alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Billy Hughes

William Morris "Billy" Hughes (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister during World War I. He tried to introduce conscription but the public did not want it. His party, Labor, kicked him out and he formed a new party with the opposition called the Nationalist Party. He was Prime Minister for over 7 years which was the most of anyone at the time. He was forced to resign by the Country Party in 1923 but he stayed in Parliament until he died.

Before serving as Prime Minister, Hughes was Minister for External Affairs under Chris Watson. He was Attorney-General in Andrew Fisher's three Labor governments in 1908–09, 1910–13 and 1914–15.

References

1862 births
1952 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from London
Australian Labor Party politicians
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Nationalist Party of Australia politicians
United Australia Party politicians
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Attorneys General of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Maid Marian

Maid Marian was the female companion of the outlaw Robin Hood. She appears in English folktales, though not in the oldest ones.

Other websites 
, a book

Robin Hood
Fictional British people
Graphite

Graphite, like diamond, is an allotrope of carbon. They are very similar to each other but the different structures of the molecule affect the chemical and physical properties. Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms. These layers can slide over each other very easily. This means that it is very soft. It is a dull gray in appearance. Due to the delocalized electrons between the layers, it can conduct electricity very well.

Graphite can be formed from coal put under high heat and pressure. Also, graphite can be turned into diamond with enough heat and pressure. This is how synthetic (man-made) diamonds are made.

Most graphite comes from mines in northeastern China. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Canada and the United States. It is also called Lead Black because it looks like the metal lead. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 originating from the Greek language.

It can be used as a lubricant to make mechanical devices run smoother. The most common use of graphite is the "lead" in a pencil, which also has clay.

High-purity graphite is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors, such as RBMKs and AGRs.

Related pages
 Carbon

Allotropes of carbon
Allotropy

Allotropy (or allotropism) is when a chemical element can exist in two or more different forms in the same physical state or phase. These different forms are called allotropes. Therefore, an allotrope is a different structure in which an element appears. This happens when the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different way.

For example, the allotropes of carbon include:
 diamond, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in a four-cornered lattice arrangement;
 graphite, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a six-sided lattice;
 graphene, single sheets of graphite; and
 fullerenes, where the carbon atoms are bonded together in spheres, cylinders or egg-shaped formations
Only some elements have allotropes. 

The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any crystalline material, is polymorphism. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same state (i.e., different solid, liquid or gas forms); these different states are not, themselves, considered examples of allotropy.

References

Chemistry
Physical chemistry
Ionic bond

An ionic bond is the electrostatic forces of attraction between a non-metal and a metal ion in a giant ionic crystal lattice. This occurs when charged atoms (ions) attract. This happens after a metal atom loses one or more of its electrons to the non-metal atom. The greater the difference in charge between the metal and non-metal ion, the stronger the ionic bond. A maximum of three electrons can be transferred in the process. 
  
A metal atom becomes a positive cation because it loses electron(s). A non-metal atom becomes a negative anion as it gains electron(s). This occurs, for example, when sodium and chlorine join to form common table salt, NaCl. First, sodium atoms (Na) oxidize and lose an electron to form positively charged sodium ions (Na+). Chlorine atoms gain the electrons from the sodium atoms to form negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). Both ions are now oppositely charged and they are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.

Features of compounds with ionic bonding 
Three dimensional ionic structure called a giant ionic crystal lattice structure.
 Ionic compounds are soluble in water as the ions form favorable interactions with water molecules which release sufficient energy to break away from the lattice.
In a solid state they do not conduct electricity. However, in a liquid state or when dissolved in water, they will conduct electricity well because the ions are free to move and can carry charge.
They contrast to the characteristics of covalent bonds.
covalent bonds may be stronger than the attraction between two ions, but in ionic compounds there are attractions in all directions.
Ionic compounds have high melting/boiling point due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction, which require a large amount of heat energy to overcome.

References 

Chemical bonding
Chloride

Chloride is an ion of chlorine. It occurs when chlorine gets reduced, gaining an electrons and becoming an ion. Chloride is necessary for life. It is normally found in the salt sodium chloride, which is very common in diets.

Related pages
Fluoride
Bromide
Iodide

Chlorine compounds
Ions
Bauhaus

The Bauhaus was a design school that operated from 1919 to 1933 in Germany. It is widely regarded as the most influential art school of the 20th century. It promoted modernism. It is most well known for teaching painting, photography, advertising, weaving, architecture and the design of furniture and household products. The work that it produced and its teaching methods had a world-wide influence on art, design, photography, architecture and art education.

It was formally called the "Staatliches Bauhaus" from 1919 to 1932 because it was state funded in that period. From 1919 to 1925 it was in Weimar, in the state of Thuringia and from 1926 to 1932 it was in Dessau, in the state of Sachsen-Anhalt. It operated as privately funded school in Berlin from the end of 1932 until April 1933. 

