alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Geranium maculatum

Geranium maculatum, the wild geranium, spotted geranium, or wood geranium, is a perennial plant native to woodland in eastern North America, from southern Manitoba and southwestern Quebec south to Alabama and Georgia and west to Oklahoma and South Dakota.

Names
It is known as spotted cranesbill or wild cranesbill in Europe, but the wood cranesbill is another plant, the related G. sylvaticum (a European native called "woodland geranium" in North America). Colloquial names are alum root, alum bloom and old maid's nightcap.

Distribution
It grows in dry to moist woods and is normally abundant when found.

Description

It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to  tall, producing upright, usually unbranched stems and flowers in spring to early summer. The leaves are palmately lobed with five or seven deeply cut lobes,  broad, with a petiole up to  long arising from the rootstock. They are deeply parted into three or five divisions, each of which is again cleft and toothed.

The flowers are  in diameter, with five rose-purple, pale or violet-purple (rarely white) petals and ten stamens. In the Northern Hemisphere, they appear from April to June (precise dates depend on the latitude). They are grouped in loose corymbs or umbels of two to five at the top of the flower stems.

The fruit capsule, which springs open when ripe, consists of five cells each containing one seed joined to a long beak-like column  long (resembling  a crane's bill) produced from the center of the old flower. 

The rhizome is long, and  thick, with numerous branches. It is covered with scars, showing the remains of stems of previous years' growth. When dry it has a somewhat purplish color internally.

Cultivation

The plant is well-known in cultivation, and numerous cultivars have been developed. The cultivar 'Elizabeth Ann' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Other uses
The plant has been used in herbal medicine, and is also grown as a garden plant. Wild geranium is considered an astringent, a substance that causes contraction of the tissues and stops bleeding. The Mesquakie Indians brewed a root tea for toothache and for painful nerves and mashed the roots for treating hemorrhoids.

References

maculatum
Flora of Northern America
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
PZL M-20 Mewa

The PZL-Mielec M-20 Mewa (Polish: Gull) is a licence-built version of the Piper PA-34 Seneca II manufactured in Poland by WSK PZL Mielec in a limited series from the 1980s.

Development
A licence to build the PA-34-200T was purchased in 1978, when WSK-Mielec started to co-operate with Western manufacturers. The Polish aircraft were to be fitted with  PZL-Franklin F6A-350 engines. The first Mewa, partly assembled from US-delivered parts, flew on 25 July 1979. However, the Polish communist authorities were reluctant to produce civil aircraft of this class as there was no civil aircraft free market in Poland at that time. As a result, the second prototype, built in Poland, was not flown until 1982 and the third M-20 02, being the basis for serial production, on10 October 10, 1985. In 1988, an air ambulance version M-20 03 was developed, with Teledyne Continental TSIO/LTSIO-360-KB engines.

After 1990 production of the Mewa commenced for the civilian market. Despite the fact that it won the Teraz Polska award in 1993, interest was very limited and only 33 had been built by the end of 1998.

In April 2015, Aero AT (Jiangsu) Aviation Industrial bought the intellectual property for the M-20 Mewa from U.S.-based Sikorsky Aircraft's subsidiary PZL Mielec in Poland. Poland-based Aero AT Ltd., Jiangsu Aero AT Aviation Technologies and Changzhou National Hi-Tech District entered into an investment agreement on 30 October 2015. The plan being for Jiangsu Aero to assemble the M-20 Mewa in China at the Changzhou Konggang Industrial Park. The first Chinese produced M-20 Mewa was expected to roll off the production line at the facility in 2017, followed by 50 aircraft annually starting in 2018.

Operational history
Four M-20s were used by the Polish Air Ambulance Service. As of 2006, there were still 14 M-20s on the Polish civilian registry. One is used by the Polish Border Guard.

Operators

Lotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe (Polish: Air Ambulance Service) operated 4 aircraft till 2009. They were replaced by two Piaggio P.180 Avanti.
Polish Border Guard received 1 aircraft.

Specifications (PZL M-20 Mewa)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Poser page 
Photo gallery at Lotnictwo.net

1970s Polish civil utility aircraft
M20
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1979
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Captive Hearts

Captive Hearts or Captive Heart may refer to:

 The Captive Heart, a 1946 war film starring Michael Redgrave
 Captive Hearts (manga), by Matsuri Hino
 Captive Hearts (film), a 1987 romantic film
 Captive Hearts (X-Men), the fifth episode from X-Men: The Animated Series
 "Captive Heart" (song), a 1996 song by Selena
Slave Island

Company Roads (; ) also known as Kampong Kertel and Kompanna Veediya, formerly known as Slave Island,  is a suburb in Colombo, Sri Lanka, located directly south of the Fort. The suburb contains Beira Lake, a large lake and its esplanade is visited by many for recreation. Company Roads is mostly a commercial area with hotels, shopping centres, street food stalls, and is known for its multicultural, especially Malay heritage.

History
The name "Slave Island" was coined during the period of British colonial rule and was a reference to the usage of the island under Portuguese rule as a holding area for African slaves, most of them from the Swahili coast and Portuguese East Africa. Many of these slaves later returned to Africa.  However, a small group of African descendants remain scattered throughout Sri Lanka and are collectively known as Sri Lankan Kaffirs.

