alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Conjoined twins

Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins. They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid. She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville. They became famous in the movie Freaks and lived long lives, eventually getting married.

Twin people
Xiao

The xiao is a Chinese musical instrument. It is made from bamboo.  It is an end-blown flute.

Flutes
Mike D

Michael Diamond, better known as Mike D (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.

Diamond co-founded the band "The Young Aborigines" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married to Tamra Davis.

1965 births
Living people
Musicians from New York City
Rappers from New York (state)
American drummers
American Jews
Singers from New York City
Autolycus of Pitane

Autolycus of Pitane (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.  He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor.  His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC.  Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called On the Moving Sphere) and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies.  On the Moving Sphere is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.

Euclid mentions Autolycus' work.  Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.

Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.

Mathematics
Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere.  It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived.  Theodosius' Sphaerics was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.

Astronomy
Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."

A crater on the Moon is named after him.

References 

Ancient Greek astronomers
Ancient mathematicians
Brigantes

The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria. To the north was the territory of the Votadini, which straddled the present day border between England and Scotland.

Nearby tribes
The tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.

Related tribes
There was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the Brigantii of the eastern Alps.

Other websites 
 Brigantes Nation
 Brigantes at Roman-Britain.co.uk
 Brigantes  at Romans in Britain

References 

History of the United Kingdom
Celtic peoples
Relation

Relation could mean:

Relation, a person to whom one is related, i.e. a family member (see also Kinship)
Relation (mathematics), a generalization of arithmetic relations, such as "=" and "<", that occur in statements, such as "5 < 6" and "2 + 2 = 4".  See also binary relation, triadic relation, relational algebra, theory of relations.
In the relational model, a set of tuples, otherwise known as a table.
Relation, in logic and philosophy, a property or predicate ranging over more than one argument.  See also Logic of relatives, Relation of ideas, Relational theory, Relational philosophy.

Related pages

International relations
Interpersonal relationship
Intimate relationship
Relationships

Basic English 850 words
Kinship

Kinship is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories.  The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

Kinship 
Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history.  Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for “economic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs” (J.Hendry, 1999).

History 
The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family’.

Types 
There are two main types of kinship.

Consanguinity means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people.  For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married.  It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will.  Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.

Affinity means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.

Descent 
There are two types of descent involved in kinship.  Patrilineal are the relations that come from the father’s blood line.  Matrilineal are the relations that come from the mother’s blood line.

Examples of kinship
 parent (father or mother)
 child (son or daughter)
 sibling (brother or sister)
 grandparent (grandfather or grandmother)
 grandchild (grandson or granddaughter)
 uncle or aunt
 nibling (nephew or niece)
 cousin
 ancestor
 descendant
 Friend (someone who you feel you are like or was related to you in another life (in the past or the future).

References 
 C. Delaney. (2004). ‘Relatives and Relations’: Investigating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. p.192.
 J. Hendry. (1999). ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage’: An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London Palgrave.
 L. Rival. (1998). ‘Androgenous Parents and Guest Children’: The Huaorani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.4: p.619-642.
Family
Thierry Henry

Thierry Henry (born 17 August 1977 in Les Ulis, Essonne, France) is a French football manager and former player. He is now retired but used to play at New York Red Bulls and was previously a part of the France national team. He is considered one of the world's best players.

Henry started his career at small clubs in France. He had played for the Italian team, Juventus. In 2001, he joined Arsenal of England, where he became one of the best players in the English Premier League. After three years with FC Barcelona he went to the US to play for the New York Red Bulls in the Major League Soccer. He has been named the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year three times and the French Player of the Year four times since 2001.

