in order to attack or in order to defend oneself, was being taught to sons by their fathers for centuries. Many people who took care of sheep were masters of it. They often were asked to fight in order to decide problems of honor. Recently, rules have been created and it was made a sport. This sport has become well-known and has been made official by the National Educational Sport Center (CSEN).

The stick
The stick is made from the wood of olive, rowan,  or bitter orange tree. It is used as a base for a number of actions. It is held in one or both hands.

Other websites 
 http://www.liu-bo.it/ 
 http://bastone-siciliano.com/ 

European martial arts
Ui Miyazaki

; born August 23) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan.

Anime cast in
 Ar Tonelico as Orica Mestomille
 D.C.S.S. ~Da Capo Second Season~ as Aisia
 Gift ~eternal rainbow~ as Kirino Konosaka
 Hime-sama Goyojin as Na-na
 Izumo: Takeki Tsurugi no Senki as Suzaku
 Magical Kanan as Emi Kojima
 Ray as Aka Ribbon
 Strawberry Panic! as Remon Natsume
 Sumomomo Momomo as Iroha Minamoto

References
 Ui Miyazaki at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia

Other websites 
 Official blog 
 Official agency profile 
 Ui Miyazaki  at GamePlaza-Haruka Voice Acting Database 
 Ui Miyazaki at Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database

Living people
Actors from Tokyo
Japanese voice actors
924

924 was a leap year.

Events 
 King Athelstan succeeds to the throne of Mercia

Deaths 
 July 17 – Edward the Elder of England
 Ælfweard of Wessex, son of Edward the Elder
Ælfweard of Wessex

Aelfweard (904 - 2 August 924) was briefly the King of Wessex, following the death of his father, Edward the Elder. The Kingdom of England was divided between Aelfweard and his half-brother, Athelstan, who became King of Mercia.

Aelfweard lived for only 16 days after his father and was probably not even crowned. Athelstan became King of Wessex in September 924, so the English kingdom was re-united again.

904 births
924 deaths
House of Wessex
Edmund I of England

Edmund I (922  26 May 946), the Elder, the Deed-Doer or the Magnificent, was King of England from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and a half-brother of Athelstan. Edmund was the first king to start his rule with a united England.

Early in his rule, the Norse king, Olaf Guthfrithson, took back much of the north of England. By 941, Edmund regained his northern lands from the Norse. He defeated a revolt by the Welsh and killed the Scottish King of Strathclyde, Donald MacDonald. He signed a treaty with Malcolm I of Scotland and set up a policy of safe borders.

He was married twice. With is first wife, St. Aelfgith, he had two children who became King Eadwig All-Fair and King Edgar the Peacemaker. After she died in 944  Edmund married Ethelflaed of Damerham. They did not have children.

During the Feast of St. Augustine, on 26 May 946, at Pucklechurch in Gloucester, Edmund was killed fighting a thief who would not leave the feast. He was succeeded by his brother Edred. Edmund is buried at Glastonbury Abbey.

References 

921 births
946 deaths
House of Wessex
Coral

Corals are formed by small animals, the polyps of the phylum Cnidaria.

Characteristics

The corals are marine, either on continental shelves or round oceanic islands. They live in colonies.

All the polyps in a colony are zooids: they are all clones, genetically identical. Inside the colony they breed by asexual reproduction. They also reproduce sexually. Colonies of the same species release gametes together, over one, two or three nights around a full moon.

Each coral animal is like a small bag. The opening on top is the mouth. Tentacles (little arms) around the mouth carry stinging nematocysts, which paralyse the small animals eaten by the coral polyps.

Coral usually grows in tropical oceans. A few corals grow in cold water, like the oceans around the British Isles and Norway.

Symbiosis 
Most corals get energy and nutrients from symbiosis with photosynthetic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae. Such corals need sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water, typically at depths less than 60 metres (200 ft).

Many corals (and some other cnidaria) live with zooxanthellae of the genus Symbiodinium, which are dinoflagellates. Usually, each polyp harbours one species of algae. By photosynthesis, these provide energy for the coral, and help calcification.

The algae benefit from a safe place to live and consume the polyp's carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste. Due to the strain the algae can put on the polyp, the coral often ejects the algae. Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching, because the algae contribute to coral's brown coloration. Ejection increases the polyp's chance of surviving short-term stress—they can regain algae, possibly of a different species, at a later time. If the stressful conditions persist, the polyp eventually dies.