In 2023, the Sri Lankan Prime Minister issued instructions to discontinue the use of exonym "Slave Island" in favour of "Company Roads/Kompanna Veediya”.

Demographic

Company Roads is a multicultural area known for its mix of Malay, Sinhalese and Tamil cultures and is a traditional Malay cultural district in Colombo. The larger ethnic communities in Company Roads are the Sri Lankan Malays, Sri Lankan Muslims and Sinhalese. There are also various minorities, such as Burghers and others. Religions include Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity and various other religions and beliefs.

Infrastructure 
Company Roads is served by the Company Roads Railway Station.  Built with Victorian-era architectural embellishments, the station carries significant architectural and historic value.  The building features stylish arches, intricate woodwork and metal installations, which emphasise Victorian-era styles.

Demolitions 
Many historic buildings in the Company Roads area were either demolished or are awaiting to be demolished due to recent high rise development. Despite the architectural and historic value most buildings are not properly maintained and as a result most have become run down. The shophouse-style buildings in Justice Akbar Mawatha which are to be demolished is said to be the place where D.R. Wijewardene, D.S. Senanayake and Oliver Goonetilleke met to discuss the constitutional reforms that led to Sri Lanka's independence in 1948.

Military
 Rifle Barracks
 Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (SLEME)

Diplomatic missions
Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Cyprus
Embassy of the Kingdom of Thailand
Honorary Consulate of Madagascar
Consulate of the Republic of the Philippines
High Commission of New Zealand

Photos

References

Districts of Colombo
Populated places in Western Province, Sri Lanka
GSZ Stadium

GCZ Stadium or Gymnastic Club Zenon Stadium (; Γ.Σ.Ζ., ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Larnaca, Cyprus. Usually it is referred to as the 'neo GSZ Stadium' to distinguish it from the old GSZ Stadium, which it replaced. It is currently used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of AEK Larnaca FC until 2016. The stadium holds 13,032 people. Its owner is the Gymnastic Club Zeno which took its name from the native philosopher of Larnaca Zeno of Citium. Before the merge of Pezoporikos and EPA Larnaca into the new football club AEK Larnaca FC, it was also the home of those two clubs.

In 2006 it hosted the Cypriot Cup final between APOEL and AEK Larnaca FC, where APOEL won 3–2. However the greatest event that was hosted in the Larnaca Stadium was the final for the 1998 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship between Republic of Ireland and Germany where they tied 1-1.  The Republic of Ireland beat Germany 4–3 on penalties and won the trophy. During the same day, the Third Position final playoff was played for the same tournament and in that match Portugal beat Croatia 5–4 on penalties as well while the match ended 0-0.

References

Athletics (track and field) venues in Cyprus
Football venues in Cyprus
Multi-purpose stadiums in Cyprus
Sport in Larnaca
Pezoporikos Larnaca FC
Buildings and structures in Larnaca
Microhadrosaurus

Microhadrosaurus (meaning "small sturdy lizard" in Greek) is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Campanian or Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Yuanpu Formation (also known as the Nanxiong Formation) of Guangdong, China.  Although its name identifies it as a small hadrosaur, it is based on juvenile remains, and the size of the adult hadrosaur is unknown.

Description
Dong Zhiming named this genus for IVPP V4732, a partial lower jaw from a juvenile hadrosaur.  This partial bone, with 18 columns of stacked teeth in a typical hadrosaur tooth battery, measures 37 centimeters long (15 inches). Dong later estimated the length of the individual at 2.6 meters (8.5 feet).

History
Dong regarded this genus as much like Edmontosaurus, albeit in tiny form. However, Michael K. Brett-Surman, a hadrosaur specialist, regarded the material as showing no characteristics that would allow it to be differentiated from other duckbills. The most recent review accepts Brett-Surman's position, and regards Microhadrosaurus as a dubious name.

Paleobiology
As a hadrosaurid, Microhadrosaurus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and was furnished with hundreds of continually-replaced teeth. Because it is only known from a partial jaw from a juvenile, little more than general information can be drawn from it at this point.

Paleoecology

Fauna and habitat
The Nanxiong Formation consists of a 2000-meter sequence of red sandstones and clays which has yielded dinosaur fossils, dinosaur footprints and abundant egg shells.  Microhadrosaurus shared its paleoenvironment with the sauropod Gannansaurus, the therizinosauroid Nanshiungosaurus, the tyrannosaurid Qianzhousaurus and the oviraptorids Banji, Jiangxisaurus, Corythoraptor, Ganzhousaurus, Huanansaurus, Nankangia and Tongtianlong.

See also

 Timeline of hadrosaur research

References

Hadrosaurs
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Taxa named by Dong Zhiming
Fossil taxa described in 1979
Ornithischian genera
Kuala Pilah District

The Kuala Pilah District is a district in central Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Its seat is the town of Kuala Pilah.

Kuala Pilah District borders Jelebu District to the north, Jempol District to the east, Tampin District to the southwest and Rembau and Seremban Districts to the west.

