alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Psychedelic mushroom

Magic mushrooms or psychedelic mushrooms or Psilocybin mushrooms contain the alkaloid psilocybin, or similar  substances.

Psilocybin is a mind-altering chemical. It changes the brain to an altered state of mind, or a different state of consciousness. This can lead to effects like hallucinations or visions. They may be used for medical purposes to treat cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain kinds of depression.

Psilocybe semilanceata is the classic example of a magic mushroom, but there are quite a few others. These fungi also have some species with psilocybin: Copelandia, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Mycena, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus.

Psilocybin can kill in extremely high doses. The LD50 of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg for rats, this is about 1.5 times that of caffeine. In normal psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin makes up about 1% of their weight. Therefore, nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60 kg person to reach the 280 mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.

Psilocybin mushrooms have probably been used since prehistoric times. They may be seen in rock art. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites. Psychedelic mushrooms have been used by native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion and healing. Catholic missionaries were against the use of magic mushrooms. In Modern society, they are sometimes used recreationally. Their medical use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is studied, for example, in the treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer, the treatment of depression and to help quit smoking.

The function of compounds like this in nature is they reduce the likelihood of the mushroom being eaten before its spores have been scattered. It is a defence against herbivory.

References 

Mushrooms
Psychoactive drugs
Consciousness
Medicinal fungi
Harold Godwinson

Harold Godwinson was King Harold II of England (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066). He ruled England after king Edward the Confessor died. He ruled from 5 January 1066 until he was killed at the Battle of Hastings. His death marked the Norman conquest of England and the end of Anglo-Saxon England.
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Career 
Harold was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha, a Danish noblewoman. His sister, Edith, was married to the king he succeeded, Edward the Confessor. About that same time Harold became Earl of East Anglia. When his father died in 1053, Harold inherited his earldom of Wessex. 

Elfgar, son of Leofric of Mercia was appointed to replace Harold in East Anglia. Berkshire and Somerset were joined to Wessex again. Wessex itself was, in those days, an enormous amount of land that covered about a third of England. Harold ruled over a large portion of England, making him the most powerful man in the whole kingdom, after the King.

Harold Godwinson had three brothers: Tostig, Swegen and Gryth. He claimed to have been made King by Edward the Confessor. Before Harold Godwinson became king, he swore to help William, Duke of Normandy to become king.

In September 1066 Harold Godwinson defeated an invasion from the north by Harald Hardrada. He returned south to fight Duke William's invasion. He was killed, it is generally assumed, by an arrow shot by one of William's archers, but some reports say he was cut down by many soldiers.

References

1022 births
1066 deaths
Anglo-Saxon royalty
11th century in England
Frank Griswold

Frank Tracy Griswold III (born 18 September 1937 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania died 6 March 2023) was the 25th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire.  He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. He became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at three churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.

Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003.  He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.

His term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006. He was replaced by the Rt. Reverand Katharine Jefferts Schori. She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

References

1937 births
2023 deaths
Presiding Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
People from Chicago
Sign of the cross

The sign of the cross is a physical gesture made by Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and sometimes also Protestants. It is usually done at the start and end of prayers. 

In the Catholic tradition, the right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, and then to the left and right shoulders (the order of shoulders does not matter). This is sometimes done while saying "Father, Son, Holy Spirit."

In the Orthodox tradition, the tips of the thumb and the middle and index fingers are put together, and the ring finger and little finger are put against the palm. The first three fingers are for faith in the Trinity, and the other two fingers are for the two natures of Jesus, divine and human.

Other websites 
 Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross? - from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America website
 The Power of the Sign of the Cross  - (Ukrainian church)
 The Sign of the Cross - a Catholic perspective
 Significance of the Sign of the Cross

References 

Non-verbal communication
Christian symbols
Jell-O

Jell-O is a brand name for a dessert. It is known for a number of gelatin desserts, such as fruit gels, puddings, and unbaked cream pies. including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies.

Description 

Jell-O is sold as all prepared (ready to eat) or in powder form, and it is has many different colors and flavors. The powder has powdered gelatin, sugar, and artificial sweeteners. It is melted into hot water, and then chilled and eaten. Sometimes other ingredients are added to make them taste better. Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until it is served, and usually eaten with a spoon.

There are also pudding and pie under the Jell-O brand. To make pudding, they are cooked on the stove with milk, then eaten.

Though the word Jell-O is a name brand, it is commonly used in the United States as a generic name for all gelatin products.

Other websites 
 Official Kraft Jell-o website
 Upstate, Where It Was First Made, Unwavering Devotion to Jell-O New York Times May 4, 2008
 Thoughts on Jell-O With Antioxidants 

Desserts
Pteranodon

Pteranodon was a large pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period. About 1200 partial skeletons have been found, more than any other pterosaur. It lived in the area of the Western Interior Seaway.

