alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Lissa Explains it All

Lissa Explains it All is a website. It teaches beginners and children HTML as well as other things like JavaScript to help them make a website. It was made by Alyssa "Lissa" Daniels (born 1986) in 1998.

History

How Lissa Explains Began
Lissa did not plan on teaching HTML at first. She was an 11 year old girl who wanted to make a website but had problems remembering the HTML codes. She saved the codes on a webpage. Many people who saw her website asked her how she made it. Lissa gave them the address (URL) to the webpage she put the codes on. As more and more people went on the page, Lissa added more codes and information, and made the URL it became public.

Changes
A year later, so many people went on Lissa Explains that Lissa decided she needed a domain name for her website. She bought the domain name, lissaexplains.com. The website name was changed to Lissa Explains it All. Soon, even more people went on Lissa Explains, and her web hosters told Lissa that she would have to buy a plan that costed $100 a month. Lissa was upset because her parents would not pay so much money for her website.

Lissa Explains was a popular website that had a lot of visitors, so Lissa filled out many forms at agencies. The agency would pay her money to put their advertisements on her website, Lissa Explains. The money she made paid for her web hosting and other services on her website. The company that hosts Lissa Explains now is Dreamhost.

Now, with even more visitors, Lissa had to change the layout and design of her website again. She got rid of a lot of the pictures on her website to save money and bandwidth space. It changed from this to this, the way it looks right now.

Problems
Lissa's website was the first website that taught children HTML. Many people know about it, and it is being copied. For example, Lissaexplainsitall.com  has a URL that is almost the same as Lissa Explains, and it also has something to do with web design and HTML.

Services
Other than teaching HTML, Lissa Explains also has other services. Lissa teaches HTML, JavaScript, CSS, how to use frames and tables, and how to make a trailing cursor.

LissaMail
In April 2008 the website for LissaMail expired, leading to the conclusion that this service is no longer being provided.

Postcards
Lissa has postcards that users can send to their friends.

Color Tools
Lissa's Color Slider lets users choose a color in the shade they want and get the hexadecimal color code for it. She also has a color wheel for people who have Internet Explorer.

HTML Editor
Lissa's HTML Editor converts and changes formatted text into HTML codes.

Meta Tag Generator
At Lissa's Meta Tag generator, users can get the HTML code to make META tags.

Other websites 
 Lissa Explains it All
 The Original Lissa Explains Website (Old Page)
Educational websites
Aeneid

The Aeneid (Latin: Aeneis) is an epic poem written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC. It tells the story of "pious Aeneas".

Aeneas is a Trojan warrior who had to leave his city because the Greeks captured Troy after a long war. It starts with Aeneas carrying his father Anchises out of the burning Troy. It ends with Aeneas landing on the shores of Italy, fighting in the region of Rome. It can be read as indirect propaganda in favour of Augustus, the Roman Emperor of the day.

The story is written in hexameters, a type of verse.

References

Epic poems
1st-century BC books
Classical Roman literature
Quincy, Illinois

Quincy is a city in the state of Illinois in the United States. In 2020 the number of people in the city was 39,463. The town was an important stop of the underground railroad during the 1800s. The town also has many German-style buildings.

References

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
John Quincy Adams
Bunk bed

A bunk bed is a stack of two or more beds. Metal poles or wooden beams connect the bottom bed (called the bottom bunk) to the top bed (called the top bunk). A ladder is used to get up to the top bunk. The ladder is usually attached to the bed. 

In the Philippines, a bunk bed is called a double deck. Bunk bed is a modern solution; crafted when a one-bed frame is placed on top of another, making a rigid structure of two or more beds. 

This way two beds are compacted together to form a single bed which is efficient. A bunk bed occupies less floor area, it is equal to the space normally necessary for only one bed.

Use in homes
Bunk beds are often used in children's rooms. Since bunk beds allow a family to put two beds in the space of a single bed, bunk beds save space. Bunk beds help families with small apartments or houses to have enough beds for their children.

Use in institutions and public facilities
A bunk bed is also called ‘the wider bed’, which means both the top and bottom are of the same wider size. They are essential furnishing items that hostels, dormitories, colleges, and schools prefer to install.

Use in government and public facilities
Bunk beds are often used in institutions such as prisons. As well, they are often used in public facilities such as homeless shelters and bomb shelters. Bunk beds are also used in firehalls, to give firefighters a place to sleep. Many military organizations use bunk beds. 

Navy ships and submarines use bunk beds for the sailors to sleep in. Army barracks sometimes have bunk beds for soldiers to sleep in.

Use in camps and hostels
Summer camps and winter cabins for children (such as boy scouts or girl scouts) often have bunk beds. Hostels, a type of inexpensive hotel for travelers, often have bunk beds. Some ski lodges have bunk beds in their rooms.

