alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Viet Cong

The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1955-75). The group is better known as the Viet Cong (Việt Cộng) or V.C., short for "Vietnamese Communist." American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces Charlie (which is the letter "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet), whether North Vietnamese or Viet Cong.

The group was made up of people from both South and North Vietnam. Most of the people in the group were communists but some members were not communists, but the main leaders were. The Viet Cong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best known for the Tet Offensive, a surprise attack on many South Vietnamese cities that began in January 1968 during Tet, or the Vietnamese New Year. The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which conquered the South in 1975.

According to Re-thinking Camelot (Noam Chomsky 1993), the NLF resistance was in part the result of terror that was inflicted by the government of South Vietnam, which was backed and guided by the US, while the NLF was peacefully awaiting the national elections that had been promised by the Geneva Accords of 1954.

Some, however, accuse Chomsky of minimizing the communists' atrocities and of exaggerating those of their opponents.

History 
After the Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions. The people of the North and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam resolutely fought for the implementation of the Geneva Agreements in order to achieve peaceful reunification of Vietnam.

References

Vietnam War
National liberation movements
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Communism
1954 establishments in Asia
1976 disestablishments in Asia
Barbarian

In Ancient Greece, the name βάρβαρος, bárbaros, was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term Barbarian came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'.

In modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person. 

It is used for a member of a nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization, or for an individual person which is seen as a brutal, cruel and insensitive or whose behavior is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.

Other websites 
 "Official Website of Barbaric Barbarians" , A humorous view of Barbarians
 Andrew Lang, Savage Supreme Beings , The Making of Religion, Chapter XII (1900).

Sociology
Pejoratives
Numerical digit

Numerical digits are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc.

The numeral "56" means:  6*10^0 + 5*10^1 = 6*1 + 5*10 = 6 + 50.

The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Related pages
 Digital

References 

Mathematics
Content

Content can refer to:
 Information and experiences created by individuals, institutions and technology to benefit audiences in contexts that they value.
Raw content is content in format that is detectable by an observer.
 Subject of the plot, in narrative works.
 Substance.
 Volume generalized to arbitrarily many dimensions in mathematics and physics.
 In education, the curriculum to be learned as opposed to the teaching methods used.
 As an emotion, a form of happiness from being happy with what you have.

Other
 Open content
 Free content
 Web content
 Content format
Ramsay MacDonald

James Ramsay MacDonald  (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He helped to build the Labour Party and became its first Prime Minister in 1924. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression, when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the British Conservative Party. He was expelled from the Labour Party.

MacDonald was an illegitimate child. He was born in Lossimouth, Scotland. He graduated from elementary school and then high school.

Later he worked as a teacher for some time in his high school. In 1885, MacDonald became a member of the Social Democratic Federation.

In 1886, he moved to London, where he became an accountant. On November 13, 1887, MacDonald witnessed Bloody Sunday, after which he published a pamphlet in the media. For some time, MacDonald was also interested in Scottish politics among Scots in London and spoke in support of Scotland for Scotland. At the same time, MacDonald received an evening education at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution, but shortly before the exams he had to give up his education due to nervous exhaustion.

As Prime Minister 
The main achievement of the first MacDonald government was the realization by the British that Labor did not intend to carry out radical changes, but was ready to act for the common good. At the same time, due to lack of public support and a lack of seats in the House of Commons, Labor has not been able to do much of what it has said before - in particular, there has been no widespread nationalization and community service.

1866 births
1937 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Labour Party (UK) MPs
People from Moray
Condition

Condition or conditions can mean:
 A state of being.
 A disease, such as a heart condition.
 A proposition upon which another proposition depends, such as "if-then" statements. See logical implication.
 To cause a certain response to a stimulus, see conditioning.
 To replace moisture or oils, especially in hair, see conditioner.
 To change climate to an appropriate level, see air conditioning.
 A status effect which is usually negative, see condition (computer gaming).
 A state which is induced in the subject of a psychological experiment, see condition (experimental psychology).

