alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Theme Hospital

Theme Hospital is a simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog and EA Games. It was published in 1997. The game is quite humorous.

The Game

In the game, the player must build and operate a hospital. There are different rooms you can build. These are to diagnose the patient and to treat the illness.

Some illnesses are quite unusual. One is the bloaty head disease where the patient's head blows up. Another is the slack tongue disease, where the patient has an unusually long tongue.

Other websites
 Theme Hospital Clinic  (a fansite and strategy guide)

Simulator video games
1997 video games
Electronic Arts video games
PlayStation Network games
Pontin's

Pontin's is a holiday company which was founded by Fred Pontin in 1946. It is now owned by Trevor Hemmings and has eight centres in England and Wales.

Other websites 
 Pontin's official website

British tourism companies
Twin prime conjecture

The twin prime conjecture is a mathematical theory. It says that it is possible to find two twin primes that are as big as wanted.

Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by two. For example, 3 and 5 are both prime and differ by two. They are twin primes. 23 is prime, but it is not a twin prime. The primes nearest to 23 are 19 and 29. Twin primes were discovered by Euclid in 300 B.C.

Since Euclid's time mathematicians have wondered whether there are an infinite number of twin primes. Many mathematicians are still trying to find the answer.

References

Prime numbers
Conjectures
Mud

Mud is soil, silt, loam or clay, mixed with water. It is a type of soil that is also called "clay soil".  Others include the sandy soil, or sand, and garden soil.  Wet mud has a soft wet texture. 

Young children sometimes play in puddles of mud.  Mud is usually brown.  
Some animals including worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish live in mud.  Pigs and elephants use it to cool themselves in hot weather.  Some people enjoy making mud pies out of mud. 

Great river systems like the Amazon bring down to the delta immense amounts of mud which ends up in the sea outside the fan of the river mouth. Mudrock is what the mud may become millions of years later. Mudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth.

Related pages
Mudstone

References 

Soil
Sedimentary rocks
The Zutons

The Zutons are a rock band from Liverpool, England. They formed in 2001. They are on the Deltasonic record label. The band were nominated for the British Breakthrough Act award at the 2005 BRIT Awards.

Members
The band has 5 people in it:
David McCabe – lead vocals, guitar 
Boyan Chowdhury – lead guitar, vocals 
Abi Harding – saxophone, vocals
Sean Payne – drums, percussion, vocals 
Russell Pritchard – bass guitar, vocals

Albums
Their first album, Who Killed...... The Zutons?, was released on 18 October 2004, and got to number 9 in the United Kingdom album chart. It came with a printed 3-D cover, and special glasses to view the cover. Many fans wore the glasses to concerts. The album was a nominee for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize.

The new album Tired of Hanging Around was released on April 17, 2006 and reached 2 in the UK album charts. The band went around the UK doing concerts in May 2006 following the release of this album. Their second UK tour will begin in November 2006.

English rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from Liverpool
Dwarf planet

Dwarf planet is the name used to classify some objects in the solar system. This definition was made on August 24, 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and can be described as; a dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is big enough to round itself by its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path of other rival bodies. At the same meeting the IAU also defined the term planet for the first time. Some astronomers think that the term "dwarf planet" is too confusing and needs to be changed.

The nine dwarf planets, in order from their distance from the Sun are:
 Ceres (in the Asteroid belt)
 Orcus
 Pluto. Pluto was named by an 11-year-old girl because it was the initials of the astronomer who found it. 
 Haumea
 Quaoar
 Makemake
 Gonggong
 Eris
 Sedna

The dwarf planets, unlike the terrestrial and gas giant planets, are in more than one region of the solar system. Ceres is in the asteroid belt. The high orbital eccentricity of Pluto puts it mostly outside Neptune's orbit, but partly inside. The others are in the trans-Neptune region.

NASA's Dawn and New Horizons missions reached Ceres and Pluto, respectively, in 2015. Dawn had already orbited and observed Vesta in 2011.

There are many other dwarf planets in the solar system. Most of them are also Kuiper belt objects.