On the France national team, Henry has scored 5 goals in World Cup competitions. Only one French player, Michel Platini, has scored more goals than Henry.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="5"|Monaco||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||3
|-
|1995/96||18||3||3||0||1||0||22||45
|-
|1996/97||36||9||3||0||9||1||48||10
|-
|1997/98||30||4||5||0||9||7||44||11
|-
|1998/99||13||1||1||0||5||0||19||1

|-
|1998/99||Juventus||Serie A||16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Arsenal||rowspan="8"|Premier League||31||17||5||1||12||8||48||26
|-
|2000/01||35||17||4||1||14||4||53||22
|-
|2001/02||33||24||5||1||11||7||49||32
|-
|2002/03||37||24||6||1||12||7||55||32
|-
|2003/04||37||30||4||4||10||5||51||39
|-
|2004/05||32||25||2||0||8||5||42||30
|-
|2005/06||32||27||2||1||10||5||44||33
|-
|2006/07||17||10||3||1||7||1||27||12

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||30||12||7||4||10||3||47||19
|-
|2008/09||29||19||1||1||12||6||42||26
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
105||20||12||0||24||8||141||28
16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3
254||174||31||10||84||42||369||226
59||31||8||5||22||9||89||45
434||365||56||18||130||59||621||305
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||10||3
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||14||5
|-
|2001||7||3
|-
|2002||10||3
|-
|2003||14||11
|-
|2004||13||32
|-
|2005||6||33
|-
|2006||16||8
|-
|2007||6||5
|-
|2008||11||4
|-
|2009||9||3
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||117||112
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
Footballers from Île-de-France
French football managers
People from Essonne
FC Barcelona players
Attack

Attacking is an action done to violate or destroy something. In military affairs it means the armed action to force one's own will over the opponent's will, by means of destruction of the army of the enemy. The most important characteristics of an attack in comparison with all other types of combat and actions is the initiative.

Related pages
 Charge (warfare)
 Attack aircraft

War
Charge (warfare)

A charge is an action in battle in which soldiers advance towards their enemy at their best speed to engage in close combat. The charge has been the key tactic and decisive moment of most battles in history.

The basic process operating in a charge is speed of advance against rate (or effectiveness) of fire. If the attackers advance at a more rapid rate than the defenders can kill or disable them then the attackers will reach the defenders. When a charge was not successful that will often leave the would-be attackers extremely vulnerable to a counter-charge.

War
Combat

Combat, or fighting, is purposeful violent conflict between two or more persons, groups or organizations, often intended to establish dominance over the opponent. The term "combat" typically means armed conflict between military forces in war. The more general term "fighting" can mean any violent conflict, including boxing and wrestling matches. Combat violence can be unilateral, fighting means that there is at least a defensive reaction. But the terms are often used synonymously.

War
Hawthorn

Crataegus (commonly called hawthorn) is a large genus of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. They are found in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn used to be used for the species found only in northern Europe but is now used for the entire genus. The same name is also used for the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.

Hawthorn are shrubs and small trees. They grow to 5-15 m tall and have small fruit. The fruit are called haws.

References

Other websites 
 Photos of Chinese haw berries 
 Medicinal uses of Hawthorn in Armenia
 Edible uses of hawthorns at Plants For A Future 

Rosaceae
Fruits
Honeysuckle

Honeysuckles are types of shrubs or vines in the family Caprifoliaceae. They are found in North America, Asia and Europe. There are about 180 different species of honeysuckle, many of which are climbing plants. Over 100 types of honeysuckle are found in China. Europe and North America have only about 20 types each.

Many types of honeysuckles have bell-shaped flowers. These flowers make a sweet nectar that can be eaten. The fruit is a red, blue or black berry that has several seeds. The berries of most honeysuckles are mildly poisonous, but a few have berries that are good to eat.

Berries
Shrubs
Dipsacales
Intimacy

Intimacy is linked with feelings of closeness among partners in a relationship. It is usually characterized by love and attachment. These feelings may or may not be connected or confused with sexual feelings. In other relationships, intimacy has more to do with shared moments than sexual interactions.

This is not an exact definition, but it seems that intimacy and healthy relationships go hand in hand. Indeed, intimacy is basic in any meaningful relationship: the basis of friendship and one of the foundations of love.

The main forms of intimacy are emotional intimacy and physical intimacy.  Intellectual intimacy, familiarity with a person's culture and interests, is common among friends.  Members of religious or philosophic groups may also perceive a "spiritual intimacy" in common.

Intimate partners 
Terms for partners in various degrees of love include
 Boyfriend
 Girlfriend
 Mistress (lover)
 spouse

Related pages 
 Interpersonal relationship
 Marriage

Relationships
Intimacy (disambiguation)

Intimacy is a psychological concept describing the sort of contact between people in a relationship.