Furniture
Cupboard

A cupboard, also known as a cabinet, is furniture used for storage.  Usually, a cupboard will be in the kitchen or bathroom of a house.  It usually has one or more shelves to put items on. It can also have a door to close off the open shelves.

Related pages
Closet
Sideboard

Furniture
Great Chilean Earthquake

The Great Chilean Earthquake or Valdivian Earthquake was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. The quake occurred in the early evening (19:11 UTC) of May 22, 1960, and had a 9.5 rating on the Moment magnitude scale. The earthquake affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. 

Its epicenter was Valdivia, Chile. The earthquake caused tsunamis that pounded the Chilean coastline with waves of up to 25 meters. The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and caused great damage to Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 meters (about 35 feet) were recorded 10,000 kilometers from where the earthquake started. These waves travelled as far as Japan and the Philippines.

The total number of deaths from the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Chile has been estimated at 490 to 5700.  The Chilean government estimated 2 million people were left homeless and the damage was $550 million USD.

References

Other websites 

 1960 Chilean Tsunami
 Surviving a Tsunami—Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan

1960
20th century in Chile
Disasters in the 1960s
Earthquakes in Chile
Tsunamis
May events
1960s in South America
Photographer

A photographer (from Greek φῶς (phos), meaning "light", and γραφή (graphê), meaning "drawing, writing", together meaning "drawing with light") is someone who is skilled at taking pictures or photographs with a camera. An amateur photographer takes pictures for their own use. A professional photographer takes pictures as all or part of their job. Many people hire a photographer for their wedding, debutante party or other special events.  Photographers work in many different specialties.

There are several different kinds of photography.  Each type requires a different set of skills. Some examples include:
A news photographer can take photographs quickly when events are rapidly changing. They act as the "eyes" for their publications. Their job is to take as many photographs as they can so an editor can later select the best ones for the story. They correct photos with software, add captions, and send them to their editors. Many news photographers also shoot rapid sequences of film as short videos.
An aerial photographer is comfortable around airplanes and is skilled at taking high and low altitude pictures. They work with specialized cameras which can take infrared, three-dimensional, black and white and color aerial photographs.
A still life photographer takes pictures of still life or inanimate objects. This can be for  advertising, art or science. The subjects may be food, products, or nature studies. Still life photographers must know how to use lighting, angles and have other skills to make an object look as good in movies as it does in real life.
A fashion photographer takes pictures of clothing, makeup, hair designs and other similar products. They shoot pictures of models.  In addition to fashion, they may specialize in areas such as the music industry or movies.
A combat photographer is usually, but not always, a military occupation. They take documentary photographs and videos for many different uses. They may be involved in reconnaissance, training or supporting writers who write stories for publication.  Depending on what part of the military they are in, they often have highly specialized duties.
A portrait photographer takes pictures of people. Portraits aim to capture the personality of the subject.  Styles include Boudoir, engagement, High School Senior, newborn and family portraits. 
 One who makes motion pictures is a cameraman.

References
Share (finance)

In finance, a share is a unit of account for many different financial things including stocks, mutual funds, limited partnerships, and REIT's.  In British English, the word share alone to talk only about stocks is so common that it almost replaces the word stock itself. Capital means the money being invested to start a new business.

Other websites 
Oldest share- the oldest share in the world  (Voc 1606) 

Finance
Stock

In financial markets, stock is the partial ownership of a company. Shareholders bear the financial (but not legal) risk of the corporation, and receive dividends, which are a piece of the net income.

A person or organization which holds shares of stocks is called a shareholder. The value of the stock multiplied by the shares outstanding is the market capitalization. This is the most common metric for valuing a publicly traded company.

Stocks can be bought and sold privately or on stock exchanges. Someone who buys and sells stock on the behalf of another individual is called a stockbroker.

In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term share is used the same way as stock is described in the United States.

Related pages
 corporation
 Joint-stock company

References

Other websites 
 The Oldest Share  in the world, issued by the Dutch East India Company VOC, 1606.
Stock Market Trivia: History of Stocks
Who Decides Stock Prices?
Researching Old Company Stock Certificates

Finance
Stock (disambiguation)

A stock is a share of ownership in a company. See stock.

Supply and inventory 
Stock in general refers to the equipment, materials, or supplies of an establishment or a store or supply accumulated or available, as in:
 Livestock kept on a farm.
 Stock (food), a soup and flavoring base
 Inventory, a term for "finished goods", or sometimes raw material kept in storage.
 Stock (cards),the common pile of undealt playing cards from which players draw in a number of card games.
 Stock media, set material which can be used by other people (and is sometimes created for the purpose), either for free or for a set fee. Examples include:
 Stock footage
 Stock photography
 Stock sound effects
 Clipart
 Packs/downloads for 3D design programs such as Poser or 3D Studio Max.
 Rolling stock as used in railway operation
 Stock, the base material used in some fabrication work, such as wood for woodworking or the metal used in a welding application.

