alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Dot matrix printing

Dot-matrix printers are printers for computers. A dot matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbons. The print head moves back and forth on the paper like a typewriter and prints the image Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and pictures. This is much like a typewriter. Each character is made from a matrix of dots. These were used a lot in the 1970s to the 1990s. Today, dot matrix printers are not used by many people anymore. Most people use inkjet printers or laser printers now. They are still in use where forms (with multiple copies) need to be filled out. It is not advisable for office uses as it is an impact printer (make noise as the job is getting done). It prints information on a stationery paper

References 

Printers
Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix ( in Gaulish) born c.82 BC, died 46 BC. was a chieftain of the Gallic tribe of the Arverni.  

He led the Gauls in 52 BC against the Roman army in Gaul led by Julius Caesar. Vercingetorix's name in Gaulish means "over-king of the marching men"; the "marching men" would now be called "infantry".

Vercingetorix was probably one of the first to unite some tribes of Gaul against a common enemy. This was the last major uprising of the peoples of Gaul against the Roman invaders.

After the celebration of Caesar's triumph was over, Vercingetorix was executed.

72 BC births
46 BC deaths
Gaul
Celtic peoples
Roman Republic
Philippe Noiret

Philippe Noiret (1 October 1930, in Lille, France – 23 November 2006 in Paris) was a well-known French actor. He is probably best known for his role in Cinema Paradiso, and for playing Pablo Neruda in the film Il Postino. He died on November 23, 2006 of cancer.

Selected works
Film

Other websites 

1930 births
2006 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
French movie actors
French stage actors
French television actors
French voice actors
People from Lille
Monica Bellucci

Monica Bellucci (born on 30 September 1964  is an Italian actress. She was born in Città di Castello, Umbria. Bellucci started modelling at 16.  She is the daughter of Maria Gustinelli, a painter, and Luigi Bellucci, who owned a trucking company.  She used to be a fashion model.   She speaks Italian, French, and English fluently and has acted in each of these languages, as well as Aramaic. She is currently considered as an Italian sex symbol. Bellucci is married to Vincent Cassel and has a daughter named Deva (born 12 September 2004). In 2004, while pregnant with her daughter, Bellucci posed nude for the Italian "Vanity Fair" Magazine in protest against Italian laws that allow only married couples to use in-vitro fertilization and that prevent the use of donor sperm.

Filmography 

 Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
 L'appartement (1996)
 Dobermann (1997), Nat the Gypsy
 Under Suspicion (2000)
 Malèna (2000)
 Le Pacte des Loups (2001)
 Astérix & Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre (2002)
 Irréversible (2002)
 Tears of the Sun (2003)
 Ricordati di me (2003)
 The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
 The Matrix Revolutions (2003)
 The Passion of the Christ (2004)
 She Hate Me (2004)
 The Brothers Grimm (2005)
 Shoot 'Em Up (2007)
 Heart Tango (2007)

 ''Spectre (2015) - Lucia Sciarra

Other websites 

1964 births
Living people
Actresses who played Bond girls
Italian models
Italian movie actors
Agnostics
People from Umbria
Murrayfield Stadium

Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh is the home of the Scottish national rugby team. It was first built in 1925. In 1995, the stadium was renovated. It has seats for 67,144 people. It held the record for the most people at a rugby union match.  104,000 people watched Scotland play Wales in 1975.

Buildings and structures in Edinburgh
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
Rugby
1925 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Scotland
Allmänna Idrottsklubben

AIK (which stands for Allmänna Idrottsklubben), is a sports club from Sweden. It is one of the biggest and one of the oldest in the country. It was founded in 1891. The name means Common (or Public) Sports Club. It has departments for many different sports including football, ice hockey, bandy, golf, table tennis, bowling, and handball.

Other websites

Official website

Sports clubs in Stockholm
1891 establishments in Sweden
Network Ten

Network Ten is one of three major television networks in Australia. It started broadcasting television in 1965, when they were called Independent Television Network.

Shows 
Shows that Network Ten buy from other countries and broadcast in Australia include:
The Simpsons
The O.C.
Jericho
The Biggest Loser
House
The Bold and the Beautiful
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Everybody Hates Chris
Futurama
Law & Order
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
JAG
NCIS
Medium
NUMB3RS
Smallville
Supernatural
Veronica Mars
World Poker Tour

Shows made in Australia for Network Ten include:
Australian Idol
Before The Game
Big Brother Australia
The Biggest Loser
Neighbours
Rove Live
David Tench Tonight
Jamie's Kitchen Australia
Joker Poker
Real Stories
The Ronnie Johns Half Hour
Thank God You're Here
The Wedge
9am with David and Kim
Tripping Over

Australian television networks
Seven Network

Seven Network is one of three major television networks in Australia. It started broadcasting in 1956. In recent years, it has grown into a diversified media company. Seven Network's main shareholder is Kerry Stokes.