Basic English 850 words
Malignant

In medicine, malignant is a clinical word that is used to describe an illness that kills a patient fast. A malignant tumor is a tumor that is able to invade nearby tissues and spread to tissues that are not nearby.  Not all patients diagnosed with malignant tumors die, because of the improved treatments available.  The actual prognosis depends on the type of tumor, its differentiation, and how bad the disease is.  The term malignant is typically applied to neoplasms that show aggressive behavior characterized by local invasion or distant metastasis.

Medicine
Advice (constitutional)

In constitutional law, Advice is formal, usually binding instruction given by a constitutional officer of state to another. Heads of state in particular act on the basis of Advice issued by governments and prime ministers. For example, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally appoints Ministers of the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 

Law
Laney Amplification

Laney Amplification is a company from Great Britain that makes guitar and bass guitar amplifiers. It was founded in 1967 when Lyndon Laney started to make amplifiers in his parents' garage. Laney is popular for its good quality amplifiers for low prices.

Other websites 
 Laney Amplification

Musical instrument companies
1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
British music companies
Kellyjackie

Jackie Chan Hiu-ki (陳曉琪), also known as Kellyjackie (born 23 August, 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts "Kelly" in her nickname.

She was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was Lucky Voice which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.

In January 2005, she wrote the song He invites me to Disneyland (他約我去迪士尼) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty.

She uploaded her song He invites me to Disneyland to her band's forum, her Xanga site, i010.com and also cmidi.com for free downloading by Internet users. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (搜尋人氣榜) for some time. Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.

When the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album (香港迪士尼樂園開幕紀念大碟) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang He invites me to Disneyland together in the album.

References

1986 births
Living people
Internet celebrities
Hong Kong singers
Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union (often called Council of Ministers or just Council) is one of the three organisations that manage the European Union. Along with the European Parliament, it is responsible for law making for the European Union (EU).

Its members are the government ministers of the member countries who are responsible for the law that is being discussed. As an example, suppose the law is going to be about farming, then the Agriculture Ministers are the council for that day.

As well as making laws, they can meet to discuss their problems. For example, the European Union does not decide on tax - each country decides on its own tax. But the Finance Ministers meet anyway because sometimes they can help each other catch people who do not want to pay tax at all.

The council is called different things in different countries, according to the language they speak (for example in French it is Conseil de l'Union Européenne and in German it is Rat der Europäischen Union). It is also known internationally, and so it appears on its logo, with the Latin word Consilium.

A simple way of putting it, is that The 'Council of the European Union' is helped by most countries in the world and it is very important.

European Union
Legislatures
European Commission

The European Commission (officially called the Commission of the European Communities) is one of the seven organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.

The commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, he decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they do not do their job properly, the President can remove them. If he does not, or if the President does not do his job, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).

The name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.

The first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the "High Authority". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had twelve Presidents;

Related pages
 President of the European Commission

References 

European Union
Deep Ng

Deep Ng (吳浩康; born 吳偉男 on 13 June 1983) is a Hong Kong singer and actor of the Emperor Entertainment Group.

He was fined 5,000 USD because of keeping cocaine (an illegal drug). 

He was charged of beating Chim Chi Kin at the Boozeroo Pub in Tsim Sha Tsui on 11 July 2005. On November 21, 2005, the court ruled that he did not committed the crime, because what the victim said seemed not to match his own words.

Deep also acted in movies like New Police Story. He is also famous for his number 1 hit song, Select the Breakup Day (擇日失戀). A new album, Nowhere (pronounced as Now-here), was sold in public in September 2005. This album was seen as a comeback for Deep after a number of bad news.  He also had another new album, Documentary, in 2006.

His albums
Deep EP (2003)
Deep In The Music EP (2004)
Deep: Inside (2005)
903 California Red: Eleven Fires Concert - Deep Ng (2005)
Nowhere (2005)
Documentary (2006)
3.D New Songs + Greatest Hits (2007)

Other websites  
Deep's Official Site  
Deep Ng Interview
Deep Ng's Lyrics and Midi

Hong Kong actors
Hong Kong singers
1983 births
Living people
Needle aspiration biopsy

Needle aspiration biopsy (NAB), also known as fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA), is a medical procedure performed to diagnose certain kinds of medical conditions, such as lumps in the neck.  A thin needle is inserted into a mass or lump to extract cells that will be examined under a microscope.  Fine needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures.  Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead.