Original 
Stock may also mean the original (as a person, race, or language) from which others derive, as in:
 Rootstock, a stump used for grafting
 (Linguistic) stock, a group of related languages or language families

Names 
Stock or stocks is also the name of:
 Stock, Essex is a village in the county of Essex, England.
 Stocks House is a country house in Aldbury, Hertfordshire which was the setting for the album cover of Oasis' Be Here Now
 Stock (publishing house)
 Matthiola incana, a flower
 An album by Japanese singer Akina Nakamori; see STOCK (music)
 Robert Stock, German entrepreneur

Other usages 
Other meanings and usages of the word stock include:
 The wooden arms that the sails of a Windmill are fitted to.
 The American form of repertory theatre as practiced in England.
 A wide necktie popular in the eighteenth century, often seen today as a part of formal wear for horse riding competitions.
 Stocks, a device used for public humiliation, punishment, and torture.
 A grappling term for a type of spinal lock.
 Stock (firearm)
 The distinction between stock and flows, a core concept of System dynamics
 Stock in geology refers to a medium-sized igneous intrusion with outcrop area less than about 100 km².
 Fish stocks refers to a fish population in a defined area which is of interest to fishery managers.

References 
 stock , Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Accessed 2006-10-19
Bilberry

Vaccinium myrtillus/The bilberry is the fruit of a type of shrub that grows close to the ground. It is a member of the genus Vaccinium.

The bilberry is native to Europe, whereas the blueberry and huckleberry are native to North America. They are closely related, and members of the same genus.

The bilberry is known by many names. It is also called blaeberry, whortleberry, whinberry, myrtle blueberry, fraughan, and probably other names in different places. In Thomas Hardy's 1878 book, The Return of the Native, they were called black-hearts in 19th century southern England.

Other websites 
Species profile: Blaeberry 
Bilberry and Herbal Medicine 

Berries
Shrubs
Vaccinium
Capital (economics)

Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and  accounting.

In finance and accounting, capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business.

In classical economics, capital is one of the four factors of production. The others are land, labor and organization. Goods with the following features are capital goods as opposed to consumer goods or durable goods: 
 Goods that can be used in the production of other goods (this is what makes it a factor of production).
 Goods made by humans, in contrast to "land," which refers to naturally occurring resources such as geographical locations and minerals.
 Goods not used up immediately in the process of production, unlike raw materials or intermediate goods (e.g. machinery).

The third part of the definition was not always used by classical economists. The classical economist David Ricardo would use the above definition for the term fixed capital while including raw materials and intermediate products are part of world life in which they can easily spend their life.

Related pages 
Human capital
Social capital

Economics
Factors of production
Felix Klein

Felix Christian Klein (April 25, 1849, Düsseldorf, (then) Prussian Empire – June 22, 1925, Göttingen, Germany) was a German mathematician. He became known for his work in group theory, function theory, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen Program, which ate geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a hugely influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the day.

The Klein bottle is named after him.

Klein, Felix Christian
1849 births
1925 deaths
German algebraists
Land (economics)

In economics, land means all natural resources that cannot be produced in a larger quantity if prices go up, such as geographical locations and mineral deposits. 

In classical economics it is considered one of three factors of production, the other two being capital and labor; income that one gets because of ownership or control of natural resources is often referred to as rent.

Factors of production
Part (music)

In music, a part is a line of music which is played by one player or group of players (or sung by one or more singers).  This is the usual meaning of the word “part” when talking about musical compositions.  

When a group of instruments are all playing the same notes together - like the first violins in an orchestra, they are all playing the same part.  The second violins are playing another part, the violas are playing yet another part, etc.

In a string quartet each of the four instruments plays a different part.

A group of singers who are all singing the tune together are singing in unison.  If they divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, they are singing in four parts.  The sopranos may be singing the tune and the altos, tenors and basses are providing the harmony underneath.  This is called “4 part harmony”.  If each of the four parts has its own share of the melody (or its own melody) it is polyphonic music.  Polyphonic music is always in several parts.

Sometimes music for the piano or organ may be written in a strict number of parts, e.g. a 5 part fugue for the piano could also be performed on five different instruments because there are always exactly five different lines of music (although sometimes a part will have a rest, but this is always shown by rests in the music).  Although written on two staves for the pianist (or three staves for an organist) it could be written on five staves: one stave for each part.