It can also mean:

Works of Art

Music 

Intimacy (Jody Watley album) - a 1993 album by Jody Watley 
Intimacy (Bruce Roberts album) - a 1995 album of love songs 
Intimacy (Matt Redman album) - a 1998 album by Matt Redman
Intimacy (album) - a 2008 album by Bloc Party

Novel 

Intimacy (novel) - 1998 novel by Hanif Kureishi
"Intimacy" (short story) - A short story by Raymond Carver

Movie 

Intimacy (2001 movie) -  2001 European drama directed by Patrice Chéreau and loosely based on the 1998 novel of the same name.
Seaborgium

Seaborgium is a chemical element. In the past, it has been named eka-tungsten but is now named seaborgium. It has the symbol Sg and it has the atomic number 106.  Seaborgium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The most stable isotope is 271Sg. Seaborgium-271 has a half-life of 2.4 minutes. 

What Seaborgium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight, but since it is in the same period as tungsten in the periodic table, its appearance and may be similar to it.

The element is named in honor of Glenn Seaborg.

Seaborgium is a transuranium element. This means that it is "beyond" (trans) the element Uranium in the sequence of elements.

Mendeleev predicted that Seaborgium would exist. He called the element eka-tungsten because of its location was near Tungsten in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of seaborgium is like the chemistry of tungsten.

Uses 
Seaborgium has no uses at all because of how fast it destroys itself.

Chemistry 
Seaborgium Carbonyl (CO)⁶ was made using the same method as Tungsten. Its only known and studied as a gas.

Sources

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Seaborgium

Transition metals
Synthetic elements
Fireworks display

A fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a display of the effects created by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks events are often used during holidays. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.

History

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

Related pages 
Firework
Pyrotechnics

References

Other websites 

Tips on Fireworks Safety, Dos and donots
How Fireworks work
Fireworks photography tutorial 
The Pyrotechnics Guild International, an independent worldwide nonprofit organization of amateur and professional fireworks enthusiasts.
A pyrowiki on pyrotechics 
Tarragona International Fireworks Competition, Spain

Pyrotechnics
Voyager 1

Voyager 1 is a space probe used by NASA to explore Jupiter and Saturn. It is the same in form to its sister spacecraft, Voyager 2.

Voyager 1 was launched on September 5, 1977, to study the outer planets of the Solar System. It is now in an extended mission. Its encounter with Saturn and Titan sent it on a hyperbolic trajectory out of the solar system, traveling at  which is much faster than the escape velocity, meaning Voyager 1 is able to escape the solar system.

Voyager 1 research team announced on August 25, 2012 that it had left the solar system. It passed out of the heliosphere and into interstellar space. It's the most distant man-made object. On February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 became the Earth's farthest spacecraft from the Earth, when it overtook Pioneer 10 at a total distance of 70 AU, which is 6.5 billion miles from the Sun. It's also the first man-made object to leave the solar system. As of September 20, 2021, it was  from Earth.

Both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 include the Voyager Golden Record, which is a recording of sounds and images of life on Earth.  It was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

Related pages 
 Pioneer 10
 Pioneer 11
 Voyager 2

References 

Voyager program
Spacecraft launched in the 1970s
Rose hip

Rose hips are the fruit of the rose plant. They can be eaten (with caution, the rose hip contains irritant hairs) and have a lot of Vitamin C. They are usually red/orange but may be dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips are commonly used as an herbal tea.

Other websites 

 Rose hip recipes 
 BBC News: Rose-hip 'remedy' for arthritis
 Rose hip recipes 2

Fruits
Roses
Martin Scorsese

Martin Scorsese (born November 17, 1942) is an American movie director. He was born in Queens and raised in Manhattan. Many of Scorsese's movies have Italian American, Roman Catholic and violent themes or ideas. Scorsese is probably best known for his movies about the mafia. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his movie The Departed at the 79th Academy Awards in 2007; the movie also won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Film Editing and Best Adapted Screenplay. This was Scorsese's first Academy Award for Best Director.