Coral reefs 
A coral reef is a place where many corals grow. The reef make a good home for many other animals, such as fish, crabs, clams, and sponges.

Each coral animal secretes calcium carbonate around itself. This makes the solid structure of the colony. When the animal dies, new polyps live on top of the older structure. The rock they make is also called coral.

They are called coral skeletons. Each different kind of coral colony builds a different kind of skeleton, so that colonies can be shaped like a brain, a mushroom, a cabbage, or many other things. With all these corals gathered together building skeletons around themselves, large coral formations are made. Together, all the coral formations in one place make up a coral reef.

Coral can also be used as jewellery.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
Coral Reefs and Hard Grounds information  from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 
 Coral Reefs of the Tropics : facts, photos and movies from The Nature Conservancy
 Australian Coral Records Research Group 

Cnidarians
Sweyn Forkbeard

Sweyn I, or Sweyn Forkbeard (17 April 963 - 3 February 1014) was King of Denmark from about 986-3 February 1014 and King of England from 25 December 1013 to 3 February 1014. 

Sweyn's father was Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark.  Sweyn invaded England many times between 990 and 1013, when his army took control of London on Christmas day. Sweyn briefly became King of England until he died 40 days later on 3 February 1014 after being hurt in a fall from his horse.

References 

963 births
1014 deaths
Kings and Queens of Denmark
Dollars trilogy

The Dollars trilogy, also known as The Man with No Name trilogy, refers to the three Spaghetti Westerns starring Clint Eastwood and directed by Sergio Leone:
 A Fistful of Dollars (1964)
 For a Few Dollars More (1965)
 The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)

Western (genre) movies
Series of movies
Blue Line International

Blue Line International  is an international maritime company. They deal in the transportation of passengers and vehicles between Croatia and Italy.
 
Blue Line International was started in 1993. Its first passenger ship Kraljica mira sailed towards Italy carrying humanitarian aid and refugees. Kraljica mira was sailing at that time under the flag of SEM Maritime Company (SMC). In 1997, the passenger ship Split 1700 joined the same company. In 2003, Blue Line International replaced SMC.

The passenger ship Ancona, the largest ship in the Adriatic Sea was bought in 2003. It has been sailing together with the passenger ship Split 1700 for several years on Blue Line's regular route. They maintain the seasonal lines between Ancona and Hvar and between Ancona and Vis.

Other websites 
 Blue Line International web page

Transport companies of Italy
Water transport
Companies of Croatia
20th-century establishments in Croatia
1990s establishments in Italy
1993 establishments in Europe
Flainval

Flainval is a town in France. It is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe.

Other websites 
 This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

Communes in Meurthe-et-Moselle
Dombasle-sur-Meurthe

Dombasle-sur-Meurthe is a town in France. It is near Saint-Nicolas-de-Port on the Meurthe River.

Other websites 
 This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

Communes in Meurthe-et-Moselle
Saint-Nicolas-de-Port

Saint-Nicolas-de-Port is a town in France.
It is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe on the Meurthe River.

Other websites 
 This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

Communes in Meurthe-et-Moselle
Footballer

A footballer is the athlete who - with amatorial or professional interests - plays football.

Club owning 
Footballers sign a contract with clubs, playing for them until their expire date. At this point, a footballer can make another contract or move to another club.

Role 
During a game, each team uses 11 players with the compulsory presences of a goalkeeper and a captain. Roles are as follows: goalkeeper, defender, midfielder and attacker. Each of these have more positions, for example:

 Full-back, centre-back or sweeper (defenders)
 Half-back, central or playmaker (midfielders)
 Centre-forward, winger or striker (attackers)

Despite each role requests different skills and moves, every footballer has a common objective: scoring goals.

Related pages
 Football

 
Sports occupations
Tex Avery

Frederick Bean "Tex" Avery (February 26, 1908 – August 26, 1980) was an American animator, cartoonist and director. He is famous for creating animated cartoons during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He did his most major work for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. He created the characters of Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, and Droopy. His had an effect on almost all of the animated cartoon series by various studios in the 1940s and 1950s.

Further reading
 Adamson, Joe  (1975). Tex Avery: King of Cartoons. New York: Da Capo Press. .
 Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
 Benayoun, Robert (1988). Le mystère Tex Avery. Paris: Editions du Seuil. .
 Canemaker, John (1996). Tex Avery: The MGM Years, 1942–1955. Atlanta: Turner Press. .
 Morris, Gary (September 1998). What's Up, Tex? A Look at the Life and Career of Tex Avery . Bright Lights Film Journal.