Seven Network's studio headquarters are in a converted warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney.  Its headquarters for its news department are in Martin Place, Sydney. Seven's major production facilities are at Epping in Sydney's northern suburbs. Seven Network are planning to move their production facilities to a specially built site at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern.

Australian television networks
Des Lynam

Desmond Michael Lynam (born 17 September 1942) was an Irish television and radio presenter. He was born in Ennis, County Clare, Republic of Ireland. He was best known for presenting the BBC's sport coverage such as Grandstand.

Lynam also presented Countdown on Channel 4 from 2005 to 2006. He was replaced by Des O'Connor.

Other websites 
 

Game show hosts
Irish television personalities
People from County Clare
Irish radio personalities
Irish television presenters
1942 births
Living people
Carbonate

A carbonate is a chemical compound that has the carbonate ion, .  This ion is made of carbon and oxygen. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–)2 of carbon and oxygen.  They have a valency of 1.

When added to an acid, a carbonate will produce carbon dioxide, water and a chemical salt. Sedimentary rocks containing calcite and other carbonates are plentiful in the earth.

Related pages
Bicarbonate
Calcium carbonate
Polycarbonate
Sodium carbonate

 
Ions
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 30 August 1723; last name pronounced 'Layvenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is best known for his work to improve the microscope.

Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels. Van Leeuwenhoek did not write books, but sent letters to the Royal Society in London. The letters were published in the Royal Society's journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

In his youth van Leeuwenhoek was apprenticed to a draper. Later, a civil service position allowed him to give time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects. His simple microscopes were skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality. He looked at protozoa in rainwater, pond water and well water. He also looked at bacteria in the human mouth and intestine. In 1677, he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans.

His observations laid the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. He was the first to see bacteria, protists, spermatozoa, the cell vacuole, blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves.

Dobell, Clifford (1960) [1932]. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "little animals": being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines. New York: Dover Publications reprint of original edition by Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Related pages
List of biologists

Other websites
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

1632 births
1723 deaths
Dutch biologists
Microbiologists
People from Delft
Parmesan cheese

Parmesan cheese is the name of an Italian extra-hard cheese made of raw cow's milk. The original Parmesan cheese is more precisely called Parmigiano-Reggiano. It is produced only in Italy, in the provinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Mantua (partly) and Bologna (partly). It is usually the cheese to go with Spaghetti and other typical Italian pasta, but it also has many other uses. Parmesan is a part of Italian national cuisine and it can be eaten both grated and in slivers. It is hard, sharp and dry.

Parmigiano-Reggiano is DOP / AOC. This means that the way they are made and the region in Italy they come from are strictly controlled.

The brand (Parmigiano Reggiano) is protected, and only in Europe. In many parts of the world, cheese is sold as Parmesan cheese that has nothing to do with the true (Italian) Parmigiano Reggiano.

The original Parmesan cheese is one of the most expensive cheeses in the world.

Name 
Within the European Union, the term Parmesan may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano-Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods. In many areas outside Europe, the name "Parmesan" has become genericized: Any one of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses are called 'Patmesan'. After the European ruling that "parmesan" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese "Pamesello" in Europe.

One kind of cheese, which is very similar, but produced in another region in Italy, is Grana Padano. Grana Padano is produced in Lombardy,

References

Other websites 

Italian cheeses
Fandom (website)

Fandom (previously known as Wikia and before that, Wikicities) is an organization for making websites that are wikis. Wikia was started in 2004 by Jimmy Wales, who also started Wikipedia, and Angela Beesley. The name of Wikicities was changed to Wikia on March 27, 2006 to prevent other people from mistaking it for a wiki on cities, and then renamed again on October 4th, 2016 to Fandom for an unknown reason. At the time, it was called "Fandom powered by Wikia" until June 2018. Since October 2018, most of the URLs have changed from x.wikia.com to x.fandom.com this does not include wikis based on serious topics which instead changed to x.wikia.org.

Wikis hosted on Fandom are about something which many people will like. All content on Fandom is released under a free license, such as the GNU Free Documentation License or the Creative Commons.  Anybody can change pages on wikis at Fandom, so that no single person "owns" or is "the boss" of a wiki, and so that large communities can be made. The software used is MediaWiki.

Fandom uses advertisements to generate money.

Articles on Fandom are often written in more "in-universe" style; meaning that fictional characters and plots are written as if they are real. Some projects on Fandom are more for people who are very interested in the topic.

In August 2010, they said that a new look was coming, making some people take their wikis off the service.

Fandom uses the MediaWiki software.