Fossil Pteranodon have been found in Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.

Appearance
With its wings open it was up to 7 meters across. Pteranodon might have lived much like an albatross, spending a lot of time over the ocean, looking for fish. It had no teeth in its long mouth, and it had a small pouch like a pelican at the back of its jaw. Pteranodon had a big crest at the back of its head. Pteranodon longiceps had a straight crest that went backwards, and Pteranodon sternbergi had a bigger, flatter crest that went upward.

Life style
Pteranodon lived mainly on offshore rookeries. Most Pteranodon fossils are found where, at the time, they were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.

They certainly fed on fish. Fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one Pteranodon. Other specimens have fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso.

Females of both species were smaller than the males, and had small, rounded crests. The crests were probably used in display, though they may have had other functions as well.

References

Pterosaurs
Richard II of England

Richard II (6 January 1367–14 February 1400) was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan of Kent, "The Fair Maid of Kent". He was born in Bordeaux, and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy. His father died before him, so he became king in 1377. His uncle John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster became regent until Richard II could rule.  He was deposed by Henry of Bolingbroke (Henry IV), John of Gaunt's son with Blanche of Lancaster, taken prisoner and later died in captivity.

Richard abdicated (resigned) in 1399.  He was murdered later that year.

References

1367 births
1400 deaths
House of Plantagenet
14th century in England
Drinker

Drinker was a small dinosaur from North America. It was a very small herbivore that grew up to 1 meter long. It was named after Edward Drinker Cope a paleontologist, a dinosaur scientist who found many dinosaur fossils such as Triceratops, Anatotitan and Tyrannosaurus rex.

Hypsilophodontidae
Franz Ferdinand (band)

Franz Ferdinand is an indie rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. The group is named after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The band has released five albums, Franz Ferdinand, You Could Have It So Much Better With Franz Ferdinand, Tonight: Franz Ferdinand, Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action, and their most recent release, Always Ascending.

The band members are Alex Kapranos, Robert Hardy, Julian Corrie, Dino Bardot and Audrey Tait.

2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
Indie bands
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Glasgow
Scottish rock bands
2000s establishments in Scotland
Kress Stores

S. H. Kress & Co. was a group of "five and dime" department stores in the United States between 1896 to 1981. The business was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. Kress Stores were common in many cities and towns of the United States. In 1964, S. H. Kress & Co. was bought by Genesco, Inc. Genesco began closing down the stores in 1980.

The Kress chain was known for the architecture of the stores. A number of former Kress stores, now used for other things, are said to be landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue, Canal Street, New Orleans, and one at Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. The one at Hollywood Boulevard is now preserved at a theme park in Florida.

Other websites 
 Main Street Five-and-Dime: The Architectural Heritage of S. H. Kress & Co. 
 The Kress Building in Fort Worth, Texas 
 Remembering the House of Kress 

American department stores
1896 establishments in the United States
1981 disestablishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Pennsylvania
20th-century disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Companies based in Pennsylvania
Defunct companies of the United States
Henry V of England

Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), was the King of England from 1413 to 1422. He was born at Monmouth, Wales. It is not known whether he was born on 9 August 1386 or 16 September 1387.

Henry V was the son of Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and Mary de Bohun, who died before Bolingbroke became king.

During his reign, Henry increased his power as King of England and also took the title of King of France, over which English kings had been fighting for decades. He defeated the French at the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Shakespeare wrote a play about that and made him important in other plays. 

1387 births
1422 deaths
House of Lancaster
15th century in England
Athlete's foot

Athlete's foot is a condition where the foot is dry and cracked, which can be mildly painful. It was named athlete's foot because it was common in people who play sports or do exercise. The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpits, knees and elbows.

Symptoms 
Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, itching, blisters and cracked skin. It can be cured by using antibiotics.

References 

Skin problems
Feet
Back

The word back has several meanings.
 It is a part of the human body.
 It can mean behind something.
 It is the opposite of front.

Basic English 850 words
Reflection

Reflection is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the medium it came from.
The most common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

Specular reflection is a mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected into a single outgoing direction. In the diagram to the right, a light ray is coming from the point P, and meets at the mirror at point O. The ray reflects at the point O outwards in the same medium towards point Q. Reflection is measured relative to a line through point O that is at 90˚ to the mirror. The angles made by the light ray (shown in the diagram as  and ) must be equal. Both angles have to be equal whenever reflection occurs. This is known as the "law of reflection".

People make many things to use reflections, including reflecting telescopes, radar, sonar, and lidar and putting light reflectors on things they want to see.