Martin Scorsese's filmmaking style is marked by key elements, including violent themes, the use of music, intricate cinematography, exceptional performances, psychological depth, exploration of religious themes, collaboration with top talents, a strong connection to New York City, frequent use of voiceovers, and cinematic references.

Awards and recognitions

 Scorsese received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1997. 
 In 1998, the American Film Institute placed three Scorsese movies on their list of the greatest movies in America: Raging Bull at #24, Taxi Driver at #47 and Goodfellas at #94. 
 Scorsese received the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic on January 18, 2001.
 In 2001, AFI put two Scorsese movies on their list of the most "heart-pounding movies" in American cinema: Taxi Driver at #22 and Raging Bull at #51.
 At a ceremony in Paris, France, on January 5, 2005, Martin Scorsese was awarded the French Legion of Honor in recognition of his contribution to cinema.
 In 2007, Scorsese won the Academy Award for Best Director for The Departed, which also won Best Picture.
 On September 11, 2007, the Kennedy Center Honors committee, which recognizes career excellence and cultural influence, named Scorsese as one of the honorees for the year.
 On June 17, 2008, AFI put two of Scorsese's films on the AFI's 10 Top 10 list: Raging Bull at #1 for the Sports genre and Goodfellas at #2 for the Gangster genre.
 Scorsese received the 2010 Cecil B. DeMille Award at the 67th Golden Globe Awards.
 On September 18, 2011 Scorsese won in the category Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, for his work on the series premiere of Boardwalk Empire.
 On January 15, 2012, at the 69th Golden Globe Awards, Scorsese won an award for Best Director on the 2011 movie Hugo.
 On February 12, 2012 at the 65th British Academy Film Awards, Scorsese received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.

Scorsese has earned praise from many film legends including Ingmar Bergman, Frank Capra, Jean-Luc Godard, Werner Herzog, Elia Kazan, Akira Kurosawa, David Lean, Michael Powell, Satyajit Ray, and François Truffaut.

Filmography

Features

Documentary movies

Short movies

Television work

Appearances on camera

References

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Manhattan
Actors from Queens
American television producers
American television writers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Emmy Award winning directors
Chabad

Chabad-Lubavitch is the name of a sect of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. 

The Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his 'Chabad' because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. 'Lubavitch' was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn.

The Seven Rebbes of Lubavitch
 Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812)
 Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri (1773–1827)
 Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866)
 Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882)
 Rabbi Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (1860–1920)
 Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (1880–1950)
 Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–1994)

Other websites 
 Chabad Lubavitch Headquarters Online
 Chabad Lubavitch on the web
 About Chabad-Lubavitch
 Global Chabad-Lubavitch Centers and Institutions Directory
 Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes (leaders)

Judaism in Israel
Judaism in the United States
Brooklyn
Religious organizations based in the United States
Liese Prokop

Liese Prokop (March 27, 1941 – December 31, 2006) was an Austrian athlete and politician. Prokop was born in Vienna, Austria. Before being married to Gunnar Prokop, her name was Liese Sykora.  The two had two sons and a daughter. Prokop won the silver medal in the Pentathlon in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Prokop was the first female Austrian Minister for Interior affairs. She was in charge of the security of Austria, including its police force. She was a member of the ÖVP, Austrian people's party.

She died unexpectedly December 31, 2006 of a torn aorta  while being taken to a hospital in St. Pölten.

References

1941 births
2006 deaths
Modern pentathletes
Government ministers of Austria
Austrian Olympians
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Vienna
Politicians from Vienna
Austrian People's Party

The Austrian People's Party (German: Österreichische Volkspartei, shortenend to ÖVP) is one of the biggest parties in Austria. It was founded in 1945. Its name roughly translates to Austrian People's party. It has about 630,000 members. Its views are often center-right. This means it often has conservative views on the matters at hand. Many of its voters are Catholics. It is against moderate socialism, which is embodied by the other big party, the SPÖ. 

Former Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel is a member of this party. Former Minister of the Interior Liese Prokop (died 2006) was also a member.

