alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Someshvara II

Someshvara II (; ) who was administering the area around Gadag succeeded his father Someshvara I (Ahavamalla) as the Western Chalukya king. He was the eldest son of Someshvara I. During his reign Someshvara II was constantly under threat from his more ambitious younger brother Vikramaditya VI. Eventually Someshvara was deposed by Vikramaditya VI.

Around 1070 AD Someshvara II expanded his empire and brought Malava under his control.

Chola invasion
Almost immediately after coming to power, Someshvara II had to face an invasion by the Chola forces led by Virarajendra Chola. The Chola army invaded the Chalukya country and laid a siege to the town of Gutti in (Kurnool district) and attacked Kampili. Instead of assisting his brother in order to save the Chalukya kingdom, Vikramaditya turned the troubles of his brother into his opportunity to capture the Chalukya throne.

Vikramaditya's Opportunism
Vikramaditya saw the opportunity presented by the confusion in the kingdom due to the Chola invasion. Vikramaditya seduced Someshvara's feudatories from their loyalty towards the monarch, and with their aid, entered into negotiations with the Chola king Virarajendra.

Vikramaditya made his alliance with Virarajendra.

Chalukya civil war
The political situation drastically changed when Virarajendra died in 1070 and his son Athirajendra Chola came to the Chola throne. Kulothunga Chola I eventually came to the Chola throne in a confusion created by civil disturbances in which Athirajendra was assassinated. As Vikramaditya was antagonistic towards Kulothunga, Someshvara II went into an alliance with Kulothunga and prepared to attack Vikramaditya.

The conflict eventually occurred in 1075 when Kulothunga launched an attack on Vikramaditya. Someshvara aided Kulothunga Chola by attacking Vikramaditya's rear. What resulted was a brief civil war in which Someshvara suffered heavy defeats and his fate is unknown after the defeat. Vikramaditya captured the Chalukya king and imprisoned him. Vikramaditya VI proclaimed himself the Chalukuya king in 1076.

See also
 Virarajendra Chola
 Kulothunga Chola I

References

Sources 
 Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
 Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984). 
 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat (2001). Concise History of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).

Year of birth missing
Western Chalukya Empire
11th-century monarchs in Asia
Fripp (novel)

Fripp is a comedy novel by Miles Tredinnick.  It tells the story of a young private investigator, Twyford Fripp, taking on his very first case in attempting to track down the missing wife of a Rear Admiral.  It was first published in 2001 and a Kindle ebook version was released in 2011. Fripp is the author's first novel.

Synopsis
Retired Rear Admiral Peter Legg has a delicate problem. He is suffering from satyriasis (the male equivalent of nymphomania) and his constant craving for sexual excitement with the local Madam, Miss Forde, and her working girls, Forde's Escorts, have left him broke and despondent. Furthermore, his long-suffering wife Margot has deserted him. In desperation he attends a newly opened sexual addiction clinic run by the handsome, breakfast TV doctor Ryan Hooper. When this fails to solve his problems he decides to employ a young private detective, Twyford Fripp, to track down his wife and hopefully bring her back. Unfortunately, it's Twyford Fripp's very first case...

External links
Fripp site

2001 novels
British comedy novels
British crime novels
Mayor of Taupō

The mayor of Taupō officiates over the Taupō District of New Zealand's North Island.

The mayor of Taupō is the head of the municipal government, and presides over the district council. The mayor is directly elected using a first-past-the-post electoral system. The office was established on 1 December 1989, after the formation of the district council in the 1989 local government reforms. David Trewavas is the current mayor of Taupō. He sought reelection in 2019, months after receiving a kidney transplant from his wife.

List of office holders

Mayors
Taupō District has had four mayors. The following is a complete list:

Deputy mayors

References

Taupo
Taupo
Politics of the Bay of Plenty Region
Taupō District
Taupo
Florida State Road 607

State Road 607 (SR 607) is a state highway that extends  from its southern terminus (an intersection with SR 614 near Lakewood Park) to the Indian River County line. A north–south road in northern St. Lucie County and southern Indian River County, it is locally known as Emerson Avenue throughout its route.

SR 607 formerly extended into Indian River County, with its northern terminus being at Vero Beach.

Route description
SR 607's two north–south lanes pass through orange groves in St. Lucie County.

History
According to a 1960 map prepared by State Road Department (forerunner of the Florida Department of Transportation), Emerson Road shared its SR 607 designation with Indrio Road (present SR 614) and Kings Highway (present SR 713). At that time, Angle Road east of Kings Highway was signed State Road 607A.

The road originally ran  long, extending into Indian River County along 27th Avenue to SR 60 in Vero Beach. This portion threads between residential developments and is an important commuter road for this growing section of the eastern coast of Florida.

Prior to 1978, SR 607 was a primary access road for the local orange groves, once the primary source of commerce of the region (and still a significant industry).  Between 1978 and 1980, it served to "bridge the gap" between the incomplete Interstate 95 (SR 9) and Florida's Turnpike in Indian River and St. Lucie counties.  Southbound motorists would exit I-95 at the temporary southern end at SR 60 (Osceola Boulevard/20th Street) west of Vero Beach, travel southward the length of SR 607, then right one mile (1.6 km) on SR 614 (Indrio Road) before going south the remaining  on SR 713 (Kings Highway) to SR 70 (Okeechobee Road) and a trumpet interchange with the Turnpike in Fort Pierce.