Administrative divisions

Kuala Pilah District is divided into 11 mukims, which are:
 Ampang Tinggi
 Johol
 Juasseh
 Kepis
 Langkap
 Parit Tinggi
 Pilah (Capital)
 Seri Menanti
 Terachi
 Ulu Jempol
 Ulu Muar

The district also home to Seri Menanti, the official residence of the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.

Demographics

Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats 

List of Kuala Pilah district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat) 

List of Kuala Pilah district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri)

See also
 Districts of Malaysia

References
Inferior palpebral nerve

The Inferior palpebral nerve (inferior palpebral branches) ascend behind the orbicularis oculi.

They supply the skin and conjunctiva of the lower eyelid, joining at the lateral angle of the orbit with the facial and zygomaticofacial nerves.

References

Maxillary nerve
El Sardinero

Sardinero may refer to:
Estadio El Sardinero, a sports stadium in Santander, Cantabria, Spain
Estadio El Sardinero (1913), the old stadium in Santander, Cantabria, Spain
Sardinero, a beach in Santander, Cantabria, Spain
Skåre

Skåre (or the historic spelling Skaare) may refer to:

Places
Skåre, Norway, a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway
Skåre Church, a church in the town of Haugesund in Rogaland county, Norway
Skåre, Sweden, a town in Karlstad Municipality, Värmland County, Sweden

People
Skare (born 1999), French music artist and multi-platinum visual artist
Arne Skaare (1907–1981), Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party
Bjørn Skaare (1958–1989), Norwegian ice hockey player
Jan Skåre (1929–2018), Norwegian judge
Mats Lie Skåre, Norwegian songwriter and music producer
Snøfrid Skaare (born 1939), Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party

See also
Skare, a village in Odda municipality, Hordaland county, Norway
Skaar (disambiguation)
Wealden District Council elections

Wealden District Council in East Sussex, England is elected every four years. From 2003 until the election in 2019, 55 councillors were elected from 35 wards. From 2019, 45 councillors have been elected from 41 wards.

Political control
Since the first election to the council in 1973 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:

Leadership
The leaders of the council since 2001 have been:

Council elections
Summary of the results of recent council elections, click on the year for full details of each election.

1973 Wealden District Council election
1976 Wealden District Council election
1979 Wealden District Council election
1983 Wealden District Council election (New ward boundaries)
1987 Wealden District Council election

District result maps

By-election results
By-elections occur when seats become vacant between council elections. Below is a summary of recent by-elections; full by-election results can be found by clicking on the by-election name.

References

External links
 Wealden Council

 
Council elections in East Sussex
Wealden
Anterior superior alveolar nerve

The anterior superior alveolar nerve (or anterior superior dental nerve) is a branch of the infraorbital nerve (itself a branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2)). It passes through the canalis sinuosus to reach and innervate upper front teeth. Through its nasal branch, it also innervates parts of the nasal cavity.

Anatomy

Course and distribution 
It branches from the infraorbital nerve within the infraorbital canal at around the midpoint of this canal and enters the canalis sinuosus. It passes through towards the nose before passing inferior-ward and ramifying into branches which innervate the upper/maxillary incisor and canine teeth; it usually innervates all the anterior teeth.

Nasal branch 
It issues a nasal branch which passes through a minute canal in the lateral wall of the inferior nasal meatus and innervates the mucous membrane of the floor and anterior portion of lateral wall (as far superiorly as the opening of the maxillary sinus) of the nasal cavity. It ultimately emerges close to the root of the anterior nasal spine to innervate the adjacent portion of nasal septum.

Communications 
The nerve participates in the formation of the superior dental plexus by looping posterior-ward to communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve.

The nasal branch communicates with nasal branches of the sphenopalatine ganglion.

See also
 Anterior superior alveolar arteries
 Alveolar nerve (Dental nerve)
 Superior alveolar nerve (Superior dental nerve)
 Middle superior alveolar nerve (Middle superior dental nerve)
 Posterior superior alveolar nerve (Posterior superior dental nerve)
 Inferior alveolar nerve (Inferior dental nerve)

References

External links
 
  ()

Maxillary nerve
Posterior superior alveolar nerve

The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also posterior superior dental nerves, or posterior superior alveolar branches) are sensory branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2). They arise within the pterygopalatine fossa as a single trunk. They run on or in the maxilla. They provide sensory innervation to the upper molar teeth and adjacent gum, and the maxillary sinus.

Anatomy

Origin 
The nerves arise from the trunk of the maxillary nerve (CN V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa just before it enters the infraorbital groove.

The nerve arises as a single trunk which split into 2-3 nerves within the pterygopalatine fossa.

Course 
The nerves exit the pterygopalatine fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure. They pass within or upon the posterior wall of the maxilla.

They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek.

They then enter the alveolar canals on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, and, passing from behind forward in the substance of the bone, communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve, and give off branches to the lining membrane of the maxillary sinus and gingival and dental branches to each molar tooth from a superior dental plexus; these branches enter the apical foramina at the roots of the teeth.

Distribution 
The nerves provide sensory innervation to the upper/maxillary molar teeth and the associated gingiva of the vestibule, and the maxillary sinus.