Leaders of the party 
 Leopold Kunschak (1945-1945)
 Leopold Figl (1945-1952)
 Julius Raab (1952-1960)
 Alfons Gorbach (1960-1963)
 Josef Klaus (1963-1970)
 Hermann Withalm (1970-1971)
 Karl Schleinzer (1971-1975)
 Josef Taus (1975-1979)
 Alois Mock (1979-1989)
 Josef Riegler (1989-1991)
 Erhard Busek (1991-1995)
 Wolfgang Schüssel (1995-2007)
 Wilhelm Molterer (2007-2008)
 Josef Pröll (2008-2011)
 Michael Spindelegger (2011- 2014)
 Reinhold Mitterlehner (2014 - 2017)
 Sebastian Kurz (2017 -)

Election results

National Council

European Parliament

References 

1945 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Austria
Christian democratic parties
Conservative parties
Political parties in Austria
Social Democratic Party of Austria

The Social Democratic Party of Austria (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, shortened to SPÖ) is one of the oldest political parties in Austria. Its politics are center-left. This means it has a strong stance in labour unions. The party rejects neoliberalism. They like moderate socialism and social democracy. A well known politician of this party was Bruno Kreisky. Their current motto is "Freedom, Equality, Justice and Solidarity" (German: Freiheit, Gleichheit, Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität).

Since the end of the Second World War, the party has been the strongest, or second-strongest party in Austria, by vote. The other party that they share this status with are the ÖVP. 

Their main points in the 2006 elections were:
To get rid of inscription and tuition fees in Austrian universities
To lower unemployment
Change the schooling system to have a common curriculum for all students until the age of 14.
Common social security system and pension plans, of at least 800 € (euro)

Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Europe
Political parties in Austria
Mińsk Mazowiecki

Mińsk Mazowiecki (Minsk, miɲsk mazɔ'vi̯eʦki) is a town in Poland. It is the capital of Mińsk County.

Location 
It has been located in the Mazovia Voivodship since 1999.

History 
The town of Mińsk was founded in 1421. It has always been a town based on commerce. Before the Holocaust, it was a Polish - Jewish town. The main religion in Mińsk is Roman Catholicism. Mińsk have 37000 inhabitants.

Towns in Masovian Voivodeship
Rosaceae

Rosaceae  (rose-like plants) is a large family of plants. There are about 100-120 genera with between 3,000 and 4,000 species in them. Well-known plants from the family include:
Roses
Strawberries
Raspberries
Apples, and Pears
Peaches, Cherries, and Apricots

Plants in Rosaceae usually have flowers with five petals. However, some decorative roses have many more. Species of Dryas usually have eight petals.

Subfamilies
The Rosaceae family has been divided into subfamilies; usually the following four subfamilies are used: 
Rosoideae
Spiraeoideae
Maloideae
Amygdaloideae (sometimes incorrectly called Prunoideae)
However, it has become clear that the last three of these subfamilies cannot be divided in a clear way. Also, there is a small group that is so different from other Rosaceae, that it is now given its own name. Botanists now use only three subfamilies in Rosaceae:
Rosoideae
Amygdaloideae
Dryadoideae

Rosaceae
Firework

A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display.

Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.

Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.

History 

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).

Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".

The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 
 How Fireworks work
 Illegal Explosive Devices 
 About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors 
Entertainment
Explosives
Pyrotechnics

Pyrotechnics is often thought to be synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but it also includes items for military and industrial uses. 

Items such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners and the automobile safety airbag all fall under pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable.

This is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliability with very compact and efficient energy storage.

A pyrotechnic show is a pre-planned complex that includes ground and high-altitude fireworks. Sometimes such events are accompanied by the performance of specially trained artists of the original genre with pyrotechnic equipment.

Other websites 

 Pyrotechnics FAQ
 The Pyrotechnics Guild International
 A guide on pyrotechics 
 A basic Pyrotechnics Site

References
Recreativo de Huelva

Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football club. The club was starting in 1889. It is the oldest football team in Spain.

The Club 
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team formed on December 23 1889. This makes it the oldest football team in Spain, formed by Dr McKay and overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines. Originally named Huelva Recreation Club. Due to its long-standing existence (it is the oldest surviving team of Spanish professional soccer), the team is often referred to as El Decano ("the dean") of the Spanish football fraternity.