Major intersections

References

External links

607
607
607
Iron Hills Conference

The Iron Hills Conference was an athletic conference of twenty high schools located in Essex County, Morris County and Union County in New Jersey, United States. The Iron division was often regarded as one of the most competitive in the state.

The conference was split up at the end of the 2008-2009 sports season due to conference realignment changes made by the NJSIAA. The Essex County schools joined the Super Essex Conference, the Morris County schools joined the Northwest Jersey Athletic Conference, and the Union County schools joined the Union County Interscholastic Athletic Conference.

Member schools
There were 20 member schools in the Iron Hills Conference before the conference was split up.

Notes
East Orange Campus High School houses the upperclassmen; freshmen there are housed at East Orange Campus 9 High School.
Some of West Morris Central's teams go by Wolfpack as the team name. However, the Highlanders nickname is retained out of respect for the school's graduates.

External links
Iron Hills Conference website
New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association

Essex County, New Jersey
Morris County, New Jersey
New Jersey high school athletic conferences
Union County, New Jersey
Car Tycoon

Car Tycoon is a business simulation game that was released on January 5, 2003 by JoWooD Productions under the Fishtank Interactive brand name. It was the first major game by the developer, German studio Vectorcom Development, and sees the player managing a company that develops and manufactures cars.

Bugs
The game was plagued by bugs from the start. Initially, the player could not save games. Eventually a patch was released that fixed this and a few other bugs, but the game still wasn't entirely bug-free. Numerous bugs were never addressed, such as one related to the "big customers". In the game, the player is able to make offers to various local businesses requiring vehicles. The premise is to give the player another way to sell his or her cars. Unfortunately, this never works, as the offers are never accepted.
As for the scenario style play, the scenario number 9: Eliminate your largest competitor, was broken. This meant that the user could never finish that scenario and the rest of the 11 scenarios were locked forever. Hence, only 9 of the 20 scenarios released were ever playable.
Another bug was when the user bought multiple factories in certain game maps. Many factories, which were expensive and bought for loans, never started production. This led to a steep fall in revenues and increase in loan liabilities of the company.

See also
 Detroit, a 1993 computer game about auto manufacturing.

External links

2003 video games
Business simulation games
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Windows-only games
JoWooD Entertainment games
Anatopism

An anatopism (from the Ancient Greek , "against," and , "place") is something that is out of its proper place.

The concept of anatopism is less widely familiar than that of anachronism, perhaps because much that is anatopic is also anachronistic.  Yet the distinction is a valid one; not all that is anatopic is necessarily also anachronistic.

The online Collins English Dictionary gives a synonym for "anatopism":  anachorism (from Greek:  + , "place"):  "a geographical misplacement; something located in an incongruent position".

Examples
Catherine Hardwicke's 2006 film The Nativity Story shows a field of maize in a Nazareth farming scene.  Maize is native to Mesoamerica, not to the Middle East, and in pre-Columbian times was grown only in the Americas.  The use of maize in this film is an anatopism as well as an anachronism.

The same anatopism appears in the first part ("The Warrior Pharaohs") of a three-part 2002 PBS documentary series on "Egypt's Golden Empire" depicting the history of ancient Egypt's New Kingdom:  ears of maize corn are shown in a scene recreating the battle and siege of Megiddo in the 15th century BCE.

Ridley Scott's 2000 film, Gladiator, set in 180 CE, features Roman soldiers riding horses using saddles with stirrups.  While the Romans had had saddles since about 100 BCE, and stirrups had existed in the world since about 700 BCE, stirrups did not appear in Europe until about the 6th or 7th century CE, making them both anatopic and anachronistic.

The opening scene of Disney's 1994 film, The Lion King, features a variety of African animals venturing to Pride Rock.  However, the ants that appear in the scene hold leaves in their mandibles, behavior that only leaf cutter ants in Latin America exhibit.

John Ford's much-lauded 1939 film Stagecoach was filmed in Monument Valley on the Arizona-Utah border, but textually set in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. The vegetation and topography of Monument Valley and the lower-altitude deserts are vastly different, rendering the film's actual location notably anatopic.

Scenes of the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 in the 1960 film Cimarron were shot near Tucson, Arizona. The arid subtropical desert landscape bears no resemblance to the fertile terrain of the central Oklahoma of the land rush, and in the background are sky island mountains typical of the desert Southwest but non-existent in Oklahoma.

The Polish writer Bolesław Prus, for the sake of making a point, introduces into chapter 63 of his historical novel Pharaoh, set in the ancient Egypt of 1087–1085 BCE, a substance that behaves like gunpowder.  This appears to be both an anachronism and an anatopism, since gunpowder is thought to have been invented, some time later, in China or in Arabia.  Another apparent anatopism introduced by the author (in chapter 45) is an object that resembles a telescope, that may also be an anachronism.