References

Other websites 
 Fandom Community Central
 Main Page of Fandom in English
 Main Pages of Fandom in many languages

Websites
Mozzarella

Mozzarella is a kind of  fresh cheese. Originally, it was Italian but now it can be found all over the world. Its made of the milk of cows or water buffalos. A cheese produced in a similar way, but with sheep's milk is common in Sardinia, Abruzzo and Lazio. It is sometimes called mozzapecora. Mozzarella made with goats milk can also be found. Its development is more recent, though. The main reason it is produced is that goats' milk is easier to digest than that of cows or buffalos.

Mozzarella is common in Italian cuisine. It can be used on pizza.

Mozzarella can be kept in the fridge for a few days, if its covered in brine. 

Mozzarella can come in different moistures.

References 

Italian cheeses
Limburger cheese

Limburger cheese is a cheese made from cows' milk. Its name comes from the Duchy of Limburg, which is divided between Holland, Belgium and Germany today. Limburger cheese is known for its strong smell, which is caused by the bacterium that lives in its rind. Since about the mid nineteenth century, most Limburger is produced in Germany. 

In 2006 a study showing that the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) is attracted equally to the smell of Limburger and to the smell of human feet earned the Ig Nobel Prize in the area of biology. This Cheese has now been placed in strategic locations in Africa to fight against malaria, which is spread by  mosquitoes.

References

Belgian food
Dutch cheeses
Liège (province)
Limburg (Belgium)
Limburg (Netherlands)
MyScene

MyScene is a type of doll created by the Mattel Toy Company. They share the product name of Barbie, but they have differences with the head shapes. The line was supposedly started as a rival to the popular Bratz dolls.

Movies 
The My Scene characters have starred in three DVD movies:
 "Jammin' In Jamaica"
 "Masquerade Madness"
 "My Scene Goes Hollywood" featuring Lindsay Lohan.

Main characters

Girls 
Barbie(Barbie was replaced by Kennedy because they said that she had moved to California)
Madison
Chelsea
Nolee
Delancey
Kenzie
Jai
Kennedy
Nia
Jai, Nia and Kennedy were added when they changed the my scenes dolls to look like Bratz and they took out Nolee and Barbie

Boys 
Bryant
River
Hudson
Sutton
Ellis
Tyson

Dolls
Bora Bora

Bora Bora is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Vaitape is the largest city on the island with 4,000 people. There is an airport on an islet where residents can fly to other islands in French Polynesia.
Bora Bora has one main road which runs around the island.

Other websites 

 Bora Bora Pictures Bora Bora Photos
 Bora Bora entry on WorldAtlas.com
 Bora Bora Islands Pictures  Pictures of the Islands

Islands of French Polynesia
Raven-Symoné

Raven-Symoné Christina Pearman (born December 10, 1985) is an American actress, comedian, and singer. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She moved to Ossining, New York at age three. She played the role of "Olivia" in the last three seasons of The Cosby Show (1984). 

Pearman is most well known as the person Raven in the TV show That's So Raven and other parts in The Cheetah Girls and The Cheetah Girls 2. Pearman goes by the name Raven for most of her acting.

In August 2013 Raven-Symoné commented on legalizing gay marriage, "I was excited to hear today that more states legalized gay marriage. I, however am not currently getting married, but it is great to know I can now, should I wish to". She was dating AzMarie Livingston since 2012, and in October 2015, she announced that she had broken up with her.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta
African American actors
African American comedians
African-American singers
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Disney actors
Disney singers
Lesbians
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT singers
Comedians from Atlanta
Singers from Atlanta
Earth's crust

The Earth's crust is the Earth's hard outer layer. It is less than 1% of Earth's volume. The crust is made up of different types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

Below the crust is the mantle. The crust and the upper mantle make up the lithosphere. The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates that can move.

The crust is of two different types. One is the continental crust (under the land) and the other is the oceanic crust (under the ocean). 
The continental crust is thicker, 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick. It is mostly made of less dense, more felsic rocks, such as granite. 
 The oceanic crust is thinner, 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) thick. It is made of denser, more mafic rocks, such as basalt.

The temperature of the crust increases with depth because of geothermal energy. Where the crust meets the mantle the temperatures can be between 200 °C (392 °F) to 400 °C (752 °F). The crust is the coldest layer because it is exposed to the atmosphere.

Composition 

Igneous rocks make up over 90% of Earth's crust by volume.p47 This is not noticeable because they are mostly covered by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

A single family of silicates, the feldspars, account for about half of the material in the crust (60% by weight), and quartz is a sizeable proportion of the rest. Other common minerals are mica and hornblende.

Only 8% of Earth's crust is non-silicate minerals, and this includes carbonates, sulfides, chlorides and oxides.

Formation of the crust 
Earth's mantle and crust formed about 100 million years after the formation of the planet, about 4.6 billion years ago. At first the crust was very thin, and was probably changed often as the tectonic plates shifted around a lot more than they do now. The crust would have been destroyed many times by asteroids hitting Earth, which was much more common in the Late Heavy Bombardment.