Wave physics
Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth by both area and volume. It has a surface area of . Its volume is . The Caspian has for 40 to 44% of the total lake waters of the world.

The Caspian sea is an endorheic body of water. It is bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It has a maximum depth of about . It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of sea water.

References

Other websites 

 Caspian Sea Region
 Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (2003)
 Target: Caspian Sea Oil  John Robb, 2004

Seas
Lakes of Azerbaijan
Lakes of Kazakhstan
Lakes of Russia
Geography of Iran
Geography of Turkmenistan
Geography of Asia
Lakes of Asia
Complementary angles

Complementary angles are two angles that when their measurements are added together is equal to 90 degrees.

Angles
Civil rights

Civil rights are rights that all people in a country have. The civil rights of a country apply to all the citizens within its borders. These rights are given by the laws of the country. Civil rights are sometimes thought to be the same as natural rights.

In many countries civil rights include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly. Civil rights also include the right to own property and the right to get fair and equal treatment from the government, from other citizens, and from private groups. They may prevent against discrimination based on race, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity and disability.

Civil rights are protected by law and custom.  The constitutions of many democracies have a "Bill of Rights" that describes the people's liberties and rights. A well-known example is the United States Bill of Rights.  

A court of law decides if a person's civil rights have been violated.  The courts also decide the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to take away the rights of other people.

Related pages
 Civil and political rights
 Constitutional economics
 Economic, social and cultural rights
 Political economy
 Human rights
 Natural rights
 Rule of law
 Second-class citizen
 Women's rights
 Minority rights
 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Moscovium

Moscovium is a superheavy synthetic radioactive chemical element also known as eka-bismuth. It has the symbol Mc and the atomic number 115. Moscovium does not exist in nature. It is made from a fusion reaction between americium and calcium.

The element is named in honor of the Russian city of Moscow.

Moscovium is in or near the center of the theoretical island of stability. No stable isotopes of moscovium have yet been found. The most stable isotope with 184 neutrons is 299Mc. The isotope that has been made has only 175 neutrons (290Mc).

Uses 
There is no use of Moscovium at the moment because of its radioactivity and the fact that it decays pretty quickly.

History 
On February 2, 2004 a report that moscovium and nihonium were made was written in a journal named Physical Review C. The report was written by a team of Russian scientists at Dubna University's Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.,

These people reported that they bombarded americium with calcium to make four atoms of moscovium.

Scientists of Japan also report that they have made moscovium.

In May 2006 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research this element was made by another method and what the final products from radioactive decay were was found by chemical analysis.

Name 

The name was changed to Moscovium. It used to be named ununpentium.

Chemical properties
Not enough moscovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties. It is thought that it would be a hard metal. It may be slightly colored.

Moscovium is in the same group as bismuth but its chemical properties will be different. The chemistry of ununpentium will be very influenced by special relativity. It will make its properties different to the other elements in the periodic table that have a smaller atomic number. One important difference from bismuth is the presence of a stable oxidation state of +I (Mc+). The (Mc+) ion is thought to have chemical properties like Tl+.

In popular culture
Moscovium is inside or near the island of stability. This is probably why it is found in popular culture. It is more likely to be talked about in UFO conspiracy theories. 

The most popular story about moscovium is from Bob Lazar. It is not pseudoscience because it is a refutable theory, however Lazar's claims are not backed by any direct experimental evidence at this time.

References

Other websites 

 Uut and Uup Add Their Atomic Mass to Periodic Table 
 Apsidium - Ununpentium 
 Discovery of Elements 113 and 115 
 Discovery of New Superheavy Elements 113 and 115 
 Superheavy elements
 History & Etymology

Post-transition metals
Synthetic elements
The World Factbook

The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a book that contains the Central Intelligence Agency's information about the world's countries.  A new book is published every year.  The Factbook provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of 272 countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world.

The World Factbook is designed to be used by people that work for the United States government, but it is also used by students, on websites, and in other publications that are not made by governments.  Because the U.S. Government made it, it is in the public domain.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Reference works
Central Intelligence Agency
Taco

Tacos are Mexican sandwich-like dishes. It is made from a corn tortilla wrapped around some sort of filling. Traditionally, the tortilla is soft, but some variations from different countries have hard shells, as well as flour tortillas. 

Traditionally, tacos are filled with a variety of filling such as beef, chicken, fish, pork, cheese, lettuce, onions, guacamole, and salsa. Sauces can also be added to tacos ranging from salsa to hot sauces like Tapatío. People use many different combinations of foods to build the taco, so it is very versatile.

Tacos are world popular, but especially in Mexico, China and the United States. In the United States, tacos have been industrialized by fast food businesses such as Taco Bell, Del Taco, and Chipotle.