See also
 Anachronism

Notes

References
Bolesław Prus, Pharaoh, translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek, Warsaw, Polestar Publications, and New York, Hippocrene Books, 2001, .

Geography terminology
Sharon Angela

Sharon Angela is an American film and television actress, screenwriter, and film director. She is known for her portrayal of Rosalie Aprile on the HBO series The Sopranos.

Biography 
Angela has appeared in several films such as Cabaret Maxinef, The Hungry Ghosts, Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, On the Run, and Two Family House. Her television credits include guest appearances on Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent. During the sixth season of The Sopranos, Angela was elevated from guest star to series regular for her character Rosalie Aprile, the widow of Jackie Aprile Sr., and is also a close friend of Carmela Soprano.

She co-wrote the 2005 film, The Collection and co-directed the 2007 film, Made in Brooklyn. She also voiced Angie Pegorino in the 2008 video game Grand Theft Auto IV.

Filmography

Film

Television

Other

As writer

As director

References

External links

American television actresses
Living people
American film actresses
Place of birth missing (living people)
American women film directors
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American women screenwriters
1963 births
Mic City Sons

Mic City Sons is the third and final album by American indie rock band Heatmiser, released on October 29, 1996, through record label Caroline.

Recording 
Mic City Sons is the band's only recording for a major label. However, when individuals at Virgin Records learned the band might be on the verge of disbanding, the album was subsequently licensed for release through the smaller sister independent label Caroline Records (also an EMI subsidiary) and their independent distributor of the same name.

Content 
The title of the album is taken from a line in the ninth track, "Pop in G": "Mic city sons seem to dumb everything down".

On the album's style, Michael Frey of AllMusic noted "a decidedly more pop feel than its predecessors".

Release 
Mic City Sons was released on October 29, 1996, through Virgin Records sub-label Caroline.

Reception 

Michael Frey of AllMusic called the album "an outstanding collection of diverse and invigorating tracks". Tracks "Pop in G" and "See You Later" were called "two of the best indie rock songs of the '90s". He finished by saying "Despite the success Heatmiser's members have achieved since their disbanding, it's unfortunate that this collective decided to split up just when they had reached such a creative peak."

Track listing

Personnel 

 Heatmiser

 Sam Coomes – bass guitar
 Neil Gust – vocals, guitar, sleeve design and photography
 Tony Lash – drums, sleeve photography, mixing ("Rest My Head Against the Wall")
 Elliott Smith – vocals, guitar

 Additional personnel

 Aaron Day – additional vocals ("Get Lucky")
 Sean Croghan – backing vocals ("Cruel Reminder")

 Technical
 Rob Schnapf – mixing (all except track 4)
 Tom Rothrock – mixing (all except track 4)
 Steve Marcussen – mastering
 Storm Tharp – sleeve photography

References

External links 
 

1996 albums
Heatmiser albums
Caroline Records albums
Albums produced by Tom Rothrock
Albums produced by Rob Schnapf
Garibaldi Secondary School

Garibaldi Secondary School is a grade 8–12 school located in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. The school presently has about 1,040 students, and 62 teachers.

International Baccalaureate 

Garibaldi Secondary School (GSS) is an International Baccalaureate World School for the IB Diploma Programme since October 2007. The first International Baccalaureate diploma classes started in 2008. Garibaldi is the only public school in Maple Ridge to offer the IB Diploma Programme. The school also offers courses in the junior grades to help prepare students for the IB Diploma Programme.

Other programs 

In addition to its academic programs, Garibaldi Secondary has Fine Arts programs such as Drama, Video Editing, Music and Art; Technical Partnership programs such as Electrical, Plumbing, Carpentry, Traditional Metalwork, and Woodwork; and Business and Information Technology programs such as Economics, Business Computer Applications, Desktop Publishing, Marketing, and Information Technology.

Online learning 

The school has been involved from the start in the District's Distance Learning Program the Connected Learning Community(CLC) which offers courses online to students all over British Columbia. Several teachers conduct online courses using various programs including Moodle and recently Second Life.

History 

The original school was built in 1956 when it was named after Garibaldi Provincial Park which was just to the North of the school. Later this part of the park became a separate park known as Golden Ears Provincial Park but the school kept the name Garibaldi Secondary School, so it is also named after Giuseppe Garibaldi. The school has completed its building program with new classrooms, science labs and computer labs.

Notable alumni 
 Linus Sebastian, YouTube personality, presenter, producer, and founder of Linus Media Group.
 Snak the Ripper, musician, record producer and founder of Stealth Bomb Records.
Brian Malfesi, sprint kayaker,  and member of Canada's 2020 Olympic team.
Lance Uggla, CEO and chairman of IHS Markit.
Tyler O'Neill, MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals.

References

High schools in British Columbia
International Baccalaureate schools in British Columbia
Maple Ridge, British Columbia
Educational institutions established in 1956
1956 establishments in British Columbia
Norm Foster (politician)

Norman Kenneth Foster  (12 March 192119 November 2006) was a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Sturt from 1969 to 1972 and then the South Australian Legislative Council from 1975 to 1982. He also served as a signaller with the 2/10th Battalion in North Africa, Papua and Borneo during World War II, and was mentioned in dispatches for his bravery in action.