Commonly known as Recre, they play in white with blue vertical stripes and white shorts. Their home ground is the Nuevo Colombino stadium that seats 19,860.

After three seasons in Segunda División (Spanish second division), Recre achieved promotion to top flight after beating Numancia Soria on June 4, 2006, mathematically securing promotion with two matches left to be played. El Decano is again among the elite of Spanish football for the 2006/07 season.

Name 
 1889-? Huelva Recreation Club
 ?-present R.C. Recreativo de Huelva

Honours 
 Champions of Andalucía from 1903 to 1914.
 Reached Primera División for 1978-79 (under coach Eusebio Ríos), 2002-2003 (under coach Lucas Alcaraz) and 2005-2006 (under coach Marcelino Garcia Toral).
 Defeated finalists in Copa del Rey in 2003.

League position

Former position

Foreigners 2006/07 
Only three non-EU nationals can be on the pitch at anytime. Those with European ancestry can claim a passport from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim a Spanish passport by playing in Spain for 3 years.

  and Europe Bertrand Laquait
  and Europe  Florent Sinama-Pongolle
  and Europe  Beto
 and Europe  Laurenţiu Roşu
  and Europe Ikechukwu Uche

Famous players 
 Antonio Valencia
 Santi Cazorla
   Mariano Pernía
  Gastón Casas
  Joaozinho
  Franz Platko
  Yago Alonso
  Nelson Zelaya
  Manuel Almunia
  Luis Aragonés
  Curro Torres 
  Óscar Arpón
  Raúl Molina
  Xisco Muñoz
  Alex Pereira

Famous Coaches 
  Eusebio Ríos
  Víctor Espárrago
  Joaquín Caparrós
  Lucas Alcaraz
  Marcelino García Toral

Other websites 
 Recreativo de Huelva Official Website

1889 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Spain
Spanish football clubs
Province of Huelva
Production

Production could mean:

Production in an economic sense:
Economic production, in macroeconomics: producing goods and services by use of factors of production 
Production, costs, and pricing, in microeconomics: the act of making things, see: product
Manufacturing, a branch of industry that makes goods for sale out of raw materials.
Film production, a motion picture project
Television production, producing television programs
Record producer, in music, preparing a record to be sold commercially
Mass production, the large-scale production of standardized products using an assembly line
Assembly line, a basic concept of mass production
Video production, creating video for live production and post production

Related uses 
Lexeme production, in communications, an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics
A production, in theatre, can be a play, opera, dance, ballet, or musical

Related pages
Producer (disambiguation page)
Productivity 
Labor productivity
Political economy
Constitutional economics
Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998 anime)

Yu-Gi-Oh! is the title of the first anime series based on the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga. It is not connected in any way to the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters series (known internationally as simply Yu-Gi-Oh!). They are 2 different anime series that are based on the same manga series. Fans of Yu-Gi-Oh! use the fan name "Yu-Gi-Oh! A Shadow Game" when talking about this show. They may use "Yu-Gi-Oh! first season" or "zero season" to refer to this show but this is not correct. based on it by Stephen king

The series aired on television from April 4, 1998 to October 10, 1998. It has 27 episodes. It was produced by Toei Animation. The level of violence was reduced between the manga and the anime. Some characters and how the characters acted were changed from the manga and new characters and plots were added and Duel Monsters had a bigger part. Unlike the second series, the card game (Duel Monsters) is not the main part of the show.

Other websites
Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! page
Toei's Yu-Gi-Oh! property information page 

Anime
Yu-Gi-Oh!
1998 television series debuts
1998 establishments in Japan
1998 television series endings
1998 disestablishments in Japan
Factors of production

Factors of production are means necessary for the production of goods and services in economics.  

Classical economics has three factors:
 Land or natural resources – goods that exist in nature before any such as soil and minerals and that are used in the creation of products. The payment for land is rent.
 Labor – human effort used in production. That means technical expertise and marketing expertise, too. The payment for labor is a wage.
 Capital goods – human-made goods (or means of production) which are used in the production of other goods. These include machinery, tools and buildings. In a general sense, the payment for capital is called interest or profit.