History 
The taco predates the arrival of the Spanish in Mexico. Bernal Díaz del Castillo documented the first taco feast enjoyed by Europeans, a meal which Hernán Cortés arranged for his captains in Coyoacán.

References

Mexican food
Gerard Way

Gerard Arthur Way (born April 9, 1977) is an American musician and comic book writer. Way is the lead singer and co-founder of the punk rock band My Chemical Romance. Their brother Mikey was the bass player for the band. 
Way played for the band from their start in September 2001 until they broke up on March 22, 2013, until the reunion on October 31, 2019, thus rejoining Gerard to the band. 

Way is known for commonly changing their hair color from black to blonde and even a striking red. They married Lyn Z of Mindless Self Indulgence on September 3, 2007. Gerard and Lyn Z announced that they were having a baby in November 2008. Their daughter, Bandit Lee Way, was born on May 27, 2009. She arrived at 2:57 PM and weighed 6 pounds and 5.6 ounces. Gerard has said that both Bandit and Lyn Z are "happy and healthy". Way is also the writer of the comic book series "The Umbrella Academy".

Before My Chemical Romance 
He was born on April 9, 1977 in Summit, New Jersey. Way attended the School of Visual Arts in New York City and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1999.

References

Other websites

Official website

1977 births
American comics writers
American rock musicians
American singer-songwriters
Living people
My Chemical Romance
Singers from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Emerson, Lake & Palmer

Emerson, Lake & Palmer were an English progressive rock group. In the 1970s, the band was extremely popular, selling over 30 million albums and headlining huge concerts.

Members
 Keith Emerson: keyboards
 Greg Lake: vocals, bass, guitars, production
 Carl Palmer: drums, percussion

Discography
Studio albums
 Emerson, Lake & Palmer (1970)
 Tarkus (1971)
 Trilogy (1972)
 Brain Salad Surgery (1973)
 Works Volume 1 (1977)
 Works Volume 2 (1977)
 Love Beach (1978)
 Black Moon (1992)
 In the Hot Seat (1994)

References

Notes

1970 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups from London
Musical trios
Progressive rock bands
Newark, New Jersey

Newark is the largest city in U.S. State of New Jersey, 65th largest city in the United States, and serves as the seat of Essex County. It is located 8 miles west of Manhattan.

Newark was originally formed as a township on October 31, 1693. During its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, New Jersey, Caldwell Township, New Jersey, Orange Township, New Jersey, Bloomfield Township, New Jersey, (March 23, 1812) and Clinton Township, New Jersey. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11, 1836. The previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905 and became part of West Ward. 

Newark is divided into five wards; North Ward, South Ward, West Ward, East Ward, and Central Ward. Central Ward has train stations of Amtrak and New Jersey Transit. It also has museums and tall buildings including headquarters of large corporations. The High Street Historic District is in Central Ward.

East Ward includes a neighborhood called "Ironbound". South Ward has the large Newark Liberty International Airport, one of the first major airports in the United States. Branch Brook Park in North Ward has the biggest display of cherry blossoms in the eastern United States.

References 

County seats in New Jersey
 
1693 establishments in North America
1690s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New Jersey
Aeolic Greek

Aeolic Greek was a dialect of the Greek language that was spoken on the island of Lesbos and nearby parts of Asia Minor.

Greece
Myst

Myst is a computer game designed by the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller in a company called Cyan. The Millers started working on Myst in 1991 and released it for the Macintosh computer on September 24, 1993. Myst was later released on many different computers and video game consoles.

In Myst, the player starts by using a special book to travel to Myst Island. There, the player uses other special books to travel to different worlds called "Ages". Solving puzzles on different Ages helps the player learn more about Myst Island and the people who live there. The player can make choices that change the ending of the game.

When Myst was released, it became very popular. Critics loved Myst because it felt like a real world. Myst was the best-selling computer game until The Sims was released in 2002. Myst helped the CD-ROM get more popular when the CD-ROM was new. Because Myst was so popular, four sequels were made, and three Myst novels were written.

References

Video game series
1993 video games
Adventure games
Father Christmas

Father Christmas is the British name for Santa Claus. The name was used in songs, such as "I Believe in Father Christmas" by Emerson, Lake & Palmer.

References

Christmas
Fictional people
Wham!

Wham! was an English pop band. It was created in 1981 by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley. They released their first single in 1982. For a short time, they were known in the United States as Wham! UK because another band already had that name. They are best known for the songs "Last Christmas" and "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go".

References 

1981 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
1980s British music groups
1986 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English boy bands
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1981
New wave bands
Soul bands
Chink

Chink is a pejorative term for Chinese people.