Its staff included some of the most famous artists and architects of the 20th century, including: Walter Gropius, who founded the school, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, Marcel Breuer, Josef Albers, Anni Albers, Oskar Schlemmer and Hannes Meyer.   

Its former buildings in Weimar and Dessau were jointly made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.

References

Architecture
Art movements
Design
Schools in Germany
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Saale

Saale is the name of two rivers in Germany: Saale in Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt (German: Sächsische Saale) and the Saale in Northern Bavaria (German: Fränkische Saale). The larger, and better known Sächsische Saale springs out of the Fichtelgebirge at 728 m and joins the Elbe in Saxony-Asshalt. It is 413 km long.

Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Geography of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany
Go Fish

Go Fish is a game with playing cards.  2 to 10 people can play.

Every player gets five cards.  The rest of the cards (the deck) are put face down where all the players can get them.  Cards that are the same number are called pairs.  If a player has a pair, they put it face up in front of them so everybody can see it.  The player to the left of the player who gave everybody their cards goes first.  When it is a player's turn, they ask another player for a card that is the same color and number as one they already have.  They can ask any player.  If the other player has the card, they give it to the one that asked, and the one that asked puts the pair in front of them and gets to go again.  

If the other player does not have the card, then they say "Go Fish", and the player that asked takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If a player has no cards when it is time for him to go, then he just takes a card from the deck and the next player goes.  If there are no cards in the deck and the player has no cards, then that player does not get to go.  The game ends when all the cards are face up in pairs.  The winner is the player with the most pairs.

Card games
Chicago White Sox

The Chicago White Sox are a Major League Baseball team who play on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The club is in the Central Division of the American League. They are managed by Pedro Grifol since 2023.

The White Sox won the 2005 World Series sweeping the Houston Astros in 4 games.   They won the World Series before in 1906 and 1917 before going into an 88-year championship drought.

The Chicago White Sox finished 2006 with a 90-72 record, four games out of first place after taking two of three from the Minnesota Twins in the final week of the season at the Metrodome in Minneapolis. 

The Sox began major league play in 1901. They took their name from the original name of the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had first been known as the Chicago White Stockings. By 1901, they were being called the Colts. That allowed the new American League team to adopt the old National League team colors.

The Sox first played at South Side Park. In mid-season 1910, they opened Comiskey Park, which was just a few blocks north of South Side Park. They played at Comiskey for over 80 years. In 1991 they opened a park now known as Guaranteed Rate Field, just across the street to the south of Comiskey Park, and have played their home games there ever since.

Other websites
Official Website

 
1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Gull

Gulls, also called seagulls, is a common name that refers to any type of bird. They form the family Laridae, in the order Charadriiformes.

There are many different types of gull but most of them are white, with grey or black wings, a yellow beak and are about the size of a chicken (but some are smaller). Gulls can eat most types of food but like meat more than anything else. They look around for discarded food and dead animals to eat as well as hunting and have learned how to live and breed in the same places as people. Most types of seagull are awake during the day and sleep at night. They like to sleep on beaches  but will also sleep on water, like lakes or the sea when the water is calm.

Gulls used to be found only near the sea, as they are water birds with webbed feet for swimming. They are more common inland these days because they can find food wherever people live, often on garbage dumps or in the streets of towns and cities. Seagulls are intelligent compared to other birds. They have a complicated system of noises and body movements which they use to communicate with other seagulls.

Most types of seagull breed once a year and have two or three chicks (babies). Mother gulls are very protective of their eggs and chicks and will sometimes fight to the death to defend them.

Gulls are not usually eaten by people.

Related pages 

Herring gull
Lesser black-backed gull
General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

Charadriiformes
Seabirds
The Warriors (movie)

The Warriors is a 1979 movie directed by Walter Hill. It is about a gang called "The Warriors", who are from Coney Island and must return to their home and clear their name after they are accused of killing the leader of another gang at a rally for all the gangs in New York City. The movie has become a cult classic and inspired a video game which came out in 2005.

1979 action movies
1979 drama movies
American action movies
American drama movies
Cult movies
Movies set in New York City
English-language movies
Movies directed by Walter Hill
Coney Island

Coney Island is a peninsula (formerly an island) in Brooklyn, New York. It is famous for its beaches, amusements like the Cyclone wooden roller coaster, Parachute Jump, and Wonder Wheel ferris wheel, boardwalk, and hot dogs. It became a seaside resort in the 19th century. 