Teeth 
The nerve innervates the second and third maxillary/upper molar teeth, and two of the three roots of the maxillary/upper first molar tooth (all but the mesiobuccal root).

Clinical significance 
When giving a posterior superior alveolar nerve block, it will anesthetize the mesialbuccal root of the maxillary/upper first molar tooth approximately 72% of the time.

See also 
 Alveolar nerve (Dental nerve)
 Superior alveolar nerve (Superior dental nerve)
 Anterior superior alveolar nerve (Anterior superior dental nerve)
 Middle superior alveolar nerve (Middle superior dental nerve)
 Inferior alveolar nerve (Inferior dental nerve)

Additional images

References

External links
  ()
  ()
 

Maxillary nerve
Aldoar

Aldoar () is a former civil parish in the municipality of Porto, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Aldoar, Foz do Douro e Nevogilde. The population in 2011 was 12,843, in an area of 2.41 km².

References

Former parishes of Porto
Pharyngeal nerve

The pharyngeal nerve is a small branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2), arising at (the posterior part of the) pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes posterior-ward through the palatovaginal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery.

It is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx (its posterior wall, posterior to the pharyngotympanic tube). It also issues some minute orbital branches which pass through the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit and innervate the periosteum of the floor of the orbit, and the mucosa of the sphenoid sinus and ethmoid sinus.

See also
 Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

References

External links

Trigeminal nerve
Shams Tabraiz (missionary)

Shams Tabraiz (died 1356), also known as Shams ud din, was an Ismaili saint in India who preached Islam in the Sindh and Gujarat region of India. He is  buried in Kutch.

Indian Sufi saints
1356 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Mendozasaurus

Mendozasaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur. It was a member of Titanosauria, which were massive sauropods that were common on the southern landmasses during the Cretaceous. It is represented by several partial skeletons from a single locality within the Coniacian (lower Upper Cretaceous) Sierra Barrosa Formation in the south of Mendoza Province, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina.
The type species, Mendozasaurus neguyelap, was described by Argentine paleontologist Bernardo Javier González Riga in 2003. Mendozasaurus is the first dinosaur named from Mendoza Province, Argentina, for which it was named.

Description 

This species belonged to the discovered clade Lognkosauria, a transitional group of titanosaurs which included the gigantic Futalognkosaurus and Puertasaurus. Like both of these animals, Mendozasaurus had a long neck with very wide cervical neural spines. Holtz estimated its length at . In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated Mendozasaurus at 20 meters (65.6 feet) in length and 16 tonnes (17.6 short tons) in weight.

Classification 
A phylogenetic analysis conducted by González Riga and colleagues in 2018 recovered Mendozasaurus as the most basal member of Lognkosauria, including Futalognkosaurus and the gigantic titanosaurs Argentinosaurus, Notocolossus, Patagotitan and Puertasaurus.

The following cladogram shows the position of Mendozasaurus in Lognkosauria according to González Riga and colleagues, 2018.

References

Further reading 
 González Riga, B.J. (2003). "A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina". Amehginiana 40: 155–172.
 González Riga, B.J. (2005). "Nuevos restos fósiles de Mendozasaurus neguyelap (Sauropoda: Titanosauridae) del Cretácico Tardío de Mendoza, Argentina". Ameghiniana 42 (3): 535–538.
 González Riga, B.J. and Astini, R. (2007). "Fossil preservation of large titanosaur sauropods in overbank fluvial facies: a case study in the Cretaceous of Argentina". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 23: 290–303.

External links 
 Sauropod dinosaurs: Complementary information on South American titanosaurs

Lithostrotians
Coniacian life
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Cretaceous Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Neuquén Basin
Fossil taxa described in 2003
Mongolosaurus

Mongolosaurus is a genus of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur which lived during the Early Cretaceous of China.

Discovery and systematics
In 1928 a team from the American Museum of Natural History, headed by Roy Chapman Andrews, at On Gong Gol near Hukongwulong in Inner Mongolia, in Quarry 714 discovered a sauropod tooth. In 1933 Charles W. Gilmore, based on this fossil, named and described the type species Mongolosaurus haplodon. The generic name refers to Mongolia. The specific name is derived from Greek haploos, "single", and odon, "tooth".

The holotype, AMNH 6710, was found in the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) On Gong Formation. It consists of teeth, a basioccipital from the back of the skull and parts of the first three cervical vertebrae.

Classification 
Mongolosaurus was previously assigned to Diplodocidae, Titanosauridae and Euhelopodidae, though recent studies find it to be either a basal titanosaur or a non-titanosaurian somphospondylan.

In their 2023 description of the titanosaur Jiangxititan. Mo et al. analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of Mongolosaurus. They recovered Mongolosaurus as a derived member of the titanosaurian clade Lognkosauria, as the sister taxon to Jiangxititan. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:

References

Macronarians
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Cretaceous China
Paleontology in Inner Mongolia
Taxa named by Charles W. Gilmore
Fossil taxa described in 1933
Deep petrosal nerve

The deep petrosal nerve is a post-ganglionic branch of the (sympathetic) internal carotid (nervous) plexus (which is in turn derived from the superior cervical ganglion, a part of the cervical sympathetic trunk) that enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal, then passes perpendicular to the carotid canal in the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum to unite with the (parasympathetic) greater petrosal nerve to form the nerve of pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve).