Other websites 

 
 Tex Avery Tribute website

1908 births
1980 deaths
American animators
Deaths from liver cancer
McIntosh (apple)

The McIntosh is a type of apple. It is red and green like a Gala apple only brighter in color. Tart and crisp, it snaps when bitten into.

Apples
National symbols of Canada
Municipalities of the canton of Bern

There are 400 municipalities in the canton of Bern (including mergers), Switzerland. It is the largest canton in Switzerland and has the most communes.

Switzerland - Bern
Bern
Switzerland-related lists
Edgar of England

King Edgar or Eadgar I (~942 – 8 July 975) was the younger son of King Edmund I of England. He had the nickname, "the Peaceable", but was a stronger king than his elder brother, Edwy. He took the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia from Edwy in 958. 

Edgar was recognized as king north of the Thames by Mercian nobles in 958, and officially took the throne when Edwy died in October 959. Immediately Edgar recalled Dunstan from exile and made him successively Bishop of Worcester, then of London and finally Archbishop of Canterbury.

Edgar is regarded as a Saint by the Catholic church.

Genealogy

Other websites 
 Medieval Sourcebook: Anglo-Saxon Dooms: laws of King Edgar, a fragment
 Edgar of England At Find A Grave
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry

940s births
975 deaths
House of Wessex
Mozilla Thunderbird

Mozilla Thunderbird is a free cross-platform e-mail client developed by the Mozilla Foundation.

References 

Cross-platform software
E-mail
Mozilla
List of U.S. state mottos

This is a list of mottos for the different states of the United States. To help tourism, states can also make state slogans.

District of Columbia and United States Territories

Related pages
 List of U.S. state nicknames

References

Other websites 
 http://www.cco.net/~paz/motto&songs.htm 
 Kentucky's newer motto

Mottos, List of U.S. state
Sauropsid

Sauropsids are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing reptiles and birds and their fossil ancestors. 

They are one of the two groups which evolved from egg-laying amniotes in the first part of the Carboniferous period.

The synapsids are the other group which evolved from amniotes. They gave rise, eventually, to the mammals.

Living sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.

Origin of tetrapods
More or less, the evolution of tetrapods has taken this course:
Sarcopterygii
Coelacanthimorpha (Coelacanths)
Dipnoi (lungfish)
Tetrapodomorpha
The earlies tetrapods lived in water. Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.

Nine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments.

Romer's gap
Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This is "Romer's gap". Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as Pederpes, right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still obscures the details of the tetrapod transition.

Sometime, in the later Devonian or earliest Carboniferous, the fishapods became mainly land-based. One group of them kept their link to the water, and always laid their eggs in water. They became the amphibians. The others evolved a way of laying eggs on land. They were the amniotes, whose key innovation was the cleidoic egg.

Sometime in the middle or lower Carboniferous, the amniotes split into two lines. One line lead to the reptiles of all kinds, and we call that the Sauropsida. The other line led eventually to the mammals, and we call that the Synapsida. It is not right to say "mammals evolved from reptiles" because both groups derived from early amniotes. In any event, modern reptiles are vastly different from modern mammals. Both groups have evolved for over 300 million years from the early amniotes.

Tetrapods
Land-dwelling tetrapods
Amphibians > amniota and present-day amphibians
Amniota
Sauropsida > present-day reptiles and birds
Synapsida > present-day mammals

References
Conservation status

The conservation status of a species shows how likely it is for that species to survive now or in the future. Many factors affect the conservation status of a species: the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and others.

Conservation
Abstract algebra

Abstract algebra is a part of math which studies algebraic structures. These include:
 groups
 rings 
 fields 
 matrices
 vector spaces 
 algebras
 Boolean algebra
It is normal to build a theory on one kind of structure, like group theory or category theory. 

The purpose of the theory of each concept is to organize the precise definition of the concept, examples of it, its substructures, the ways to relate different examples of the concept algebraically (these are called morphisms in some cases), and the concept's applications, both inside its own theory and outside in other areas of mathematics.

During history, different fields of mathematics have used algebras. Algebras are about finding or specifying rules on how to calculate with certain mathematical formulas and expressions. Another algebra (which is not abstract) is elementary algebra, for example.