Discovery
 Ceres was found by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Classified as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
 Pluto was found by Clyde W. Tombaugh on February 18, 1930. Reclassified as a dwarf planet on August 24, 2006
 Haumea was found by a team led by Mike Brown on December 28, 2004. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008.
 Makemake was found by a team led by Mike Brown on March 31, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on July 11, 2008.
 Eris was found by Mike Brown and his science team on January 5, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.

References

Other websites 
 Dwarf planet Citizendendium

 
Solar System
Blue peafowl

The blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is a bird native to the Indian subcontinent.

References

Birds of India
Birds of Pakistan
Phasianidae
Green peafowl

The green peafowl (Pavo muticus) is an endangered bird that is native to Southeast Asia.

References

Birds of Asia
Phasianidae
Virtual Boy

The Nintendo Virtual Boy was a mostly portable (easily moved) game console which had two screens that showed only red and black graphics. To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen. By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.

The way the system displayed images was not by LCDs, as some would think. At the time, LCDs could not be used because they had two problems when they were first tested on the console: they would blur if anything moved on the screen, and users would see double instead of depth. Instead, a vertical line of 224 very bright, but very small, LEDs was used for each eye. These LEDs flashed on and off very fast in certain patterns. This line of LEDs was then magnified by a lens, and a vibrating mirror would reflect each line at a certain time into each eye, creating a full image due to the human eye's persistence of vision. Unfortunately, due to the quick flashing of the LEDs, many users felt sick, became dizzy, or had headaches after playing for a long time. To help this, an "automatic pause" feature was added, which stopped the game play every 30 minutes for the player to rest his or her eyes.

The Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular. Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, eye and neck strain, and need for a stand for the system to rest on. Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64. Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well and was discontinued (Nintendo stopped making them) in 1996. Only 22 games were released in Japan and North America. The Virtual Boy sold 770,000 units.

Popular games for the system include Mario Tennis and Virtual Boy Wario Land (known as Wario Cruise in Japan). A full list of games for the system can be found here.

References

Nintendo video game consoles
Handheld video games
Duke University

Duke University is a private university in Durham, North Carolina. It was founded in 1838. The school was formed by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity.  The school moved to Durham in 1892.

It has advanced research.  Some famous people including former President of the United States, Richard Nixon<ref>Richard M. Nixon. The White House.'.' Retrieved July 25, 2011.</ref> went to the school. In its 2012 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university's undergraduate program 10th among national universities.America's Best Graduate Schools 2009 . U.S. News & World Report, 2009. Retrieved on April 23, 2009.

Duke has good libraries, such as Bostock Library. It also has a famous medical school and law school. The school's colours are blue and white and its president is Richard Brodhead.

Duke University owns 220 buildings on  of land.  This includes the  Duke Forest.

Duke University has own press, the Duke University Press''.

Athletics 
Duke has 26 varsity sports teams, known as the Blue Devils.  Duke's athletic programs are considered among the very best in the NCAA.  Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Its Men's Basketball Team under coach Mike Krzyzewski has won the NCAA Tournament four times, and bought out the 2015 title as well. In football The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships.  They have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC), Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

References 

Association of American Universities
Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in North Carolina
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1838 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in North Carolina
King of the Hill

King of the Hill was an American animated cartoon that ran from 1997 to 2010 on FOX. It featured a husband, a wife, a son, and their live-in niece. FOX, the network running the series, would not be showing new episodes anymore after its 13th and final season. The final four episodes aired in May 2010.

Characters on King of the Hill

 Hank Hill - An American propane and propane accessory salesmen living in Arlen, Texas, who believes in old-fashion ideals and watches modern society go down the drains. His favorite football team is the Dallas Cowboys. He is married to Peggy and loved his bad and former dog Ladybird. He is 43, then 44, then 45 years old.
 Peggy Hill - a substitute Spanish teacher at Arlen high school, desperate to work and outdo other rivals.  She writes a column in the local newspaper, then she got fired and then worked in real estate, before quitting only to come back. She is married to Hank. She is 42, then 43, then 44 years old.
 Robert "Bobby" Hill - A strange Jr. High student who plays soccer, although Hank wants him to play football. He is 11, then 12, then 13 years old.
 Luanne Platter - a hairdresser who lives with the Hills. Hank desperately wants her to go to college or get an apartment. She is married to Lucky and has a child. Luanne yelled at Cotton. She is 19, then 20, then 21 years old.
 Dale Gribble - A crackpot conspiracy theorist who believes the government is out to get everyone—and everyone else is out to get him.  Dale always comes out with snappy comments to annoy Hank. He also uses an alias called "Rusty Shackleford". He is married to Nancy even though she cheats on him with John Redcorn. Dale was Hank's best friend. He is 43, then 44, then 45 years old.
 William "Bill" Dauterive - A tortured constantly depressed victim of divorce, who is an Army barber and was Hank's best friend. He is 43, then 44, then 45 years old.
 Jeffrey "Jeff" Boomhauer - A ladies man who talks very fast, almost in gibberish, and loves old muscle cars. He is 46, then 47, then 48 years old.
 Carton "Carl" Moss - A former high school football player, friends with Hank, and former school principal.