Another word for a musical part is voice.  In most other European languages the word for part in this musical sense is the same as the normal word for  voice e.g. in German: Stimme or French voix.

In general, the more parts there are in a musical composition the harder it is to compose because they all have to fit together to sound nice.  The 16th century composer Thomas Tallis wrote a motet called Spem in alium which is in 40 parts.  A choir of at least 40 people is needed to sing it, and even then each person will be singing something different to all the others.

Orchestral parts
A slightly different (but related) meaning of “part” can be the actual printed music that a player in an orchestra or band puts on the music stand to play from.  The oboe part, for example, will just have the notes that the oboe plays.  In contrast, the conductor has a musical score in which all the instrumental parts are written underneath one another.

”Part” meaning “section”
The word part can also be used in its normal meaning of  section (i.e. a bit of something). We can say: “the first part of the movement is played just by the woodwind instruments”.  

Sometimes a large work like an oratorio will be split into two or three “Parts” (in opera these would be called “Acts”).

Musical terminology
DVD player

A DVD player is a home media device that plays DVDs (also called digital versatile discs). The first DVD player was created by Sony and Pacific Digital Company and released in Japan on November 1, 1996. The DVD player would later be released in the United States on March 19, 1997. 

Audio technology
Electronics
Machines
Labour (economics)

Labour or labor is work done by people.  Labor is one of three factors of production.  The other two factors are land and capital. 

People who can work are also known as human capital, referring not necessarily to what they actually do, but to their abilities.

Related pages 
Wage, paying someone for labor.

 
Factors of production
Zach Braff

Zachary Israel Braff (born April 6, 1975) is an American actor, film director, producer and screenwriter. He became famous in the early 2000s playing the part of "Dr. John Dorian" on the NBC/ABC series Scrubs. Since then, he has written, starred in and directed the 2004 movie Garden State. He also has directed multiple music videos. Braff is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. He directed his first movie. It is called Wish I Was Here.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 
 Zach Braff's MySpace
 Video interview on stv.tv

1975 births
Living people
Democrats (United States)
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Actors from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Scrubs (TV series)

Scrubs is an American sitcom. It is about doctors and nurses in a hospital, and the title Scrubs comes from the name of the clothes they wear to keep themselves from getting dirty.

The series, which ran for nine seasons, was well known for its creative flashbacks and fantasies.

Season One
The first season introduces John Michael "J.D." Dorian and his best friend Christopher Turk in their first year out of medical school as interns at Sacred Heart Hospital.

References

Other websites

2001 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2000s American drama television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s American workplace television series
2000s comedy-drama television series
2000s medical television series
2000s workplace comedy television series
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace television series
2010s comedy-drama television series
2010s medical television series
2010s workplace comedy television series
2010s workplace drama television series
American comedy-drama television series
American medical television series
American workplace comedy television series
American workplace drama television series
NBC network shows
Television series by Buena Vista Television
English-language television programs
Flashback

A flashback is a technique used by writers which is often used in movies, television and literature. It involves a character remembering something that happened to him in the past.  Scrubs is a television show that uses flashbacks often.

The term is also used colloquially, to describe lingering effects of a drug (such as LSD), or memories of a bad experience triggered by things in the present.

Movie terminology
Television
Literary terms
Slang
Widescreen

Widescreen is a video format with a greater aspect ratio than 4:3.  Widescreens have long been used in some movies.  In the early 21st century it also became very popular for television and other things like Computer monitors. 

Widescreen is often used as a nickname for the 16:9 aspect ratio of television screens. This means that if the television screen was sixteen inches wide it would have to be nine inches tall. Most 20th century television screens were 4:3 which means if it was four inches wide it would have to be three inches tall.  A widescreen could be any size with the same ratio.  For example, a screen could be 32 feet wide and 18 feet tall and still be considered widescreen.

Display technology
Marketing

Marketing is activity that connects producers with customers. It may be B2B (business to business) marketing or B2C (business to consumer). It may include market research and advertising.  

The term marketing, what is commonly known as attracting customers, incorporates knowledge gained by studying the management of exchange relationships and is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants.

Definitions 
 Exchange value and building strong relationship with customer.  

 Marketing-" To create, grow, develop, maintain, defend, and own markets".

 An approach to business that seeks to identify, anticipate, and satisfy customers needs.

 Al Ries and Jack Trout defined marketing as simply "war" between competitors.

 At a macro level, marketing is the process of raising the standard of living, by identifying the existing problems and unsatisfied needs of people and then satisfying that need with a product/service that delivers value to the customer.

References 

Marketing
Kirkkonummi

Kirkkonummi () is a municipality in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 38,000 people lived in Kirkkonummi. It has an area of . 

Most people speak Finnish, almost 80%.