It is unsure how Coney Island got its name. It may be because when the Dutch people arrived in New Netherland, this island had many rabbits, so they named it 'Konijn Island', which became 'Coney Island', using the archaic term for rabbit in English. It also may have been named by an Irish pirate, for islands in Sligo bay!

Islands of New York (state)
Brooklyn
Neighborhoods of New York City
Ferris wheel

Ferris wheels (sometimes called big wheels in the United Kingdom ), are large, round, revolving structures with gondolas where people sit. They are popular at amusement parks and fairs. They are named after George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., who made the first modern wheel for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. When he built it, it was 264 feet tall. They called it the "Chicago Wheel" after Chicago, Illinois where it was on display.

References
Four-horned antelope

The four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) is a bovine even-toed ungulate. It is also called by its Hindi name chousingha. It is different from other bovines because it has four horns instead of two.

Four-horned antelope are about 0.60 meters high, and they weigh about 20 kilograms. They have a light yellowish-brown fur with a white underside. They have a black stripe down their forelegs. Males have four horns. The back horns are about 10 centimeters long, and the front horns are up to 4 centimeters long.

Four-horned antelope live in India and Nepal. They live in forests. Four-horned antelopes live alone. They eat grass.

Four-horned antelope are hunted by trophy-hunters because of their four horns, but they are also hunted for their meat. Because of the hunting and also because of habitat loss, there are now fewer than 10,000 four-horned antelopes.

Today, four-horned antelope do not live in Africa, but their ancestors probably did.

References 

Bovines
Mammals of Asia
New Orleans Privateers

The New Orleans Privateers college sports teams for the University of New Orleans (UNO). They play in the NCAA Division I for intercollegiate athletics. The schools teams are a part of the Sun Belt Conference. The University of New Orleans does not currently have a football team.

Sports
The university has teams in the following sports:
 Baseball (Men's)
 Basketball (Men's and women's teams)
 Golf (Men's) 
 Swimming and diving
 Tennis (Men's and women's teams) 
 Volleyball (Women's)

The school did have a football team from 1965 until 1970. During that time, the team had a record of 12 wins, 10 losses and 1 tie. They also won 3 district championships.

Other websites
 UNOPrivateers.com (Official website)

Sports in New Orleans
Colleges and universities in Louisiana
Stanley Bruce

Stanley Melbourne Bruce (15 April 1883 – 25 August 1967) was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia from February 1923 until October 1929. He became Prime Minister when the Country Party asked Billy Hughes to resign. His government won elections in 1925 and 1928 but lost the 1929 election and Bruce became the first sitting Prime Minister to lose his seat. He was made a Viscount after he left politics.

Bruce was born in Melbourne. He served in the British Army before starting in politics. He fought in World War I, and in 1917 was badly injured while fighting in France. Returning home, he soon became involved in recruiting people for the Army. In 1918, however, he got involved in politics and was elected to the House of Representatives as the member for Flinders, which is near Melbourne. He was appointed Treasurer (finance minister) in 1921.

Bruce was also a diplomat. He served as Minister for External Affairs whilst also serving as Prime Minister. After resigning from Parliament in 1933, he worked in London as Australia's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Other websites 

1883 births
1967 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Melbourne
Nationalist Party of Australia politicians
United Australia Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Australian military people
James Scullin

James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was the ninth Prime Minister of Australia from October 1929 until January 1932. He became Prime Minister two days before the Great Depression began. His government could not stop the effects of the Depression. His government suffered a big defeat at the December 1931 election. Scullin stayed as leader of the Labor Party but was again defeated at the 1934 election.

1876 births
1953 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Treasurers of Australia
People from Ballarat
World music

World music is the recognition of music from around the world. This genre of music is increasingly used in popular culture. World music is often included into mainstream music. World music can also be part of exhibitions, performances, and shows that travel the world. World music is typically music that describes its own origin by its well-known sound features.

In Western countries it may describe a set of (music) market products collected from traditional music or folk music which were found in different parts of the world. In sampled world music collections the music is sung or played by people who traditionally live in the area. World music can be anything from a short song to a long Indian raga. Hindi music is a very popular genre in the category of world music - made even more famous by Bollywood movies.

World music artists can provide accompaniment, feature, background, or lead. World music groups have traveled the world. World music mixing and jamming is a popular activity among musicians. Some genres of world music have become known in a music category of their own. For example, reggae has achieved near to world-wide recognition. 

Some music contests would considered to be world music in foreign audiences. Eurovision has grown in world popularity since it's beginnings. 

Some songs are sung for international use. Each FIFA World Cup has a song.  K'Naan sung a popular song called "Wave your flag" for the tourney in South Africa. These attributed songs have a 'world music' appeal.

References
Caprinae

Caprinae is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. Animals of the Caprinae subfamily are called caprid or goat-antelope.