Chink may also refer to:


People

Nickname
 Chink Crossin (1923-1981), American professional basketball player
 Eric Dorman-Smith (1895-1969), Irish officer in the British Army and the Irish Republican Army
 Chink Heileman (1872-1940), American Major League Baseball player in 1901
 William O. Lowe (1894-1949), American college football player and first commissioner of the Smoky Mountain Conference
 Chink Outen (1905-1961), American Major League Baseball player
 Chink Taylor (1898-1980), American Major League Baseball player in 1925
 Leo Taylor (baseball) (1901-1982), American Major League Baseball player in one game in 1923
 Chink Zachary (1914-2006), American Major League Baseball pitcher in 1944

Stage name
 Chink Martin, American jazz tuba player Martin Abraham (1886-1981)
 Chink Santana,  American R&B musician and producer Andre Parker

Other uses
 A narrow opening or vulnerability, as in a chink in one's armor
 Chinks, a half-length type of chaps, leather coverings for the legs, derived from chingadero
 A colloquial term for the common pheasant in the United States, derived from "Chinese pheasant"
 Bourreria baccata, a plant species also known as chink
 Chink (Isle of Wight), a scenic rock cleft
 "Chink", an episode of the 2010 British Television drama Married Single Other

Related pages
 Chinking, material used to fill the spaces between logs in log buildings
Spermicide

Spermicide is a substance that kills sperm before it can enter the vagina.  When a spermicide is used as the only form of contraception, the pregnancy rate is much higher than it is when other contraceptives are used.  Spermicides are normally used with barrier contraception, such as condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges.

Contraception
Big Brother (franchise)

Big Brother is a TV reality show with many different versions across the world. It is a group of contestants (called housemates) who live in a house together and are isolated from the rest of the world. The winner gets money as a prize.

Format 

Contestants, known as housemates, enter a house and they do not bring any of their belongings except clothes. They are completely cut-off from the outside world and are watched by cameras every day. Housemates must complete tasks so that they can get food or other prizes. As the series goes on, the housemates get voted out by the viewers until only one remains. There is also a celebrity version of Big Brother.

Big Brother around the world 

The series was developed by Endemol, and the first season was shown in the Netherlands. The show's format has since been copied in over forty countries, including Brazil,Israel, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Spain, India, United Kingdom and US. It also used to be in Australia, It was originally cancelled in 2008, later came back in 2012-2014 and will return again in 2020

Special editions 
In some countries, there are also special editions of the show, for example Big Brother VIP or Big Brother: All Stars.  
Usually, some of the rules in these special editions are a little bit different from the original ones.

Big Brother VIP / Celebrity Big Brother 
Big Brother VIP is the name of the special edition of the show, in which all the housemates are famous people. It has been released in many of the countries airing Big Brother, for example Bulgaria - VIP Brother; Mexico - Big Brother VIP; UK - Celebrity Big Brother.  
The duration of the show is often only a month and in some countries the nominations and evictions are twice a week. 
Sometimes the big prize is given for charity or there is no big prize at all.

Versions 
As of , Big Brother has produced 507 winners in over 62 franchises.

: Currently airing (4)
 An upcoming season (14)
 Status unknown (9)
 No longer airing (34)

References 

1999 television series debuts
1990s television series
2000s television series
2010s television series
Euphonium

The euphonium is a brass instrument.  It is very similar to the baritone horn, but it is different because the tubes are wider and it is bigger. The euphonium makes low sounds, similar to the trombone. The euphonium has 3 or 4 valves and 1-3 spit valves. "Spit" valves do not really mean there is spit in the instrument, it means that there is condensation in the instrument.

The euphonium is seen in different sorts of bands in Europe and America. The musicians make the sound by blowing into the instrument and "buzzing" with their lips. 

The word euphonium means: "producing nice sounds" 

Euphoniums are basically silver and brass in colour.

Other websites

Brass instruments
Blogger

A blogger is a person who keeps a blog as a major activity in their life. This is a diary or journal on the web (also known as 'weblog'). Blogs are usually free to read, but nevertheless some have made fame and fortune for their writing. Tavi Gevinson's blog is an example. Many politicians and journalists are bloggers, perhaps realising that this is one good way to contact the younger voters. Michelle Malkin's blog is an example of this kind of use.

Twitter and Facebook are networking sites which offer some of the functions of a blog. What a blogger can do on sites like that is limited by the proprietary software. The really professional bloggers have their own sites, and also hold pages on social networking sites. 

 

Writing occupations
Prophylaxis

Prophylaxis is a Greek word and concept. It means any action taken to guard or prevent beforehand. The corresponding adjective is prophylactic.