Early life
Norman was born in Adelaide and left school at 13.  He worked as a labourer until he enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force's 2/10th Battalion in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. He served in England, Tobruk, New Guinea and Borneo, where he was mentioned in dispatches for bravery in action as a signaller.  After the war he worked on the docks in Port Adelaide and became a leader of the Waterside Workers' Federation and president of the Trades and Labor Council in 1964.

Political career
He won the federal seat of Sturt from Liberal incumbent Ian Wilson at the 1969 election with a 50 percent primary and 50.5 percent two-party vote from a 15 percent two-party swing.  Foster's victory in the historically blue-ribbon Liberal seat was part of an 18-seat swing to Labor that nearly ended the Coalition's record tenure in government.  However, Wilson won the seat back at the 1972 election from a 2.7 percent swing even though Labor won government.

Foster then served in the South Australian Legislative Council from 1975 to 1982 and was probably best known for his support of the Tonkin Liberal government's legislation in 1982 to allow the Roxby Downs uranium mine. The legislation was very controversial, and was opposed at the time by Labor. Foster resigned from the Labor Party just before he crossed the floor to give the final vote required to pass the legislation. He ran unsuccessfully for the Legislative Council as an independent Labor candidate in 1982. His ALP membership was reinstated in 1988.

Foster died in Adelaide and was survived by his wife, five children, seven grandchildren and four great-grandchildren.

Footnotes

References
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1921 births
2006 deaths
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Sturt
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Australian waterside workers
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian military personnel of World War II
Pyotr Vershigora

Pyotr Petrovich Vershigora (first name also Petr) () or Petro Petrovych Vershyhora () ( – 23 March 1963) was one of the leaders of the Soviet partisan movement in Ukraine, Belarus and Poland and later a writer.

Petro Vershigora was born in the village of Severinovca near the Transnistrian town of Rybnitsa. His parents were ethnic Ukrainian teachers at the local rural school, who died during his childhood. As a young orphan he worked at various jobs, including shepherd, miller, and librarian, as well as amateur actor and musician in his native village. In 1927, after completing his conscript military service, he enrolled in the Odessa Fine Arts Academy and upon graduation worked as an actor and stage manager. 

In 1936 Vershigora completed his studies at cinema school and worked on several documentary films with the Kiev cinematographic company. Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he joined the Red Army. On 23 June 1942 he was air dropped on a reconnaissance mission in the German-occupied Oryol region with orders to join the underground resistance movement there. 

Within a few months Vershigora joined the partisan units led by Sydir Kovpak in northeastern Ukraine. After the death of Semyon Rudnev in the summer of 1943, he became Kovpak's right-hand man and the head of his scouting and reconnaissance elements. Under his leadership, the 1st Ukrainian Partisan Division raided German-occupied western Belarus and eastern Poland, harassing the German rear. On 3 July 1944 they joined the regular Soviet army that was fighting to expel German forces from Belarus. In August 1944, after three years of fighting, Vershigora was promoted to the rank of major general.

After the war Vershigora taught at the military academy in Moscow and wrote a number of books, including Lyudi s chistoi sovestyu (People with a Clear Conscience, 1947), his memoirs about the war.

Honours and awards
 Hero of the Soviet Union
 Two Orders of Lenin
 Order of the Red Banner
 Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 1st class
 Medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st class
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

References
 War Hero Pyotr Vershigora
 People with a Clear Conscience — Pyotr Petrovich Vershigora's Memoirs

1905 births
1963 deaths
People from Camenca District
People from Olgopolsky Uyezd
Transnistrian people of Ukrainian descent
Soviet major generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet partisans in Ukraine
Soviet writers
Ukrainian male writers
Ukrainian people of World War II
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 1st class
Ukrainian anti-fascists
Cron (disambiguation)

Cron is a time-based job scheduler in Unix-like computer operating systems.

CRON or cron may also refer to:

People
 Emmanuel Macron, French president
 Chris Cron (born 1964), American baseball manager
 Claudia Cron, American actress and model
 C. J. Cron (born 1990), American professional baseball player
 Kevin Cron (born 1993), American professional baseball player

Other uses
 CRON-diet, the Calorie Restriction with Optimal Nutrition diet
 Cron, a character in the animated series Teen Titans

See also
 Cronin (Old Irish crón), a surname (and a list of people with the name)
 CronLab, a computer company
 Crohn's disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan

The  was an administrative post not of Cabinet rank in the government of the Empire of Japan, responsible for being a direct, personal advisor to the emperor, and keeping the Privy Seal of Japan and State Seal of Japan among other things.

The modern office of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was identical to the old Naidaijin only in name and should not be confused. The office was abolished in 1945 after World War II.

History

Meiji period
The modern office of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was formed in 1885 after the Meiji government established the Japanese cabinet; however, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was separate from the cabinet and acted as a direct, personal advisor to the Emperor.  He was also responsible for the administration of imperial documents such as rescripts and edicts. Petitions to the emperor and the court were also handled by the Lord Keeper's office, as well as the responses.