Anatomy 
intermediate grey column (of spinal cord at around the level of T1) → white rami communicantes (of cervical part of sympathetic chain) → superior cervical ganglion (synapse) → gray rami communicantes → internal carotid plexus → deep petrosal nerve → nerve of pterygoid canal → pterygopalatine ganglion (fibres pass through without synapsing) → zygomatic nerve → zygomaticotemporal nerve → lacrimal nerve

Origin 
The cell bodies of pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons that subsequently give synapse with neurons of the deep petrosal nerve reside in the intermediate grey column of the spinal cord at around the spinal level of T1. The pre-ganglionic axons ascend in the sympathetic trunk to synapse at the superior cervical ganglion where the cell bodies of the fibres of the deep petrosal nerve are situated. The post-ganglionic fibres do not synapse again and ultimately innervate their target tissues directly.

Function 
The deep petrosal nerve carries post-ganglionic sympathetic axons which are ultimately distributed to the blood vessels (to mediate vasoconstriction), and exocrine glands of the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, and oral cavity (to mediate secretomotor function).

Additional images

References

External links
 
 Table at doctor_uae

Nerves
Canadian Aviation Regulations

The Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) are the rules that govern civil aviation in Canada.

Establishment
The CARs became law on October 10, 1996, replacing the former Air Regulations and Air Navigation Orders. The authority for the establishment of the CARs is the Aeronautics Act. Both the Act and the CARs are the responsibility of the Minister of Transport and his department, Transport Canada.

Organization
The CARs are divided into ten functional "parts":

 Part I - General Provisions
 Part II - Aircraft Identification and Registration and Operation of a Leased Aircraft by a Non-registered Owner
 Part III - Aerodromes, Airports and Heliports
 Part IV - Personnel Licensing and Training
 Part V - Airworthiness
 Part VI - General Operating and Flight Rules
 Part VII - Commercial Air Services
 Part VIII - Air Navigation Services
 Part IX - Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
 Part X - Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Aviation - CORSIA

The CARs consist of regulations, standards and advisory material. Compliance with the regulations and standards is mandatory, while complying with the advisory material is not mandatory. Standards tell how to comply with the corresponding regulation.

With the exception of Part V, the regulations are numbered starting at the beginning of the part (i.e. CAR 700 is a regulation). The standards are numbered in the "20" series (i.e. CAR 720 is a standard). Advisory material is inserted in the text of the regulations and standards as "notes" or is included separately as "40" series text (i.e. CAR 740 would be advisory material).

Part V (Airworthiness) of the CARs is uniquely numbered to match the US FAA FARs parts as well as the EASA and JAA regulations. As such it has regulations and standards that have the same number (i.e. There is a CAR 507 and a STD 507).

Amending the CARs
Creation of new regulations or standards and the amendment of existing regulations and standards are accomplished through a public consultation process known as the Canadian Aviation Regulation Advisory Council (CARAC).

Advisory Circulars (ACs)
Transport Canada also makes available other publications, known as Advisory Circulars, that are intended to assist companies and individuals governed by the CARs comply with the regulations and standards.  Prior to 1 Feb 2007, these were divided into other groups called Commercial and Business Aviation Advisory Circulars (CBAACs), General Aviation Advisory Circulars (GAACs), Aerodrome Safety Circulars (ASCs), General Aviation Policy Letters (GAPLs), and Maintenance and Manufacturing Policy Letters (MPLs).  Although these alternate documents are no longer issued or amended, historical versions of those that have not been cancelled remain in effect.

References

Aviation in Canada
Aviation law
1996 in aviation
1996 in Canadian law
Canadian transport law
Canadian administrative law
Regulation in Canada
Exergasia

Exergasia (from the Greek εξ, ex, "out" and εργον, ergon, "work") is a form of parallelism where one idea is repeated and only the way it is stated is changed. In Latin, exergasia is known as expolitio.

History
This device of parallelism was first identified by the twelfth-century Jewish scholars Abraham Ibn Ezra and Joseph Kimhi, who referred to it as "kefel 'inyan be-millot shonot" ("doubling of the thought with other words"). The term was next identified by Christian Schoettgen, who wrote "De Exergasia Sacra" ("From sacred exergasia") in 1733. The Bishop Robert Lowth identified specific types of parallelism and further defined the concept in the late eighteenth century.

Definition
Exergasia is used to make a point or bring home a powerful idea. Repetition is a good way of making a point, but without the restatement of the idea it tends to become boring. As such, it is used by many great writers and orators. Martin Luther King Jr., in his 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech, says:

Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy;
now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice;
now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood; 
now is the time to make justice a reality for all God’s children.

The idea of correcting injustice is repeated in all four lines to emphasize this idea.

Shakespeare also utilizes exergasia. In The Winter's Tale, the character Florizel says

I take thy hand, this hand
As soft as dove's down, and as white as it,
Or Ethiopian's tooth, or the fanned snow that's bolted
By th' northern blasts twice o'er (IV.iv.360-363).