Two parts 
The concept of prophylaxis has two parts. First is forethought. A person has to realise the need first of all. Second is taking appropriate action.

Any failure of prophylaxis is a failure at either stage 1 or stage 2. Successful prophylaxis means one has anticipated and avoided some undesirable outcome.

Examples

Preventative medicine 
Prophylaxis is the central idea in preventative medicine. People usually think medical treatment helps sick people to get healthy. Prophylactic treatment is helpful in a different way. Primary prophylaxis tries to stop healthy people from getting sick. Secondary prophylaxis tries to stop people who are sick from getting worse.

Birth control 
Prophylaxis is also be used as a synonym for birth control. Condoms are prophylactic, because when used properly they can prevent pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases.

Related pages 
Health care
Prophylaxis (chess)
Vaccine

Medicine
Lemon

The lemon is a small tree (Citrus limon) that is green even in the winter. It came from Asia. 'Lemon' is also the name of the tree's oval-shaped yellow fruit. The fruit is used for cooking and other things in the world – usually for its juice. Lemons contain numerous phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenes, and tannins.

People do not know for sure where lemons have come from. However, most people think that lemons first grew in India, northern Burma, and China. The lemon is the common name for Citrus limon. A lemon is a yellow citrus fruit. It is related to the orange. Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, and has a pH of 2 to 3. Lemon plants vary in size yet stay generally small. The tallest height they can get is about 6 meters tall.

Lemons taste sour. The juice, zest, and pulp are often used in cooking, often on fish and other meat for better taste. Lemon is also used to flavor drinks, such as lemonade or soft drinks.

Related pages
Lime

References 

Citrus
Billy Bragg

Stephen William Bragg (born 20 December 1957), known as Billy Bragg, is an English singer and guitarist. He was born in Barking, Essex. He is famous for his mix of folk, punk, and protest music.

References

1957 births
British activists
British folk musicians
British socialists
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
Living people
Musicians from Essex
People from Barking
Singers from Essex
Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)

Budweiser is a popular American beer made by the Anheuser-Busch company.  It is made with hops, barley, and rice.  It is known as the "King of Beers".  It is brewed in St. Louis and other cities around the United States.  There are several different types of Budweiser beer, such as Bud Light.

The name is similar to a Czech beer of the same name, Budweiser Budvar. They are currently the official beer sponsor of Fantasy Premier League.

References

Other websites
Budweiser's Official website

Beer
Shia Islam

Shia Islam (, ) is the second largest branch of Islam. Shia Muslim believe that Prophet Muhammad under the command of God chose Ali as Caliph (or Successor) and publicly declared it during his last sermon after Hajj at Ghadir Khumm. Shi'a Muslims believe in the teachings of the Qu'ran and the Prophet Muhammad's family, whom they call the Ahl al-Bayt. The Shias think that the first three ruling Sunni Caliphs had no importance to the development of the faith. The singular/adjective form is Shī'ī  () and means a follower.

Shi'a Islam, like Sunni Islam, has at times been divided into many branches, however only three of these have a significant number of followers nowadays. The best known and the one with most adherents is Twelvers (Ithnā 'ashariyya), followed by the Ismaili and Zaidiyyah.

Other websites 
 Shia Code, the Shia Islamic Guide  
 List of Shi'a websites 
 Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project 
 Al-Shia Website

Shia Islam
1981 Brixton riot

The Brixton riot of 11 April 1981 was the biggest of three riots in Brixton, London, and the biggest riot in London.

Brixton before the riots
Brixton in south London was a very poor inner-city area with many problems — high unemployment, much crime, bad housing. Many black people, mostly of Caribbean origin, lived there. Many people there disliked the police.

The evening of April 10
The riot was unplanned. On the evening of the 10th, at around 5.15pm, a black boy with a knife wound was stopped by police. As he was brought to a police car by two policemen along Railton Road a large crowd attacked the police and the fight only ended when more policemen arrived; the youth was taken to hospital.

The night of April 10 and 11
Through the night of the 10th and on the 11th the police brought many officers into the area. Throughout the day crowds slowly got together. In early evening, as the police tried to make some arrests on Atlantic Road, the riots started: a few bricks were thrown and windows smashed. More police came and more things were thrown. The police retreated, leaving their cars to be burned. Other cars were burned and things were stolen from shops on Railton Road, Mayall Road, Leeson Road and Brixton Road before the police came back.

The police closed the Atlantic-Railton-Mayall area to the public, although many other streets had groups of rioting people as well. The rioters started throwing with bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails. Cars and buildings were burned and fire engines attacked as they tried to stop the flames.