Other websites 
King of the Hill on Retrojunk

1997 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
1990s American animated television series
2000s American animated television series
2010s American television series
Fox television series
Television series set in Texas
English-language television programs
Hairdresser

A hairdresser's job is to organise hair into a particular style or "look". They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it. A hairdresser may be female or male. Qualified staff are usually called "stylists", who are supported by assistants. Most hairdressing businesses are unisex, that is, they serve both sexes, and have both sexes on their staff.

Male hairdressers who simply cut men's hair (and do not serve females) are often called barbers.

Qualifications for hairdressing usually mean a college course, or an apprenticeship under a senior stylist. Some aspects of the job are quite technical (such as hair dying) and require careful teaching.

Personal service occupations
Hair
Eppie Lederer

Esther "Eppie" Pauline Friedman Lederer, better known as Ann Landers (July 4, 1918 – June 22, 2002), was an American writer. She is best known for writing the famous advice column "Ann Landers." For almost 45 years, it was a part of many newspapers across North America. In it, people wrote for advice and she answered.

Lederer and her twin sister Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips, writer of the advice column "Dear Abby", were daughters of Russian Jewish emigrants.

Jewish American writers
Twin people from the United States
Writers from Chicago
1918 births
2002 deaths
American columnists
Northern bluefin tuna

Northern bluefin tuna are the largest kind of tuna fish. They live for 11 to 26 years. It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world’s fishes.

Origin 
Their name comes from the Latin: Thunnus Thynnus

Appearance 

The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.

Feeding habits 
Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.

Catching areas 
The following are percentages of tuna caught in different regions in the world.

 40% North-West Pacific
 19% North-East Atlantic
 6% North-West Atlantic
 35% Mediterranean

References

Scombriformes
Automaton

An Automaton (one automaton, several automata) is a concept from mathematics. Sometimes the concept is called state machine. It is like an abstract machine. 

Such a machine can be given input, which is either rejected, or accepted. It's like a vending machine. When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine. If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed. If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.

Internally, the automaton has different states it can be in. Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state. That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (which mathematicians call a symbol) at a time. When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state. This may be an final state. In this case the input is accepted. Otherwise, the input is rejected.

If the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called finite state machine.  A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called finite state diagram.

Problems
Like in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand. The mathematician and computer scientists therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is minimal. If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing. An example of an automaton is the Turing machine.
Mathematics
Theoretical computer science
Vending machine

A vending machine is an automatic machine that sells food or drink or other items.  

An automated teller machine is a kind of vending machine, as are arcade games and bulk vending machines for toys or prizes, or anything that sells a physical item, service, or fun in exchange for money.  Vending machine foods  include snacks such as potato chips, chocolate bars, and candy.  Hot vending machine drinks include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Cold vending machine drinks include juice, bottled water, and soft drinks. Other merchandise includes newspapers or cigarettes. Vending machines in bathrooms sometimes sell condoms, mouthwas h , or toothpaste and toothbrushes. 

The machines usually work when some money (usually coins or paper money) is put in a slot. Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled.  If there is enough money, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by hand.  Ticket vending machines will print the ticket.  Older vending machines were all mechanical, but most newer ones are partly electronic.  Many modern vending machines can accept debit or credit cards in addition to cash.

The first vending machine came about during 1st century AD in Roman Egypt and was invented by the Greek mathematician and engineer, Hero of Alexandria.  It dispensed a certain amount of holy water, so people would not take much of it from the temple.  People dropped tokens to release a certain amount of water.