Examples 
 Solving equations with many variables. This leads to matrices, determinants and linear algebra.
 Finding formulas for polynomial equations. This led to the discovery of groups, as an expression of symmetry. 
 Quadratic and higher-degree equations and Diophantine equations - especially when Fermat's last theorem was proved led to the definition of rings, and ideals.

Sources
 
 
 Burris, Stanley N.; Sankappanavar, H. P. (1999) [1981], A Course in Universal Algebra
 
 

  
 
 John R. Durbin (1992) Modern Algebra : an introduction, John Wiley & Sons
Geodesic

In mathematics, a geodesic is the shortest path between 2 points over a curved surface. For example, an aeroplane takes the shortest path to go from one destination to the next. However the earth is not flat, it has the shape of a sphere. Displayed on a map you would see a curved line. Paths on a sphere are also called great circles, such that in this case, two points are joined by two distinct geodesics. A minimal geodesic (or segment) is a particular case where the geodesic joining two distant points has the shortest length.

Geometry
Anarcho-syndicalism

Anarcho-syndicalism is a form of anarchism. It sees labour unions as something which will cause revolutionary change. This change will give freedom and equality to the workers. Anarcho-syndicalists want to get rid of the wage system and capitalism. They believe this leads to class divisions and inequality. 

The basic concepts of anarcho-syndicalism are:
 Workers’ solidarity 
 Direct action 
 Workers' self-management

Anarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action can bring about change. Anarcho-syndicalists do not take part in indirect action, like electing a representative to a government position.

Anarcho-syndicalism played an important role in the Spanish Civil War.

Other websites 
 Libertarian Communist Library - Contains Many Anarcho-Syndicalist Texts

Anarchism
Trotskyism

Trotskyism is the form of communism that is based on the ideas of Leon Trotsky. Trotsky described himself as an "orthodox Marxist". This is a different way of seeing the ideas of Karl Marx than the way other communists like Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin saw them. The biggest difference is in Trotsky's idea that there needs to be an international "permanent revolution". Permanent revolution is the idea that proletarian revolution needed to spread in countries worldwide, even where capitalism was not as advanced as only the proletarian revolution could carry out the tasks of the unfinished bourgeois revolutions in these countries. This is different to the Stalinist idea of trying to preserve a single nation's revolution from within. Trotsky also supported a less authoritarian government and more democracy.

The largest Trotskyist organizations today are the  Reunified Fourth International, International Socialist Tendency, International Marxist Tendency, the International Communist League, and the  Committee for a Workers' International.

Communism
Marxism
A Fistful of Dollars

A Fistful of Dollars (1964) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the first movie in the Dollars trilogy and was the first Spaghetti Western to be released in the United States. The second movie in the Dollars Trilogy is For a Few Dollars More; the third is The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.

References

Other websites 

Fistful-of-Leone.com
The Spaghetti Western Database

1960s Western (genre) movies
1964 movies
Italian movies
Spanish movies
German movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
For a Few Dollars More

For a Few Dollars More (1965) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the second movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is A Fistful of Dollars; the third is The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.

Other websites 

The Spaghetti Western Database

1960s Western (genre) movies
1965 movies
Italian-language movies
Italian movies
Spanish movies
German movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood.  The film follows three men, Blondie (the Good), Angel Eyes (the Bad), and Tuco (the Ugly), as they compete to find a buried treasure during the American Civil War. It is the third and final movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is A Fistful of Dollars; the second is For a Few Dollars More.

This movie and Once Upon a Time in the West are considered to be the greatest western movies ever.

Other websites 

 
 Official Site
 www.spaghetti-western.net The Spaghetti Western Database
 Dvdreview.com Review 

1966 movies
1960s Western (genre) movies
Italian movies
Spanish movies
German movies
American Western (genre) movies
Italian-language movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
Ennio Morricone

Ennio Morricone (November 10, 1928 – July 6, 2020) was an Italian classical composer famous for making movie scores. He composed the scores for more than 500 movies and television programs. He is well known for composing the scores to Western movies, particularly Spaghetti Westerns. 

In 2007 he received the Honorary Academy Award for his many great movie scores. In his career, the composer sold over 50 million records worldwide. In 2016, he won an Academy Award for his work on The Hateful Eight.

Morricone was born in Rome. He died at a hospital in Rome on July 6, 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 91.