The riot was at its peak at around 8pm, with two public houses, schools and other buildings burning. Two hours later the police had the area under some control, although the fire brigade returned at the next morning only. By 1am the area was largely under control, with no large crowds – except the police – on the streets. There were tries to start violence again on the 12th, but they were stopped by more than 1,000 police on the streets.

After the riots
The riot was followed by almost 300 police injuries and 65 bad civilian injuries; over 100 cars were burned, including 56 police cars; almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests.

Between 3 and 11 July of that year, there were more riots in England. There were riots in Handsworth, Southall, Toxteth, and Moss Side. There were also smaller pockets of unrest in Leeds, Leicester, Southampton, Halifax, Bedford, Gloucester, Coventry, Bristol, and Edinburgh.

Brixton riots in the media
The riots inspired the Eddy Grant song, "Electric Avenue." 
The Clash also made a song about Brixton, "The Guns of Brixton." This song came out before the riots of 1981 (The album was sold first in 1979), but it describes the general atmosphere in the area.

1981 crimes
1981 in the United Kingdom
1980s crimes in the United Kingdom
1980s fires
1980s in London
1980s riots
Arson
Attacks on buildings and structures in London
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1980s
April events
Building and structure fires in the United Kingdom
Fires in London
Riots in England
1980s disasters in the United Kingdom
Caudipteryx

Caudipteryx was a small feathered dinosaur. It was related to Oviraptor but looked more like Archaeopteryx. It was a relative of Protarchaeopteryx. It was found in China. It was a small insectivore, with long thin legs, less than a metre long. It had a fan of tail feathers and a fringe of feathers along the trailing edge of each arm. They are very like bird feathers, with a central stalk, and vanes on either side. Its arms were too short for it to fly.

References 

Oviraptorosauria
Feathered dinosaurs
Protarchaeopteryx

Protarchaeopteryx was a small feathered dinosaur from China. It was a bird-like predator with teeth. It looked like Archaeopteryx. It is one of the Chinese feathered dinosaurs.

Oviraptorosauria
Feathered dinosaurs
Pentaceratops

Pentaceratops was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. It was almost 11 meters in length and 4 meters tall. It was larger than Triceratops.

Ceratopsids
Greenwich Mean Time

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an internationally standardized time format. It is the main time zone in several countries, including the United Kingdom and Portugal. GMT has the same time as UTC, but there are differences between the two. Technically, GMT is a time zone, while UTC is a time standard.

GMT was established in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference, which met to establish a standardized system for measuring world longitude. They decided that the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England would be 0° longitude.This conference also decided that the time zone around the meridian, GMT, would be the time zone used for reference around the world. Other countries would define their time based on GMT.

UTC was defined in 1963 as the new world reference for time. The major advantage of the new standard was that its time was determined by highly accurate atomic clocks, not the sun at Greenwich. Other advantages of UTC are that calling the new standard Coordinated Universal Time avoids giving more importance to any one country, and that UTC does not adjust for Daylight Saving Time, which means the world always has a standard time.

References 

Time zones
Reciprocal

In mathematics, the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of a number is 1 divided by the number, or equivalently, the number raised to the power of -1 (as in  and ).  All numbers have a reciprocal except zero, since no number times 0 is 1. Two numbers are reciprocal of each other if and only if their product is 1. For example:

 2.5 and 0.4 are reciprocals, because 2.5 × 0.4 = 1.
 -0.2 and -5 are reciprocals, because -0.2 × -5 = 1.
 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals, because 1 × 1 = 1 and -1 × -1 = 1.

To find the reciprocal of a fraction, swap the numerator and the denominator. Whole numbers can be thought as having a denominator of 1. For example: 

 The reciprocal of 8 is 1/8 (or 0.125). 
 The reciprocal of 5/3 is 3/5 (or 0.6). 
 The reciprocal of 1/7 is 7. 
 The reciprocal of -9/4 is -4/9. 

Dividing a fraction is the same as multiplying its reciprocal and vice versa.

Related pages 

 Additive inverse
 Inverse function

References 

Arithmetics
Fractions (mathematics)
2006 in spaceflight



Launches
This is a list of spacecraft which were launched into space during the year 2006.

References

Encyclopedia Astronautica
Gunter's Space Page - Chronology of Space Launches
JAXA 
Jonathan's Space Report (SatCat.txt and Launchlog.txt)
NASA
Orbital Report News Agency's Launch Logs
SpaceFlightNow
Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive

2000s in spaceflight
2006
Dexter (TV series)

Dexter is an American television series that was shown on Showtime network. It is based on the book Darkly Dreaming Dexter written by Jeff Lindsay. The show tells a story about a serial killer, Dexter Morgan, who works as a forensics analyst for the police in Miami. The main actor of the show is Michael C. Hall.