The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and domestic goat (Capra hircus) are part of this group.

Taxonomy
 Subfamily Caprinae
 Genus Pantholops
 Tibetan antelope or Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii)
 Genus Capricornis
 Genus Naemorhedus: Gorals
 Himalayan goral, Naemorhedus goral
 Long-tailed goral, Naemorhedus caudatus
 Red goral, Naemorhedus baileyi
 Chinese goral, Naemorhedus griseus
 Genus Oreamnos
 Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus)
 Genus Rupicapra
 Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)
 Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica)
 Genus Myotragus
 Myotragus balearicus †
 Genus Budorcas
 Takin (Budorcas taxicolor)
 Genus Ovibos
 Musk ox (Ovibos moschatus)
 Genus Hemitragus
 Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus)
 Genus Nilgiritragus
 Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius)
 Genus Arabitragus
 Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakiri)
 Genus Capra
 Wild goat (Capra aegagrus)
 Alpine ibex (Capra ibex)
 Walia ibex (Capra walie)
 West Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica)
 East Caucasian tur (Capra cylindricornis)
 Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica)
 Markhor (Capra falconeri)
 Genus Pseudois
 Bharal (Pseudois nayaur)
 Dwarf blue sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)
 Genus Ammotragus
 Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)
 Genus Ovis

Images
Domestic goat

The domestic goat (Capra hircus or Capra aegagrus hircus) is a domesticated mammal It comes from the wild goat. A male goat is called a buck and a castrated goat is called a wether, a female is called a doe. Young goats are called kids

People eat their meat, drink their milk, and use their fur and skin. With goat milk, cheese can be made, along with other dairy products like yogurt. Some farmers use goats to eat plants the farmers do not want, such as weeds. Other times, the goats are used to keep grasses and other plants from getting too tall. This also benefits the goat because they get plenty of food to eat. 

The goat has cloven hooves, a long beard on its chin, a short tail that turns up, and horns that grow up from the head in an arc. The hair is straight with a woolly coat under it during winter. Goats have rectangular irises. They are one of the few species to have these unique eyes.

The goat is about 70-120 cm (28-48 inches). They weigh from 45-54 kg (100-120 lb.) during adulthood. 

The diet of the goat includes eating grass, leaves, shrubs, root vegetables, and other kinds of plants. Some ranchers use goats to clear brush and unwanted plants from their pastures Goats living in the desert, where plants are quite hard to find, have been seen climbing trees to get food

Goats are smart and active. They enjoy playing with other goats and climbing They are social animals that may live in groups or herds

List of goat breeds

Notes

References 

Caprids
Domesticated animals
Capra (genus)

Capra is a genus of the subfamily Caprinae and the family Bovidae. The domestic goat and other animals like it belong to this genus.

Taxonomy 
 Genus Capra
 Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus), and the domestic goat
 Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex)
 Walia Ibex (Capra walie)
 West Caucasian Tur (Capra caucasica)
 East Caucasian Tur (Capra cylindricornis)
 Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica)
 Markhor (Capra falconeri) (National animal of Pakistan)

Other websites 

Caprids
Richard Sharpe

Major Richard Sharpe is a fictional character. He is the main character in a series of books written by Bernard Cornwell. Many of the books have been made into television movies, where the stories were told in a different order from the books. Sharpe's story is set during the Napoleonic Wars. Sharpe has a series of "sword waving" adventures.

So far, the writer has written 21 books, from "Sharpe's Tiger" to "Sharpe's Devil". The first book is set in the year 1799, while the last is set in the years 1820 to 1821. There were also three short stories set between other books. All the stories cover the Napoleonic Wars, as well as a prelude in India detailing Sharpe's rise to the rank of Ensign. The final book looks at Sharpe on a mission to rescue his old friend, the Spanish Captain General Don Blas Vivar, in Chile.

Books and short stories 
Here is the order of the books and short stories, with the year the story is set:

Film story 
Born in London to a poor mother, Sharpe spent most of his youth in the inner city of London. When he killed someone, he went away to Yorkshire. He then joined a British line battalion, a regiment in the British Army. He was sent to India, where he saved the Duke of Wellington's life. For this, he was given a field commission to the rank of Lieutenant. He was then transferred to a Highland regiment, where he was not wanted, and was transferred into the 95th Rifles at Shorncliffe back in England. The 95th Rifles was then sent to northern Spain with General Moore's army. It was in Spain that he became friends with Patrick Harper.

In the latest adventure "Sharpe's Challenge", Sharpe and Harper go to India to fight some villains.

References
 Adkin, Mark. The Sharpe Companion: A Detailed Historical and Military Guide to Bernard Cornwell’s Bestselling Series of Sharpe Novels. London; New York: Harper Collins, 1998. , , .
 Adkin, Mark. The Sharpe Companion: Early Years. London; New York: Harper Collins, 2003. , .
 Bluth, B. J. Marching With Sharpe. London; New York: Harper Collins, 2001. , .