In 1907, the post was expanded to become the  with a chief secretary, three secretaries, and six assistants to handle the increased workload with the passing of the genrō.

Shōwa period
After the start of Emperor Hirohito's reign in 1925, the office and position of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal became increasingly important, at the expense of the office of the Prime Minister. Political infighting within the Diet of Japan further boosted the power of the Lord Keeper. The holder of this position could strictly control who was allowed to have an audience with the emperor and the flow of information.

The position and the office of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal were officially abolished on 24 November 1945.

Today, the seals are kept in the care of the Chamberlain of Japan.

List of officeholders
† died in office.

See also
 Lord Privy Seal
 Keeper of the Seals

Notes

References
 Takenobu, Yoshitaro. (1928). The Japan Yearbook; Complete Cyclopaedia of General Information and Statistics on Japan and Japanese Territories. Tokyo: The Japan Year Book Office.  OCLC 145151778

External links
 National Archives of Japan ...Click link for photograph of meeting of Privy Counsel (1946)
 Article on the abolishment of the position of Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal from Japanese Press Translations

1885 establishments in Japan
1946 disestablishments in Japan
Politics of the Empire of Japan
Piotr Michałowski

Piotr Michałowski (July 2, 1800 – June 9, 1855) was a Polish painter of the Romantic period, especially known for his many portraits, and oil studies of horses. Broadly educated, he was also a social activist, legal advocate, city administrator and President of the Kraków Agricultural Society (since 1853). The Sukiennice Museum, a division of the National Museum in Kraków, contains a room that is named after him and devoted to Michałowski's work.

Career

Michałowski was born at an estate in Krzysztoforzyce outside Kraków, the son of landowner Józef Michałowski, senator in the Free City of Kraków. His artistic talent developed at an early age of 13 under the watchful eye of several artists including Michał Stachowicz, Józef Brodowski (1817) and Franciszek Lampi. He formally studied a broad range of subjects at the Jagiellonian University including classical philosophy, agriculture and mathematics.

During the November Uprising against the Russian rulership, Michałowski helped run a Polish munition factory. To avoid capture, he escaped to Paris, France with his new wife Julia Ostrowska and her father. While in Paris, he continued his studies of painting and anatomy with Nicolas Toussaint Charlet (1832–1835), greatly influenced by the art of Théodore Géricault, Rembrandt and Velázquez. His watercolour studies of horses became very popular in France, sold by local art dealers since 1833 to English, German and American collectors.

Michałowski returned to Kraków in 1835 and in 1837 settled into his family estate in Krzysztoforzyce. In the 1840s and 1850s he produced numerous equestrian paintings and dramatic landscapes including his famous Romantic "Battle of Somosierra" (1844–1855, several versions), "Parade before Napoleon" and other battle sites. When Pablo Picasso visited Poland in 1948, he saw Michałowski's work at the Warsaw National Museum and shouted, "Here, painter!"

See also
 Polish Romantic Jan Nepomucen Głowacki, the father of Polish school of landscape painting

References

 Maciej Masłowski: Piotr Michałowski, Warsaw 1957, ed. „Sztuka”;
 Maciej Masłowski: Piotr Michałowski, Warsaw 1974, ed. „Arkady” (in series „W kręgu sztuki” - "In the Circle of Art", also German version: Berlin 1974, ed. Henschel Verlag und Gess.);
 Jerzy Sienkiewicz: Piotr Michałowski, Warsaw 1959, ed. "Auriga - Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe" (Art and Film Publisher).
Selection of works including bio at Artyzm.com
 Piotr Michalowski at Cracow Life.com (in English)
 Somosierra - Piotr Michałowski at Culture.pl

1800 births
1855 deaths
Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
Equine artists
Polish male painters
You'd Prefer an Astronaut

You'd Prefer an Astronaut is the third studio album by the American alternative rock band Hum, released on April 11, 1995, by RCA Records as their major label debut. The title of the album is a lyric lifted from the song "I'd Like Your Hair Long".

The album has sold over 250,000 copies since its release, mostly due to the second single from the album, "Stars". It became Hum's highest charting song, reaching 11 on Hot Modern Rock Tracks and 28 on Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks; it regained popularity a decade later after being featured in a Cadillac commercial with actress Kate Walsh. The song and its video were also featured on the television show Beavis and Butt-Head.

The album spawned two other singles, "The Pod" and "I'd Like Your Hair Long", although neither received the commercial success of "Stars".

Legacy
Discussing You'd Prefer an Astronaut, Deftones frontman Chino Moreno said, "This is a heavy record, and it's where Deftones get a big part of our influence from, tone-wise."

In 2016, Sam Blum of The A.V. Club listed the album as an overlooked masterpiece.