Kirkkonummi is close to the capital city, Helsinki. Other neighbouring municipalies are Espoo, Vihti and Siuntio.

Kirkkonummi was established in 1330.

Other websites

 Community website

Municipalities of Uusimaa
1330 establishments
Establishments in Finland
14th-century establishments in Europe
Christian Klein

Christian Klein is a German manager who is the current chief executive officer at SAP SE.

References
Publishing

Publishing is  making information available for public view. A publisher makes and sells literature or information. Publishers can pay their authors, or authors who want to be published can pay the publisher. Sometimes authors are their own publishers.

Traditionally, publishing means the creation and distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. Since the late 20th century it can also mean internet publishing.

A publication is the product of publishing.

Academic publishers
 Cambridge University Press
 Elsevier
 Oxford University Press
 University of Tokyo Press

Other websites 
Books
Association of American Publishers
Book-Busters: Corporate Consolidation in Book Publishing and Selling and the Decline of Diversity by William Petrocelli (1999)
The British Library - finding information on the book publishing & retailing industry 
Piers Anthony's Internet publishing survey 
Publishers Weekly, for book publishers
A Report to the Authors Guild which reveals a "Crisis in Midlist Publishing" : Study (PDF file)
Society of Young Publishers
The Young Publishers Network 
International Publishers Association
A list of Publishers of genre fiction such as thrillers, suspense and mystery

Miscellaneous
 
Writing and Publishing Program : Online courses on writing and publishing from Simon Fraser University
Editor and Publisher magazine and information on the newspaper industry 
Magazine Publishing Startup Resource Web Site for Publishers

Printing
Song dynasty

The Song dynasty ruled in China from 960–1279. It was started by Emperor Taizu of Song who forced the state of Later Zhou out of power before reuniting China. This ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.   

There are two periods of Song dynasty history: Northern Song and Southern Song. Northern Song lasted from 960 to 1127 and controlled most of China. Southern Song was formed after Northern Song had lost control of North China to the Jin dynasty. Southern Song's capital was in Hangzhou and lasted from 1127 to 1279. Southern Song was conquered by the Mongols.

History

Northern Song: 960–1127 
The Northern Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960 to 1127. The first emperor, Emperor Taizu of Song, set the capital in Bianliang (now we call this city Kaifeng) in northern China. The Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed the highest economic and cultural prosperity during the ancient Chinese history.

Other websites 

Chinese dynasties
960 establishments
960s establishments in Asia
Establishments in China
1279 disestablishments
13th-century disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in China
Great Red Spot

The Great Red Spot is a hurricane on the surface of the planet Jupiter. It is so big that two or three Earths could fit inside it. It has been going on for at least 340 years.

Other websites 
 Jupiter simulations

Jupiter
Sodomy

Since about the Middle Ages, sodomy is used for sexual acts that do not have the purpose procreation (making babies). In general, this refers to anal or oral sex. In some cases, it is also used to refer to sex with animals (which is usually called zoophilia). Depending on the time, the society and culture, there were laws that made sodomy a crime. Today, such laws have been overturned, or they are not enforced, in many countries of the world.

Countries where religion plays a large role may still have punishments for such crimes, as they are often mentioned in the scriptures of the religion which is important in the country.

Such laws, called sodomy laws, are sometimes also used to criminalize homosexuality.

Sexual acts
Religious ethics
The Left Party.PDS

The Left Party.PDS (in German: Die Linkspartei or Linkspartei.PDS) was a left-winged political party in Germany.  After joining with another political party, it became "Die Linke", or "The Left" in 2007.

History
After the end of the GDR in 1990, the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED) changed to the SED-PDS and later to the Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS).
In the former GDR it was very successful in state elections and it had a small group in the federal parliament. But it always failed in Western Germany.

In the 2000s there were a lot of changes of job policy and ways of helping people in need. People that restrictions hurt the poorer and unemployed people in Germany. These reforms were made by the Social democrats SPD and the Greens, who were traditionally the left-wing parties in Germany.

Some people, who left the SPD and some people from Trade Unions founded the Electors Association for Work and Social Justice Wahlgemeinschaft Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit (WASG) in Western Germany. Many students.
They - and although the PDS - realized that there was no chance to win mandates in elections as concurrents. So they decided to found a new party, Die Linkspartei.

In the last federal elections they joined the parliament; in the state of Berlin they joined the state government.

Programme 
Die Linkspartei is a left-wing party. It is the only party in the federal parliament which views jobs and people as being more important than letting companies make as much money as they want. 

They want to have more people employed directly by government bodies instead of having private companies doing jobs for the government. They also want higher taxes on the rich and those who make all or most of their money from the capital market and deals using their money instead of working at actual jobs.