Medical procedures
Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a type of sound with a frequency higher than humans can hear. This frequency, the upper limit of human hearing, is approximately 20,000 hertz (20 kilohertz).

Hearing ultrasound 
Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency higher than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200 kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50 kHz) sonar signal.

Medical ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a "safe test" because it does not use destructive ionizing radiation like x-rays.

Ultrasonic cleaning 
Ultrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) bubbles near the dirty surface. The bubbles are formed by cavitation and collapse, forming small jets directed at the surface.

Medical procedures
Sound
Hearing
Oncology

Oncology is the medical specialty that deals with the study and treatment of cancer.  A doctor that practices oncology is called an oncologist.  The term originates from the Greek onkos (ονκος), meaning bulk, mass, or tumour; and the suffix -ology, meaning "study of."

Medical specialties
Cancer
Data migration

Data migration is a term computer scientists and economists use when they speak about moving data from one location to another, one format to another, or one application to another. It can also mean that files, or folders with documents, or databases are moved from one server to another. This might be that because several databases are merged into one, or because the databases are reorganized. 

It is usually an automated process, supported by data migration tools. If the data structure is complex, the migration may be separated in several phases that are carried out one after the other.

Computer science
Migration
1271



Events

Europe 
 July 2 – Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II.
 September 1 – Pope Gregory X succeeds Pope Clement IV as the 184th popeas the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever.
 The County of Toulouse is returned to the crown of France.
 Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle on his famous journey to Kublai Khan's China.
 The construction of Caerphilly Castle, the largest in Wales, is completed.
 Construction of the Belaya Vezha in Belarus is begun.

North Africa and the Middle East 

 April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.
 Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.
 Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars; however, they are unable to capture any territory and a peace is quickly negotiated.

Asia 
 September 12 – According to the followers of Nichiren Buddhism, the sect's founder, Nichiren, reaches a turning point known as hosshaku kempon as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the Buddha.
 December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.
 The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Yuan Dynasty.

Births 
 May 25 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (d. 1346)
 May – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I of England (d. 1307)

1271
1040



Events 
 March War of Independence of Western Xia occurred.
 June 17 – Harthacanute lands at Sandwich and reclaims the English Throne.
 August 15 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as Scottish Monarch.
 The oldest brewery still active is founded at Weihenstephan.
 Seljuk Turks defeat the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan.

Births 
 February 22 – Rashi, French rabbi and commentator (d. 1105)
 June 27 – King Ladislaus I of Hungary (d. 1095)
 King Alfonso VI of Castile, Spanish royal (died 1109)

Deaths 
 March 17 – Harold Harefoot, King of England
 August 15 – King Duncan I of Scotland (b. 1001)
 October 1 – Alan III, Duke of Brittany (poisoned) (b. 997)

Related pages 
 For the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) form, see Form 1040.
Green Bay Packers

The Green Bay Packers are an American football team in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They play in the National Football League. Their stadium is Lambeau Field.       

The Packers hold the record for the most NFL league championships. They have won 13 championships, including four Super Bowls. The Packers were named after the Indian Packing Company, a meat-packing company. Today, it is the only fan-owned team in the country's four major professional leagues. It is owned by a community-based group with more than 100,000 shareholders. Each shareholder is limited to holding 200 shares (out of about 5 million issued). The Packers are also the only team in the major professional leagues to release their balance sheet every year. This year, their current head coach is Matt LaFleur.

References

Other websites
Official Site

 
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Wisconsin
Amusement arcade

An amusement arcade (also called a video arcade or just arcade) is a place where people play arcade games such as video games, pinball machines, and slot machines.  
 
The earliest amusement arcades were called "penny arcades." They were opened in the nineteenth century. Penny arcades had game machines called "bagatelles", which were like billiards and pinball. Penny arcades were popular at amusement parks and fairs until around the 1950s. Around this time, the penny arcades were often replaced by more modern games of chance and skill. An example of the new machines were shooting galleries.

Videos were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s. These were most popular during the early 1980s. Arcades became popular with young people. Many video arcades began closing in the late 1990s, as the technology of home video game consoles began to rival and eventually exceed that of arcade games. However, video arcades remained popular in Japan, where they are called game centers.
Ice age

An ice age is a period when for a long time the temperature of Earth's climate is very low. This leads to an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers.