The oldest oceanic basalt crust today is only about 200 million years. Most of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth are cratons between 3.7 and 4.28 billion years old. These have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia, in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield, and on the Fennoscandian Shield. A few zircons at least 4.3 billion years old have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia.

The average age of Earth's continental crust is about 2.0 billion years. Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are in cratons. Such old continental crust and the mantle below it are less dense than other places in the Earth. These are not easily destroyed when the plates shift. The making of new continental crust is linked to times of major orogeny or mountain building. This happens at the same time as the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The crust forms in part by the coming together of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts. They are kept together partly by the subduction of the mantle below the crust, which makes a mantle on which the crust can float.

References 

Structure of the Earth
Food chain

A food chain shows the feeding relationship between different organisms in a particular environment and/or habitat. 

Plants are at the bottom of a food chain because they are producers that make their food from photosynthesis. Consumers are animals that eat the products of producers or other animals.  The direction of arrows between the organisms shows who eats what and what gets eaten by what.

A food chain also represents a series of events and consumption in which food and energy are consumed from one organism in an ecosystem to another. Food chains show how energy is passed from the sun to producers, from producers to consumers, and from consumers to decomposes such as fungi. They also show how animals depend on other organisms for food.

In any ecosystem, many food chains overlap. Different food chains may include some of the same organisms. Several consumers may eat the same kind of plant or animal for food. When this happens, the food chain forms a food web.

Related pages
Ecology

References 

Food and drink
Predation
Embryology

Embryology is the study of embryos and their development. The study of embryology starts with the fertilisation of an egg, and continues until the foetus stage. A broader term, developmental biology, covers the whole period of growth from the egg to adult life.  

In mammals (and some other animals) embryos develop inside the mother, in the mother's womb. Otherwise it takes place after the egg is laid. It most animals, there are various stages between the egg and the adult animal. If the stages are well-defined the process is called metamorphosis. 

Developmental biology
Histology

Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals, particularly the tissues. It is a part of cytology, and an essential tool of biology and medicine.

Histology is usually done by looking at cells and tissues under a light microscope or electron microscope. The tissue has to be specially prepared beforehand.

The process 
The stages below are only described in outline. Laboratories which do histology work from schedules which are much more detailed.

Fixing 
Chemical fixatives are used to preserve tissue from decay. This preserves the structure of the cell and of sub-cellular components such as cell organelles (e.g., nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). The most common fixative for light microscopy is formalin (4% formaldehyde in saline).

Embedding 
After fixing, the block of tissue is embedded in paraffin wax. This holds and preserves the tissue as a block.

Sectioning 
The section is cut into a series of wafer-thin slices, each of which is put on a glass microscope slide. The machine which cuts the block is a mechanical guillotine which can be set to cut at a suitable depth for the tissue in question.

Staining 
Stains are dyes, chemicals used to make cells and tissues easy to see under a microscope. There are many tissue stains, and each of them has advantages and disadvantages.

Haematoxylin and eosin  (H&E) 
This is the most widely used stain in biology and medicine. Haematoxylin colours cell nuclei and eosin colours cell cytoplasm.

Silver nitrate 
Camillo Golgi developed a silver nitrate stain for nerve cells. His idea was used by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in his famous work on the structure of brain tissue.

Modern techniques 
Electron microscopy is used often as well as light microscopy. This has its own procedures. Its advantage is that it resolves things which light cannot resolve. For example, viruses were first seen by electron microscopy..

Specialised selective stains using immunology or radioactive labelling are now routine. The advantage of using antibodies or radioactive labels is that they stick to specific kinds of molecules. 
Increasingly popular is tagging with a fluorescent stain, which shows up even if a tiny part of a cell is stained. Immunoinfluorescence is the name of this particular technique.

Other websites

Anatomy
Laboratory techniques
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Ann Arbor is a city in the US state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Washtenaw County. According to the 2010 United States Census, Ann Arbor was the 6th largest city in Michigan. In 2010, there were 113,934 people living there. The city is part of the Detroit Metropolitan Combined Statistial Area.

Ann Arbor was started in 1824. It is thought that the city is named after the wife, Ann, of one of the founders. The University of Michigan was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. (Before that, the university had been in Detroit.) The city grew during the 1800s and 1900s. The only time the city did not grow was the Depression of 1873.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Ann Arbor was an important place for the Civil Rights Movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and for left-wing and liberal politics.

Today, Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan. The university is very important to the city because 30,000 people work for it. 12,000 of these workers work for the University of Michigan Health System, which are hospitals and clinics run by the university. Ann Arbor's economy is also very high-tech. High-tech companies come to the area because there are many graduates and a lot of research and development money at the university.