Influences 
Morricone stated composers like Bernard Herrmann, Nino Rota, Max Steiner, Elmer Bernstein, Jerry Goldsmith, Marvin Hamlisch, Alex North, Victor Young and Franz Waxman as influences.

References 

Academy Award winning composers
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
1928 births
2020 deaths
Movie score composers
21st-century Italian composers
Italian conductors
Italian musicians
Writers from Rome
20th-century Italian composers
XTC

XTC was an English rock band. Its members were: Andy Partridge, Colin Moulding, Barry Andrews, and Terry Chambers. XTC started in 1976. They had their biggest success in the late 1970s and most of the 1980s. XTC was best known in their home country of England, but they had some fame in other countries like the United States. Their 2 biggest hits in the U.S. are "Dear God" and "The Mayor Of Simpleton". Some of XTC's other hit songs include "Making Plans For Nigel", "Senses Working Overtime", and "Are You Receiving Me".

XTC made a total of 13 studio albums. Their last album came out in 2000 and they broke up in 2005. Andy Partridge, the band's singer, says he doesn't think XTC will ever get back together.

One interesting thing about XTC is that they almost never did live concerts since 1982. The reason for that is because Andy Partridge sometimes got very nervous performing on stage in front of thousands of people.

Other websites 
 XTC official site
 Chalkhills: XTC fan site
 Optimisms Flames: another fan site

English musical groups
Swindon
Roh Moo-hyun

Roh Moo-Hyun (6 August 1946 – 23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician. He was the President of South Korea. He was born in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. He took office on February 25, 2003. He is seen as one of the most popular presidents of South Korea.

After retirement from Cheongwadae, he was residing in Bongha Maeul, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do until death. He committed suicide on May 23, 2009, by jumping off a cliff after being accused of taking bribes.

Notes

Other websites 
 Official homepage of Roh Moo-hyun (Korean)
 Democratic Party (in Korean) 
 Nosamo: Roh Moo-hyun's fan club (in Korean) 
 "Profile: Roh Moo-hyun", BBC News, May 14, 2004.

1946 births
2009 deaths

Presidents of South Korea
People who committed suicide
Kim Young-sam

Kim Young-sam (December 20, 1927 – November 22, 2015) was the President of the South Korea from February 25, 1993 to February 25, 1998. He was born in Geoje, South Gyeongsang. When elected in 1992, he became the first civilian to become president in over 30 years.

Kim died in a hospital in Seoul, South Korea from heart failure caused by a blood infection, aged 87.

References

Other websites 
 Official profile from the Office of the President of the Republic of Korea 
 Britannica Student Encyclopedia: Kim Young Sam

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Presidents of South Korea
Roh Tae-woo

Roh Tae-woo (4 December 1932 – 26 October 2021), was the sixth President of South Korea (1988–1993). He was a Korean general and politician. A member of the Hanahoi, Roh was the hand-picked successor of the ex-general and president Chun Doo-hwan. This caused large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987.  Roh agreed to hold democratic presidential elections, making himself a candidate for the next election. The opposition split the votes between Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents). This made Roh the first elected president after the time that the military ruled the country.

Roh's rule was notable for hosting the Seoul Olympics in 1988 and for his foreign policy of nordpolitik.

In 1993, Roh's successor Kim Young-sam led an anti-corruption campaign that saw Roh and Chun Doo-hwan on trial for bribery. The two former presidents were later charged with mutiny and treason for their part in the 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Riot. 

Both were found to be guilty in August 1996 of treason, mutiny and corruption. Chun was sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment. Roh's 22 1/2-year jail sentence was reduced to 17 years. Both were released from prison in early 1998, pardoned by then-President Kim Dae-jung.

Roh died on October 26, 2021, at the Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul at the age of 88.

Notes

References

South Korean criminals
Presidents of South Korea
South Korean military people
1932 births
2021 deaths
Choi Kyu-ha

Choi Kyu-hah (July 16, 1919 – October 22, 2006) (also spelled Choi Kyu-ha) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980. He was born in the town of Wonju, in Gangwon Province. He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979. 

After the assassination of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power. Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were flawed). He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.

In December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government. They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.

In April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power.  In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country.  By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju. The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.

Choi resigned soon afterward. Chun became president on September 1, 1980. After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye. He died on October 22, 2006, aged 87.