'Ice age' is a term used in palaeoclimatology for the period of extensive ice sheets in the recent Pleistocene period. We now know that ice ages have happened a number of times in the past, the greatest and longest of which took place in the Proterozoic era, before multi-cellular eukaryotes evolved.

During ice ages the sea level drops as water is held in the great ice sheets at the poles. How much it drops depends on several factors, such as the length of time that a cold period lasts.

Stages 
Within an ice age, there are stages. The longer cold stages are called glacials or glacial periods. The shorter warm periods are called interglacials. The last glacial ended about 11,000 years ago when the present interglacial started.  The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist.  The last two million years have been the Pleistocene ice age.  During  glacials, large and thick ice sheets cover much of the North American and Eurasian continents.

Many glacial periods that have occurred during the last few million years are initially at 40,000-year frequency, but more recently ice ages have occurred at 100,000-year frequency.

This data comes from a time when human beings had no effect on the climate, or virtually none. Therefore, it is technically correct to say that humans had no effect on global climate in the Earth's history. However, in recent centuries they have burned much fossil fuel, and this has partly been responsible for the present temperature rise.

Related pages 
Snowball Earth
Ice core
Milankovitch cycle
Orbital forcing
Pleistocene
Glaciation
Global warming

References

Other websites 

 Cracking the Ice Age from PBS
 Climate patterns

Geological periods
Climate change
Saxons

The Saxons or Saxon people are (today) a part of the German people, with their main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Groningen, Drenthe, Twente, Salland, Veluwe and Achterhoek).  

First told about by the Ancient Greek geographer Jean Julien, the pre-Christian area of the Saxon people first covered an area a little more to the northwest, with parts of the southern Jutland , Old Saxony and small parts of the eastern Netherlands. During the 5th century AD, the Saxons were part of the people invading the Romano-British province of Britannia, and so formed the Anglo-Saxons.

Before Christianization, the Saxons had much native pre-Christian Germanic paganism. After Christianization, parts of this religion remained up to today in people who came from the Saxons.

The word 'Saxon' is thought to come from the word seax, meaning a mixture of single-edged knives. The Saxons were thought by Charlemagne, and some people who study history, to be very war-like and angry.  

Many of the words that we use today were created by the Saxons for example, radish. 

The Finnish and Estonian name for Germany, Saksa, comes from the Saxons.

Other websites 
 James Grout: Saxon Advent. Part of the Encyclopædia Romana
 Saxons and Britons

Germanic tribes

Lower Saxony
North Rhine-Westphalia
Schleswig-Holstein
Groningen (province)
Drenthe
Overijssel
Gelderland
Gdynia

Gdynia  (, ) is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, and is an important and seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. It has about 248 000 inhabitants and 135 km².

Cities in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Sosnowiec

() is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. About 223,000 people live there, and it has an area of .

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Mould

Mould (or mold) is a type of fungus. It grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.

Molds are a large group of fungi. The growth of their hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium, is considered a single organism. 

Mould grows from spores, which float around in the air. 
There are thousands of different kinds. Some molds cause disease or food spoilage. Sometimes people use them to make some kinds of cheese. Many antibiotics are developed from natural anti-bacterial substance made by moulds.

Mold or mould, also sometimes referred to as mildew, is a fungal growth that develops on wet materials. Mold is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees; indoors, mold growth should be avoided and proper inspection should be done for effective mold removal.