Sources 

County seats in Michigan
 
1824 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Michigan Territory
Microbiology

Microbiology -  (Greek μικρός, mikrós, „tiny“, βίος, bíos, „life“ and λόγος, lógos, „science“) is a science in the composition of biology, which is occupied by the study of microorganisms (bacterium, (archaebacteria), microscopic fungi, protozoa,alga,and viruses). Into the field of the interests of microbiology enter their systematics, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, evolution, role in the ecosystems 
and also the possibility of practical use. Bacteriology and medical microbiology are a division of microbiology.

History 

In 1665, Robert Hooke saw that cork was made up of little cubes that he named cells. Later Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the important connection that cells are living things when he saw through his early microscope smallest one-celled organisms. Later Christian Ehrenberg found that protista or bacteria were different kinds of cells. In the late part of the 1800s Martinus Beijerinck showed that there were small particles called viruses. 

Another important change in the study of microorganisms came from the discovery of DNA and RNA.  This allowed using a vector to change the inside of a cell without killing it.  One recent discovery that changed the study of microbiology is the discovery of transposons or jumping genes.  Another one is the discovery of animal genes in the cells.

Branches 

The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences.  Microbiology can be also classified based on taxonomy, as in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology.  There is considerable overlap between the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines.  Certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology
Toowoomba

Toowoomba (also known as 'The Garden City') is a city in South East Queensland, Australia. It is 132 km west of Brisbane, and two hours drive from the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast beaches. With a population around 135,000, Toowoomba is Australia's second largest city that is not on the coast, after Canberra.

Every year in September, Toowoomba holds its annual Flower Festival, at Queens Park. When this is taking place, the town, especially its CBD are decorated with flowers. People who live there may also open their gardens for public judging for the garden competitions. Another attraction is the parade, where one would see floats with flower themes. Many people from all over the nation visit the festival, and a popular way to arrive is on the specially operating retired steam train.

Another major event held in Toowoomba is the Easterfest. It is a large religious festival that thousands of people come to, to see many famous singers perform. Many put up tents on in Queens Park.

Toowoomba is also known for its historical buildings, such as the town hall, The Empire Theatre, and the Cobb & Co Museum. The town hall was the first in Queensland to be built for a town hall. The Empire Theatre was built as a silent movie house in 1911. A fire nearly destroyed the building, but it was built again, and reopened in 1933. Now, it is the biggest regional theatre in Australia. The Cobb & Co Museum began in the 1880s as a small mail run. It moved both mail and passengers to Brisbane and further.

Toowoomba is also home to some notable private schools, including Toowoomba Grammar School (which is a GPS school), Downlands College, and The Glenny School, none of which are 'co-educational'.

During the 2010-2011 Queensland floods, several people were drowned in their cars when water flooded the main shopping centre.

References

Other websites
 Easterfest website

Cities in Queensland
Albury

Albury () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway that runs between Sydney and Melbourne. The Murray River separates Albury from Wodonga. Albury is on the north side of the Murray River. The river is also the border between Victoria and New South Wales. It is about 550 km from the state capital Sydney, but only 312 km from the Victorian capital Melbourne. Albury is believed to have been named after Aldbury in Hertfordshire.

The Australian Aboriginal people called the area Bungambrewatha. There are a number of historical aboriginal sites including rock paintings. There are also scarred trees, where the bark has been removed to make shields and canoes. The rich river flats would have provided food for native animals, and the wetlands would have been home to large numbers of water birds.

The first Europens to arrive in the area were the explorers, Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in 1824. They made their mark in a tree on the riverbank which later became the spot where people heading south would cross the river. Crossing the river was easy in summer when the water level was low. By 1844 a ferry was built to carry people over the river all year. There were soon many farmers moving into the area with large flocks of sheep. Some of the first in Albury were William Wyse and Charles Ebden.

References 

Cities in New South Wales
Inclusive disjunction

Inclusive disjunction (also called or) is a logic operation. It normally takes two truth values as inputs and returns one truth value as output. It is false when both inputs are false, but is true otherwise. It is written with the symbol .

In general, given two propositions  and ,  is true if  is true, or if  is true, or if both  and  are true.

This is different from the exclusive disjunction, which asserts "either x or y, but not both".

Related pages 

 Alternative
 Boolean algebra
 Horn clause
 Logical conjunction
 XOR gate

References 

Logic
Logical connectives
Logical conjunction

Logical conjunction (very often called and) is a logic operation. It is represented by the symbol . Logical conjunction takes two truth values as inputs and returns an output. If both of the inputs are "true" at the same time, then logical conjunction outputs "true". If one of the inputs is false, or if both of the inputs are false, then logical conjunction outputs "false".  Its logic gate equivalent is the AND gate.

Related pages 

 Exclusive disjunction
 First order logic

References 

Logic
Logical connectives
Logical negation

Logical negation (also known as not) is a logic operation. For a proposition , its negation is written as . It takes one input. It flips the value of the input as the output. If the input was true, it returns false; If the input was false, it returns true.