Related pages
 List of Korea-related topics

Other websites
 President Choi Kyu-ha 
 Reuters report of death

Choi Kyu-ha
Choi Kyu-ha
Choi Kyu-ha
Yun Poson

Yun Bo-seon (Korea:윤보선, August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962. 

He was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930. He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor. In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee. A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry. Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies. He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.

After Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960. He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime.  After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time. After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure. He died in 1990.

Book 
 《Autobiography, Road of thorns the national salvation (구국의 가시밭길)》(1967)
 《Select the days of lonely(외로운 선택의 나날들)》(1991)

Prize 
 Sharon Big-Merit(무궁화 대훈장)
 In-Cheon Cultural Award

Related pages
 Yun Chi-ho
 Chang Myon
 Jang Jun-Ha
 Yun Chi-Young

References

Other websites 
Cheongwadae profile 

Presidents of South Korea
1897 births
1990 deaths
Mayors of Seoul
Anti-communists
Psychonauts

Psychonauts  is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine. It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam. The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds. Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following. A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus "Notch" Persson, millionaire, and creator of Minecraft and Mojang Studios. Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts Psychonauts 2 to cost $13 million to make.

2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Windows games
Platform games
Sum 41

Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums, originally called Kaspir) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.

In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is All Killer, No Filler. The album had the single "Fat Lip" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", also did well.

They often perform more than 300 times in a single year. That is why they are known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.

Influences
Sum 41's influences include NOFX, All, Black Flag, Fugazi, Pennywise, Rancid, Superchunk, Weezer, Beastie Boys, Bad Religion, Buzzcocks, Nirvana, Ramones, Social Distortion, The Offspring, Foo Fighters, The Police, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Anthrax, The Vandals, Megadeth, Dio, Slayer, No Use for a Name, Carcass, Elvis Costello, Run-DMC, Lagwagon, Face to Face, Devo, Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock and Green Day.

Line-ups

Discography
Studio albums
All Killer No Filler (2001)
Does This Look Infected? (2002)
Chuck (2004)
Underclass Hero (2007)
Screaming Bloody Murder (2011)

References

Other websites
Official Site @ Island Records

A Sum 41 fan community 

 
Canadian punk bands
Canadian rock bands
Pop punk bands
2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Canada
Canonization

Canonisation is a statement by a church saying that someone is a saint. This process is used by some Christian churches, most commonly in the Roman Catholic Church. The person must be dead, because living people cannot be canonised.

The process of canonisation involves proving that the person lived in a way that justifies this decision. They must have loved others and loved God. In the Catholic Church, at least two miracles by the saint's intercession must be proven. This means that, because the person is believed to be in heaven, someone must pray, or ask, for the saint to pray for them in heaven. If the prayer is answered and a miracle happens, then they know that the person is a saint. The miracles prove that the saint must be in heaven with God, and able to ask God for prayers to be answered.            

These people then enter into the canon, or list, of saints.

It is not correct to say that the Church "makes" someone a saint. The Catholic Church believes that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. The canonisation process just finds out for sure, or without a doubt, that someone is a saint.

Other websites 
 Canonistion of Saints  - Describes the significance and process of canonising saints.
 Entry on canonisation and beatification in the Catholic Encyclopedia

Christian terminology
Christian saints
Saint Dunstan

Dunstan (909–May 19, 988) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 988. He was canonized (made a saint) in 1029. He became famous for the many stories told about his dealing with the Devil.

References

Other websites 
Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan
Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Dunstan
The True Legend of St. Dunstan and the Devil by Edward G. Flight, illustrated by George Cruikshank, published in 1871, and available from Project Gutenberg
Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan enshrined at Glastonbury or Canterbury?

909 births
988 deaths
Christian saints
Kamala Nehru Park

SHOE PARK  

a park in India. It covers an area of 4,000 sq yd (3,300 m²). It is located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill.  The park is named after Kamala Nehru, the wife of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. 

A place often visited by schoolchildren, it has little to offer by way of entertainment apart from a structure shaped like a shoe. The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme "There was an old woman." 

From the garden, one can see Chowpatty Beach, and the DOLLY

NECKLACE's

Parks in India
Stronghold

Stronghold means castle or any other strongly fortified place.
The history of fortified buildings reaches from antiquity to modern times.
In medieval Europe, the castle was the most common type of stronghold and often the residence of the king or territorial lord.   The Maginot Line is an example of a 20th century stronghold.  