Related pages 
Black bread mold
Oomycete
Slime mould
Penicillium

References
David James

David James (born 1 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He last played for Kerala Blasters FC and England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Watford||rowspan="3"|Second Division||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1990/91||46||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||46||0
|-
|1991/92||43||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||43||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Liverpool||rowspan="7"|Premier League||29||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||29||0
|-
|1993/94||14||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||14||0
|-
|1994/95||42||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||43||0
|-
|1995/96||38||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||40||0
|-
|1996/97||38||0||2||0||4||0||0||0||40||0
|-
|1997/98||27||0||1||0||5||0||4||0||37||0
|-
|1998/99||26||0||2||0||0||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||29||0||5||0||5||0||0||0||39||0
|-
|2000/01||38||0||3||0||1||0||4||0||46||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||26||0||3||0||0||0||0||0||29||0
|-
|2002/03||38||0||2||0||2||0||0||0||42||0
|-
|2003/04||League Championship||27||0||1||0||3||0||0||0||31||0
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Manchester City||rowspan="3"|Premier League||17||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|2004/05||38||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||39||0
|-
|2005/06||38||0||5||0||1||0||0||0||44||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Portsmouth||rowspan="4"|Premier League||38||0||2||0||1||0||0||0||41||0
|-
|2007/08||35||0||6||0||1||0||0||0||42||0
|-
|2008/09||34||0||3||0||1||0||5||0||43||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
661||0||37||0||26||0||18||0||742||0
661||0||37||0||26||0||18||0||742||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||11||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||49||0
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English association football goalkeepers
Liverpool F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from Hertfordshire
Martin Adams

Martin Adams (born 1956) is an English professional darts player.  His nickname is Wolfie, referring to his hairy face and the fact that he likes wolves.

Adams is a top-ranked darts player. He is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He was on the board of the British Darts Organisation for a short time.

World Championship results

British Darts Organisation 
1994: Quarter Final: (lost to Magnus Caris 2-4)
1995: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 4-5)
1996: Quarter Final: (lost to Steve Beaton 1-4)
1997: 1st Round: (lost to Roger Carter 1-3)
1998: 1st Round: (lost to Robbie Widdows 2-3)
1999: Quarter Final: (lost to Chris Mason 4-5)
2000: 1st Round: (lost to Steve Coote 2-3)
2001: 2nd Round: (lost to Ronnie Baxter 1-3)
2002: Semi Final: (lost to Tony David 4-5)
2003: 2nd Round: (lost to Bob Taylor 1-3)
2004: 1st Round: (lost to Richie Davies 2-3)
2005: Runner Up: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
2006: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
2007: Winner (beat Phill Nixon 7-6)
2008: Semi Final: (lost to Mark Webster 4-6)
2009: Semi Final: (lost to Ted Hankey 4-6)
2010: Winner (beat Dave Chisnall 7-5)
2011: Winner (beat Dean Winstanley 7-5)
2012: Quarter Final: (lost to Tony O'Shea 2-5)
2013: 1st Round: (lost to Jimmy Hendriks 2-3)

References

Other websites 
Wolfie Darts Official Web Site

1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from London
Darts
Heterotroph

A heterotroph (Greek heteros = another and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.

In food chains 
A heterotroph is known as a consumer in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers. To stay alive, consumers must get food from other organisms. There are three types of consumers:Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.

Herbivores 
Consumers that only eat plants are called herbivores. The word herbivore comes from the Latin words herba, which means "grass or herb," and vorare, which means "to eat."  A giraffe is an example of a herbivorous consumer.

Carnivores 
Consumers that only eat animals are called carnivores. The word comes from the Latin carnis, which means "flesh", and vorare, which means "to eat." A tiger is an example of a carnivorous consumer.

Omnivores 
Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. The word comes from the Latin omnis, which means "all" and vorare. Humans are a good example of an omnivorous consumer.

Related pages
 Autotroph
 Mixotroph

References 

Animals by eating behaviors
Pittsburgh Steelers

The Pittsburgh Steelers are an American football team in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.. They have won six Super Bowls in eight appearances. That is  most that any team has won, tied with the New England Patriots. They have a rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. Pittsburgh plays in the AFC North with Baltimore, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Cleveland Browns.

The Steelers are most famous for their defense. In the 1970s, their defense was nicknamed the "Steel Curtain". It helped the Steelers to four Super Bowl wins. Other well-known Steelers defenses include the 1990s "Blitzburgh" defense and the 2000s defense (which was not nicknamed). The Steelers always have success so they are considered the best NFL team of all time. More recently, they acquired the best player in the NFL and single season sack record holder T.J. Watt. Other notable players on the team include quarterback Kenny Pickett, running back Najee Harris, wide receiver Diontae Johnson, wide receiver George Pickens, interior defensive lineman Cameron Heyward, free safety Minkah Fitzpatrick, and kicker Chris Boswell.