In 1615, small machines that dispensed tobacco were placed in English taverns.  In 1822, Richard Carlile, an English bookseller and publisher, created a machine that dispensed banned works, so allowing readers to purchase them.  During the 1850s and 60s, the first, fully-automatic vending machine was introduced which sold stamps and writing paper.  

By the 1880s, coin-operated vending machines were introduced in London and Percival Everitt invented a machine that dispensed envelopes, postcards and notepapers. In 1887, Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company set up multiple vending machines in England, which sold chocolates, chewing gums, perfumes and matches. In 1888, the United States of America had its first vending machine, set up by the Thomas Adams Gum Company, which sold tutti-frutti gum. In 1907, one of the early models of the modern-day gumball dispensing machines came out. Through the 1940s and 1950s, soda-vending machines also became popular. Due to this, Coca-Cola immensely increased their sales and currently, has one of the largest number of vending machines in the world.

Japan has a reputation for having some of the most innovative uses of automated vending, providing machines that offer fresh fruits and vegetables, sake, hot foods, batteries, flowers, clothing and, of course, sushi. Japan has the highest per capita rate of vending machines in the world.

References 

Commerce
Bar (business)

A bar is a building or business where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or liquor) are served. Bars are also found in pubs and nightclubs. They may also serve snack food. In most countries, bars are regulated and licenced by the regional or local governments, which establish laws regarding the opening hours and serving policies. In Canada and the United States, a liquor tax is placed on the sales of alcoholic beverages.

Drink coasters are used in bars and restaurants to protect the table surface from alcohol.

Restaurants
Places where alcohol is served
Cape Horn

Cape Horn (; ) is a cape. It was named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. It is the southernmost land area of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile. Many people see Cape Horn as the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes. The Drake Passage is directly to the south of it. For many years, it was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around the cape are very dangerous because of strong winds, large waves, and icebergs. These reasons have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.

Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.

Magallanes Region‎
Capes
Peninsulas
Iceberg

An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in the sea.  They are generally found in cold water near the North or South Pole. Icebergs are especially common during spring, when ice has begun to melt.

About 90% of an iceberg is below the water line and ten percent above. Icebergs break off from larger structures made of ice, like glaciers or ice shelves. These are formed by snowfall in very cold places where it will not melt in the summer. The snow builds up and compacts into ice. This is gradually pulled downhill by gravity and into the sea. The ice then falls off and makes icebergs. The icebergs can drift in the sea for years before they have melted completely.

History 
The first person to give a correct scientific explanation of this phenomenon was Mikhail Lomonosov, around 1750. The density of ice is about 0.92 kg per liter, that of sea water is about 1.025 kg per liter. For this reason, 920 parts of the 1025, or about 90 percent, of the iceberg's volume need to be below the water line. Lomonosov grew up on the shore of the White Sea in the European part of Russia. He studied in Marburg, and is credited with introducing the word iceberg into the Russian language.

Icebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs. The most famous one was RMS Titanic in 1912.

The largest iceberg people know about was called B-15. It broke off from the Antarctic ice shelf in the year 2000, and was as large as the island of Jamaica (over 10,000 km2). It soon started to break up into smaller pieces, some of which still remain in 2008. Icebergs are affected by global warming.

Colors 
There is a color called iceberg.

References 

Water
Circumnavigation

Circumnavigation originally meant going around something, by ship. Usually, it means people going around the world. The first known circumnavigation was done by Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522. Magellan took five ships and went west, from Spain. He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Philippine island Mactan in April 1521. The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. Elcano returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the voyage had started, with 18 survivors and valuable cargo in 1522. This proved that the earth was a globe.

Other Famous circumnavigations
 1577-1580 led by the Englishman Francis Drake
 1586-1588 by Thomas Cavendish
 1598-1601 by the Dutchman Olivier van Noort
 1614-1617 by Georg Spielberg, a German who sailed for the Dutch
 1766-1769 by Louis Antoine de Bougainville (The first French circumnavigation)
 1803-1806 by Adam Johann von Krusenstern, first Russian circumnavigation

Sailing‎
Thought experiment

A thought experiment is an experiment that takes place in people's minds instead of in a laboratory or in the real world. In a real-life experiment, people can see and measure changes, but thought experiments only show special ways of thinking.  Anyone can do a thought experiment.