They are against study fees and want to have only a comprehensive school (gesamtschule) instead of two or three different types of further school in most German states.

Their foreign policy follows the old position of the Green Party Bündnis 90/Die Grüne and are strictly against any German soldiers fighting. They are still talking about allowing German soldiers to be in the peace keeping missions of the United Nations.

In the field of civil rights they copied the position of the Greens, as well.

1990 establishments in Germany
2007 disestablishments in Europe
Former political parties in Germany
The Left (Germany)
2000s disestablishments in Germany
Notebook

This article is talking about the notebook made of paper. If you are looking for the hand-carry computer, see Laptop.

A notebook is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar.

Writing media
InuYasha

This article is about the series InuYasha. For the character Inuyasha from the series see: List of InuYasha characters.

Inuyasha is a manga and anime series created by Rumiko Takahashi.

Plot 
Fifty years ago, a priestess named Kikyo had a relationship with a half–demon named Inuyasha. When they oppose each other, Inuyasha becomes unconscious and Kikyo dies from her injury while keeping the Shikon Jewel (Shikon no Tama), she leaves her sister (Kaede) alive. Kagome is a teenage student, who discovers a well in her house and ends up traveling to the past. She meets and rescues Inuyasha, who slept in a sacred tree for fifty years. Kagome learns that she is Kikyo's reincarnation and had the jewel inside her body, which the demon extracted it. The magical necklace allows Inuyasha to control his behaviour. Kagome inadvertently shatters the jewel into pieces, which Naraku uses one of them to summon the army of incarnations. Inuyasha recruits a few allies on his journey. As Kikyo dies again, Inuyasha defeats Naraku, making the jewel vanished from the world and Kagome is sent back to the present day. Three years later, Miroku and Sango have three children, Rin lives with Kaede, and Kagome returns to the feudal era after graduating from high school.

References
Kurt Schumacher

Kurt Schumacher (born 13 October 1895 in Kulm, West Prussia (now Chełmno in Poland) - died 20 August 1952 in Bonn) was a German politician. He was leader of the SPD from 1946 to 1952 and speaker of the SPD in the Bundestag 1949-1952.

Schumacher was the son of a salesman. When World War I started, he left school to join the German army. In December 1914, he was badly hurt. His arm had to be removed. After this, he went back to school in Berlin to study Law and politics. While there, he became a socialist. In 1924, he was elected to the legislature in Württemberg. He became the SPD leader for Württemberg in 1928. In 1930, he was elected to the national legislature, the Reichstag.

After the Nazis took control of Germany, Schumacher was arrested. He was beaten badly in prison. He was put into concentration camps for the next ten years. In 1943, Schumacher was set free because of his bad health. He was arrested again in 1944 and stayed in the concentration camps until the British set them free in April 1945.

After the World War II, Schumacher put the SPD back together. He was first chief of the Social democrats in West Germany after the WWII. He was also their first speaker in the federal parliament (Bundestag) and first leader of opposition in the Bundestag.

In 1952, Schumacher died in Bonn.

1895 births
1952 deaths
Anti-communists
Members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War I
German people of World War II
German prisoners
Holocaust survivors
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Prussian politicians
Free Democratic Party (Germany)

The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany. The party advocates for a more free market economy. Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.

History 
Several liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.
The FDP was founded in West Germany in September 1945 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.
Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.
In 1947, on March 17th, the Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.

On 11 December 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for West Germany.
Chief of the party was Theodor Heuss. The next important man was Thomas Dehler.

In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.
But in every state it had its own way.

The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.

In 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.

The party changed its values. Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like
civil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).

It changed again in 1982, when the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.
It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tariff - especially for high incomes.
It fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day "We are the party of the best-incomes".

In 1998 it lost its power and became part of the parliamentary opposition.
In some state parliaments the FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.

The party's unofficial motto is "So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!", meaning "as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!"

Chairmen of the Free Democratic Party 
 Theodor Heuss 1948–1949
 Franz Blücher 1949–1954
 Thomas Dehler 1954–1957
 Reinhold Maier 1957–1960
 Erich Mende 1960–1968
 Walter Scheel 1968–1974
 Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1974–1985
 Martin Bangemann 1985–1988
 Otto Graf Lambsdorff 1988–1993
 Klaus Kinkel 1993–1995
 Wolfgang Gerhardt 1995–2001
 Guido Westerwelle 2001–2011
 Philipp Roesler 2011–2013
 Christian Lindner since 2013

References

Other websites 
 Free Democratic Party (FDP) official site

Free Democratic Party of Germany
Liberal parties
Christian Social Union of Bavaria

The Christian Social Union of Bavaria or Christlich Soziale Union (short CSU) is a conservative political party in the German state of Bavaria.