Characters in written fiction
Protest

A protest is when a number of people come together in public to show others that they strongly like or dislike a social condition or a government policy. For example, some people protest racism or war. 

There are many ways in which people can protest. Protesters can do things like write letters, not eat food, sing songs, or riot.

Related pages
 Demonstration
 Protestant
 Sit-in

Basic English 850 words
Roskilde

Roskilde () was the capital of Denmark until 1443. Since then, Copenhagen has been the capital.

The most important church in Denmark is in Roskilde. It is where the dead Danish kings are buried. The city also have a yearly music festival called Roskilde Festival. The festival is one of two biggest in Europe.

Roskilde has a population of about 54,000. An important economic activity is tourism.

Famous people from Roskilde

 Jens Adolf Jerichau (d. 1916), painter
 Peter Madsen (1978-), footballer
 Kevin Magnussen (1992-), racing driver
Lise Nørgaard, writer, journalist, screenwriter

References

Cities in Denmark
Region Zealand
Hong Kong Stock Exchange

The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (sometimes shortened to SEHK), is a stock exchange located in Hong Kong. It is East Asia's and Asia's third largest stock exchange in terms of market capitalization behind the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the sixth largest in the world before Euronext. As of 31 October 2016, SEHK had 1,955 listed companies, 989 of which are from mainland China (Red chip, H share and P chip), 856 from Hong Kong and 110 from other countries and region (e.g. Macau, Taiwan, Malaysia, United States, Singapore, etc.)  Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing owns SEHK and is itself listed on SEHK.

The physical trading floor at Exchange Square (Hong Kong) closed in 2017, due to the shift towards electronic trading. By 2014, it accounted for less than 1% of trade volume.

Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Traditional Chinese: 香港交易所, also 港交所; sometimes shortened to HKEX ; SEHK: 0388) is a stock exchange in Hong Kong.

It is mostly owned by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing, which also controls Hong Kong Futures Exchange Limited (HKFE) and Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited.

References 

Stock exchanges in Asia
Organisations based in Hong Kong
Aarhus

Aarhus is the second biggest city in Denmark after Copenhagen, and the biggest on Jutland, the Danish mainland. It has about 307,000 inhabitants, and the metropolitan area has more than 1,200,000.

The settlement of Aarhus was started in around the year 770 as a trading place of the Vikings, but the oldest recorded history of Aarhus is from 951. The city grew in the 16th century and again during the Industrial Revolution.

Aarhus' climate is on the boundary between humid continental (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification) and oceanic (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Other websites 

 
 Website of the city of Aarhus

 
770 establishments
Establishments in Denmark
Odense

Odense is the third largest city in Denmark with about 146,000 inhabitants and the capital of the island of Funen (Danish: Fyn).

It was started in 988 A.D. and was sometimes the seat of the parliament of Denmark. In 1805, it became capital of the island Funen.

Odense
988 establishments
10th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Denmark
Aalborg

Aalborg is a city in Denmark. About 143,000 people live there (2021), which makes it the fourth largest city in Denmark.

Aalborg was founded around 700 A.D. and was heard about for the first time in the year 1040.
It was a proper city in 1342 and became the seat of a Lutheran bishop in 1554. 

Aalborg is in Northern Jutland, near the Limfjord.

Cities in Denmark
700s establishments
North Jutland Region
Esbjerg

Esbjerg is a city in Denmark, on the peninsula Jutland.

It has about 82,000 inhabitants and is the 5th largest city of Denmark. The growing began in the 1860s, because Denmark lost its North Sea harbors to Prussia in the Danish-Prussian-Austrian war.
The new harbor was built in Esbjerg.

Cities in Denmark
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Region of Southern Denmark
Dirham

Dirham is a unit of currency in several Arabic-speaking nations, including:

 The Moroccan dirham
 The United Arab Emirates dirham
 1/1000 of the Libyan dinar
 1/100 of the Qatari riyal
 1/10 of the Jordanian dinar
 The dirham, spelt 'diram,' is 1/100 of the Tajikistani somoni.

Historically, the word "dirham" is comes from 'dirhem' which comes from the name of a Greek coin, the Drachm; the Byzantine Empire controlled the Levant and traded with Arabia, circulating the coin there in pre-Islamic times and afterward. It was this currency which was first used as an Arab word. Near the end of the 7th century, the coin became an Islamic currency. It had the name of the sovereign and a religious verse on it. The dirham was used by many Mediterranean countries, including Spain. It could be used as currency in Europe between the 10th and 12 centuries.