The usual goal of a thought experiment is to show what might happen: if this were true, what would follow from it?

The history of science has many thought experiments in it. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to use the German term  (means 'thought experiment') in about 1812. 

Posing hypothetical questions had been done for long time (by scientists and philosophers). However, people had no way of talking about it.

Famous thought experiments
Trolley problem
Schrödinger's cat

References

Related pages 
Paradox
Zeno's paradoxes

Science
Philosophy of science
Thought
Breaking Benjamin

Breaking Benjamin is a hard rock band from Pennsylvania.  The band is best known for their songs "Polyamorous", "So Cold", "Sooner or Later," "The Diary of Jane," and "Breath."  The band was formed in 1998 by lead vocalist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel. The band has released five albums: "Saturate"(2002), "We Are Not Alone"(2004), "Phobia"(2006), "Dear Agony"(2009), "Dark Before Dawn"(2015) and Ember (2018)

The band's album "Dark Before Dawn" was released on June 23rd, 2015.
This album has made 5 singles which are "Failure", "Angels Fall", "Ashes of Eden" "Defeated" and "Never Again"

American rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups from Pennsylvania
Headlands and bays

A headland is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.  Very often, the land areas are called capes. A bay is an area of water. It is surrounded by land on three sides. The water areas are also called gulfs.  

A bay is a large body of water in the land next to a sea or lake between two headlands. The waves coming to the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this, many of them have a beach. A bay may be metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across.  A bay often contains beaches.

Bays form where weak rocks, such as sands and clays, are eroded, leaving bands of stronger rocks, such as chalk, limestone, or granite, forming a headland, or peninsula.  Headlands and bays are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast. The sea erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock, forming a bay. The harder rock that is left protruding into the sea is the headland.  

They also can be made by people mining off the coast. 

Landforms
Drake Passage

The Drake passage is a body of water. It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To the north is Cape Horn and the South American continent, to the south are the South Shetland Islands, now part of the British Antarctic Territory. It is part of the Southern Ocean.  It is named after the English privateer Sir Francis Drake, who accidentally discovered it.  He never sailed the passage, because sailing the Strait of Magellan was less dangerous. 

The Drake passage is also the shortest route from Antarctica to the rest of the world. The only islands in the passage are the Diego Ramirez Islands, about 60 km south of Cape Horn. 

The passage is also known for very rough seas. Waves of 10 m are not uncommon here. 

The passage is also good for seeing Whales, Dolphins, seabirds, and penguins. 

In old books, the passage is called Drake Strait.

Other websites 
 National Oceanography Centre, Southampton page of the important and complex bathymetry of the Passage 
 A personal story describing crossing the Passage 
 A NASA image of an eddy in the Passage 
 Larger-scale images of the passage from the US Navy (Rain, ice edge and wind images) 
 BBC News story on a scientific study dating the age of the Drake Passage

Waterways
Antarctic region
Glacier

A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer. Each winter, more snow is added. The weight of all the snow creates pressure. This pressure turns the lower parts of the snow into ice. After this happens for many years, the glacier will start growing large. It becomes so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move. It flows downwards like water but very slowly. A glacier only moves about  per year. New snowfalls replace the parts that flow away.

Glaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth. The largest bodies of salt water are the oceans.

Creation 

Glaciers will only form in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time. This can take a long time. It often takes tens or hundreds of years for a glacier to form. There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine glaciers. Alpine glaciers are also called mountain glaciers.
 Continental glaciers are glaciers that spread out over a large area of land.  They were created mostly during the Ice Ages a long time ago. There are still some continental glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. They often flow downwards into the sea and break up. The broken parts that float in the sea are called icebergs.
 Alpine glaciers form in mountain areas. They are smaller than continental glaciers. Alpine glaciers usually flow until they reach a point where the temperature is warm enough that the ice melts completely during the summer.

Effects
Glaciers are very important. They have a large effect on the environment. They do this because they are very large and heavy. When they move, they erode mountains and land. Also, since they froze long ago, snow crystals and air bubbles inside are kept in good condition. These can provide a large amount of information for scientists. Recently glaciers have been melting more than they did in the past. Many scientists think this is happening because global warming is changing the climate.