Other websites 
 Dexter  French website
 
 Dexter  at the EPisodeWorld

2006 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American crime drama television series
Miami in fiction
Police television series
Television series set in Florida

English-language television programs
Back to the Future

Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction adventure movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd and Crispin Glover. It is the first movie for the Back to the Future trilogy.

Plot
In 1985, Doc Emmett Brown shows teenage Marty his new creation: a car which can travel through time. The heart of the time machine is  "the flux capacitor," invented by Dr. Brown. The time machine needs plutonium to provide the power for the flux capacitor. Marty uses the car to escape from Islamic terrorists and accidentally goes back to the year 1955. Marty seeks out and meets Dr. Brown in 1955. The time machine is out of plutonium, and there is no plutonium available for the time machine in 1955. By chance, Marty knows the time and place of a one-time natural event (lightning strike) that can provide the power to transport the time machine and Marty back to 1985.

The situation in 1955 is complicated when Marty meets his own parents as teenagers. When he helps his father, he accidentally changes the events that lead to his parents becoming a couple. Marty's teenage mother becomes interested in Marty instead of Marty's father, George. With the help of the Doc of 1955, Marty tries to undo the damage he has done, and make his mother fall in love with his father. If he can get his parents back together, he has very little time to get back to the car to use the lightning strike to take the time machine and him (Marty) back to the future (i.e. 1985).

Cast
 Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly
 Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
 Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines-McFly
 Crispin Glover as George McFly
 Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen
 Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker
 James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland
 Marc McClure as Dave McFly
 Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly

Related pages
 Back to the Future Part II
 Back to the Future Part III

Other websites
 

1985 comedy movies
1985 adventure movies
1985 science fiction movies
1980s teen comedy movies
Back to the Future movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri
Movies about time travel
Stargate

Stargate is a science fiction media franchise and may refer to:

 Stargate (movie), a 1994 science fiction movie directed by Roland Emmerich
Stargate SG-1, a science fiction television series based on the film
Stargate Atlantis, a spin off of Stargate SG-1
Stargate: The Ark of Truth, a 2008 science fiction film
Stargate: Continuum, a 2008 science fiction film
Stargate Universe, a spin off of Stargate SG-1
Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 in Danzig – September 21, 1860 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher.

He was influenced by Kant, Plato and eastern teachings, especially Buddhism and the Upanishads.

Beliefs
Schopenhauer believed that the primary characteristic, or essence of all things - including human beings - is not intelligence, rationality or spirit, but will. By "will" he means a wanting and craving like that which we know in ourselves as our "will." It is the source of immense amounts of suffering in the world. He also believed that a "better consciousness" could be attained by denying the fulfilment of our desires, taking time to think about who we really are and what we should do to avoid suffering - but also, in doing something few philosophers of his day spoke of: in making and looking at works of art, especially music, which he considered a way to escape from the world's pain and suffering.

Influence
Schopenhauer was a huge influence on Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, Leo Tolstoy, Carl Jung, Emil Cioran and many other important artists and thinkers of the 20th century.

Related pages
 Schopenhauer Society

Quotes 
 "Every man takes the limits of his vision for the limits of the world."
 "In general admittedly the Wise of all times have always said the same thing, and the fools, that is to say the vast majority of all times, have always done the opposite; and so it will remain in the future."
 "To marry is to halve your rights and double your duties."
 "The two foes of human happiness are pain and boredom."
 "Talent hits a target no-one else can hit; genius hits targets no-one else can see."

1788 births
1860 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
German atheists
People from former German territories
Writers from Gdańsk
2005 Cronulla riots

The 2005 Cronulla riots were a series of violent events between Lebanese and white Australian mobs. Riots started in and around Cronulla, a suburb on the beach in Sydney, Australia's biggest city. The violence was soon also in other suburbs around Sydney. The riots happened on 11, 12 and 14 December. Many people committed crimes there.

Several people were sent to prison for being involved in the riot.

References 

2005 crimes
2000s in Sydney
2000s riots
2000s crimes in Australia
December events
1992 Los Angeles riots

The 1992 Los Angeles riots, also called Rodney King uprising or Rodney King riots, started on April 29, 1992 when a jury set four white policemen free. The jury was mostly Caucasian. The policemen had beaten up African-American motorist Rodney King badly and filmed this, after he fled from police. Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mostly African American and Hispanic, rioted. In all, 63 people were killed in the riots.

References

1992 in the United States
1990s crimes in California
1992 riots
1990s murders in the United States
1990s riots
African-American history
April events
Arson

Looting
Mass murder in California
Mass murder in the United States
May events
Police misconduct in the United States
Riots in the United States