Florizel calls the hand white in three different ways: comparing it to dove's down, an Ethiopian's tooth, and snow.

Music
In the sense of music, the concept of exergasia (referred to as expolitio) is used to mean much the same thing as it does in literature. John Irving, in his 1998 book Mozart: The "Haydn" Quartets, calls expolitio "dwelling on the same topic and yet seeming to say something ever new" (Irving 67).

References

Cuddon, J.A., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.
Irving, John. Mozart: The "Haydn" Quartets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998
Wells, Stanley, ed. The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works. 2nd ed. Clarendon Press: New York, 2005.

Figures of speech
AutoShade

AutoShade was an early 3D rendering package for use with AutoCAD. Autodesk developed Autoshade in 1987. It became obsolete after the release of Autodesk's 3D Studio.

Description
AutoShade was a DOS application. Autodesk developed it to produce realistic shaded renderings of 3D face objects made by their CAD program, AutoCAD.  It simulated various types of lights—spot, point, and infinite directional.  To create a rendering, a person:
 Made an AutoCAD Drawing file containing 3D faces
 Placed AutoShade light and camera blocks
 Used an AutoShade-provided AutoLISP application  to export 3D faces, camera blocks, and lighting blocks to a scene file
 Opened the scene file in AutoShade and rendered the image

Files
AutoShade wrote the rendering to an .RND file. In the first version, the .RND file was a 2D vector file, importable into applications such as Adobe Illustrator version 4.  Later, when Autodesk added Gouraud shading, the .RND could also be a raster file.

Autodesk developed an application called Flimaker for MS-DOS, which converted .RND files into a format usable in Autodesk Animator.  This could be used, in conjunction with AutoFlix, to create rudimentary 3D animations from AutoCAD source material.

Demise
Though the final version of AutoShade supported RenderMan extensions, Autodesk never developed it into a full rendering application.  Even with AutoFlix, it did not support keyframing or hierarchical kinematics. When Autodesk released 3D Studio, the need for AutoShade ended, since 3D Studio was far superior in technology and in ease of use.

External links
Fourmilab Autofile

3D graphics software
Computer-aided design software

Autodesk discontinued products
Nerve of pterygoid canal

The nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve) is formed by the union of the (parasympathetic) greater petrosal nerve and (sympathetic) deep petrosal nerve within the cartilaginous substance filling the foramen lacerum. From the foramen lacerum, the nerve of the pterygoid canal passes through the pterygoid canal to reach the pterygopalatine fossa, ending at the pterygopalatine ganglion.

Structure 
The nerve of the pterygoid canal forms from the junction of the greater petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve within the foreamen lacerum. This combined nerve exits the foramen lacerum and travels to the pterygopalatine fossa through the pterygoid canal in the sphenoid.

The nerve of the pterygoid canal contains axons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic axons, specifically;

preganglonic parasympathetic axons from the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve (cell bodies are located in the superior salivatory nucleus)
postganglionic sympathetic axons from the deep petrosal nerve, a branch of the internal carotid plexus (cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion)

Function
The preganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion, which contains the postganglionic neurons which provide secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland, as well as the nasal and palatine glands. 

The postganglionic sympathetic axons do not synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion, they travel on the branches of the maxillary nerve to provide sympathetic innervation to blood vessels.

Additional images

See also
 Vidus Vidius

References

External links
  () ("NPC")

Nerves of the head and neck
Facial nerve
Against Jovinianus

Against Jovinianus (Latin: Adversus Jovinianum) is a two-volume treatise by the Church Father Saint Jerome.

Jovinianus' propositions

Jovinianus, about whom little more is known than what is to be found in Jerome's treatise, published a Latin treatise outlining several opinions:
That a virgin is no better, as such, than a wife in the sight of God.
Abstinence from food is no better than a thankful partaking of food.
A person baptized with the Spirit as well as with water cannot sin (as interpreted by Jerome; other commentators argue that Jovinian was actually referring to the impossibility of lapsing from Christianity)
All sins are equal.
There is but one grade of punishment and one of reward in the future state.

In addition to this, he held the birth of Jesus Christ to have been by a "true parturition"; that is, he disagreed with the common belief of his time, according to which the infant Jesus passed through the walls of the womb, as his resurrected body afterwards did out of the tomb or through closed doors.

Response to Jovinianus
Pammachius, Jerome's friend, brought Jovinian's book to the notice of Siricius, bishop of Rome, and it was shortly afterwards condemned in synods at that city and at Milan about 390 CE.

He subsequently sent Jovinian's books to Jerome, who answered them in the present treatise in 393. Little is known of Jovinian, but it has been conjectured from Jerome's remark in the treatise against Vigilantius, where Jovinian is said to have "amidst pheasants and pork rather belched out than breathed out his life," and by a kind of transmigration to have transmitted his opinions into Vigilantius, that he had died before 409, the date of that work.