Appearance 
Glaciers are blue in color. This is because water is very good at absorbing light. Only the strongest light, with the most energy, is able to escape. Blue is the color of light that has the most energy. Because of this, blue is the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed. The thicker the glacier is, the more blue it appears.

References

Uncited references

Other websites 

 Swisseduc - Glaciers online Website on Glaciers in English and German
 Time lapse movies of Grosser Aletschgletscher
 Illustrated glossary on Glaciers online, in English and German
 Glacier information for schools
 National Snow and Ice Data Center - Glaciers 
 USGS Glacier Studies Project 
 Glaciers and Glacial Hazards - USGS
 2003-08-15 Scientists Rewrite Laws Of Glacial Erosion
 Fjords National Park, Alaska
 NOVA scienceNOW - A 7-minute video of the NOVA broadcast of July 26, 2005. Hosted by Robert Krulwich, the video is about the world's fastest glacier and why it is moving too fast.
Sight-reading

Sight-reading (or sight-singing for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before.  It is important to be able to read music well in order to sight-read.

Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time.  One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.  

People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read.  The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.  

People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand).  Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve.  Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun. 

When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking.  In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing.  The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next).  In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.

A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like.  In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.

Some pianists are very good at sight-reading.  The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

Related resources
SightReadingMastery
Fast Keys

Musical performance techniques
Child prodigy

A child prodigy is a child who is very smart at an early age. They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults. Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians. A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius. Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood.

Prodigies
 The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy. He could play the harpsichord when he was three, and by the time he was six his father was taking him on concert tours to show off his son's talent. Fortunately Mozart did grow up to be a world-famous composer.

 The composer William Crotch was also a child prodigy. He could play God Save the King with both hands on the piano when he was two. But Crotch did not become famous like Mozart. He just grew up to be a good musician.

 There may have been many other child prodigies who never became clever adults at all, or who died before they could become famous. Sometimes their childhoods are very difficult because people expect so much of them.

 The great German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss was an exceptional child prodigy. It is said that when he was three he saw a mistake his father had made when adding up the wage bills. Another famous child prodigy was the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. At the age of 13, Hamilton was not only a brilliant at math but also spoke 13 languages.

 In 2002 a 12-year-old Ukrainian boy called Sergey Karjakin became the youngest ever Grandmaster at chess.

 Zerah Colburn was the first of several children known as "mental calculators." Zerah was born in 1804 in Vermont. At age six, before he could read or write numbers, he could multiply a two-digit number by a two-digit number in his head. At age eight, he could compute 8 to the sixteenth power. His answer was 281,474,976,710,656. By the time he was 10 years old, Zerah's father took him to cities all over the United States to display his amazing abilities. He was also already well known in Europe. His abilities declined as he got older. Later he wrote an autobiography about his life and his unusual skills.

 
Intelligence
Puerto Rican

A Puerto Rican is a person from Puerto Rico or anyone who is descended from some one who was originally from Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans are American citizens, even though Puerto Rico is only a territory of the United States and not an official state. People from Puerto Rico can also be known as a "Boricua," "Borinquen," "Puertoriqueño," or the most known slang of "Boricua."

The name of "Boricua," and "Borinqueños" came from the island's original name of Boriken, meaning Land of the Brave People. This name was created by the Taino-Arawak people, who were highly advanced. Taino-Arawak ancestors date back to 4,000 B.C.

Famous Puerto Ricans 
•Marc Anthony, singer
•Giannina Braschi, poet, novelist 
•Neil deGrasse Tyson, scientist 
•Jennifer Lopez, singer, actress
•Ricky Martin, singer, activist
•Renee Marques, playwright 
•Lin-Manuel Miranda, creator of Broadway musicals 
•Sonia Sotomayor, Supreme Court judge

Puerto Rico
Toothbrush

The toothbrush is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.

Invention 
Toothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner. Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush. Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth. Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then. They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them. 

The first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs. The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis. He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail. First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it. The prison guard gave him some bristles. Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes. The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.

Etymology
The word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun. The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis.