Other websites 
 Official Website

Pittsburgh Steelers
1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
Alice Cooper

Alice Cooper (born February 4, 1948) is an American rock musician and singer. Originally, there was a band called Alice Cooper led by a singer named Vincent Damon Furnier. The band was one of the creators of a very theatrical and violent type of heavy metal music that was designed to shock and would come to be known as "shock rock."

Life
In 1974, Furnier legally changed his name to Alice Cooper and started making solo music. Cooper's solo career began with the 1975 album Welcome to My Nightmare. Over the years Cooper has played many different musical styles.

Alice Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage. The Rolling Stone Album Guide referred to him as the world's most "beloved" heavy metal entertainer. He helped to shape the sound and look of heavy metal. Cooper is also credited as being one of the first to bring movie-like looks to the rock concert stage in the late 1960s.

Away from music, Cooper is also an actor, a golfer, a restaurant owner and a popular radio DJ.

Alice Cooper keeps his professional life and home life separate, to the extent that, when his children see him on televison, they say "That's Alice Cooper," and not "That's Dad."

Alice Cooper is one of the few performing artists who still has money earned in the 1970s.

Alice Cooper wears one half of a pair of matching padlocks, and his wife wears the the other half.  This was part of their wedding ceremony, and if one wants to leave the marriage, they have to ask the other for the key.

The rock show, as it is known today, originated in Vincent Furnier's belief in what a rock show should be.

Alice Cooper lives on a budget agreed with his accountant.

Alice Cooper believes in personal hygiene, but uses only enough soap to clean himself, as he believes that too much soap is bad for your health.

Alice Cooper's mother used to send him $5.00 per week, as she believed that musicians do not make money.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1948 births
Living people
Singers from Detroit
American singer-songwriters
Warner Bros. Records artists
Diagram

A diagram is usually a two-dimensional display which communicates using visual relationships. It is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy etc. It may be used for all aspects of human activities to explain or illustrate a topic.

Discussion 

 visual information device: Like the term "illustration" the diagram is used as a collective term standing for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs, technical drawings and tables.
 specific kind of visual display: This is the genre that shows qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.

In science the term is used in both ways. For example, Anderson (1997) stated more generally: "diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not". On the other hand, Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically "abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".

Visual thinking 

Diagrams affect the mind so that the viewer comes to understand them, but not in the way one understands words. Visual thinking or problem-solving is very ancient, and largely automatic. One only has to remember that the brain puts together an image of the world around us based on sensory input, mostly sight. We do not make any conscious decisions: it is done without conscious thought. Diagrams most likely "tap in" to some of these ancient – but largely unknown – routines.

In fact these normally hidden brain processes do sometimes become apparent. When brain damage affects the visual cortex, or when visual illusions are created, are two classic examples.

The way some diagrams affect thinking is quite important. Mendeleev's periodic table summarised previous research on the elements. Far more important, though, was the way it suggested the properties of elements which were not yet discovered. This diagram stimulated creative thought, and other examples from the history of science could be given: see Feynman diagram.

Basic diagram types 
 Matrix
 Set
 Network diagram
 Flowchart
 Tree diagram
 Graph
 Exploded view

Examples 
 Circuit diagram
 Euler diagram
 Family tree
 Feynman diagram
 Gantt chart – shows the timing of tasks or activities (used in project management)
 Mind map – used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving
 Organisation
 Piping and instrumentation diagram
 Venn diagram

Some main diagram types 
There are at least the following types of diagrams:
 Graph-based diagrams: relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items; examples:

 Chart-like diagram techniques, which display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values; examples:

Schematics and other types of diagrams, e.g.,

References 

 
Non-verbal communication
Radom

Radom is a city in Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. About 229,000 people live in the city which covers an area of 111 km².

Cities in Masovian Voivodeship
Kielce

Kielce is a city in Poland in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. It has a population of about 215,000 inhabitants and 109 km² of land area.