Similar currencies
The Armenian dram is a currency whose name bears a similar origin. The dinar is a currency used in the Muslim world but originating with the Romans.

Currency of Africa
Currency of Asia
Currency of Europe
Wormhole

A wormhole is a theoretical passage through space creating a shortcut through time and space. It is not known whether or not they exist.

Scientists believe that if wormholes existed they could not be made following any traditional scientific methods. In order to hold a wormhole open, a form of theoretical exotic matter would be needed. Otherwise the wormhole would simply disappear very quickly after its creation. If plotted on a 2-dimensional plane, the wormhole bends the plane, like folding a paper, so that the two ends would be touching (as seen in the picture). The term wormhole was first used by John Wheeler, a theoretical physicist. It is also known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. A wormhole is much like a tunnel with two ends each in separate points in space time. Researchers have no observational evidence for wormholes.

Wormholes are a common element in science fiction because they allow rapid interstellar, intergalactic, and sometimes even interuniversal travel. In fiction, wormholes have also served as a method for time travel. This popular fiction allows interstellar travel within human lifetimes. This would allow time travel, also a popular fiction. A proposed time-travel machine using a traversable wormhole would hypothetically work in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system, and then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than the other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both of these methods, time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become "younger", than the stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through the wormhole, no matter how the two ends move around.

References 

Relativity
Free kick

A free kick is a kick awarded to the other team because of a foul, which is committed by another player. Free kicks appear in many different ball sports, like association football.

Football (soccer) terminology
Corner kick

A corner kick is a kick awarded to the team for their opportunity to shoot at goal in soccer. It happens when the ball has come off a footballer at his or her own goal. There are two corner posts at each end of the ground, so two for each team depending where the ball is kicked out.

Football (soccer) terminology
Referee

A referee is an official who watches a whole game of sports and makes all the decisions. The players of the sport being watched must always admit that the referee is always right, even if they aren't. Usually, if any player argues, they can get a yellow card or even sent off with a red card. Referees use a whistle so players and fans can hear when play needs to be stopped. Sometimes referees may have Assistant referees to help them just in case they didn't see something or for offsides in Football (soccer).

Referees usually wear clothing to separate them from the players. Most referees wear white and black shirts or an all black uniform.

Referee abuse 
Referee abuse is any abuse towards and referee (referee, assistant referee, fourth/fifth officials) verbally or physically. If a player physically abuses a referee, for example if they push, hit, or kick them, they can be shown a red card, suspended for multiple matches, or even be criminally charged and spend time in jail if the abuse was serious enough and be banned from the game for life. 

Sports occupations
Cataract

A cataract is when the lens of the eye gets cloudy. It is a treatable medical condition. Cataracts can cause short-sightedness (myopia), which means you cannot see things in the distance but can see things up close.

If not fixed by surgery, some types of cataracts will cause blindness (which means you cannot see anything at all). In a simple operation, the old lens can be replaced by a new plastic one. Many thousands of people have had this operation.

Other websites 
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790

Diseases and disorders of the eye
Goal kick

A goal kick is given when the attacking team puts the ball over the end line in football. The other team then takes the goal kick from the goal areas (six-yard box) and the game starts again. Players of the other team have to stay outside the penalty box during the kick. If the defending team puts the ball over the end line, the referee gives a corner kick instead.

Football (soccer) terminology
Throw-in

A throw-in in football (soccer) is when the ball has come off the opposite team, the other team picks that ball up and throws it in and the game continues.

Rules
The throw-in is made at the place, where the ball left the field.
The throw in is delivered by the team who has not touched the ball before he left the field.
The thrower must look to the field of play.
He must stand with both feet on the ground on or outside the touch line .
He must use both hands to throw the ball from behind and over their head.
You can not score a goal directly after a throw in.
The opposite players must stand at least 2 meters away.
During the throw-in the offside rule is not used.

Other facts
The best way to do a throw in is to throw the ball in an angle of about 30 degrees. Then you can reach the maximum distance.
Rory Delap, a midfielder for Stoke City is known for his long-throw ins which led to many goals for Stoke City.
Also Christian Schwegler of FC Red Bull Salzburg is known for his throw ins.

References

Football (soccer) terminology
Patch

A patch is a piece of a flexible material used to repair an object that has a hole in it, to protect an object from damage even before it is damaged, or to decorate clothing or other fabric items.

Cloth patches

For repairs 
Cloth patches are rectangles of cloth that are used to cover up holes in clothing and other fabric items. Patches are usually used on clothes and soft things like cushions, teddy bears and blankets. Patches are sewn on with a needle and thread or glued on using a hot iron.