Track listing
"Little Dipper" – 4:44
"The Pod" – 4:38
"Stars" – 5:09
"Suicide Machine" – 5:58
"The Very Old Man" – 2:45
"Why I Like the Robins" – 4:58
"I'd Like Your Hair Long" – 5:26
"I Hate It Too" – 5:59
"Songs of Farewell and Departure" – 6:16

Personnel
Hum
Jeff Dimpsey – bass guitar
Tim Lash – guitar
Bryan St. Pere – drums
Matt Talbott – guitar and vocals

Technical
Keith Cleversley – production

References

External links
Cleversly on getting the guitar sound for the album

1995 albums
Hum (band) albums
RCA Records albums
La Grange (song)

"La Grange" is a song by the American rock group ZZ Top, from their 1973 album Tres Hombres. One of ZZ Top's most successful songs, it was released as a single in 1973 and received extensive radio play, rising to No. 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1974. The song refers to a brothel on the outskirts of La Grange, Texas (later called the "Chicken Ranch"). The brothel is also the subject of the Broadway play and film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.

The first time ZZ Top played the song in La Grange, Texas was during the Fayette County Fair on September 5, 2015. In March 2020 the song re-entered the Billboard charts following the release of the documentary ZZ Top: That Little Ol' Band from Texas.

Composition
The initial groove of the song is based on a traditional boogie blues rhythm used by John Lee Hooker in "Boogie Chillen'". In 1992, music publisher Bernard Besman filed a lawsuit against the members of ZZ Top, alleging that "La Grange" infringed on "Boogie Chillen'". A federal judge dismissed the case in 1995.

Background
In March 2005, Q placed "La Grange" at 92nd of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. The song is also ranked No. 74 on Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time. Rolling Stone called the song, "...a standard for guitarists to show off their chops."

The single's B-side, "Just Got Paid", is from the band's second album Rio Grande Mud.

The song was produced by Bill Ham.

Reception
Cash Box called it a "hard driving delight certain to satisfy those fans of heavy blues."

Charts

Certifications

References

External links

1973 songs
1973 singles
London Records singles
ZZ Top songs
Songs about Texas
Songs written by Billy Gibbons
Songs written by Dusty Hill
Songs written by Frank Beard (musician)
Fayette County, Texas
Song recordings produced by Bill Ham
Downward Is Heavenward

Downward Is Heavenward is the fourth studio album by the Champaign, Illinois alternative rock band Hum.

Release
Downward Is Heavenward was recorded in 1997, and first released on January 27, 1998, by RCA Records. Some websites such as AllMusic list it as being a 1997 album rather than a 1998 album, presumably because all versions of the album bear a 1997 copyright date.

The title of the album appears as a lyric in "Afternoon with the Axolotls".

Reception
Despite selling fewer copies than its predecessor You'd Prefer an Astronaut, the album was critically acclaimed. Brent DiCrescenzo from Pitchfork Media praised the abrasive but graceful nature of the album, writing, "A listen to Downward Is Heavenward actually scrubs off a layer of skin, yet Hum still manage to infuse grace and control into their skyward swirl." Ned Raggett from Allmusic wrote, "Having scored their fluke hit with 'Stars', Hum hunkered down and created a follow-up album that went nowhere, leading to the band's splintering. An unfortunate result all around, because, arguably, Downward Is Heavenward isn't merely the group's best album, but a lost classic of '90s rock, period." In 1999, Pitchfork Media placed the album at #81 on their top 100 albums of the 1990s.

Track listing
"Isle of the Cheetah" – 6:38
"Comin' Home" – 2:45
"If You Are to Bloom" – 5:11
"Ms. Lazarus" – 3:38
"Afternoon with the Axolotls" – 6:27
"Green to Me" – 3:56
"Dreamboat" – 6:07
"The Inuit Promise" – 6:07
"Apollo" – 5:47
"The Scientists" – 5:26

Bonus single (received by fans who pre-ordered the album)
"Puppets" – 4:11
"Aphids" – 6:08

2018 vinyl release bonus tracks
"Puppets" – 4:11
"Aphids" – 6:08
"Boy with Stick" – 5:42

Personnel
Hum
Jeff Dimpsey – bass guitar
Tim Lash – guitar
Bryan St. Pere – drums
Matt Talbott – guitar, vocals

Additional personnel
Mark Rubel – production

References

1998 albums
Hum (band) albums
RCA Records albums
Karl Julius Perleb

Karl Julius Perleb (20 June 1794, Konstanz – 8 June 1845, Freiburg im Breisgau) (also known as Carl Julius Perleb) was a German botanist and natural scientist.

Life 

From 1809 to 1811, Karl Julius Perleb studied at the University of Freiburg and earned a doctorate in philosophy and in 1815 a degree in medicine. He lived in Vienna for a brief period of time. In 1818 he returned to the University of Freiburg and began a post-doctoral fellowship. He remained at the university for the remainder of his life. He became an associate professor of natural history in 1821, and in 1823 he became a full professor. From 1828 to 1845 he served as director of the Freiburg Botanical Garden. In 1838 he was appointed prorector at Freiburg University. He left his library and herbarium to the university, together with money for its administration and for travel grants for young scholars of the natural sciences.