Outline of Against Jovinianus 

The first book is wholly on the first proposition of Jovinianus, that relating to marriage and virginity. The first three chapters are introductory. The rest may be divided into three parts:

Chapters 4–13 - An exposition, in Jerome's sense, of St. Paul's teaching in I Cor. 7.
Chapters 14–39 - A statement of the teaching which Jerome derives from the various books of both the Old and the New Testaments.
 A denunciation of Jovinianus (chapter 40), praise of virginity, and critique of marriage as a source of worldly distraction.

References

External links

Jerome, Against Jovinianus (text in English)
Jerome, Against Jovinianus (text in Latin)
Jerome, Against Vigilantius (text in English)
 

4th-century Christian texts
Works by Jerome
Kistrand

Kistrand (; ) is a village in Porsanger Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the eastern side of the Porsanger Peninsula, along the western shore of the Porsangerfjorden.  The village lies along the European route E06 highway, about  southeast of the village of Olderfjord.

History
Kistrand was the name of Porsanger Municipality from 1 January 1838 until 1 January 1964 when it was changed to Porsanger.  The municipality was named after the parish of Kistrand, based at the Kistrand Church which is in this village. Originally (in 1838), Kistrand municipality was very large and it encompassed the contemporary municipalities of Porsanger, Nordkapp, Kautokeino, and Karasjok.

References

Villages in Finnmark
Porsanger
Populated places of Arctic Norway
Contact area

When two objects touch, only a certain portion of their surface areas will be in contact with each other. This area of true contact, most often constitutes only a very small fraction of the apparent or nominal contact area. In relation to two contacting objects, the contact area is the part of the nominal area that consists of atoms of one object in true contact with the atoms of the other object.  Because objects are never perfectly flat due to asperities, the actual contact area (on a microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a macroscopic scale. Contact area may depend on the normal force between the two objects due to deformation. 

The contact area depends on the geometry of the contacting bodies, the load, and the material properties. The contact area between the two parallel cylinders is a narrow rectangle. Two, non-parallel cylinders have an elliptical contact area, unless the cylinders are crossed at 90 degrees, in which case they have a circular contact area. Two spheres also have a circular contact area.

Friction and contact area
It is an empirical fact for many materials that F = μN, where F is the frictional force for sliding friction, μ is the coefficient of friction, and N is the normal force. There isn't a simple derivation for sliding friction's independence from area.

Methods for determining contact area
One way of determining the actual contact area is to determine it indirectly through a physical process that depends on contact area. For example, the resistance of a wire is dependent on the cross-sectional area, so one may find the contact area of a metal by measuring the current that flows through that area (through the surface of an electrode to another electrode, for example.)

See also 
 Contact mechanics
 Contact resistance

References
	

Force
West Cliff Theatre

The West Cliff Theatre in Clacton-on-Sea, England, dates back to 1894 when Bert Graham, a 21-year-old civil servant, set up a concert party on a patch of waste ground in Agate Road. In 1899, along with Bernard Russell and Will Bentley, Graham moved the concert party to the West Cliff Gardens. Bernard Russell died in 1910, but Graham and Bentley continued the concert party. In 1912 they signed up a new romantic baritone by the name of Stanley Holloway. He stayed with the company for three years.

In 1928, Graham and Bentley built a new theatre on the site of their concert party, the theatre which still stands in Clacton-on-Sea today as the West Cliff Theatre. In 1934, Graham and Bentley sold the theatre and it was bought by Will Hammer, who already owned several seaside theatres. In 1934 he also founded the film company Hammer Film Productions, which was later to gain worldwide fame as the producer of many horror films.

Will Hammer died in 1957 and there was much doubt over whether the theatre would continue. Eventually, Clacton Council bought the theatre and continued to put on shows.

In 1985, a local group of theatre enthusiasts took over the day-to-day running of the theatre and in 1995 bought the freehold of the theatre from the council. The West Cliff (Tendring) Trust is now solely responsible for putting on the shows at the theatre and still maintain the tradition of putting on a summer show.

External links
History of the Theatre
 Official Website

Theatres in Essex
1894 establishments in England
Clacton-on-Sea
Packera obovata

Packera obovata, commonly known as roundleaf ragwort, spoon-leaved ragwort, roundleaf groundsel, or squaw-weed, is an erect perennial herb in the Asteraceae (aster) family native to eastern North America. It was previously called Senecio obovatus. Basal and lower leaves are obovate with toothed margins, while upper leaves are pinnately divided. The ray flowers are yellow and the disk flowers orange-yellow, the inflorescences being held well above the foliage.

Description
Packera obovata is an erect perennial herb growing to a height of up to . It has fibrous roots and a basal rosette of leaves up to  across. The basal leaves are mid-green and hairless, circular, oval or obovate in shape and have crinkly toothed margins. The leaf stalks are about the same length as the leaf blades, green or purplish in colour and usually hairless; some have slight winging and may be cobwebby-pubescent. The flower stalk may also be cobwebby at the base, and bears two or three alternate pinnatifid leaves with irregular lobes. It is topped by a flat-headed panicle, each individual flower-head being up to  in diameter. The flower-head has a single row of linear-lanceolate green bracts, eight to sixteen yellow ray-florets and a central mound of orange-yellow disk florets. Both ray and disk florets are followed by brown achenes set in tufts of white hair. The achenes are dispersed by the wind, and the plant can also spread by vegetative growth from stolons or rhizomes.