For decoration 
Many types of uniforms use cloth patches that have embroidered words or images on them. For example, police officers' uniforms have patches that state the name of the police force. Military uniforms have patches that have the flag of the country embroidered on them and the military unit that the soldier is part of. Many uniforms for businesses have cloth patches with the name of the company and the company logo embroidered on them. 

As well, many people wear patches on their regular clothing. Some patches are sold by tourist stores. These patches have the name of a region on them. Other patches worn by teenagers have the names and logos of rock bands on them. Motorcycle biker gang members, such as members of the Hells Angels  wear patches on their leather vests that state the name of their gang and the logo of the gang.

Leather patches 
Leather patches are rectangles of leather that are used to cover up holes in clothing and other fabric items. Leather patches are usually used on heavy-duty work clothes, or on the elbows of jackets, or on the knees of pants. Leather patches are sewn on with a needle and thread.

Rubber patches 
Rubber patches are rectangles, squares, or circular pieces of flat, thin rubber that are glued onto bicycle tire inner tubes, car tire inner tubes, and inflatable toys to repair holes.

Clothing
Peasant

A peasant is a name for a person that worked for others on a farm and never had much money. They usually wore rough, uncomfortable clothes and lived in small houses.

The word peasant came from the French word for "country" in the medieval era (15th century). In feudalism peasants, like other farmers, had to be able to do a number of jobs on the farm. They lived in rural areas and made up a large amount of the population. Most peasants could not read or write. They did not usually talk with the higher society unless it was about work. Some were serfs meaning they were not free to leave their lord's land.

Male peasants were not the only ones who worked in the fields. Their wives and other woman also worked in the fields if necessary. Female peasants usually did women's work in the house such as cooking, cleaning, making clothes, and looking after children.

They worked all the time, except sometimes on Sundays they would get a break, and when the harvesting season was over they got a longer break. 

People by wealth or status
Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark

Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat,  (born Mary Elizabeth Donaldson; 5 February 1972) is the wife of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. Frederik is the heir apparent to the throne, which means that should he succeed, Mary will automatically become Queen consort of Denmark.

Early life 
Mary Elizabeth Donaldson was born in Queen Alexandria Hospital in Hobart, Tasmania. She is the youngest daughter of John Dalgleish Donaldson, a professor of applied mathematics, and Henrietta Clark Donaldson. Her parents were Scots. She has two sisters and one brother. She graduated from University of Tasmania in 1994 with a bachelor's degree in Commerce and Law.

On May 14, 2004, Mary and Prince Frederik of Denmark were married in Copenhagen Cathedral. They have four children: Prince Christian, Princess Isabella, Prince Vincent, and Princess Josephine. The Crown Prince Couple live both in Frederik VIII’s Palace at Amalienborg and in the Chancellery House at Fredensborg Palace.

Titles and Styles

5 February 1972-14 May 2004: Miss Mary Elizabeth Donaldson 

14 May 2004-29 April 2008: Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Denmark 

29 April 2008: Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat

References

Other websites

 

1972 births
Living people
Danish princes and princesses
People from Hobart
Racquet

A racquet (sometimes racket) is used in sports to hit an object.  It differs from a paddle because the head is a grid of strings instead of solid.

Tennis 
A tennis racquet has a long handle and a large oval-shaped area used to hit a tennis ball. It has many strings stretched across its surface (or face) both horizontally and vertically. The strings supply bounce to hit the ball. The handle and frame of the racquet is usually made out of light materials such as graphite. Older racquets were made out of wood. Tennis racquets come in different sizes and weights.

Tennis racquets can be bought at sports equipment stores or department stores. A beginner racquet can cost as little as $30, but they can cost much more for very good quality rackets ($500 or more).

Badminton 
A badminton racquet has a longer, thinner neck than a tennis racquet with softer strings as the shuttlecock is hit up over a net.

Sports equipment
Racquet sports
Secondary school

Secondary school is the next step up from primary school. Secondary schools are often called high schools or middle school in United States. In Britain, secondary schools may be public schools, grammar schools or comprehensive schools.

In Australia, a person will generally begin secondary school when they are at the age of 12 and finish (or graduate) when they are either 16 or 18 years of age. This is dependent upon whether they finish with year levels (or grades) 11 and 12. In secondary school, a person will advance through the year levels (or grades) each year.

In the United Kingdom, a person starts secondary school at the age of 11 and generally finishes secondary at either 16 or 18 depending on whether the secondary school has a sixth form offering post 16 education.

In the United States school system, secondary school is usually divided into two separate schools. One is called middle school and consists grades 6, 7, and 8. And the other is called high school and has grades 9 through 12. A person generally starts middle school at age 11 or 12 and starts high school at age 14 or 15 and finishes at age 18. 