References

Tools
Dentistry
Hygiene
70s BC



Events 
 Spartacus leads the slaves against Rome. His army was eventually defeated, and Spartacus is killed in battle, by Roman legionaries under Marcus Licinius Crassus.
 In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes the third member of the Second Triumvirate, with Mark Antony and Octavian.
 The city of Tigranakert of Artsakh is built in Armenia.
 Salome Alexandria becomes queen of Judea after her husband dies.
 Hycarnus II becomes the high priest of Jerusalem until 66 BC.
 Pamplona is built in Spain
20s BC



Events

Important people 

 Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – 14).
Homeostasis

Homeostasis is self-regulation, a basic property of all self-organising systems. In biology, it is the keeping of a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis is life's ability to stay balanced, when the environment changes. Animals keep their body in a stable condition. They do so by regulating their inner equilibrium. For example, they adjust their pH, temperature, amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood and so on. In living things, the study of how they keep in a stable condition is called physiology. Mostly, our physiology works unconsciously throughout life. We have many negative feedback systems which adjust our physiology so that we stay alive. These systems are self-organising and do not need to be learnt. They are inherited.

The concept was described by Claude Bernard, and the term was later coined by Walter Cannon in 1926, 1929, and 1932. Walter Cannon thought these were the features of homeostasis:
Constancy in an open system, such as our bodies, is done by mechanisms which maintain this constancy. Cannon based this on insights into the ways by which steady states such as glucose concentrations, body temperature and acid-base balance were regulated.
To keep a steady-state condition, any change automatically meets with factors that resist change. An increase in blood salt results in thirst as the body attempts to dilute the concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid.
The regulating system doing homeostasis has a number of cooperating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively. Blood sugar is regulated by insulin, glucagons, and other hormones that control its release from the liver or its uptake by the tissues.

Examples of homeostasis:
 The operation of a thermostat
 The regulation of water and minerals in the body 
 The regulation of body temperature: mammals and birds have complicated systems which keep their body temperature within close limits.

In mammals, the main organs involved with homeostasis are:
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
the lungs
the skin
the muscles
the kidneys
the liver and pancreas
The brain is also central to homeostasis. It controls behaviour, and the basic function of behaviour is to support life by taking action.

References

Related pages
Biology
Biochemistry
Physiology
Cybernetics

Physiology
Systems theory
Toilet

A toilet is a place where humans get rid of waste that comes from their bodies (urine and feces). Most toilets use water to flush the waste through plumbing into a sewage system. However, some modern toilets do not use water, and are called dry toilets.

A room that has a toilet can be called a "restroom" or "bathroom" in the United States. In other places it may be called the toilet or the water closet (WC).

Toilets in homes 

Almost all modern buildings have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub. Some toilets are outside, in an "outhouse".

In developing countries, many people do not have a toilet in their home. More than 4.5 billion people do not have access to toilets.

Public toilets 

A public toilet may or may not cost money to use. Toilets that cost money are called "pay toilets".

Public bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them. This makes areas called stalls (US) or cubicles (UK). Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals. Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time. Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.

Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. These toilets are in individual cubicles. Some are simple and have little or no plumbing. Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.

Some toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed. These toilets are called "portable toilets". Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.

Inventions 
In 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the S-bend. This was crucial in the development of the flushing toilet. It was a simple length of pipe with a curve in it.

 
Every day, toilets use 141 billion liters of water to flush waste. Engineers try to make toilets that do not need so much water. In 2019, one group made a chemical to put in  toilets to make them more slippery so that the waste flushes away with only a little water.

References

Other websites 

Toilet guide for travelers
Public Toilet Near Me
World Toilet Day celebrated on November 19
World Toilet Organization
Psittacosis

Psittacosis is a bacterial disease that can be caught from birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets. The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.

Psittacosis usually gives flu-like symptoms, such as fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and a dry cough. The disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray. In rare cases, Psittacosis can cause endocarditis - swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea. 

Psittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline. The disease rarely kills people, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Zoonoses
Barneveld

Barneveld () is a municipality in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province Gelderland. The main centre is the village of Barneveld. 

The municipality has an area of 176.74 km².