Other page 
Means of production
Service (economics)

In economics and marketing, a service is an economic activity (e.g., labor) offered as a product. Although a service (i.e., the activity) is a non-material good, the result it produces may be a material good depending on the service. For example, a construction service may produce a material good, but a lawn mowing service may not. In most cases, the person or company buying the service does not obtain exclusive ownership of the service, but may take ownership of the material good, if one is produced.

Key attributes
Services can be described in terms of their main attributes.
 Intangibility (cannot be touched) - They cannot be seen, handled, smelled, etc. There is no need for storage.
Because services are difficult to explain in advance, it is necessary to create a concrete image in the customer's mind to sell them. From the customer's point of view, this attribute makes it difficult to understand the value of services before the experience the service.
 Perishability (If someone doesn't use it, it is lost.) - If someone cannot sell their services, their time is "lost". It is a lost economic opportunity. For example, a doctor that is booked for only two hours a day cannot later work those hours– she has lost her economic opportunity. Other service examples are airplane seats (once the plane departs, those empty seats cannot be sold), and theatre seats (sales end at a certain point).
 Lack of transportability (cannot be transported) - Services tend to be consumed at the point of "production" (although this does not apply to outsourced business services).
 Lack of homogeneity or, Variability (Each time it is different.) - Services are typically modified for each client or each new situation. Mass production of services is very difficult. This can be seen as a problem of quality (it's not always the same). For instance, on Monday a person was driven to his work by a taxi. Next Monday, when he is driven to work by a taxi, it is not the same, even if the taxi and the driver are the same.
 Labour intensity (Most of it is work.) - Services usually mean human activity. Therefore, the human factor is often the key success factor in service industries. It is difficult to gain a dominant market share.
 Demand fluctuations (It is asked for only when it is actually needed. That can change very quickly.) - It can be difficult to forecast demand (which is also true of many goods). Demand can vary by season, time of day, etc. For example, a restaurant may be busy at dinner time but not in the middle of the afternoon.
 Buyer involvement (One cannot produce without contact with the consumer.) - Most service provision requires a high degree of interaction between client and service provider.
 Client-Based Relationships (When the customer is happy once he will not change the provider even if there is a cheaper one.) - Is based on creating long-term business relationships. Accountants, attorneys, and financial advisers maintain long-term relationships with their clients for decades. These repeat consumers refer friends and family helping to create a client-based relationship.

Related pages 

 Service sector

Economics
Musical theater

Musical theater (or musical theatre) is a kind of performance in a theater. A work of musical theater is called a musical.  It uses acting, music, songs, and often dance. Some musicals (for example Les Misérables) have only a few lines of dialogue. Everything else is sung. It is usually a mixture of speaking and song. Some well-known musicals are West Side Story, The Sound of Music, Chicago, and Oklahoma!.

Music has been a part of drama since ancient times, but modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century.

1850 to 1914 
Around 1850, the French composer Hervé was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre that came to be called opérette.  The best known composers of operetta were Jacques Offenbach from the 1850s to the 1870s and Johann Strauss II in the 1870s and 1880s.  Offenbach's melodies, and his librettists' satire, formed a model for the musical theatre that followed.  

"Offenbach is undoubtedly the most significant figure in the history of the 'musical'."  

Important influences were the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan.

References

Other websites 
The Broadway Musical Home
 Long running plays (over 400 performances) on Broadway, Off-Broadway, London, Toronto, Melbourne, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin 

Theatrical forms
Opera genres
Asset

An asset is something valuable or useful. In business and accounting, the value of an asset is expressed as a certain amount of money. The amount of money can be calculated as the amount of economic value that the asset can produce in future. The calculation is based on past transactions or events. Correct evaluation can be useful in deciding what to do with an asset.

Examples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone.

There are two types of assets: 
tangible assets
Fixed assets such as buildings, equipment etc.
Current assets like inventory
Intangible assets for example: goodwill, patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer programs

Asset characteristics

Assets have three important characteristics:

They can give a future benefit to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash flows, and, in the case of not-for-profit organizations, to give services;
It can control access to the benefit; and,
The transaction or event which created the asset has already occurred.