Work 

Perleb was an author of numerous scientific publications and was a friend of Freiburg historian Heinrich Schreiber. He worked on the natural method of the classification of plants. In 1818 he translated de Candolle's Essai sur les propriétés médicales des plantes comparées avec leur classification naturelle into German as Versuch über die Arzneikräfte der Pflanzen, verglichen mit den äußeren Formen und der natürlichen Classeneintheilung derselben, with additions and comments. This was followed in 1826 by his Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs in which he developed his own classification, based on that of de Candolle, but further developing the idea of a hierarchy in which orders were introduced as a rank between families and classes. He divided de Candolle's Calyciflorae into those with either fused of free petals and increased his number of subclasses by one. He then developed a key to the diagnostic ranks, updated from the Lehrbuch, his Clavis classium, ordinum et familiarum atque index generum regni vegetabilis (1838), following the method of Ray. In his system, there were 9 classes, 48 orders and 330 families. A second part of the Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, the Lehrbuch der Zoologie was published in 1831. He also published an account of the botanical garden at Freiburg, De horto botanico Friburgensi (1829)

List of selected publications 
Sources 

 Versuch über die Arzneikräfte der Pflanzen, verglichen mit den äußeren Formen und der natürlichen Classeneintheilung derselben (1818)
 Conspectus methodi plantarum naturalis in usum auditorum typis exscribi curavit (1822) 
 
 De Horto Botanico Friburgensi (1829)
 Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte: Lehrbuch der Zoologie, (1831–1835)

Legacy 

The botanical genus Perlebia (synonym Bauhinia) is named in his honor.

See also 

University of Freiburg Faculty of Biology

References

Bibliography

 
 Bibliography of Karl Julius Perleb, Bayerische StaatsBibliothek

External links 

1794 births
1845 deaths
19th-century German botanists
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
University of Freiburg alumni
People from Konstanz
Kaingaroa

Kaingaroa is the name of several places in New Zealand:
Kaingaroa Forest, a forest and settlement in the Bay of Plenty
Kaingaroa, Pitt Island and on Chatham Island, a hill and a fishing village in the Chatham Islands
Kaingaroa, Northland, a settlement in Far North District, Northland Region
Kaingaroa, Waikato, a settlement in Taupo District, Waikato Region
Administrative divisions of French Polynesia

In French Polynesia, there are two levels of administrative divisions: five administrative subdivisions () and 48 communes. Many of the communes are further subdivided into communes associées. The breakdown into administrative subdivisions was as a result of the law #71-1028, dated December 24, 1971. The compositions of the administrative subdivisions and the communes were defined in the decrees #72-408 and #72-407 of May 17, 1972, respectively. These subdivisions were confirmed in the decree #2005-1611 of December 20, 2005. Below are several lists of the divisions, according to different sorting schemes.

List of division level types

Administrative subdivisions

Communes

Notes
For French administrative convenience, Clipperton Island had been attached to French Polynesia until February 20, 2007, but never formed part of any administrative subdivision or commune of French Polynesia. On February 21, 2007, Clipperton Island was transferred from the High Commissioner of the republic in French Polynesia to the Minister of Overseas France.

Area statistics
The communes of French Polynesia have the following statistical info: 
The average size of French Polynesian communes is 78.06 km2, while the median area is 55.4 km2, higher than the average and median areas of metropolitan French communes (14.88 km2 and 10.73 km2, respectively), but the size of these communes is predominantly dependent on the land area of the islands they occupy.

Population statistics
The communes of French Polynesia have the following statistical info: 
The average commune population is 5,725, while the median is 2,268, much higher than the average and median metropolitan French commune (1,542 and 380, respectively).

Sources :
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060424072420/http://www.polynesie-francaise.gouv.fr/

See also
 Administrative divisions of France
 Lists of communes of France
 French Polynesia

References

Sources
 Gov

French Polynesia
Administrative divisions
Administrative divisions
Aleksander Kotsis

Aleksander Kotsis (30 May 1836, in Kraków – 7 August 1877, in Kraków) was a Polish painter. He created landscapes, portraits, and genre scenes in a combination Romantic and Realistic style. Most of his paintings are small.

Biography 
He grew up just outside Kraków, where his family had a small farm. They moved into Kraków in 1846 to become merchants and he began his studies in 1850 at the Academy of Fine Arts with Wojciech Stattler and Władysław Łuszczkiewicz. His father was not supportive of his studies, so he had to continue working in their shop and taking his lessons intermittently. In 1857, he began exhibiting with the Society of Friends of Fine Arts. Finally he sold some paintings and, with the assistance of Stattler, obtained a scholarship from the Ministry of Religion and Education which enabled him to enroll at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, where he studied with Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, among others.

He returned to Kraków in 1862 and became involved with a patriotic group that met in the studio of the sculptor, Parys Filippi, which was located in the Church of St. Francis of Assisi. Although this group became involved in the January Uprising, Kotsis spent most of the years 1862 to 1864 painting church murals.

After receiving another scholarship in 1866, he moved to Warsaw, then to Paris in 1867, followed by Brussels. When he returned home, he established a studio and worked constantly, spending his summers painting en plein aire in the Tatra mountains. He also began exhibiting extensively throughout Poland and Northern Europe. After 1870, he travelled frequently and, from 1871 to 1875, lived primarily in Munich, where he often exhibited with the Kunstverein München. He shared a studio with his friends, Antoni Kozakiewicz and Franz Streitt, and went on painting excursions to the Bavarian Alps with them.