Related pages 

 First order logic
 Propositional logic

References 

Logic
Logic equality

Logical equality is a logical operation. It corresponds to equality () in Boolean algebra and biconditional (written  or ) in logic. It takes two inputs. It returns true if both inputs are true or if both inputs are false. Otherwise (when they are different), it returns false.

Related pages 

 Implication (logic)

References 

Logic
Implication (logic)

Implication (also known as logical consequence, implies, or  If ... then) is a logical operation. It is the relationship between statements that holds true when one logically "follows from" one or more others. While a statement of the form "if P then Q" is often written as , the assertion that "Q is a logical consequence P" is often written as .

Implications take two arguments. It returns false if and only if the first term is true and the second term is false.

This may be problematic, because it means that from a false proposition, anything can follow.

Examples
The following shows a (valid) implication
 All humans are mortal (they die).
 Aristotle is human.
 Therefore, Aristotle is mortal.

On the other hand, the statement I promise that if I am healthy, I will come to class has four possibilities:
 I am healthy, and I do come to class. I have kept my promise.
 I am healthy, and I do not come to class. I have not kept my promise.
 I am not healthy, and I do come to class. I have kept my promise.
 I am not healthy, and I do not come to class. I have kept my promise.
In the second scenario, the statement is false, since the promise is broken. In other scenarios, the statement is true, since the promise is kept.

Related pages
 If and only if
 Implication (grammar)
 Material conditional

References 

Logic
Logical connectives
Interest

Interest is the cost for borrowing money or the payment for lending money. Usually, this is fixed as a percentage of the amount of money borrowed (which is called interest rate).

Simple and Compound interest
If the interest charged on $100 is 1 percent per year then every year the borrower must pay $1. If the $1 is not added to the amount owed then the borrower is paying simple interest. If simple interest of 1 percent is paid each year at the end of 100 years the borrower would have paid $100 in interest, $1 each year, and would still owe $100. If the $1 is added to the $100 the amount owed will increase to $101. 1 percent interest on $101 will be more than $1. This is called compound interest. Compound interest will cause the amount to grow each year. As the amount grows larger more is paid as interest each year and added to the total. If compound interest of 1 percent is paid on a loan of $100 each year the amount of interest paid will slightly increase and after 70 years the amount owed will have grown to $200 and the interest payment will have increased to $2.

Rule of 72
1 percent compound interest on $100 will cause the amount to double to $200 in about 72 years. That is called the rule of 72 which can be used to figure out how fast something grows. The rule can be used to figure out how fast anything that always  grows exponentially at the same rate will double in size. Suppose a kangaroo grows 12 percent a year; dividing 12 into 72 gives 6, so the kangaroo will double in size in 6 years. If the kangaroo grew 6 percent a year it would take 12 years for its size to double. If it only grew 2 percent it would take 36 years for its size to double.

Usury
At some times in the past, or in some places today, it has been illegal to make a person pay interest on a loan. It was, or is, against some religious rules. If the interest that a person must pay is too high, this is called usury. This is often illegal today, even when lower interest is legal.

Other meanings of interest
Interest can also be the care or concern that someone has for something or someone. If someone cares about something, they "have an interest" in that thing, or they "find it interesting". If something is beautiful, or funny, or new, that might make the thing interesting. However, a very important concern, for example love or hate, is more than an interest. An interest can also be a task that someone likes to do or watch, like a game or a hobby.

If someone has a legal right to something (usually money or property) they have an interest in that thing. This is also true for someone who shares a right with others, or a person who has a future right to something. For example, if some brothers and sisters will be given a house after their parents die, each of them "has a financial interest" in the house, even if the parents are still living.

Notes

Economics
Newcastle, New South Wales

Newcastle () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is also the second oldest city in Australia. Newcastle is 160km north of Sydney, and is the largest coal-harbour in the world. 500,000 people live in Newcastle making it second largest city in New South Wales. Newcastle was started in 1804 by Lieutenant Charles Menzies and was for convicts who mined the coal. It is named Newcastle after the English coal harbour of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle has lots of things to do such as restaurants and food.

Climate
Newcastle has a humid subtropical climate with warm humid summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Newcastle is the windiest city in Australia, with an average 3pm windspeed of 31.4 km/h (19.5 mph), annually.

References
Era

An era in geology is a time of several hundred million years. It describes a long series of rock strata which geologists decide should be given a name. An example is the Mesozoic era, when dinosaurs lived on the Earth. 

An era is made up of periods, and several eras make up an eon. The Phanerozoic eon started about 541 million years ago (mya). It is made up of the Paleozoic era (from the Greek for "oldest life"), the Mesozoic era ("middle life") and the Cainozoic era ("latest life").