Generally a student goes to the high school for four years. Depending on the laws in each individual state, a student can drop out of high school; the minimum age is 16. If the student does graduate, he/she can plan to continue his/her studies to college or a university, or just join the workforce. 

In some schools in Australia years 11 and 12 are just a normal part of high school. Some other schools may only progress through to year 10; in this case students will then go to college (years 11 and 12).

At the end of secondary school, students will usually take a unified examination. For example, students finishing secondary school in England take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).

Types of educational institutions
Cushion

A cushion is a soft bag of material, filled with wool, hair, feathers, or even paper in small pieces . It may be used for sitting on to make a chair or couch more comfortable. Cushions can be used for body support. Cushions and rugs can be used outside, to make hard ground softer. Cushions are often for a decorative purpose and can create more character and appeal to a room. Cushions can come in many different shapes and sizes. However, the most common shape of a cushion is a square or rectangle, like a pillow.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Furniture
Home
Choice

A choice is the act of choosing. It is the selection of an optional act, in other words, it has to be an act which allows us a choice. A choice is a decision between alternatives.

We all make choices everyday, from what we are going to have for breakfast to whether we drive or walk to work. 

The field of economics examines how people make choices about how to use scarce resources and goods, such as their money or free time. Some ways of thinking such as existentialism argue that people's choices and decisions are very important.

Causality
Economics
Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a denomination of Christianity.

Lutheranism is named for Martin Luther, who led a protest against the Roman Catholic Church.  He began his protest in the 16th century. He was a German priest, theologian, and university professor in Wittenberg.  He originally wanted to improve Catholic theology and practices, primarily by ending the pope's indulgences and abuses of power.

Lutheranism came to be a separate church by Luther and his followers being excommunicated by the pope.  Luther’s ideas started a movement called the Protestant Reformation.  Other Reformation leaders who separated from the Catholic Church agreed with Luther on some things but criticized him for keeping too much Catholic doctrine (see John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli).

Lutherans believe the Bible is the first and only authoritative source for Christian faith and teaching. Like other Christians, they believe in the Trinity, that Jesus Christ was both God and man, that all humans are sinful since Adam and Eve (see original sin), and that humans are saved by Jesus' death on the cross. Lutherans believe that the central idea to all of their beliefs is that humans are saved by grace alone through faith alone because of Jesus Christ alone (see Justification (theology)). The main points of Lutheran theology were summed up in 1530 by Philip Melanchthon in the writing called The Augsburg Confession.

Similarities with Catholicism include the liturgy and the doctrines of the real presence of the Eucharist, baptism, and original sin. Unlike Catholics, however, Lutheran pastors and bishops are allowed to marry, do not pray for intercession with the saints (including Mary), and reject the authority and the infallibility of the Pope and Catholic Magisterium.

Major American denominations include the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA), the Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod (LCMS), and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), and the North American Lutheran Conference (NALC).

References 

Protestantism in Germany
 
Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
Ivy League

This is a list of colleges and universities who play sports in the Ivy League:
Brown University
Columbia University
Dartmouth College
Harvard University
Princeton University
University of Pennsylvania
Yale University

References

 
Colleges and universities in the United States
Joseph Lyons

Joseph Aloysius Lyons (15 September 1879 - 7 April 1939) was the tenth Prime Minister of Australia. He was Premier of Tasmania in the 1920s. He was from the Labor Party. In 1931 he took his supporters and joined the other side. He started a new party called the United Australia Party. In January 1932 his new party won the elections. Lyons was the first Prime Minister to die while in office.

1879 births
1939 deaths
Lyons, Joseph
Premiers of Tasmania
Politicians from Tasmania
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
United Australia Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Plow

A plow or plough is a tool or machine used for several jobs, including farming and snow removal. It is pushed or pulled across the ground. Human power or other animal power was usual in past centuries; in the 20th century plows are mostly pulled by tractors. The plow lifts and turns dirt and makes two lines of dirt behind it. Turning the soil buries weeds, brings more nutrients to the top, and loosens the soil. Crops grow better in land that has been plowed.

History 

Early in the agricultural revolution, simple hand-held digging sticks or hoes would have been used in areas with good soil, such as the area near the Nile River in Africa. At the Nile, the annual flood makes the soil better by rejuvenating it, to create places where seeds could be planted. To help crops grow in areas where floods were rare, the soil had to be rejuvenated in a different way. This is when plowing was first used, and hoes were the first plows.

Basic English 850 words
Agricultural machinery
Farming tools
Lace

Lace is a fabric, patterned with open holes in the work, made by machine or by hand. Lace is very lightweight and open, and the patterns usually have many holes and frills.

Lace is made by knitting, crocheting and weaving.

Other websites 
Encajes Fino de Beny
Csetneki Hungarian Lace 
Hungarian Lace 

Cloth
Textile arts