alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Yellow River

The Yellow River (Huáng Hé 黄河) is the second longest river in China (after Yangtze River) and the sixth longest in the world. The river is 5464 km long and it drains at the Bohai Sea, a gulf of the Yellow Sea. The river is often called the "Mother River of China" and "the Cradle of the Chinese civilization" in China. In Chinese mythology, the river is home to the deity Hebo.

References

Other websites 

 Yellow River delta Information at LSU
 Listen to the Yellow River Ballade from the Yellow River Cantata
 "A Troubled River Mirrors China’s Path to Modernity" New York Times November 19, 2006
 Illustrations of Guarding the Yellow River is an old book that shows how China protected the cities around the River from flooding.
 Illustrated Work on the Storage and Drainage Activities at the Lakes and Rivers of the Yellow River and the Grand Canal

Rivers of China
Battle

A battle is a fight between two or more groups where each group is trying to defeat (beat) the others.  Battles are most often fought during wars.  A small battle fought by only a small part of the armies is called a skirmish.  Series of battles are called military campaigns.  The ground on which a battle is fought is called a battlefield.

Battles can very important, for example the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, which was a draw in military terms, and the 1798 Battle of the Nile which the French lost, changed the history of  Europe and the world.

Land battles 
300 Spartans at Thermopylae: Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC
Siege of Carthage: 149146 BC
Battle of Hastings – 1066
Battle of Kosovo – 1389
Battle of Waterloo – 1815
The Battle of Trenton 1776 saved the American Revolutionary cause.
Battle of Gettysburg – 1863
Battle of Verdun – 1916
Battle of the Bulge – 1944
The firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9-10, 1945.
Battle of Inchon – 1950, Korean War
Tet Offensive – 1968, Vietnam War

Naval battles
Battle of Trafalgar – 1805
Battle of Midway – 1942

References
Device

Device could mean:
 A measuring instrument
 A machine or part of one
 A tool or part of one
 An information appliance, such as a cell phone
 Device implying computer hardware
 A peripheral device attached to a computer
 A display device (or graphics device), for visual or tactile presentation of images and/or text
 An electronic component
 A device file, in computing
 Device , Dutch ICT Company.
 A rhetorical device
 Device No.1, an album by Flint
 devices, a Los Angeles-based power-pop band from the late 1980s and early 1990s
 Heraldic device, part of a coat of arms
 de-VICE, an online magazine started in 2005 that dabbles with electronic music, movies, anime, travel, and subcultural asidesde-VICE #3 
 An attachment to a medal's ribbon denoting special service, participation in a battle, or additional awards. Examples include a service star and the oak leaf cluster.

Devise could also mean:
 To invent
 A disposition of real property in a will, like a bequest

Or see the placename Devizes
Edward IV of England

Edward IV (Although he is mostly known as Edward IV, he was actually the seventh King Edward. Therefore, he is sometimes known as Edward VII.) (28 April 1442 — 9 April 1483) was the King of England from 1461 until he was deposed in 1470 and again from 1471 where he was restored to the throne until his death in 1483. He was a main figure in the Wars of the Roses. The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars in England. They were fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian groups between 1455 and 1487. 

Edward became the leader of the House of York when his father, Richard, Duke of York died. He died at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. Edward and his forces beat the Lancastrian armies at Mortimer's Cross and Towton in early 1461. After this, he deposed King Henry VI and became King of England. In 1464, He married Elizabeth Woodville. This led to conflict with his chief advisor, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the "Kingmaker". Warwick wanted Edward to marry a princess from another country. In 1470, a revolt was led by Warwick and Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence. It briefly re-installed Henry VI as king. 

Edward fled to Flanders. In Flanders, he gathered support. His forces invaded England in March 1471. After winning the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, he became king again. Soon after this, Henry VI was found dead in the Tower of London. Edward ruled in relative peace for the next twelve years. He died suddenly in April 1483. He was succeeded by his son Edward V, but Edward IV's brother Richard III soon took the throne.

Popularity 
Edward was seen as a strong and popular king. He was also tall at . This was very tall for a man in the 15th century. His height, as a monarch, was only passed by Peter I of Russia who was  tall.

References

1442 births
1483 deaths
House of York
People from Rouen
15th century in England
Quetzalcoatlus

Quetzalcoatlus  was a huge pterosaur, the largest animal ever to fly. It had a 10 to 12 meters wing-span (33/40 feet), but was light in construction (~200 pounds). 

Quetzalcoatlus had an unusually long neck, and when it stood on the ground it was as tall as a giraffe. 

Its fossil record is from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, 70–65.5 million years ago. Quetzalcoatlus became extinct at the K/T extinction event.

Its discovery 
A college student found the first Quetzalcoatlus fossil in Big Bend National Park in Texas. His name was Douglas Lawson, from the University of Texas in Austin. When he was in the park, he saw a bone sticking out of a rock. Since the bone looked hollow, like the bone of a bird, he thought it was part of a flying creature – and he was right. With his professor's help, he kept digging until lots of bones from an arm and wing were found. The rest of the animal's body was missing. Many others have looked for the rest of that huge pterosaur, but it has never been found. Other fossils of Quetzalcoatlus have been found, but none are as big as the one Lawson found.