Units of time
 
Geology
Drowning

Drowning is a form of death caused by being suffocated with water or another liquid.
Near drowning is the survival of a drowning event where the person is unconsciousness (passed out) or breathes in a dangerously large amount of water, and can cause serious problems, including death, later on. That means that near drowning also requires help from a doctor. 

Secondary drowning is death caused by chemical or biological changes in the lungs after a near drowning incident.

Drowning happens when a person spends too much time underwater or with their nose and mouth submerged in a liquid to the point where they are unable to breathe and their lungs are full of liquid.

In many countries, drowning is one of the biggest causes of death for children under 14 years old. Children have drowned in wading pools and even bathtubs. Many people drown in countries where there is a lot of water, especially if they swim in dangerous waters.  For example, in the United Kingdom there are about 450 drownings each year (that is: 1 per 150,000 of its people), and in the United States there are about 6,500 drownings (or around 1 per 50,000 of its people). Drowning related injuries are the fifth most likely cause of accidental death in the US. In some places, drowning is the second most likely cause of injury and death for children.

Prevention 
There are many ways in which drowning can be prevented. Some examples are: 

 Watching - drowning can be silent, so this is why watching the person is very important. It is even more important to watch children and infants. A baby can drown in a bathtub. Many people choose to take their children to swim in areas that have security cameras or lifeguards. 
 Learning to swim - this is one of the most important ways to prevent drowning. Children should be taught to swim when they are less than 8 years old.  
 Pool fencing - Private pools should always be fenced when they are not being used if there are children around so they do not fall inside the pool, and so they don't use the pool without another adult watching them.  
 Alcohol - a drunk person has a greater chance of drowning that someone who isn't drunk. 
 Lifejackets - people that cannot swim should use a lifejacket so they float on the surface. 
 Diving - a person can be knocked out and drown if they dive into a pool and hit their head on the bottom. In worse cases, this may cause someone to be paralyzed, or even die. 
 Avoiding dangerous water - nobody should swim in waters that have large waves and fast currents. The speed of a current can be determined by how quickly items on the surface of the water move.

Water
Wollongong, New South Wales

Wollongong ()  is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the eastern coast of Australia, , just over one hour from the south of Sydney and 2.5 hours from Canberra. It is the third largest city in New South Wales, after Sydney and Newcastle.

References
Yule

Yuletide is a pagan holiday also known as the Winter solstice. Generally celebrated by Wiccans and Northern European Christians. "Yuletide" celebrates the birth of the Sun and also celebrates the "Mother" at the height of her "Greatness".  
Pagans celebrate Yuletide in many ways, most will decorate a "Yuletide" tree, keep it in their homes until most of the leaves fall off then burn the Yule log. Many Wiccans will decorate their alters with Yule colours and items and generally just honour the Goddess.

Yuletide in Christianity

The Christian holiday, Christmas, was created by the Christian Romans based around the polytheistic (many Gods) Sun God festival (Sol Invictis) on the winter solstice, and people in northern Europe combined it with their Yule festival.  Yule is celebrated on the 25th of December by most Northern Europeans and the 21st of December, by Wiccans and many non religious groups. For them, Yule is celebrated as the longest night of the year. It is the night when the sun sets earliest and rises latest the next day. The Wiccan ritual includes thanking the Goddess for the past year and asking for a happiness in the year to come.

References
Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in A History of Private Life vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987 
Farrar, Janet and Stewart ([1989] 1998).  The Witch's God, "IX Oak King and Holly King".  35-38.  Phoenix Publishing, Inc.  Blaine, Washington.

Other websites
Stone, John Robert, Observing Bede's Anglo-Saxon Calendar 

So Amal was born in 2006, May 31th

Religious holidays
List of cities in Australia

This is a list of cities in Australia sorted by state.

Australian Capital Territory 
 Canberra (National Capital)

New South Wales 
 Sydney (Capital)
 Albury (NSW-Victoria border)
 Armidale
 Bathurst
 Broken Hill
 Cessnock
 Coffs Harbour
 Dubbo
 Gosford
 Goulburn
 Grafton
 Griffith
 Lake Macquarie
 Lismore
 Maitland
 Newcastle
 Nowra
 Orange
 Port Macquarie
 Queanbeyan (adjacent to Canberra)
 Tamworth
 Tweed Heads (NSW-Queensland border)
 Wagga Wagga
 Wollongong
 Wyong

Northern Territory 
 Darwin (Capital)
 Alice Springs
 Katherine
 Palmerston

Queensland 
 Brisbane (Capital)
 Bundaberg
 Cairns
 Charters Towers
 Gladstone
 Gold Coast
 Gympie
 Hervey Bay
 Ipswich
 Logan City
 Mackay
 Maryborough
 Mount Isa
 Nambour
 Redcliffe
 Rockhampton
 Sunshine Coast {region}
 Thuringowa
 Toowoomba
 Townsville

South Australia 
 Adelaide (Capital)
 Gladstone
 Mount Gambier
 Murray Bridge
 Port Augusta
 Port Pirie
 Port Lincoln
 Victor Harbor
 Whyalla

Tasmania 
 Hobart (Capital)
 Burnie
 Clarence
 Devonport
 Glenorchy
 Launceston

Victoria 
 Melbourne (Capital)
 Benalla
 Ballarat
 Bendigo
 Geelong
 Latrobe City
 Mildura
 Shepparton
 Swan Hill
 Wangaratta
 Warrnambool
 Wodonga

Western Australia 
 Perth (Capital)
 Albany
 Broome
 Bunbury
 Geraldton
 Fremantle
 Kalgoorlie
 Mandurah
 Port Hedland

Australia
Australia-related lists
Warrnambool, Victoria

Warrnambool is a city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. About 32,000 people live in the city. It is at the western end of the Great Ocean Road. It is also on the Princes Highway which links Melbourne and Adelaide. Warrnambool is 265 kilometres and 3 hours from Melbourne by road or rail. The name Warrnambool is an Indigenous Australian word meaning "water between two rivers", "two swamps", or "plenty of water".

There are daily trains to Melbourne, via Geelong, and buses to Ballarat, Hamilton and Mount Gambier, South Australia.

The average maximum temperatures are 22 C in summer and 14 C in winter.

The Mahogany Ship
It is possible that the first European people to come to Warrnambool arrived in the 1500s. There is a wrecked ship in the sand dunes near Warrnambool which historians believe is an early Portuguese ship. It may have been part of an expedition in 1522, led by Christovao Mendonca. The wreck was first seen in 1836, but the last sighting was in 1880. It is now covered in sand, and its exact location is now unknown. It is just one of the 80 wrecked ships along the coast. There are 29 wrecks in Lady Bay at Warrnambool. The first recorded exploration of this part of the Victorian coast was by the French explorer Nicholas Baudin in 1802. During the 1830s whaler hunters lived on the coast during the whaling season.

Early settlement
Farmers began to settle along the coast during the 1840s. In 1846 the town was surveyed and laid out, and the first land sale was held in 1847.

References

Cities in Victoria
Whitney Sloan

Whitney Adela Sloan (born August 21, 1988) is an English actress. She is from London, England. Perhaps her most notable role is in a recent Disney made movie, Go Figure.

Other websites 

1988 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
Actors from London
Disney actors
Macedonia

Macedonia or Macedonian may refer to:

Places
 Macedonia (region) as a complete region including the whole Macedonia
 Republic of North Macedonia, a Balkan, land-locked country
 Macedonians, a Slavic people who live in the Republic of North Macedonia
 Macedonian language, a Slavic language spoken in the Republic of North Macedonia
 Macedonia (Greece), the biggest region of Greece
 Blagoevgrad, a province in Bulgaria sometimes called 'Pirin Macedonia'
 Macedonia, Iowa, a city in the U.S. state of Iowa
 Macedonia, Ohio, a city in the U.S. state of Ohio

Former places
 The ancient Macedonian Empire, a place in today's Greek Macedonia
 Macedonia (Roman province), a province of the early Roman Empire

Other
 Macedonians (ethnic group)
 Macedonia (food), a fruit-vegetable salad
Rock–paper–scissors

Rock, paper, scissors (RPS) is a two-person hand game. It is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose. However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.

Sportsmen often use RPS (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays. Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided. It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment. It is also used in some gambling sites as a form of novelty betting.

The exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with "stone" in place of "rock". Non-English speakers may know the game by their local words for "rock, paper, scissors", although it is also known as Janken or Yakyuken in Japan, Kawi Bawi Bo in Korea, Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux in France, Ca-Chi-Pun in Chile, and in South Africa as Ching-Chong-Cha, the words used in the 'count'.

The players both count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. "Rock! Paper! Scissors!" or "Reaux! Sham! Beaux!"), each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count. On the third count, or on a further beat after the third count (saying "shoot"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then "throw" by extending it towards their opponent.

Rock is represented by a closed fist. 
Paper is represented by an open hand. 
Scissors is represented by the index and middle fingers extended. 
The objective is to select a gesture which defeats that of the opponent. Gestures are resolved as follows:

Rock blunts/smashes scissors; rock wins. 
Paper covers rock; paper wins. 
Scissors cut paper; scissors wins. 

In terms of logic, this type of game is intransitive.
If both players choose the same gesture, the game is tied and played again.

In some variations of the game, the winner of each round "uses" the weapon on the opponent's weapon, to demonstrate that they have won.

RPS is frequently played in a "best two out of three" match, and tournament players often prepare sequences of three gestures ahead of time.

Popularity 
The game is famous in Korea, Japan, China, and the United States.

References 

Rock, paper, scissors