Towns and villages of the municipality

Other centres are: Essen, Esveld, Garderbroek, Harselaar, Kallenbroek, Moorst (partly), Wessel and Recreatiegebied Zeumeren.

Geography 
The municipality neighbours Nijkerk, Putten and Ermelo to the north. Apeldoorn lies to the east. Municipalities Ede, Renswoude, Scherpenzeel and Woudenberg are to the south. Municipalities Leusden and Amersfoort neighbour Barneveld to the west.

Notable people born in Barneveld
 Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn (1851–1922), astronomer
 Eduard Daniel van Oort (1876–1933), ornithologist
 Egbert Adriaan Kreiken (1896–1964), teacher and astronomer
 Conny van Bentum (born 1965), freestyle swimmer
 Alfred Schreuder (born 1972), footballer

References

Settlements in Gelderland
Municipalities of Gelderland
Executable

An executable is a computer program written by a programmer and compiled by a compiler (See programming). When it is run, it 'executes' (or does) the actions it was programmed to.  

An example of a compiler is the GNU C Compiler, or GCC for short.  It reads in program code written in the C programming language, and converts it into binary machine code called an executable, so computers can understand it. On Microsoft Windows, these files end with '.exe.' To humans, these files are hard to read. Macs use other file extensions.

Other websites 
 GNU C Compiler website

Computer file formats
File extension

A file extension or filename extension is a suffix at the end of a filename. It is used to show the type of a computer file. This suggests what program can understand it. For example, MYWORDS.TXT is a plain text file and may be opened by a text editor. Filename extensions come after the name of the file, and many of them are three letters long. 

Some examples of common file extensions are:
 HASH are hash program files
 TXT files are plain text files
 BMP are bitmap picture files
 JPG are picture files in the JPEG format
 MP3 are music files in the MP3 format
 AAC are Advanced Audio Coding music files
 FLAC are Free Lossless Audio Codec
 ALAC are Apple Lossess Audio Codec
 WMA are Windows Media Audio sound files
 MPEG are motion picture encoded video files
 MKV are Mastroska Video Codec
 WMV are Windows Media Video files
 HTM or *HTML are Hyper Text Markup Language files such as web pages
 PHP are web server scripts which create web pages
 ODT are Open Document text files
 DOC are text documents in Microsoft Word format
 XLS are Microsoft Excel spreadsheet documents
 PPT are Microsoft Power Point presentation files
 EXE are Microsoft Windows executable program files
 DLL are Dynamic Link Libraries, a type of executable file, in MS Windows
 ZIP are Compressed files (Lempel Ziff algorithm in an archive)
 Z are Unix / Linux compressed files
 bz2 are bzip2 block compressed files (very good compression)
 jar are Java archive files
 JSP are Java server pages files
 java are Java source code files
 class are Java compiled source code files
 oc are Java run-time library files
 tar are Unix / Linux tape archive files
 sh are Unix / Linux shell script files
 awk are Unix C like pattern processing language source code files
 sed are Unix stream editor command files
 lex are Unix / Linux lexical analyzer C code generator specification files
 c are C programming language source files
 o are C programming language compiled (object) files
 cs are C# programming language files
 rb are Ruby programming language files
 pl are Perl or Prolog programming language files

There are many other commonly used file extensions.

You can change the program defaults so that the computer knows which program to open each type of file extension with.

Software
Computer file formats
Lagomorpha

Lagomorpha is a mammal order. It includes pikas, rabbits and hares. Although lagomorphs look like rodents, they are not rodents, but are closely related to them. They have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two as with rodents. Also, they only eat plant material, not meat as rodents do to some extent.

Rabbits were classified under rodents until the 20th century.  They are divided into two families: Leporidae, which are hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.

It has been known for some time that Lagomorpha is an unusual group, and there have been many guesses about its evolution. Darren Naish explains this.

Taxonomy 
 Order Lagomorpha
 Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)
 Genus Ochotona
 Family Leporidae (rabbits and hares)
 Genus Brachylagus
 Genus Bunolagus
 Genus Caprolagus
 Genus Lepus
 Genus Nesolagus
 Genus Oryctolagus (includes the domestic rabbit)
 Genus Pentalagus
 Genus Poelagus
 Genus Pronolagus
 Genus Romerolagus
 Genus Sylvilagus

References