In the federal parliament of Germany (Bundestag) the CSU and the CDU join together in a political alliance to form the main centre-right group in Germany.

Its chief is Horst Seehofer.

History 
In 1945, two local CSU groups were founded. One in Würzburg and the other in Munich.

In January 1946 the CSU was founded for the whole of Bavaria.

All state elections of Bavaria were won by the CSU. Sometimes the CSU had to make some coalitions with the Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party), the FDP or the SPD.

In the federal government the CSU always joins with the CDU.

The CSU is more conservative than the CDU.

One very famous leader of the CSU was Franz Josef Strauß. Sometimes he was well known for the good that he did. Other times because of scandals.

Programme 
The CSU is a very conservative party according to the people of Bavaria, who mainly live in the countryside and smaller towns and villages.

Traditionally it tried to make a compromise between conservative tradition and social welfare.

Currently it leans to more free market beliefs instead of social care.

 
Christian democratic parties
Conservative parties
Christian Democratic Union of Germany

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany or Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU) is one of the two main right of centre political parties in Germany. It describes itself as a Christian democratic, liberal and conservative party of the centre.

In November 2005 the Federal leader of the CDU Angela Merkel became the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; she left office in December 2021. It is currently led by General Secretary Carsten Linnemann, who was given his position in July 2023. The party's president is Friedrich Merz.

History 
The CDU was founded after World War II. The first German Chancellor was Konrad Adenauer, a member of the CDU. He ruled from 1949 to 1963. During the Government of Helmut Kohl (1982-1998), Germany was reunited.

The CDU was the Government Party for most of the younger German history, only from 1969 to 1982 and from 1998 to 2005 there have been Chancellors from different parties.

Members 
The CDU has more than 400,000 members. It has 255 of 631 Members of Parliament in the German Parliament (Deutscher Bundestag) and 34 of 99 Members of European Parliament of Germany.

References 

 
Christian democratic parties
Conservative parties
Income

Income is the money that someone gets for business activities. For individuals income usually means their wages or salary before any tax and other deductions have been made by their employer. Overall it is the amount you earn after all outstanding deductions have been made. Gross income is the income from all sources including wages or salary.

For business, there is a difference between the US, where it most often means the amount of money that a company earns after paying for all its costs, and the world outside the U.S., where the term is usually profit or earnings.

Related pages
 Household income in the United States

Other websites 
 Markets & Stocks: Investor Research Center - Earnings Warnings
 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/
 CBSalary—Careerbuilder's Free Salary Calculator 
 US Corporate Earnings Calendar
Theory of computation

The theory of computation is a branch of mathematics. Generally it is seen as belonging to computer science. The field of study of this subject is to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. If this is the case, then the question is to know if it can be solved in an efficient way. 

There are two major branches in it. The first is computability theory. It looks to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. Since this is a theoretical field of study, no real computers are used. They are replaced by a system called the Turing machine.

Once it is known if such a solution exists, computer scientists want to know if it can be found, and perhaps how it can be improved. This field of study is covered by the complexity theory. That theory has developed concepts to compare different methods of solving a problem to one another. Such methods are usually called algorithms. This is similar to comparing cooking recipes and seeing which of two recipes is easier to do.

Fields of mathematics
Theoretical computer science
Jermaine Jackson

Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (December 11, 1954) is an American singer, recording artist, dancer and bass guitarist. He is a former member of The Jackson 5 group, brother  of Janet Jackson & brother of late American pop star Michael Jackson. In 1980 he was nominated for a Grammy Award. He was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother UK 2007. In September 2009, he planned a memorial fan based concert for Michael in historic part of Vienna, Austria but not many big stars registered so the event was canceled. He hopes more top stars will show up for July 2, 2010 worldwide tribute in Europe.

Personal life
On December 15, 1973, Jackson married Hazel Joy Gordy.

Jermaine always sternly defended his brother Michael without exception; in life and in death he officially represented Michael on behalf of Jackson family & friends. 

Jackson has eight children. They are Jermaine Jr., Autumn, Dawn, Jeremy, Jaimy, Joudynn, Jaffar and Jermajesty. 

On February 22, 2013 his second name was changed to Jacksun for "artistic reasons".

Jermaine Jackson was a Jehovah's Witness.

References

Other websites 

Jermaine Jackson French Page : Complete Motown-era discography
VH1 Profile 
Interview with Jackson regarding his conversion to Islam

1954 births
Living people
African-American singers
American guitarists
Jackson family
American Muslims
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Musicians from Gary, Indiana
Singers from Indiana
Wilhelm Hauff

Wilhelm Hauff (29 November 1802 – 18 November 1827) was a German poet and novelist.