Flight 
Since Quetzalcoatlus was so large, two researchers suggested it was too heavy to fly. This would have been astonishing, because in the whole fossil record there is no flightless pterosaur. It has been thought their mobility on the ground was too poor for them to survive without flight. However, a recent discussion of this idea concluded they probably could fly after all. Another analysis suggested their flight was quite strong. Since we have only a few bones, the question of weight cannot be settled at present.

Lifestyle 
The feeding habits of Quetzalcoatlus (which had a long beak with no teeth) are unknown. This question, and its flight, are still being discussed. The lack of a more detailed skeleton is the main problem in reaching conclusions. Two theories have been proposed.

One idea is that it ate fish, by flying with its jaw in the water, and snapping up fish when it hit them. Texas was largely covered by the Western Interior Seaway at the time. "Of these proposed lifestyles, in-flight piscivory [fish-eating] appears to have gained the most acceptance, with skim-feeding being a frequently suggested foraging method.

The other theory is that it fed on land, partly as a carrion feeder, like vultures and buzzards, and foraged for small animals. This view is gaining ground, because the jaw does not show the adaptations for skimming found in modern birds who catch fish this way.

In flight, it was certainly a soarer, flying on up-currents of air in a warm environment, and its remains come from a site which was far inland in the Cretaceous.

Media 
Quetzalcoatlus was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America eating a dead Triceratops carcass.

References 

Pterosaurs
Mozilla (web browser)

Mozilla was a web browser that was made open source. It was developed by Mozilla Foundation. It was the base of Mozilla Firefox.

Other websites

 Mozilla's official website

Related pages

 Internet Explorer
 Google Chrome

Web browsers
Mozilla
Bagel

Bagels are a type of bread made with flour. They look like doughnuts, and they are leavened with yeast. They have a crisp, shiny crust and a dense inside. Bagels are glazed, and in a ring-shaped roll. They are different from doughnuts because they are boiled before baked. Bagels are sometimes called "the cement doughnuts". 
The bagel is regarded as a special kind of Jewish food. They are eaten usually for breakfast or a snack.

Bagels are made from the basic bread ingredients of flour, yeast, salt, and sweet kinds of spices. Flour gives the bread its chewy taste, which can be made more light by eggs, milk, and butter. They are the only bread product that is boiled before it is baked.

Serving 
Bagels are often toasted in a toaster and then paired with foods like cream cheese (a soft cheese that tastes a little sweet) and jam, or with butter. Bagels can also be used to make sandwiches, with meat (for example smoked salmon) and egg and cheese. Bagel sandwiches are usually eaten for breakfast or lunch.

History 
Bagels were formally an obscure ethnic treat found only in the city's Jewish neighourhoods. Bagels were first sold in grocery stores in the 1950s. Frozen bagels were first introduced in 1960.

When Polish Jews went away to America, they brought the beugel with them. The first beugel bakeries were founded in New York City in the 1920s. Later the name was changed and called a bagel. Bagels have been used as a symbol of the continuous cycle of life—without beginning and without end.

In the East End of London, the bagel is known as a beigel, and poplar in many of the areas where many Jewish immigrants first arrived in London in the 19th century, such as Whitechapel and Spitalfields, and Brick Lane in particular, home to the Beigel Bake.

References 

Breads
Breakfast foods
Doughnut

A doughnut (spelled donut in various marketing sectors) is a type of deep fried dessert food made out of dough or batter.

How they are made

Round ringed doughnuts are made by joining the ends of a long, thin piece of dough into a ring or by using a doughnut cutter, which perfectly cuts the outside and inside shape, leaving a doughnut-shaped piece of dough and a doughnut hole from dough removed from the center. This smaller piece of dough can be cooked or re-added to the batch to make more doughnuts. A disk-shaped doughnut can also be stretched and molded into a torus until the center breaks to form a hole. Or, a doughnut depositor can be used to place a circle of liquid dough (batter) into the deep fryer. Doughnuts can be made from a yeast-based dough for more puffy doughnuts or a special type of cake batter. Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25% oil by weight, whereas cake doughnuts' oil content is around 20%, but they have extra fat in the batter before frying. Cake doughnuts are fried for about 90 seconds at about 190 °C to 198 °C, turning once. Yeast-raised doughnuts absorb more oil because they take longer to fry, about 150 seconds, at 182 °C to 190 °C. Cake doughnuts normally weigh between 24 g and 28 g, whereas yeast-raised doughnuts normally are 38 g and are mostly larger when finished. Some types of cake doughnuts are also baked,  as opposed to fried, which greatly reduces the fat content.