Cities in Poland
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Toruń

Toruń is a city in Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Districts
Districts of Toruń
 Starotoruńskie Przedmieście
 Barbarka
 Bielany
 Bydgoskie Przedmieście
 Wrzosy
 Koniuchy
 Chełmińskie Przedmieście
 Rybaki
 Stare Miasto
 Katarzynka
 Mokre
 Jakubskie Przedmieście
 Rubinkowo
 Winnica
 Grębocin nad Strugą
 Bielawy
 Na Skarpie
 Kaszczorek
 Piaski
 Podgórz
 Glinki
 Stawki
 Rudak
 Czerniewice

References 

 
World Heritage Sites in Poland
Zabrze

Zabrze is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 188,000 inhabitants and an area about 109 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Bytom

Bytom is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 193,000 people live there. The city is 69 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Gorzów Wielkopolski

Gorzów Wielkopolski is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 125,000 inhabitants and is  in size.

Cities in Poland
Lubusz Voivodeship
Zielona Góra

Zielona Góra  () is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 118 000 inhabitants and covers 58 km². Zielona Góra received status of city in 1323. 

Cities in Poland
Lubusz Voivodeship
Opole

Opole is the biggest city in Opole Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is Oppeln, and the Czech name is Opolí. The Oder River goes through the city. It has about 128,000 people living in it and is 149 km² in area. The mayor of the city is Arkadiusz Wiśniewski.

History 
Opole is over 1000 years old.  It was originally a Slavic town. In 990 it became a Polish city. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Oppeln for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Opole ever since.

Famous people from Opole 
 Jerzy Buzek (born 1940), academic and politician, President of the European Parliament, former Prime Minister of Poland
 Bernhard Kempa
 Miroslav Klose

Twin towns 
 Belgorod (Russia)
 Bruntál (Czech Republic)
 Carrara (Italy)
 Grasse (France)
 Ingolstadt (Germany)
 Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine
 Kuopio (Finland)
 Alytus (Lithuania)
 Mülheim (Germany)
 Potsdam (Germany)
 Roanoke County (United States)
 Székesfehérvár (Hungary)

Cities in Opole Voivodeship
Jutes

The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland (called Iutum in Latin) in modern Denmark inclusive Southern Schleswig in Northern Germany and part of the Frisian coast. The Jutes, along with the Angles, Saxons and Frisians, were mentioned amongst the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain. 

It is believed that the Jutes settled particularly in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The land where the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons settled became the country of England.

Other websites 
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jute." Encyclopedia Britannica, December 21, 2016. 
Were the West Saxons guilty of ethnic cleansing?

Germanic tribes

Schleswig-Holstein
Grindcore

Grindcore is a type of heavy metal and hardcore punk music. It was invented in the 1980s by bands such as Napalm Death. Grindcore is a lot like black metal and death metal, but the guitar parts are very simple and are played over and over again in a song. The vocals are usually loud shouts and screams while the drums play fast and loud, around 200bpm. In most cases, grindcore songs will be very short in length - Napalm Death's song 'You Suffer' is the shortest in the world at 1.316 seconds long. Their lyrics are similar to death metal and hardcore punk, which usually sing about pain, suffering, blood, gore or politics, injustice and revolution.

One popular grindcore band is Anal Cunt, who go by "A.C." because their name has a sexual meaning. A.C. sings about racism, violence, and sexism. They produce very controversial songs such as 'You Were Pregnant So I Kicked You in the Stomach' and lyrics which make jokes of the Third Reich.

There are several offshoots of grindcore, including pornogrind, goregrind and deathgrind.

Music genres
Cannibal Corpse

Cannibal Corpse is an American death metal band. The band was formed in Buffalo, New York in 1988 by Bob Russay, the first guitarist (who left the band in 1993). The band's lyrics draw heavily on horror fiction themes which consist of necrophilia, the living dead, serial killers, gore, suicide, rape, cannibalism, and death; and are highly controversial within the media. The bands' first 3 albums were banned in Europe until 2006 because of their graphic artwork. They are considered by many to be one of the most influential Death Metal bands in existence. Since their formation in 1988, they have undergone several line-up changes.