Some of his works are very popular in German speaking countries to this day, such as Der kleine Muck, Kalif Storch and Die Geschichte von dem Gespensterschiff — all set in the Orient and Der Zwerg Nase, Das kalte Herz and Das Wirtshaus im Spessart, the three are set in Germany.

Other websites 
 Collection of links with commentary (German) 
 Sound samples to download 
 Many fairy tales (Märchen) available (German) 
 

Poems
 Steh ich in finstrer Mitternacht
 Reiters Morgenlied

Links to Hauff's Work by Projekt Gutenberg-DE
 Overview of Hauff with many of his texts online (German)

German poets
1802 births
1827 deaths
Deaths from typhoid fever
German Protestants
German children's writers
German novelists
Writers from Stuttgart
Link (unit)

A link, also called a Gunter’s link, was a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems. Links were commonly used in measuring land in the English-speaking world before the twentieth century, but are never used. Link is abbreviated as ln. It was invented by Edmund Gunter, a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, the same man who made the chain. He made the link as a low-technology piece of equipment that could survey small areas of land very accurately, whereas the chain could measure towns and large areas of land.

Old units of measurement
Units of mass
Algebraic structure

In mathematics an algebraic structure is a set with one, two, or more binary operations on it. The binary operation takes two elements of the set as inputs, and gives one element of the set as an output.

The basic algebraic structures with one binary operation are the following:
Magma (mathematics)
 A set with a binary operation.
Semigroup
 A set with an operation which is associative
Monoid
 A semigroup with an identity element
Group
 A monoid where each element has a corresponding inverse element
Commutative group
 A group with a commutative operation

The basic algebraic structures with two binary operations are the following:
Ring
 A set with two operations, often called addition and multiplication. The set with the operation of addition forms a commutative group, and with the operation of multiplication it forms a semigroup (many people define a ring so that the set with multiplication is actually a monoid). Addition and multiplication in a ring satisfy the distributive property
Commutative ring
 A ring whose multiplication is commutative
Field
 A commutative ring where the set with multiplication is a group.

Examples are

The whole numbers (natural numbers together with zero) with addition (or multiplication) is a monoid, but is not a group

The integers with addition is a commutative group, but with multiplication is just a monoid

The integers with addition and multiplication is a commutative ring, but not a field

The rational numbers, the real numbers and the complex numbers with the ordinary addition and ordinary multiplication are fields.

Related pages 
Abstract algebra

Abstract algebra
Rod (unit)

A rod, a perch or a pole is a unit of length in the imperial and US systems.

In medieval times English ploughmen used a wooden stick with a pointed tip to spur or guide their oxen.  The rod was the length of this stick.  In use from the 6th century, its modern value was standardized in the 12th century with Composito Ulnarum et Perticarum.

The rod is still in use as a unit of measure in certain specialised fields.  In recreational canoeing, overland paths where canoes must be carried are measured in rods. This is probably because the length of a typical canoe is about one rod.

Popular culture and trivia 
In the episode of The Simpsons entitled A Star is Burns, Grampa Simpson said "My car gets forty rods to the hogshead, and that's the way I likes it!" That's about 1.2 litres per metre, 12 feet per imperial gallon or 10 feet per U.S. gallon.

Related pages
 acre
 furlong

Notes 
  A perch is also a unit of area of land = 1 square rod, and a unit of cubic measure of stonework, usually = 16.5 feet by 1 foot by 1.5 feet = 24.75 cubic feet.

Imperial units
Units of length
Chain (unit)

A chain was a unit of length. It is part of the imperial and United States customary systems. It was used for measuring land. The short way of writing chains is ch.

There are a number of different definitions of the chain, from 50 to 100 feet long. In the imperial system, one chain is equal to 66 feet or 20.1168 metres. This is also called a Gunter's chain, surveyor's chain or land chain.

History and usage
The chain was originally called an "acre's breadth", because it was the width of a acre, while a furlong was the length.

Edmund Gunter, a clergyman and mathematician, invented a measuring device called a chain. The chain was  long. It was divided by 100 in small metal links. The links were made of thick wire with a loop at each end. The links were connected to each other by three rings. There were brass handles at each end. People folded the chain up, link by link, and carried it in their hand. The name chain comes from these devices.

The unit was once important in everyday life in the United Kingdom and its colonies and in the United States. People used it when they made maps and planned out cities and towns. Land was surveyed and measured using these chains. Even after more accurate ways of measuring land were invented, many people continued to use the chain as a unit because land had already been surveyed in this method for so long.

In England, it is still used in old railways, along with miles. The length of a cricket pitch is one chain.

Gunter's chain

The Gunter's chain is the standard unit.

Other websites
 Math Words 
 How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement 
 How to make a Gunter's Chain

Old units of measurement
Units of length