Other websites 
Protecting Business Assets: An article from Oklahoma State University
Roundtable on accounting for intangible assets

Economics
Pension

A pension is a steady income given to someone. If pensions are part of a system of social security, the recipient of the pension is usually retired or disabled. They either have worked a long time during their life, or they are physically unable to do so. A pension is usually paid until a certain date (or event) occurs. In the case of social security plans, pensions are usually linked to the life of the person who receives the pension. 

A defined Benefit pension defines the benefit to the worker based on salary basis, years worked, and a multiplier.  An example might be 2@55 final 3, meaning that the annuity is the highest 3-year average salary times years worked times 2% (if age 55).  A worker with 30 years service would receive 2*30 or 60% of their salary.  Some systems allow a worker to receive more than 100% salary by various maneuvers to alter the final salary basis.

A defined Contribution pension defines the contribution, without constraining or promising a certain benefit.  For example, a company might contribute 10% of a worker's salary to a pension account of the worker's choice, with final benefit received linked to the performance of the investment chosen.

Crisis 
Many pension systems are underfunded and likely unsustainable based on independent financial analysis.  Pension reform is a popular topic since about 2009, with pension debt seen as a contributing factor in the deficits at all levels of government.

Income
Social security
Old age
Role

A role (sometimes spelled rôle) or a social role can be described as an expected behaviour of an individual. 

More precisely one could say it is a set of connected behaviours, rights and duties that a person has to follow in a social situation. It depends on social status.

Role confusion is a situation where an individual has trouble to decide which role he/she should play. For example, one could be a student who would attend a meeting of a particular recreational interest and find her teacher there. They would be in conflict between behaving as a student and as an enthusiast who shares the same interest as the teacher.

Sociology
Aeneas

Aeneas was a Trojan prince and hero. His father was Anchises, his mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite (Venus in the case of Roman sources). Both Homer and Virgil mention him in their stories. Virgil wrote a whole series of books about him. These books are called Aeneis in their original Latin. The usual English translation of the title is Aeneid. 

The books relate to the story of "pious Aeneas". and about how the city of Rome came to be. 

The tale starts with Aeneas carrying his father out of the burning Troy, and end with Romulus and Remus founding Rome (after Aeneas landed on the coast, after sailing the Mediterranean Sea for a long time). Aeneas also appears in Book 5 of the Iliad written by Homer.

William Shakespeare also wrote a story mentioning Aeneas. Christopher Marlowe wrote a play about Aeneas and Dido, the queen who fell in love with him. There is also an opera about Dido and Aeneas, written by Henry Purcell.

Related pages
 Pope Pius II

References

Roman mythology
People in Greek mythology
Palace

A palace is a place with a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, ruler, or leader. Many historical palaces are now museums that show what royal and aristocratic life was like when it was built.

Besides, it can mean a luxurious house or mansion (like Biltmore Mansion or Hearst Castle) or a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events.
Hasidic Judaism

Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism is a Jewish religious movement that was started by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, known as "Baal Shem Tov". It began in Eastern Europe in the middle of the 18th century, and there are now Hasidic communities all over the world. The followers of Hasidism are called Hasidim.

Characteristics 

Hasidism teaches about the importance of serving God with happiness and believes in Jewish mysticism. While Hasidim study the same books of Torah as the rest of Judaism, they focus on learning the hidden aspects of the text as well. Hasidic study also includes many of the teachings of Kabbalah.

Hasidism has strict laws about physical contact between the genders, Hasidic men will not even shake hands or make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and Hasidic women will not make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and also limit conversation.

Leadership

Each Hasidic group has a leader who is called the Rebbe (Rabbi). The Rebbe is a man who is a Rabbi and is chosen by the Hasidim to be their leader. Some of the jobs that he does are giving lectures on Torah and Hassidic-matters and taking part in the different events of his Hasidim, like weddings and Brit milahs.

Hasidic Groups

There are hundreds of different Hasidic groups. They all share similar characteristics but they also have individual customs. Some of the larger dynasties are Satmar, Chabad-Lubavitch, Bobov, Viznitz, and Belz.

Other websites 

Jewish denominations