Stronghold is also the name of a small video game franchise consisting of several castle-sim games made by Firefly Studios.

Related pages 
fortification

Construction
Weimar (Lahn)

Weimar (Lahn) is a community in the German state of Hesse. It has about 7,600 inhabitants. Weimar (Lahn) lies near Marburg.

References

Other websites 
 Community's official website
 Weimar-Wenkbach
 FSG Südkreis

Municipalities in Hesse
Marburg-Biedenkopf
Lord

A Lord (Laird in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: Lord of Mann, the ruler of the Isle of Man. The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship. Lords as a group are a peerage. 

The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "loaf" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected"). So a lord or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf". A mesne lord was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an overlord. This higher lord was sometimes the king.

In a religious context, The Lord means God, mainly by Christianity.

References 

Royalty and nobility
Religious terminology
Musical mode

Modes in music are a kind of scale.

The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: major and minor, which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes. Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.

Each mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or “half tones”) (see semitone).
 The Western major scale (e.g. the C major scale C D E F G A B C) starts on its KEY NOTE and goes up using the following pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.
 The Western natural minor scale (e.g. the A natural minor scale A B C D E F G A) does the same, but it has a different pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.

The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only. The most common modern modes are:
 Ionian (C D E F G A B C)
 Dorian (D E F G A B C D)
 Phrygian (E F G A B C D E)
 Lydian (F G A B C D E F)
 Mixolydian (G A B C D E F G)
 Aeolian (A B C D E F G A)
 Locrian (B C D E F G A B)

It will be seen that
 The Ionian mode is the major scale.
 The Dorian is a natural minor scale with a major sixth.
 The Phrygian is a natural minor scale with a minor second.
 The Lydian is a major scale with an augmented fourth.
 The Mixolydian is a major scale with a minor seventh.
 The Aeolian is the natural minor scale.
 The Locrian sounds rather strange, and was hardly ever used in Medieval music. It is a minor scale with a minor second and a diminished fifth.

Each mode also has a version called “hypo—“.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the “keynote”.

The names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.

In the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.

Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often modal. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.

Music theory
Sharp

Sharp means that something can cut easily.
Sharp may also refer to:
Sharp (photography), if a picture is sharp it is well in focus.
Sharp hearing, if someone has "Sharp hearing" it means they can hear extremely well.
Sharp (music), a sharp is a note that has been made higher by a semitone
Sharp (tuning), means that a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too high (see intonation).
Sharp Corporation, a Japanese electronics manufacturer

Basic English 850 words
Lúcuma

Lucuma  fruits are found in Peru, and Chile. Lucuma have been eaten for many centuries. Anthropologists have found ancient burial sites with lucuma seeds. 

Lucuma is used in a variety of culinary drinks and desserts. Lucuma is the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru.

References

Fruits
Sapotaceae
Western Asia

Western Asia (or Southwest Asia) is the part of Asia that includes the Middle East and South Caucasus.

Territories 

Southwest Asia in most uses includes:

 
  (partly)
 
 
  (partly)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (partly)

Other websites
Stanford's Map of Western Asia is an old map from 1885
Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre is a novel written by Charlotte Brontë. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.

Background 

Around this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out. She was even more worried about her father's blindness. On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson. Wilson performed the operation on 25 August. The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter. Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons. The operation had taken about 15 minutes. Charlotte wrote, "Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible". "Depressed and weary (tired)", Charlotte began writing Jane Eyre.

Charlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes. She wrote the first copy in pencil. When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.

Plot 

Jane Eyre is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is horrified when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman. She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife. When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies. Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them. There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins. She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him. She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no. However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her duty to marry him when she hears Mr. Rochester crying, "Jane! Jane!" She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him. His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it. Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded. Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.

Famous sentence 
The novel begins the last chapter with one of the most famous lines in English literature:

"Reader, I married him".

The active voice was revolutionary for its time.

Other books by Charlotte Brontë
Villette
Shirley

References 

1847 books
English novels
Books by Charlotte Brontë
Fortification

Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make").

Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. Some are castles. The word fortification can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses.

The last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall.

Related pages 
 Fortress
 Stronghold
 Salient

Other websites 

 Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
 A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
 Fortress Cologne
 Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
 Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe

Gallery 

Fortification
Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery is the surgical specialty that focuses on diseases and injuries involving the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

Surgery