Members

Current
Paul Mazurkiewicz (1988-present) - Drums
Alex Webster (1988-present) - Bass guitar
Rob Barrett (1993-1997, 2005-present) - Rhythm guitar
George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher (1995-present) - Lead vocals
Patrick O'Brien (1997-present) - Lead guitar

Former
Chris Barnes (1988-1995) - Lead vocals
Jack Owen (1988-2004) - Guitars
Bob Rusay (1988-1993) - Guitars
Jeremy Turner (2004-2005) - Guitars (live)

Discography

Studio albums
Eaten Back to Life (1990)
Butchered At Birth (1991)
Tomb of the Mutilated (1992)
The Bleeding (1994)
Vile (1996)
Gallery of Suicide (1998)
Bloodthirst (1999)
Gore Obsessed (2002)
The Wretched Spawn (2004)
Kill (2006)
Evisceration Plague (2009)
Torture (2012)
A Skeletal Domain (2014)
 Red Before Black (2017)
 Violence Unimagined (2021)

References

Other websites
 Official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical quintets
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
La Grand-Croix

La Grand-Croix is a town in France. It is near Lorette and Saint-Paul-en-Jarez.

Communes in Loire
Saint-Paul-en-Jarez

Saint-Paul-en-Jarez is a town in France. It is near La Grand-Croix and Saint-Chamond.

Communes in Loire
Saint-Chamond

Saint-Chamond is a town in France. It is near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds.

Communes in Loire
Sudeley Castle

Sudeley Castle is a castle near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom. It was built in 1441 by Ralph Boteler, who had the castle confiscated by Edward IV of England. Edward gave Sudeley Castle to his brother, who later became Richard III of England, who then gave it to his uncle Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.

By the time Henry VIII of England succeeded, the castle was the property of the Crown again. It had been visited by Henry in 1535, with his second wife Anne Boleyn, but had been empty and unattended for some time. When Henry died the castle became the property of his son, Edward VI of England, who gave it to his uncle, Thomas Seymour. Thomas was made Lord of Sudeley and married the King's stepmother, Catherine Parr. During this time Thomas began to regenerate the castle for Catherine's use, but only one room that he had built remains today.

Seymour and Catherine moved into the castle and brought with them ladies to attend on the Queen Dowager, as well as gentlemen of the household and Yeomen of the guard. The castle was then home to over 100 people. Another famous figure who came to live in the castle of Lady Jane Grey, who was a ward of Seymour's, as well as the young Elizabeth I of England.

Catherine died after she had given birth to a daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle and was buried in its St. Mary's Chapel. Her grave was discovered in 1728 after the castle and the chapel had been left in ruins by the English Civil War. She was later reinterred by the Rector of Sudeley in 1817. 

Seymour's ambitions led to him being arrested and beheaded, after which Sudeley Castle became the property of Catherine's brother William Parr, who was the Marquess of Nothampton. Parr was stripped of his property and title after being involved in the failed attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England.

In 1554 Mary I of England gave Sudeley Castle John Brydges, Lord Chandos and it remained as his property throughout the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth was entertained three times at Sudeley Castle, which including a spectacular feast in 1592 to celebrate the anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Castles in England
Buildings and structures in Gloucestershire
15th-century buildings and structures
Godfather trilogy

The Godfather trilogy refers to the three Mafia movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola about the fictional Corleone crime family;
The Godfather (1972)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
The Godfather Part III (1990)

Crime drama movies
Mafia
Series of movies
Cult movies
Without You (Badfinger song)

"Without You" is a song written by musicians Peter Ham and Tom Evans, which has become a standard since it was first recorded in 1970.

Ham and Evans were members of the rock band Badfinger, and they combined the verse of one unfinished song with the chorus of another, to complete "Without You". Badfinger included their version of the song on their second album, No Dice, which was released in 1970. Apple Records was Badfinger's record label, and the song was published by a related company, Apple Music.

The song got little attention at first, but when  Harry Nilsson recorded a  of it, his single became a worldwide hit. Nilsson, Ham and Evans all reached career peaks, and Nilsson won a Grammy Award for his recording.

"Without You" became, and remains, very popular around the world. Many other artists have recorded the song, and several have had hits with it, including Mariah Carey. Apple Music lost the American rights to the song, early in the 21st century.

1970 songs
1970s ballads
Rock ballads
Grammy Award winning songs
Hall & Oates songs
Harry Nilsson songs
Air Supply songs
Heart (band) songs
Badfinger songs
Mariah Carey songs