Distribution and habitat
The native range of P. obovata is northern Mexico, the eastern United States and south-eastern Canada, extending from Coahuila to Quebec and Ontario. It is most common in the southern half of the range. Typical habitats include moist but well-drained calcareous soils, wooded slopes, and rocky areas in shaded or semi-shaded locations.

Ecology
Flowers of P. obovata bloom in the early spring and are visited by cuckoo bees, halictid bees, andrenid bees, hoverflies, tachinid flies and various species of beetle. The larvae of the northern metalmark butterfly (Calephelis borealis) feed on the leaves of the plant, and the white-crossed seed bug (Neacoryphus bicrucis) feeds on the seeds. Like many species of ragwort, the plant is toxic to many herbivorous mammals, but sheep seem more tolerant of it than are most other grazing animals.

P. obovata forms colonies by spreading through rhizomes. Dense colonies can form in wet, sunny areas, while the colony will be sparser with shorter plants in drier, shadier spots.

References

External links
Plants Profile for Packera obovata (roundleaf ragwort)

obovata
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Plants described in 1803
Taxa named by Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg
Trigeminal cave

The trigeminal cave (also known as Meckel's cave or cavum trigeminale) is a pouch of dura mater containing cerebrospinal fluid.

Structure
The trigeminal cave is formed by the two layers of dura mater (endosteal and meningeal) which are part of an evagination of the cerebellar tentorium near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It envelops the trigeminal ganglion. It is bounded by the dura overlying four structures:

cerebellar tentorium superolaterally
lateral wall of the cavernous sinus superomedially
clivus medially
posterior petrous face inferolaterally

Within the dural confines of the trigeminal cave, there is a continuation of subarachnoid space along the posterior aspect of the cave, representing a continuation of the cerebral basal cisterns.

History

Etymology
It is named for Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder.

References

Meninges
Kirkhill, South Lanarkshire

Kirkhill is a district of the town of Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire, Scotland.

History
Kirkhill is the one of the oldest parts of Cambuslang, growing up around the church after which the area is named (see History of Cambuslang). The existing building dates from 1841, although it is known that a church was at that location from the 15th century. Nowadays this neighbourhood is mostly tenement and maisonette apartments with a few shops and a local public house, as well as the old church – by 2017 it was no longer being used for services, with its congregation having merged with that of St Andrew's Church located in the modern centre of the town; proposals were made for it to be sold to a local nursery school and converted for their use. The adjacent recreational hall is still used by local groups.

Down the hill towards Hamilton Road is a supermarket (built on the site of Gateside Secondary School), the town's medical clinic and bowling club (Whitefield B.C., who play on the former ground of 19th century football club Cambuslang F.C.) The area was the home of the boxer Scott Harrison when he was young.

A further expanse of wide streets lined with sandstone villas, running east–west between West Coats Primary School and Cambuslang Public Park (containing many of the town's most affluent residences), is also loosely referred to as Kirkhill due to the commuter train station serving the area – Kirkhill railway station opened on 1 August 1904 - but historically this was two farms and mining hamlets known as West Coats and East Coats. This wider territory includes a second bowling club (Kirkhill BC, 1905) and a tennis club (Kirkhill LTC, 1915), and is close to Coats Park (home of Cambuslang Rugby Club), Holmhills Park,  a third bowling club (Cambuslang BC), and Cathkin High School.

From 2007 to May 2017, the older Kirkhill neighbourhood was administered as part of the Cambuslang East ward of the South Lanarkshire Council area, while the streets to the south of the railway lines were in the Cambuslang West ward. In a reorganisation as part of the 2017 Scottish local elections, both areas were included in Cambuslang West.

The popular Kirkhill Golf Club is not actually within the district; it is located about one mile away up the hill to the south.

References

External links

Neighbourhoods in South Lanarkshire
Cambuslang
Aeron Clement

Aeron Clement (Swansea, 1936–1989) was a Welsh science fiction author. He is most known for having written The Cold Moons, a Watership Down-style story about badgers.

Books
 The Cold Moons (1987)

References

External links

1936 births
1989 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
Masseteric nerve

The masseteric nerve is a nerve of the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3). It passes through the mandibular notch to reach masseter muscle. It provides motor innervation the masseter muscle, and sensory innervation to the temporomandibular joint.

Structure

Origin 
The masseteric nerve is a branch of (the anterior division of) the mandibular nerve (CN V3) (itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)).

Course 
It passes laterally superior to the lateral pterygoid muscle, anterior to the temporomandibular joint, and posterior to the tendon of the temporalis muscle. It crosses (the posterior portion of) the mandibular notch alongside the masseteric artery before branching out upon the surface of the masseter muscle, then entering the muscle.

Distribution 
The masseteric nerve provides motor innervation the masseter muscle. It additionally sends articular (sensory) branches to the temporomandibular joint.

Clinical significance 
The masseteric nerve may be harvested and used to repair paralysis of the facial nerve (CN VII).

See also 
 Masseteric artery

References 

Mandibular nerve