Types

The two most common types of doughnut are ring doughnuts, which are shaped like rings, and filled doughnuts, which are round and have jam, jelly, custard, whipped cream, or chocolate inside them. There are also "doughnut holes" or "munchkins" which come in the shape of small balls. Most doughnuts have an icing (also called a "frosting") made with icing sugar, water, and flavourings (such as chocolate). Some doughnuts are rolled in sweet foods such as sugar or shredded coconut.

Serving
Doughnuts are often eaten in the morning, along with a cup of hot coffee. Doughnuts are sold at doughnut shops, bakeries, or grocery stores. People also eat doughnuts as a dessert, or as a snack.

Pictures

Related pages

Pastry
Cake
Dough

References

Cakes
Breakfast foods
Sweet breads
Goal

Goal can mean more than one thing. These meanings are listed below:
Goal (sport), the result of a score (it is like getting a point). It can also be the actual thing the player aims at to make a score, e.g. a goalpost in football.
 A goal can be a task.
 Game Oriented Assembly Lisp
1936 Summer Olympics

The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, were held in Berlin, Germany. 

The games were thought to be successful. The costs of the games was mostly paid for by the German government.

Participating nations 
A total of 49 nations sent athletes to compete at the Berlin games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Olympic football tournament 1936 (Austria)
 Jesse Owens

References

Other websites

 IOC page for the 1936 Summer Olympics

1936 Summer Olympics
Guanajuato City

Guanajuato is a Mexican city. It is one of Mexico's safest cities. Guanajuato is the capital of Guanajuato state.

Capital cities in Mexico
Guanajuato (state)
Bathurst, New South Wales

Bathurst is a city in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is about 200km west of Sydney. Bathurst has a campus of Charles Sturt University and a cathedral.

Bathurst is famous for Mount Panorama racetrack. Every year the Bathurst 1000 motor race happens over Easter. The race is a 1000 km event. The racetrack is 6.213km. It usually takes drivers about 7 hours to complete the race.

References 

Cities in New South Wales
List of Pacific typhoon seasons

The following is a list of Pacific typhoon seasons. Unlike Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons, they run for the whole year, starting on January 1 and ending on December 31. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the western half of the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator.

1900s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959

1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979

1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

2020
2021
2022

Related articles
List of Pacific hurricane seasons
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

Pacific typhoon seasons
Pacific typhoon seasons
Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century. 

At its peak, the empire was one of the largest in both Islamic and African history. The Songhai people were the ruling elite in the empire. Gao was the capital of the empire. Other important cities in the empire were Timbuktu and Djenné, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively. Trade flourished in those towns. 

Initially, the empire was ruled by the Sonni dynasty (c. 1464–1493), but it was later replaced and then ruled by the Askiya dynasty (1493–1591). After, the death of Sonni Ali and Askia Mohammed the empire was ruled by weak leaders and the Moroccans weakened and destroyed the empire.

Former empires
Former monarchies of Africa
SeaMonkey

SeaMonkey is a free and open source Internet application suite, which uses the Gecko rendering engine.  It works on many operating systems.  It is very useful, and includes an e-mail client, a calendar, a HTML editor, an IRC client, and a web browser. It is made by the SeaMonkey Council, formerly by Mozilla Foundation.

History 
On March 10, 2005 the Mozilla Foundation said that they will not develop the Mozilla Application suite, including the Netscape web browser, because Firefox and Thunderbird were more popular. The SeaMonkey Council renamed the project SeaMonkey and continued its development. The newest version of its main release version is 2.53.17.1.

Features 
The web browser of SeaMonkey contains a lot of features used in new web browsers like tabbed browsing, pop-up blocking, e-mail, newsgroups, web editing software, spell checking, and an address book.

Optionally included in the SeaMonkey suite is an IRC chat application.

Related pages
List of IRC clients

Other websites 
 Seamokey project site
 SeaMonkey Wiki
 SeaMonkey Download

IRC clients
Web browsers
Mozilla
Proceratosaurus

Proceratosaurus was a small dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic, about 165 million years ago. It was found in Gloucestershire, England, in 1910. It was a  carnivorous theropod.

Proceratosaurus was first believed to be an early ancestor of Ceratosaurus, but it was actually an ancestor of the coelurosaurs. Thus, it was an early ancestor of Tyrannosaurus and its relatives in the Upper Cretaceous.

The animal in life was about 3m long and weighed up to 60kg.

References 

Coelurosaurs
The Vision of Escaflowne

The Vision of Escaflowne is a Japanese anime television show that aired in Japan on April 2, 1996. It is called Tenkuu no Escaflowne in Japanese which means Escaflowne of the Heavens. It was made by Sunrise and directed by Kazuki Akane. Escaflowne has 26 episodes.

Escaflowne has two mangas based on it, a videogame that was made for Playstation, and a movie.

Characters 
Kanzaki Hitomi
Van Fanel
Allen Schezar
Dilandou Albatou
Folken Fanel
Merle
Dornkirk
Balgus
Millerna Sarah Aston
Dryden Fassa
Naria
Eriya
Jajuka
Susumu Amano
Uchida Yukari

Countries and Places
Gaea
Earth (Mystic Moon)
Fanelia
Asturia
Zaibach
Freid
Atlantis

Episode List 
Episode 1 Faiteful Confession

Episode 2 The Girl From the Mystic Moon

Episode 3 A Gallant Swordsman
 
Episode 4 The Diabolical Adonis

Episode 5 Seal of the Brothers

Episode 6 City of Intrigue

Episode 7 Unexpected Partings

Episode 8 The Day the Angel Flew

Episode 9 Memories of a Feather

Episode 10 The Blue Eyed Prince

Episode 11 Prophecy of Death

Episode 12 The Secret Door

Episode 13 Red Destiny

Episode 14 Dangerous Wounds

Episode 15 Paradise Lost

Episode 16 The Guided Ones

Episode 17 The Edge of the World

Episode 18 Gravity of Destiny

Episode 19 Operation: Golden Rule of Love

Episode 20 False Vows

Episode 21 Reaction of Fortune

Episode 22 The Black Winged Angel

Episode 23 Storm Premonition

Episode 24 Fateful Decision

Episode 25 The Zone of Absolute Fortune

Episode 26 Eternal Love

References

Anime
Fusion

Fusion means to merge or combine. It could also mean:

Nuclear fusion, in physics
Fusion power, energy generated by nuclear fusion reactions
Fusion (student movement), Christian charity that serves students
Electoral fusion, in politics fusion refers to two parties with the same candidate
Fusion (music), especially Jazz fusion
Fusion (album), in 2018 by the Nepali singer Prakash Neupane
Fusion cuisine, combines elements of various traditions of cooking
A type of car
Ford Fusion (Americas)
Ford Fusion (Europe)
Fir

Firs (Abies) are about 45-55 species of evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae. Fir trees can reach heights of 10–80 m tall and trunk diameters of 0.5–4 m when mature. The difference between firs and other members of the pine family is that their needle-like leaves are attached to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup, and by erect, cylindrical female cones 5–25 cm long that release the winged seeds. The male cones are normally much smaller and spread through the tree so that the wind can help pollinate the female cones.

Like all members of the pine family, these trees have a sticky sap called resin.

Fir wood is not good to use in buildings because it is not very resistant to insects and decay. It is usually cut or squeezed into thin sheets or pieces and made into plywood or chipboard for indoor or temporary outdoor use. However, fir trees are used widely in gardening. They can be used as shelter trees to protect other plants from wind or grown alone as decorative trees.

References

Conifers
Conifer cone

A confier cone (or pine cone) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. It is the part of a tree that lets the tree reproduce. Its formal name in botany is strobilus, plural strobili.

The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which produces seeds. The male cones, which produce pollen, are usually smaller and much less conspicuous even at full maturity. The individual plates of a cone are known as scales.

The male cone (microstrobilus or pollen cone) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly in scale arrangement) from species to species. Extending out from a central axis are microsporophylls (modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or several microsporangia (pollen sacs).

Conifer cones and their seeds have been used for lots of different purposes. They are often used for decorations. Some seeds, for example, the seeds of pinyon pines, are used in prepared foods and baking. 

Most mature cones are closed when wet and open when dry. In a few species, it takes fire to open the cones.

References 

Conifers
Spike Spiegel

Spike Spiegel is the main character from the manga and anime  Cowboy Bebop. 

Spiegel is a bounty hunter and he pilots the spaceship Bebop. He is smokes cigarettes and was born on Mars. His main rival is Vicious, a former partner of Spiegel's in the Red Dragon Syndicate.

In his former life, Spiegel was a member of the triad Red Dragon Syndicate. During his time with them, he fell in love with Julia, Vicious's girlfriend and they tried to leave together. Spiegel ended up faking his own death to escape with her but she went into hiding instead. During the finale, Spike reunites with Julia but she is killed by the Red Dragon Syndicate. Spike faces them and Vicious at their headquarters. Spike fights his way to the top and shoots Vicious before collapsing from gunshot wounds. When asked, Cowboy Bebop director Shinichirō Watanabe said that he can't say if Spike actually died or not.

Spike was voiced by Kōichi Yamadera in Japanese and by Steve Blum in English. John Cho played Spike in the Netflix live-action version.

Spike has been well liked by critics with IGN putting him on their Top 25 Greatest Anime List, ranking him #4 in 2009 and #2 in 2014. Animage named him Best Male Character at their Anime Grand Prix in both 1998 and 1999.

References

Anime characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Punch and Judy

Punch and Judy is a very popular puppet show in Britain. It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported. The characters are all glove puppets. The story is told by a man who calls himself “The Professor”. He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.

Characters
Punch wears a jester's motley. He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!". He speaks in a funny way called a swazzle. There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages. The simple kind of humour used is called “slapstick”.

History
The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte. This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories (“stock characters”). The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called Punchinello in English. Punch's wife was originally "Joan".

May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.
 
The British show developed into "Punch and Judy". In other countries the stories developed differently.  In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called Jan Klaassen and Judy is Katrijn; in Denmark Mester Jackel; in Italy Pulcinella (with Teresina as the female part); in Russia Petruschka; in Romania Vasilache; and in France Polichinelle.

In 1827, The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy became the first published Punch and Judy script. In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

References

Comedy

Traditions
Puppets
Boomerang (TV network)

Boomerang is the name of the 2nd television network owned by Cartoon Network. Boomerang was one of the two actual spin-offs of Cartoon Network and Adult Swim showing classic animated cartoons and animated television series from the Hanna-Barbera archives. Cartoon Network showing CN originals and modern cartoons, and Adult Swim showing adult cartoons for teens and adults.

Formerly a segment of programming within the Cartoon Network, the channel was launched at the end of the 20th century and introduced to satellite on April 1, 2000. When it launched back on April 1, 2000 there were bumpers telling you what was coming up next. The current Boomerang coming up next, idents, promos, blocks, and bumpers were used from (April 1, 2000-present)

Programming 
 Ben 10 (2005-2006; 2011 – present)
 Courage the Cowardly Dog (2009 – 2016)
 Dexter's Laboratory (2000 – present)
 The Flintstones (April 21, 2000 – May 21, 2015 after the new episode of Steven Universe)
 Felix The Cat (2001-April 9, 2017)
 Garfield and Friends (2006 - present)
 The Garfield Show (2013 - present)
 Codename: Kids Next Door (2016-present)
 Looney Tunes (2000 – 2001; 2002-present)
 Baby Looney Tunes (2010-present)
 Bugs Bunny Builders (2023-present)
 Peanuts (April 1, 2000–present)
 Sonic Boom (2015-present)
 Chop Socky Chooks (2012-present)
 The Powerpuff Girls (2010–present)
 Ed, Edd n Eddy (2010-present)
 Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (April 1, 2000–present)
 The Smurfs (April 1, 2000–present)
 Tom and Jerry (April 1, 2000–present)
 The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (shown on Tom and Jerry)
 Tom and Jerry Tales (2010-present)
 The Tom and Jerry Show (2015-present)
 Tom and Jerry in New York (2023-present)
 Wacky Races (April 21, 2000–present)
 Care Bears: Unlock The Magic (2019-present)
 The Cuphead Show! (2022-present)
 Prism Dreamers (2023-present, first true original series for the channel)
 Willow The Rescue Fox (2023-present)
 Odyssey Saga (2023-present)
 Camp Lazlo (2013-present)
 Puffin Rock (2023-present)
 Snorks (April 1, 2000-present)
 Jonny Quest (April 1, 2000-present)
 Cartoon Cartoons (Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo, What a Cartoon!, and 2 Stupid Dogs) (2009-present)
 Popeye (2000-present)
 Josie and the Pussycats (2000-present)
 Blocks: Boomerang-A-Long (2000-present)
 Boomerang Theater (2000-present)
 Wedgies (2008-present)
 Boomerang Zoo (2000-present)
 Infomercials (2000-present)
 Boomerloyalty (2008-present)
 Boomeraction (2000-present)

Gallery

Other websites 
 Official website 
 BoomerangTV.co.uk - Official UK website
 BoomerangTV.de - Official DE website

Cartoon Network
American television networks
2000 establishments in the United States
Boomerang

A boomerang is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower. In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.

Despite being an Australian icon, ancient boomerangs have also been discovered elsewhere in Africa, the Americas, and Eurasia.

History
Most people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting. But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20,000 (twenty thousand) years old. This kind of boomerang does not return to the thrower, but it can fly longer distances and more stably than other things which can be thrown. These days (returning) boomerangs are usually used for recreation.

Technical aspects
Most of the boomerangs do not have the classical "L"-shape. The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly. However, some boomerangs do not return because their wings do not have the right profile. Most of the boomerangs are made for right-handed use. Left-handed people have to use other boomerangs that are mirror-inverted, or have to throw with their right hand.

Throwing instructions
A boomerang is not thrown like a frisbee. It has to be thrown almost vertically, with an inclination of about 10–20 degrees and with a lot of rotation (spin). When facing the wind, throw with an angle of 30–45 degrees to the right (left-handed: to the left) of the wind. Be sure to choose a field that is big enough. Watch out for passers-by, and do not throw when people are standing in the range of the boomerang. See also the link provided in the section below.

Clubs
There are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world. These clubs organise workshops and tournaments. The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America. A few years ago, the International Federation of Boomerang Associations (IFBA) was founded to help to spread knowledge about boomerangs.

Other websites
Illustrated throwing instructions 
International Federation of Boomerang Associations
United States Boomerang Association
British Boomerang Society 

Tools
Weapons
Indigenous Australian culture
Niflheim

Niflheim is the world of frost and cold of Norse Mythology. Frost Giants live there. The river Hvergelmir also is there. Yggdrasil has one of its roots in the spring of the river. The serpent Nidhogg gnaws at this root.

Niflheim is ruled by the Giantess Angrboda.

Places in Norse mythology
Baldur

Baldr (also Balder, Baldur or Baldor) is the god of light and radiance, peace and forgiveness in Norse mythology. A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and Frigg, and twin brother to the blind god of darkness, Höðr. His wife is called Nanna, with whom he had a son named Forseti, god of justice. Prior to his death, Baldr possessed a ship called Hringhorni, said to be the largest ship ever built. His hall is called Breidablik. 
Based on the Merseburg charms, his Germanic name may have been Phol.  

Baldr once had a nightmare that he would be killed. His mother, Frigg, made all the things across the Nine Realms vow not to hurt him. The mistletoe did not vow, however, as Frigg considered it to be so unimportant that she thought nothing of it. Loki found out that the mistletoe had not vowed, and thus made a spear out of the dreaded plant, and tricked Höðr into throwing it at Baldr. Beings from all across the Nine Realms will come to attend his funeral, and Baldr's wife Nanna soon dies of grief. Loki is soon caught and sentenced to punishment; he is bound by the entrails of one of his sons, to face torture as the venom of a massive serpent drips from its fangs onto Loki's eyes. This causes him unimaginable pain, writhing in agony. (The goddess Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent above him). His wife Sigyn is stationed nearby, collecting the drips of venom into a bowl. When the bowl is full, she leaves to empty it, and when she does, the venom drips onto the trickster and gradually eats away at his flesh. Loki's escape from this predicament is the catalyst of Ragnarök, as upon his being freed, he will lead the forces of Jötunheimr and Svartálfheimr in a final assault against the gods. 

During Ragnarök, the veils/barriers between the realms will be broken, so Baldr will be able to escape from Helheimr. After the death of Odin at the fangs of the monstrous wolf Fenrir, Baldr and Höðr came back to life, meeting with the other survivors in the fields of Iðavöllr (Old Norse: Iðavǫllr - "splendour-plain"), where Asgard once lay. There, they shall rule in place of their father.

Other websites

Norse gods and goddesses
Cell (disambiguation)

A cell can mean:

 The cell, the basic structure of a biological organism
 Prison cell, a room in a prison or jail where people are kept.
 Cell (novel), a novel by Stephen King.
 Battery
 Mobile phone
Ornithomimus

Ornithomimus was a lightly built fast-running North American feathered dinosaur. 

Ornithomimus had three toes on each foot, long arms and  neck, but a small head. It also had claws on each hand and foot. It had no teeth and weak jaws, which might mean it was omnivorous.

Ornithomimus edmonticus was the largest species, 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150 kg. It walked on two legs and looked slightly like an ostrich, except for its long tail. 

There has been trouble with naming. Some speciments are put in other genera, like Dromiceiomimus and Struthiomimus.

Feathers 
In 1995, 2008 and 2009, three O. edmontonicus specimens with evidence of feathers were found. Two adults had quill knobs on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of bird-like feather shafts. A juvenile had impressions of long fluffy feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck. 

The feather imprints were found in sandstone, previously thought to not be able to support such impressions.

References

Other websites 
 Ornithomimus in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia  at Dino Russ' Lair

Coelurosaurs
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
Abide with Me

"Abide with Me" is a religious song or hymn. It was written by Henry Lyte in 1847, and is typically associated with funerals and solemn events of remembrance. The song is sung at the start of the FA Cup finals.

Lyrics 
Abide with me; fast falls the eventide;
The darkness deepens; Lord with me abide.
When other helpers fail and comforts flee,
Help of the helpless, O abide with me.

Swift to its close ebbs out life’s little day;
Earth’s joys grow dim; its glories pass away;
Change and decay in all around I see;
O Thou who changest not, abide with me.

Not a brief glance I beg, a passing word;
But as Thou dwell’st with Thy disciples, Lord,
Familiar, condescending, patient, free.
Come not to sojourn, but abide with me.

Come not in terrors, as the King of kings,
But kind and good, with healing in Thy wings,
Tears for all woes, a heart for every plea—
Come, Friend of sinners, and thus bide with me.

Thou on my head in early youth didst smile;
And, though rebellious and perverse meanwhile,
Thou hast not left me, oft as I left Thee,
On to the close, O Lord, abide with me.

I need Thy presence every passing hour.
What but Thy grace can foil the tempter’s power?
Who, like Thyself, my guide and stay can be?
Through cloud and sunshine, Lord, abide with me.

I fear no foe, with Thee at hand to bless;
Ills have no weight, and tears no bitterness.
Where is death’s sting? Where, grave, thy victory?
I triumph still, if Thou abide with me.

Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes;
Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies.
Heaven’s morning breaks, and earth’s vain shadows flee;
In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me.

Other websites 
The Cyber Hymnal™  (lyrics, MIDI, sheet music, pictures & history)

Christian hymns
1840s songs
Ash tree

Ash trees are medium to large trees of the genus Fraxinus of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like). The family contains between 45 and 65 species. Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous. They grow in most parts of the world. The seeds are commonly known as keys in English. They are a type of fruit known as a samara. Most of the ash species have light-green, oval shaped, pinnate leaves. The central stem of the compound leaf has 9 – 13 leaflets (small leaves) in pairs, with one at the tip. There are no stalks to the side leaflets. The leaflets are pointed and toothed, with hairs on the lower surface. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and are amongst the first to be shed in autumn.

The buds are black, sooty or velvety in appearance and are sometimes compared to a Bishop’s Mitre in shape.

Ash wood is used to make various tools, handles, baseball and softball bats and bows. It also makes very good firewood. Ash trees are also perfect material for old fashion shafts for bow and arrows.

In Norse Mythology, the world tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree. The first man, Askr, was formed from an ash. The first woman was made from an alder.

Threats

The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is a wood-boring beetle. It was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia by solid wood packing material in the late 1980s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. Research is being done with three Asian wasps which are natural predators of the beetle biological control.

The European ash, Fraxinus excelsior, has been affected by the fungus  which causes "ash dieback". The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. In October 2012 ash dieback was found in mature woodland in Suffolk. In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe.

References 

Trees
Oleaceae
Ash Wednesday

Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in the Western Christian calendar. It occurs 46 days before Easter. The date is different each year because the date of Easter varies. It can fall as early as February 4 and as late as March 10. 

Those able to and willing to should fast voluntarily between Ash Wednesday and Easter. There are exceptions, though. Pregnant women, sick people, children, and the old usually don't have to. 

Ash Wednesday is a very important part of Lent.

Dates
The dates of Ash Wednesday are:

Related pages
 Advent
 Carnival
 Lent
 Easter
 Pentecost
 Trinity Sunday

Christian holidays
Valkyrie

The Valkyries (Old Norse: Valkyrjur, singular valkyrja - “choosers of the slain”) are female figures in Norse mythology; they are a group of female warriors of Odin who do not get married.

Profile
Alternatively the Valkyries are servants to Freya.  She negotiated with One Eye that her shield maidens would sort the honourable dead on the battlefield. Freya had first choice of half the slain to come to Sessrumnir, the other half were to be delivered to One Eye at Valhall. 

Freya had fierce and respected warriors, they are responsible for choosing who live and die in battle, singling out those worthy of paradise. In the aftermath of battle, the Valkyries carry those whom they have chosen off to Valhalla, an enormous and majestic hall that lies in Asgard. Once there, these eïnherjar, as they are now called, are shared between Odin and Freyja, with half of them going to Valhalla and the other to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. In Valhalla, the eïnherjar feast and make revelry, as they are served and cared for by the Valkyries themselves. 

The old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode giant wolves, and that they had black wings which correspond to ravens; these two creatures both scavenge corpses on the battlefield symbolizing death and destruction. With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a  Romantic description of a beautiful woman.

Operas
Richard Wagner composed some operas featuring Valkyries (German: Walküren, singular: Walküre). These operas are Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. They feature a story of a Valkyrie Brünnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried.  The music for the opening of Act Three of Die Walküre is very famous. It is called the Ride of the Valkyries.

Related pages

Nibelungenlied
Der Ring des Nibelungen

Norse mythology
Zosterops

Zosterops is a type of bird. There are many different species of Zosterops around the world.

Other websites 

Passeri
Dimorphodon

Dimorphodon was a prehistoric flying pterosaur from the early Jurassic period. It had a big head, a small brain, a tall beak, and two types of teeth. Variation in teeth is rare in pterosaurs. 

Like Rhamphorhynchus, Dimorphodon is only found in Jurassic strata. It was the first pterosaur found in England, by Mary Anning, in 1828.

Most of the known specimens were found in the Jurassic chalk of the south coast of England in the 19th century. Another species of Dimorphodon has been found in La Boca Formation in Tamaulipas, Mexico, from the Lower Jurassic.

References 

Pterosaurs
Cryolophosaurus

Cryolophosaurus is a theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period. It is the only theropod to be found in Antarctica. Cryolophosaurus was discovered in the Jurassic Hanson Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains. The find of this dinosaur was significant because it proves that the dinosaurs lived on all  continents and that high latitude climates were tolerated by dinosaurs at that time.

Cryolophosaurus is also significant because it is the oldest known tetanuran from any continent: it is the only one from the early Jurassic.

Cryolophosaurus had a large crest on the top of the skull, above the eyes. It extends upwards from the skull.

Cryolophosaurus was found about  from the South Pole but then it was about  or so farther north. Also found were the remains of Glacialisaurus (a large basal sauropodomorph), a crow-sized pterosaur, synapsids, and another unknown theropod. There are also the remains of many plant genera around the same age as fossils of Cryolophosaurus, proving that dense plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward.

References 

Tetanurans
Coloborhynchus

Coloborhynchus was a pterosaur. It has been found in Lower Cretaceous rocks in England and Brazil. It is a similar genus to Anhanguera and Ornithocheirus.

The type specimen of Coloborhynchus is known only from a partial upper jaw. It can only be distinguished from its relatives by its unique combination of tooth socket positions. In Coloborhynchus, the two front teeth pointed forward and were higher on the jaw than the other teeth, while the next three pairs of teeth pointed to the sides. The final two pairs of teeth in this specimen point downward. Finally, a unique oval depression was located below the first pair of teeth.

The possible species Coloborhynchus capito is the largest toothed pterosaur known. A specimen from the Cambridge Greensand has a very large upper jaw tip which displays the typical teeth which distinguish C. capito from other species. The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm tall and 5.6 cm wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm in base diameter. If the proportions of this specimen was the same as other known species of Coloborhycnhus, the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm, leading to an estimated wingspan of .

References 

Pterosaurs
Alder

Alder is the common name for about 30 kinds of trees and shrubs of the Alnus genus. They are a part of the birch family (Betulaceae). Most of them are smaller in size. Leaves are mostly deciduous, only very few alders are evergreen.

Alder trees are found in all parts of the northern hemisphere and they are often found on poor and/or wet soil. Alders have alternate simple leaves with a toothed edge. The male flowers are in the form of hanging catkins and the female flowers are much smaller catkin-like structures (see image). The pollen is transferred from the male to the female flower by the wind. The female flower parts develop into little, green, rounded cone-like fruits which turn brown in autumn and open to release the seeds. 

The best known species are the Black Alder, which can be seen throughout Europe. The largest is probably the Red Alder, native to North America. It reaches about 32–35 metres in height. The widespread Green Alder is a shrub, rarely more than 5m high. The commonest alder in the UK is the Black Alder, also called the Common Alder or European Alder.  

Alder is a preferred tree for bees, especially in spring. It is also used to make charcoal. 

Trees
Betulaceae
Futabasaurus

Futabasaurus was a plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. A complete skeleton of one has not been found. It is not known very well. 

Futabasaurus is the first elasmosaurid found in Japan. The type species is F. suzukii.  Many of the bones of the type specimen show apparent scavenging or predation by sharks.

References 

Plesiosaurs
Ovum

An ovum (Latin: "egg", plural: ova) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell, or gamete. Both animals and land plants (embryophytes) produce ova.

Mammals

Humans

Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries. At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called oogenesis. 

When the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mother's placenta.

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.

Other mammals 
The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during the 'heat' part of their estrous cycle when eggs are released from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.

Plants 
In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.

In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.

Gallery

Related pages
 Cleidoic egg
 Egg (biology)
 Fertilisation
 Pollination
 Sperm
 Zygote

References

Other websites 
 The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database  Describing the genes involved in making eggs

Biological reproduction
Female reproductive system
Ovule

Ovules produce the female reproductive cells which get fertilized during sexual reproduction in seed plants. The word literally means "small egg."

The megagametophyte (also called the embryo sac in flowering plants) is inside the ovule. The megagametophyte produces the egg cell.

References

Plant anatomy
Botany
Flowers
Valhalla

In Norse mythology, Valhalla (Old Norse: Valhöll - “hall of the slain”) is an enormous and majestic hall in Asgard, headed by Odin. Described as a "warrior's paradise," it is here that the souls of those who are slain in battle go, chosen and guided by the Valkyries, a group of warrior maidens in service to Odin. Once they are there, these eïnherjar, as they are known, make revelry, as they feast on the beast known as Sæhrímnir, having their fill of mead made from the udders of the female goat Heiðrún. The feast is prepared by Andhrímnir (Old Norse: “the one exposed to soot”), the cook of the gods, in his cauldron, Eldhrímnir (Old Norse: “fire-sooty”). Outside of Valhalla’s doors lies Glasir (Old Norse: “gleaming”), a massive tree that grows golden leaves, while its ceiling is adorned with golden shields. The tree Læraðr stands atop the great hall, where both Heiðrún and the stag Eikþyrnir (Old Norse: “oak-thorny”) graze its foliage. During Ragnarök, the eïnherjar will aid Odin in his battle against Surtr and his forces.  

Places in Norse mythology
Afterlife
Horn (anatomy)

Horns are part of the body of some animals. They grow on the animal's head. They are projections (things that stick out) made of hard skin. The horn has a lot of keratin in it, the same protein that is in human hair and nails. 

Normally horned animals will have two horns, but the rhinoceros has just one horn in the middle of its head.

Animals often use their horns for fighting one another.

Thousands of years ago people used the horns of dead animals for musical instruments (see horn (postal horn)). In later times, they were used for carrying gunpowder.

Related pages
Antlers, structures similar to horns

Animal anatomy
Mead

Mead is a fermented alcoholic drink. It is made from honey. Its history may be as old as that of beer. It is made by mixing honey, water, and yeast.  Some kinds of mead also include spices or fruit. Mead is sometimes called "honey wine".

Archaeologists discovered that people made mead 9,000 years ago.  Mead was described in the Rigveda, which is a Hindu religious text. Mead is popular in Central Europe and the Balkans. Mead is also made in Ethiopia and South Africa.

Fermented drinks