In 1875, he received an offer of a professorial chair at his alma mater but, that same year, was diagnosed with an incurable brain disorder. He was forced to refuse the chair and was unable to continue working. He died two years later.

Selected paintings

References

Further reading 
 Jerzy Zanoziński, Aleksander Kotsis, 1836-1877: życie i dzieło, Warsaw, State Publishing Institute (PIW), 1953

External links 

Arcadja Auctions: More works by Kotsis.

Polish landscape painters
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
1836 births
1877 deaths
Genre painters
Artists from Kraków
Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Polish male painters
Syed Nasir Ismail

Tun Syed Nasir bin Syed Ismail ( ;
7 March 1921– 16 March 1982) was a Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament of Malaysia. During his lifetime, he was known as a nationalist who sought to fight for the primacy of the national language in Malaysia as a means to create a national identity through the closing down of public-funded Mandarin and Tamil vernacular schools. Tun Syed Nasir sees a common education system for all as a solution to this dilemma. A prominent politician from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) – the leading party of the governing Barisan Nasional coalition – he served as the 5th Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat from 1978 till his death in 1982.

He was born in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, and is of Hadhrami Arab descent.

Awards and recognitions

Honours of Malaysia
  : 
  Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1961)
  : 
  Recipient of the Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Silver) (PPM) (1965)
  Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1971)
  Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) – Tun (1982)
  :
  Recipient of the Star of Sultan Ismail (BSI)
  Recipient of the Sultan Ibrahim Medal (PIS)
  Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor (SSIJ) – Dato'
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato'
  :
  Grand Knight of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (SIMP) – formerly Dato', now Dato' Indera (1980)
  :
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis (DPMP) – Dato'

Places named after him
Several places were named after him, including:
 Kolej Tun Syed Nasir, a residential college at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor
 Kolej Tun Syed Nasir, a residential college at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor
 Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail in Muar, Johor
 Taman Tun Syed Nasir, a residential area in Muar, Johor
 Kampung Kenangan Tun Syed Nasir in Muar, Johor
 Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tun Syed Nasir Ismail , Johor Bahru (SMKTSNI)

References

1921 births
1982 deaths
Speakers of the Dewan Rakyat
Malaysian people of Yemeni descent
People from Batu Pahat
Hadhrami people
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Grand Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor
Roy High School

Roy High School can refer to:
Roy High School (Montana) in Roy, Montana
Roy High School (New Mexico), in Roy, New Mexico
Roy High School (Utah), in Roy, Utah

See also
Le Roy High School, in Le Roy, New York
Dissociative recombination

Dissociative recombination is a chemical process in which a positive polyatomic ion recombines with an electron, and as a result, the neutral molecule dissociates. This reaction is important for interstellar and atmospheric chemistry. On Earth, dissociative recombination rarely occurs naturally, as free electrons react with any molecule (even neutral molecules) they encounter. Even in the best laboratory conditions, dissociative recombination is hard to observe, but it is an important reaction in systems which have large populations of ionized molecules such as atmospheric-pressure plasmas.

In astrophysics, dissociative recombination is one of the main mechanisms by which molecules are broken down, and other molecules are formed. The existence of dissociative recombination is possible due to the vacuum of the interstellar medium. A typical example of dissociative recombination in astrophysics is:

CH3+ + e- -> CH2 + H

See also
Astrochemistry
Ionization

References

Astrophysics
Pacific bonito

Pacific bonito, Sarda lineolata, is a marine species of bonito that is a game fighter but not highly thought of as a food fish. While it has been considered to be a subspecies of Sarda chiliensis, recent treatments recognize it as a species, S. lineolata.

It is colored blue to violet above, with metallic luster becoming silvery ventrally. It has ten or eleven stripes on its back running obliquely from the dorsum forward, and fifteen or more rakers below the angle on the first gill. The first dorsal fin is contiguous with the second and longer than the head. The caudal peduncle is slender, and the body entirely scaled. It has no teeth on the vomer. It has a small keel on either side of the median keel on the sides of the caudal peduncle, and six to eight finlets on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the caudal peduncle. The maximum length is about 40 inches and weight 25 pounds. It is found anywhere from inshore to about 100 miles offshore from northern Vancouver Island to Mexico, though it is not normally found north of Point Conception. It usually travels in schools. Fish and squid are its main diet. It is caught by trolling and still fishing, using feather lures, spoons, or live bait.

References
 
 H. J. Rayner "Pacific Bonito." The Wise Fishermen's Encyclopedia (1951).

Scombridae
Fish described in 1858
Sarda chiliensis

Sarda chiliensis, the eastern Pacific bonito, is a marine species of bonito. It ranges from Ecuador to Chile. Sarda lineolata, which ranges from Alaska to Mexico was formerly considered a subspecies, as Sarda chiliensis lineolata, but this treatment renders the species geographically disjunct.

References

Scombridae
Fish described in 1832
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier