alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Variar

Variyar (also written as Variar, Varyar, Warriar or Warrier) is a Hindu Ambalavasi caste in Kerala, India.

Etymology

The term Variyar has its origin in the Malayalam word 'Variyam' ( /വാര്യം), which refers to a committee or a board. Variyam refers to an office of supervision.  Thus variyar is a supervising officer or a member of a supervisory board or committee. The word is commonly used in the plural form as Variar (Varian + -ar) to denote respect.  The feminine equivalent of Variar is Varassyar. It is a combination of Variyassi/Variaththi and the plural suffix -ar.

People 
Notable people called Variar, Variyar, or Warrier include
 CBC Warrier – Ex-Member of Legislative Assembly (Kerala)
 Ikkanda Warrier (1890–1977) – the first and the last Prime Minister of the state of Cochin, India, beginning in 1948.
 Gopi Warrier – pseudoscientist specialising in Ayurvedic medicine, playwright and poet.
 Jayaraj Warrier – Actor
 Madhu Warrier – actor and producer, brother of Manju Warrier
 Manju Warrier – an Indian actress and dancer in the Malayalam film industry.
 Mridula Warrier – playback singer.
 N. V. Krishna Warrier – an Indian poet, journalist, scholar, academician and political thinker.
 P. K. R. Warrier – a cardiothoracic surgeon, author and social activist.
 P. K. Warrier – Indian Ayurvedic physician.
 Priya Prakash Varrier – Actress and Model
 Rajan Warrier – Infamous missing persons' case
 Rajashree Warrier – Bharata Natyam dancer.
 Ramapurathu Warrier -pioneer of the "Vanchipattu" or Boat-song form of poetry in Malayalam language.
 Sachin Warrier – playback singer and composer in the Malayalam cinema industry.
 Sankarankutty Sandeep Warrier – an Indian first-class cricketer.
 Sankara Variyar – an astronomer-mathematician of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.
 Shashi Warrier – author.
 Shobha Warrier, a journalist
 Unnayi Variyar – poet, writer, scholar, dramatist who lived in Kerala during the later part of the 17th century.

See also
Ambalavasi

References

Kerala society
Social groups of Kerala
Indian castes
4th millennium BC in architecture

The following events occurred in architecture in the 4th millennium BC:

Buildings and structures

Buildings
 Sialk ziggurat near Kashan, Iran (3200BCE)
 Ġgantija – megalithic temple complex on the island of Gozo (part of Malta, c.3600–2500 BCE)
 Harappa – fortified city of the Indus Valley civilization with as many as 40,000 residents (3300–1600 BCE)

Northern Europe
 Céide Fields – oldest known field systems in the world, located in West Ireland
Brú na Bóinne complex – Neolithic passage tombs in County Meath, Ireland (c.3300–2900 BCE)
 Knap of Howar – oldest preserved stone house in northern Europe, on the Orkney island of Papa Westray occupied from 3500 to 3100 BCE
 Skara Brae – Europe's most complete Neolithic village located in the Bay of Skaill in Orkney, Scotland
 Stonehenge – the earliest phase of the monument has been dated to about 3100 BCE
 Sweet Track –  oldest known engineered roadway located in Shapwick, Somerset, England (3806 BCE)

See also
Timeline of architecture

References
Azra Meadows

Azra Meadows   is a Scottish lecturer of Pakistani descent. is an Honorary Lecturer in the Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences at The University of Glasgow and is married to Professor Peter S. Meadows, along with whom she has carried out extensive work of an environmental, cultural and educational nature in both Scotland and Pakistan. Azra Meadows was born in Glasgow to Pakistani parents.

Professor Peter S. Meadows and Dr Azra Meadows are the editors of The Glasgow Naturalist, the annual publication of The Glasgow Natural History Society.

In addition to this, Azra Meadows is a Director of The Scottish Academy of Asian Arts, has previously held the post of chairperson of the Scottish Pakistani Society and, in 2006, was elected for a second term to the Council of the Zoological Society of London, of which she is also a Trustee.

Cultural initiatives 

Amongst the projects in which Professor Peter Meadows and Dr Azra Meadows have played a significant role is the Connecting Futures:Student Dialogues programme.

Conceived by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the British Council, the aim of the initiative was to foster an understanding between the cultural backgrounds of students from the UK and those of Muslim countries, as part of which a delegation of sixteen students from the UK - four from The University of Glasgow, four from the University of Edinburgh, four from the University of Warwick and four from Cardiff University - visited Pakistan in 2005.

The Meadows, as well as facilitating the preparations for the delegation of Glasgow students - Anna Chiumento, Gary Sergeant, Zoe Nisbet and Tommy Ga-Ken Wan - have ensured that the value, purpose and success of the initiative is not forgotten. This has been done by arranging and assisting the students from Glasgow University to deliver, on several occasions, a lecture entitled Bridging the Divide: Myths and Realities, describing their experiences in Pakistan and their impact. At the invitation of Dr Maliha Lodhi, the High Commissioner of Pakistan to the United Kingdom, the lecture was delivered in September 2005 to an audience at the High Commission of Pakistan in London.

Awards and nominations
In January 2014, Meadows was nominated for the Science and Engineering award at the British Muslim Awards.

References

External links 
Scottish Academy of Asian Arts
University of Glasgow Biosedimentology Unit
Glasgow Natural History Society

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish people of Pakistani descent
British naturalists
Scottish naturalists
British academics of Pakistani descent
Pakistani naturalists
Nicky Buckley

Nicole Maree Louise Buckley-Bingham (born 25 November 1965) is an Australian television presenter and model. She became known in the early 1990s as co-host to Greg Evans on The Australian dating show Perfect Match.

Career

Buckley became co-host of the iconic television quiz show Sale of the Century with Glenn Ridge in the mid to late 1990s. In 1997, there were both complaints and support from viewers when Buckley wore an evening dress while heavily pregnant. She was a part-time weather presenter for National Nine News Melbourne on the Nine Network in 1994.

After finishing on Sale of the Century, Buckley-Bingham presented "Hot Box Office" on Foxtel pay TV, followed by presenting family and parenting segments on Good Morning Australia on Network Ten and Today on the Nine Network. She filled in for Kerri-Anne Kennerley on Kerri-Anne.

She also appeared on Dancing with the Stars on the Seven Network.

In 2006, she became the host of Talk to the Animals.

In 2013, Buckley was a fill-in presenter for Sonia Kruger on Mornings.

In 2022, Buckley co-hosted a revelationary podcast series on ageing called Oldie Goodie, alongside Matthew Ferguson and Melissa Levi.

Personal life
Buckley is married to Murray Bingham (who was also on "Sale" for many years), and they have three sons together. Their son, Cooper Alan,  was born in June 1997.

She is a regular contributor to many charities, including supporting research into ovarian cancer and bushfire preparedness.

References

External links

1965 births
Australian game show hosts
Living people
People educated at Star of the Sea College, Melbourne
Halys

Halys may refer to:

 Health-adjusted life years (HALYs), a type of disability-adjusted life year which are used in attempts to quantify the burden of disease or disability in populations
 Halys River, a western name for the Kızılırmak River (Turkish: "Red River") in Anatolia
 Halys (bug), a genus of stink bugs
 A taxonomic synonym for the genus Gloydius, also known as Asian moccasin snakes, a group of venomous pitvipers found in Asia
Gloydius halys, also known by the names Halys viper and Halys pit viper
 Quentin Halys (born 1996), French tennis player

See also
 Quentin Halys (born 1996), French tennis player
 Battle of Halys, 82 BC
 Battle of the Eclipse (also Battle of Halys) between the Medes and the Lydians in the early 6th century BC
 Halley's Bible Handbook by Dr. Henry Hampton Halley (1824-1965), a.k.a. 'Halley's'
Arba Sicula

Arba Sicula (Sicilian: Sicilian Dawn) is a not-for-profit international society whose main objective is the preservation and promotion of the Sicilian language and culture. Its administration is located in Mineola, New York. The majority of members are also from the United States, although there are also members from Sicily, Canada and other countries where Sicilian immigrants are found in large numbers. The society was founded in 1978.

Arba Sicula publishes two issues per year of its bilingual journal of the same name (although in recent years they have been combined into a single annual edition), and the twice-yearly magazine Sicilia Parra (Sicilian for Sicily Talks). Both publications are among the very few printed periodicals available in Sicilian. Both publications contain poetry, essays and news items about Sicily and the Siculo-American community. Arba Sicula also has a publishing arm, Legas,  which publishes many books on matters relating to Sicily and the Sicilian language (often bilingual, in English and Sicilian).

Gaetano Cipolla has been the president of Arba Sicula (and editor of the journal and magazine) for the last 18 years. He was also a professor of languages at St. John's University, New York for many years, having recently retired. He has written books on Sicilian culture and language and has translated some of the most important Sicilian poetry into English, including the verses of the celebrated poets: Giovanni Meli and Nino Martoglio, along with the works of many modern poets and writers.

While dedicated mainly to the Sicilian diaspora in North America, the organisation is also recognised among the various cultural and political institutions of Sicily itself.

References

External links
  

Italian language in the United States
Italian-American culture in New York (state)
Culture of Sicily
Organizations established in 1978
Sicilian-American culture
Sicilian language
1978 establishments in New York (state)
Danilo Pejović

Danilo Pejović (6 March 1928 – 4 October 2007) was a Croatian philosopher.

Pejović was born in Ludbreg. During the World War II, in 1943, Pejović joined the National Liberation Army in its fight against the occupying forces of Yugoslavia. He continued his education after the war, graduating with a degree in philosophy at the University in Zagreb in 1953. He earned his PhD degree at the same university in 1958 with a dissertation about the ontology of Nicolai Hartmann. Until 1966 Pejović was president of the Croatian Philosophy Society.

Pejović was part of the wing of Yugoslav philosophical thought that was defending critical, unorthodox views. When the journal Praxis was established in 1964, Pejović joined its editorial board, becoming a co-editor of the journal, together with Gajo Petrović.

However, Pejović's cooperation with the Praxis School didn't last too long. After the attacks of the regime politicians against Praxis in summer 1966, Pejović resigned from his post as a co-editor of the Praxis and he broke his cooperation with the Praxis School, attacking his former colleagues. Later, unlike his former colleagues in Praxis, he condemned the Yugoslav student demonstrations in 1968.

Early life 
He was born in Ludbreg, now Croatia. His father Jovan was an ethnic Serb from Cetinje. His mother was German. After his parents divorced, he remained living with his mother in Croatia. He took part in part in WW2 fighting alongside Partisans, while his father did not support the movement and suffered under the new regime. He identified as Croat. 

The book about his family notes that he broke all bonds with his relatives from Montenegro.

Major works
The French Philosophy of the Enlightenment (1957)
The Real World: the foundations of the ontology of Nikolai Hartmann (1960)
Against the Current (1965)
System and Existence (1970)
Farewell to Modernity (1993)
The Spirit and the Freedom (1992)
The Great Teachers of the Thought (2002)

References

External links
Biography of Pejović 
Klik interview with Pejović 
1967 Radio Free Europe Research on Praxis School

1928 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Croatian philosophers
Yugoslav politicians
People from Ludbreg
Yugoslav Partisans members
University of Zagreb alumni
Child soldiers in World War II
Republican Left (Italy)

The Republican Left (, SR) was a social-liberal political party in Italy.

In January 1994 Giorgio La Malfa returned to the leadership of the Italian Republican Party (PRI), replacing Giorgio Bogi, and the party's national council decided to leave Democratic Alliance (AD) – of which the PRI had been a founding member – and to enter the Pact for Italy coalition. Therefore Bogi, Giuseppe Ayala, Libero Gualtieri and others left the PRI and launched the "Republican Left", which continued to be part of AD and joined the larger Alliance of Progressives.

In February 1998 the SR was merged, along with the Labour Federation, the Social Christians, the Unitarian Communists, the Reformists for Europe and the Democratic Federation, into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), thus founding the Democrats of the Left (DS). After that, the SR became an internal faction within the DS.

References

Defunct political parties in Italy
Defunct liberal political parties
Political party factions in Italy
Political parties established in 1994
1994 establishments in Italy
Political parties disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in Italy
Liberal parties in Italy
Radical parties in Italy
Republican parties
Social liberal parties
Yuriy Bilonoh

Yuriy Bilonoh (, also romanized as Yuriy Bilonog; born March 9, 1974) is a Ukrainian shot putter.

Biography
Born in Bilopillia, Sumy Oblast, he began athletics at a Children and Youth Sports School in Bilopillia, where his first trainer was Vladimir Belikov.

Bilonoh was initially awarded a gold medal at the 2004 Olympic Games, but this medal was withdrawn in 2012 as a result of an anti-doping case.

Achievements

References

External links
 
 

1974 births
Living people
Ukrainian male shot putters
Ukrainian male discus throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Ukraine
World Athletics Championships medalists
Doping cases in athletics
Ukrainian sportspeople in doping cases
Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals
European Athletics Championships medalists
European champions for Ukraine
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Ukraine
Universiade silver medalists for Ukraine
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2001 Summer Universiade
K. D. Ushinsky South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University alumni
Sportspeople from Sumy Oblast
Pierre Juquin

Pierre Juquin (born 22 February 1930 in Clermont-Ferrand) is a French communist politician and trade unionist.

Early life and PCF politics
The son of an SNCF employee, he is a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), and was a teacher of German at the Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux between 1959 and 1966. A classmate of Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (at ENS), Juquin joined the French Communist Party (PCF), and was a candidate in the municipal elections of 1959 as well as a regional leader for the PCF in Seine. A collaborator of Georges Marchais, he was admitted as observer to the PCF Central Committee, and defended the official party line inside the Union des Étudiants Communistes. He was also a prominent member of the Syndicat National des Enseignants du Second Degré (SNEF, a teachers' union, in which he helped the communists gain a decisive say).

He was elected to the French National Assembly for Essonne and, in 1967, became a full member of the PCF Central Committee. Voted out of the Essonne seat in 1968, he regained the position in 1973 - and was re-elected until 1981; an observer to the Politburo in 1979, he joined the body in 1982, and was assigned leadership of the press and propaganda bureau.

Independent voice
He was excluded from the Politburo in October 1984, and publicly disagreed with decisions taken at the 25th Party Congress of February 1985. His opposition was tolerated until October 1987, when he was excluded from the Party altogether - after he had expressed his wish to run for French Presidency on his own platform.

Thus, Juquin ran in the 1988 presidential election with backing from the Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and the Revolutionary Communist League, grouping some former PCF members, Trotskyists, various Greens, and independent left-wingers. Juquin only managed to obtain 2.08% of the vote. His movement survived as the New Left for Socialism, Ecology and Self-management, which fused with the PSU to form Red and Green Alternative (nowadays known as Les Alternatifs) Juquin joined the Greens in 1991.

References

1930 births
Living people
Politicians from Clermont-Ferrand
French Communist Party politicians
The Greens (France) politicians
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Candidates in the 1988 French presidential election
French trade unionists
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Lycée Lakanal teachers
Gusev (surname)

Gusev (), or Guseva (feminine; ), is a Russian surname derived from the word  (goos, meaning "goose"). Husyev or Husyeva is Ukrainian adaptation of the name.

Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksandr Gusev (field hockey) (1955–1994), former field hockey player from the Soviet Union
Aleksandr Gusev (ice hockey) (1947–2020), former Soviet ice hockey player and Olympic champion
Alexandr Vladimirovich Gussev or Gusev (1917–1999), Russian parasitologist, specialist of monogeneans
Alexey Gusev (1945–2001), Soviet naval officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
Andrei Gusev (born 1952), Russian writer and journalist
Dmitry Sergeyevich Gusev (1915-1987), Soviet army officer
Dmitry Gusev (born 1972), Russian politician
Ekaterina Guseva (born 1976), popular Russian actress
Khioniya Guseva, Russian woman famous for attempting to murder Grigori Rasputin
Klara Guseva (1937–2019), former Soviet speed skater
Matvey Gusev (1826–1866), Russian astronomer
Natalya Guseva
Natalia Evgenievna Guseva (born 1972), Soviet actress
Natalya Romanovna Guseva, Russian ethnographer and indologist
Natalia Vladimirovna Guseva (born 1982), Russian biathlete
Nikita Gusev (born 1992), Russian ice hockey player
Nikolay Ivanovich Gusev (1897–1962), Soviet general
Nikolay Nicolaevich Gusev (critic) (1882–1967), Soviet literary critic and author of books about Tolstoy
Nikolay Nikolaevich Gusev (chess player) (born 1922), Soviet chess master
Oleh Husyev (born 1983), Ukrainian footballer
Oleg Andreyevich Gusev (born 1964), Russian entrepreneur
Pavel Gusev
 Pavel Gusev (journalist) (born 1949), Russian journalist
 Pavel Gusev (footballer) (born 1953), Russian football player and coach
Pyotr Gusev (1904–1987), Soviet ballet dancer, choreographer and teacher
Rolan Gusev (born 1977), Russian footballer
Sergei Gusev (born 1975), Russian ice hockey player
Serhiy Husyev, Ukrainian football player
Sergey Ivanovich Gusev (1874–1933), Russian/Soviet statesman and politician
Vladimir Gusev
Vladimir Nikolayevich Gusev (born 1982), Russian road racing cyclist
Vladimir Vitalyevich Gusev (born 1982), Russian ice hockey player
Vladimir Kuzmich Gusev (1932–2022), Soviet and Russian politician
Viktor Mikhaylovich Gusev (1909–1944), Soviet songwriter, playwright and screenwriter
Viktor Mikhaylovich Gusev (born 1955), Russian sports commentator

Russian-language surnames
Costa Fortuna

Costa Fortuna is a cruise ship for Costa Crociere built in 2003 on the same platform as Carnival Cruise Lines' . She was inspired by the Italian steamships of the past. Models of these ships are on display in the ship's public areas. In the atrium, models of the 26 past and present ships of Costa's fleet are displayed upside down, on the ceiling, up to, and including, Costa Fortuna herself. She was refurbished between 10 and 16 December 2018 in Singapore and was re-positioned back to Genoa, Italy in March 2019.

Design and description

The vessel was built along the same lines as Carnival Cruise Lines' . The aft decks are tiered and have limited open deck space. The vessel has a gross tonnage (GT) of 102,669 and . Costa Fortuna is  long overall and  between perpendiculars with a beam of  and a depth of .

The ship is powered by a diesel-electric propulsion system creating  servicing two azimuth thrusters. There are 1,358 cabins ranging in size from  of which 522 have a balcony. The vessel has a crew of 1,090. Costa Fortuna has capacity for 2,702 passengers at dual occupancy and 3,470 passengers maximum. There are four restaurants and eleven bars and lounges. The interior decor is Art Deco.

Construction and career

The ship was constructed by Fincantieri in Italy with a build date of 31 October 2003. Named Costa Fortuna for the daughter of the mythological god of the sea Poseidon, the cruise ship entered service on 17 November 2003. The vessel is owned and operated by Costa Crociere and registered in Genoa, Italy.

In December 2018, the cruise ship underwent an €8 million, six-day refit in Singapore. Prior to the refit, the vessel was based in China. Following the refit, Costa Fortuna was to operate out of Genoa. Costa Fortuna was replaced by  in the Chinese market. For the 2020/2021 season, Costa Fortuna sailed the Mediterranean Sea, with stops in Turkey, Greece and Spain.

Costa Fortuna attempted to dock at Phuket, Thailand on 6 March 2020, but was denied by Thai officials because it was carrying passengers who had left Italy within the last two weeks due to coronavirus fears. On 7 March, the ship attempted to dock at Penang in northern Malaysia, but was denied due to a complete ban on cruise ships. The ship returned to Singapore on 10 March 2020 and all passengers were found well and were allowed to disembark.

Notes

Citations

References

External links 
 
 

 

Ships of Costa Cruises
2003 ships
Ships built by Fincantieri
Mediterranea (Adora Cruises)

Mediterranea is a  operated by Adora Cruises. She was constructed at the Kvaerner Masa-Yards Helsinki New Shipyard, Finland at a cost of over  €400 million. Like sister ship , her design was derived from Carnival Cruise Line's Spirit-class ships, , , , and . On June 16, 2003, she departed on her maiden voyage from Genoa to Spain and Portugal.

The twelve decks are named after mythological and historical characters: Circe, Tersicore, Bacco, Teseo, Orfeo, Narciso, Prometeo, Pegaso, Armonia, Cleopatra, Pandora and Medea.

In 2021, Costa Mediterranea was transferred to CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping.

In 2023, CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping Limited announced that the Mediterranea (the former Costa Mediterranea) will start operations in China in the fourth quarter, sailing from Tianjin. The ship will be operated by Adora Cruises sailing short international itineraries.

Refurbishment
Costa Mediterranea was dry docked for a €4 million refurbishment at the Fincantieri shipyard in Palermo from November 21, 2013, to December 4, 2013.

Ports of call
On 10 September 2008, Costa Mediterranea was the first ship to make a port call to the Passenger Port of St. Petersburg in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

References

External links
 
Official website 
 Photos & video of Costa Mediterranea in Yalta, Ukraine
 Video Clip of Costa Mediterranea
 Miramar Ship Index – Costa Mediterranea

Ships built in Helsinki
Mediterranea
Panamax cruise ships
2003 ships
Tartagal

Tartagal is a Spanish word derived from tártago (a spurge, Euphorbia lathyris). It may refer to either of three places in Argentina:
 Tartagal, Chaco
 Tartagal, Salta
 Tartagal, Santa Fe
Beit El yeshiva

The Beit El Yeshiva () is a Religious Zionist Yeshiva situated in the Israeli settlement of Beit El, a community in the Binyamin region near Ramallah in the Israeli-controlled Area C of the West Bank.

History
The Yeshiva was founded in late 1977 by a group of students from the Mercaz haRav yeshiva in Jerusalem. The students originally lived on a nearby army base, but today the yeshiva has its own premises, and over 250 students enrolled. The rosh yeshiva (dean) is Rabbi Zalman Baruch Melamed.

Arutz Sheva - Israel National News was founded and is maintained by the Beit El Yeshiva. The Beit El Yeshiva also founded Yeshiva.co, a large Jewish website.

The Beit El Yeshiva Center also includes:
 A yeshiva (religious studies) high school for boys (junior and senior yeshiva high school), Yeshivat Bnei Zvi, also known as Bnei Zvi Yeshiva Ketana (pre-yeshiva high school; ketana stands for "small")
 An ulpana (religious studies) high school for girls, Ulpanat Ra'aya
 An ulpana high school for girls "with a wide variety of studies", Tal Ra'aya
 A mechina pre-military program for young men

References

Further reading

External links
Beit El Yeshiva Center Official Website 
 Bet El Kabbalists by Pinchas Giller, Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World entry, p 5 sq

Religious Zionist yeshivot
Educational institutions established in 1977
Yeshivas in the West Bank
1977 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate
Santa Fe (book)

Santa Fe is a Japanese nude photo book published in 1991. It was modelled by Rie Miyazawa and photographed by Kishin Shinoyama. It was published with one image showing pubic hair without any kind of mosaic. It sold 1.5 million copies. Taken early in Miyazawa's career, it stunned Japanese society because the authorities had just begun to permit the publication of such kinds of "hair-nude" photographs.

The book was named after Santa Fe, New Mexico, where her photos were taken. Santa Fe, New Mexico's historic state capital, is also known as a city of arts.

After Miyazawa and Santa Fe, many Japanese women celebrities followed her in releasing "hair-nude" photo books.

Further reading 
 Allison, Anne.  Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics, and Censorship in Japan.  Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2000, pages 147–149.  .
 Schilling, Mark. The Encyclopedia of Japanese Pop Culture. s.v. "Miyazawa, Rie", pages 146–151. New York: Weatherhill, 1997.  .
 Shinoyama Kishin. Santa Fe.  Tokyo: Asahi Shuppansha, 1991. .

External links 
 PhotoGuide Japan's review of Santa Fe

Books of nude photography
Photography in Japan
Ogcocephalidae

Ogcocephalidae is a family of anglerfish specifically adapted for a benthic lifestyle of crawling about on the seafloor. Ogcocephalid anglerfish are sometimes referred to as batfishes, deep-sea batfishes, handfishes, and seabats. They are found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. They are mostly found at depths between , but have been recorded as deep as . A few species live in much shallower coastal waters and, exceptionally, may enter river estuaries.

They are dorsoventrally compressed fishes similar in appearance to rays, with a large circular or triangular head (box-shaped in Coelophrys), and a small tail. The largest members of the family are approximately  in standard length. The illicium (a modified dorsal fin ray on the front of the head supporting the esca, a bulbous lure) may be retracted into an illicial cavity above the mouth. The esca is not luminous, as in most other groups of anglerfishes, but secretes a fluid, lasting approximately two minutes, thought to act as a chemical lure which attracts prey such as crabs, snails, shrimp, and small fish. Analysis of their stomach contents indicates that batfishes feed on fish, crustaceans, and polychaete worms.

The pelvic and anal fins of many species are stout and thick-skinned, so as to support the body off the substrate. These fins also enable batfishes to walk on the seafloor, though the irregular shape of the fins causes most batfishes to swim awkwardly.

This family grouping contains approximately ten genera and 75 known species found in almost all tropical seas around the world.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Rade, C. M. (2011). Functional fin morphology of aquatic substrate-based locomotion in ogcocephalid fishes (Lophiiformes;Ogcocephalidae). Integrative and Comparative Biology., 51, E241–E241.

External links 
 

 
Deep sea fish
Marine fish families
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Rhodospirillum rubrum

Rhodospirillum rubrum (R. rubrum) is a Gram-negative, pink-coloured bacterium, with a size of 800 to 1000 nanometers. It is a facultative anaerobe, thus capable of using oxygen for aerobic respiration under aerobic conditions, or an alternative terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration under anaerobic conditions. Alternative terminal electron acceptors for R. rubrum include dimethyl sulfoxide or trimethylamine oxide.

Under aerobic growth photosynthesis is genetically suppressed and R. rubrum is then colorless. After the exhaustion of oxygen, R. rubrum immediately starts the production of photosynthesis apparatus including membrane proteins, bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids, i.e. the bacterium becomes photosynthesis active. The repression mechanism for the photosynthesis is poorly understood. The photosynthesis of R. rubrum differs from that of plants as it possesses not chlorophyll a, but bacteriochlorophylls. While bacteriochlorophyll can absorb light up to a maximum wavelength of 800 to 925 nm,  chlorophyll absorbs light having a maximum wavelength of 660 to 680 nm. R. rubrum is a spiral-shaped bacterium (spirillum, plural form: spirilla).

R. rubrum is also a nitrogen fixing bacterium, i.e., it can express and regulate nitrogenase, a protein complex that can catalyse the conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia. When the bacteria are exposed to ammonia, darkness, and phenazine methosulfate, nitrogen fixation stops. Due to this important property, R. rubrum has been the test subject of many different groups, so as to understand the complex regulatory schemes required for this reaction to occur. It was in R. rubrum that, for the first time, post-translational regulation of nitrogenase was demonstrated. Nitrogenase is modified by an ADP-ribosylation in the arginine residue 101 (Arg101) in response to the so-called "switch-off" effectors - glutamine or ammonia - and darkness.

R. rubrum has several potential uses in biotechnology:
 Quantitative accumulation of PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) precursors in the cell for the production of bioplastic.
 Production of biological hydrogen fuel.
 Model system for studying the conversion from light energy to chemical energy and regulatory pathways of the nitrogen fixation system.

References

External links 
Type strain of Rhodospirillum rubrum at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Rhodospirillales
Phototrophic bacteria
Bacteria described in 1887
Ali Abdu Ahmed

Ali Abdu Ahmed is a former Eritrean politician who left the government and sought asylum abroad. From 2002 until his defection in November 2012, Ali was the Eritrean Minister of Information. 

His father (an Eritrean national), brother, and 15-year-old daughter, a United States citizen, were subsequently detained and have been held indefinitely. The US government inquired regarding his daughter's well-being while the Eritrean government vehemently rejected her status as an US citizen and has refused to release information regarding her whereabouts or well being. Meanwhile, Ali has applied for asylum in Australia.

References

Voice of America: Fate of American Citizen Unknown After Four Years in Eritrean Prison Accessed 19 September 2016.
"Asmara Angst". WikiLeaks.
Living people
Government ministers of Eritrea
1963 births
Glue code

In computer programming, glue code is executable code (often source code) that serves solely to "adapt" different parts of code that would otherwise be incompatible. Glue code does not contribute any functionality towards meeting program requirements. Instead, it often appears in code that lets existing libraries or programs interoperate, as in language bindings or foreign function interfaces such as the Java Native Interface, when mapping objects to a database using object-relational mapping, or when integrating two or more commercial off-the-shelf programs. Glue code may be written in the same language as the code it is gluing together, or in a separate glue language. Glue code is very efficient in rapid prototyping environments, where several components are quickly put together into a single language or framework.

Consequences
Because each component is independent (i.e. it is unaware of its relations and is only connected to another component through glue code), the behavior of a component and its interactions can change during the execution of the script. In addition, a different version of one of the components may behave differently, breaking the glue code.

High-level programming languages can suffer from performance penalties because glue code must run through the language interpreter, even when connecting high-performance subsystems. If performance is crucial, using configuration scripting is often preferred to directly connecting binary interfaces of components. In object-oriented scripting languages, glue code often eliminates the need for class hierarchies and large numbers of classes.

See also
 Adapter pattern
 Scripting language
 Shell script
 SWIG
 Lua (programming language)
 Glue logic
 WinGlue
 Wrapper function
 Wrapper library
 Method stub

References

 
 
 

Computer programming
Leena Chandavarkar

Leena Chandavarkar (born 29 August 1950) is an Indian former actress who appeared in Bollywood movies as a leading actress and now appears in reality shows. She was an actress during the late 60s and early 70s. She played leading heroine opposite almost all superstars during that era and was frequently paired opposite Rajesh Khanna, Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Sanjeev Kumar, Vinod Khanna, Dilip Kumar, Sunil Dutt and Raaj Kumar.

Biography 
Leena Chandavarkar was born to a Konkani Marathi speaking Army officer Sreenath Chandavarkar at Dharwad in Karnataka in 1950. She was supposed to debut with the film Maseeha (1967) opposite Sunil Dutt costarring Raaj Kumar and Mumtaz too under the direction of Sunil Dutt himself. The film got shelved and she made her debut under the direction of Sunil Dutt with the movie Man ka Meet in 1968. The movie was a hit and she became an overnight star. She was one of the topmost heroines in early 70s alongside Hema Malini and Mumtaz.  She had an elder brother Anil Chandavarkar who married director Atmaram's daughter and has a daughter from the marriage. He died by suicide in 1985. She quit Bollywood after marriage with singing legend Kishore Kumar only to return for two movies later.

Career 
Chandavarkar came into the limelight after finishing as one of the runners-up for the Fresh Face Competition organized across the country by Filmfare. Initially, she worked in advertisements but eventually ventured into films. She made her debut in Man Ka Meet for Sunil Dutt, and it was his wife Nargis who groomed her to be an actress. Between 1969 and 1979, Leena acted in many films. She was cast opposite many of popular heroes of that era. She gave one of her best performances in Mehboob Ki Mehndi with Rajesh Khanna in 1971.

Bairaag, in 1976, is another example where she acted with Dilip Kumar and an ensemble star cast of Saira Bano, Prem Chopra and Helen.

She appeared as a guest judge for the first 2 episodes of "K for Kishore", a new reality TV singing show launched by Sony TV during December 2007. She is now appearing for the reality shows. She also penned some songs for Amit Kumar and Rajesh Bambal for a music album.

Personal life 
She had an arranged marriage to her first husband, Siddharth Bandodkar, who came from a prominent Goan political family. He died from an accidental gunshot wound, a few days into the marriage, leaving Leena a widow at age 25. A few years later, she married singing legend Kishore Kumar. Her father initially objected because Kumar had been married three times already, and was more than 20 years older than her, but he soon came around and welcomed Kumar into the family. She has a son with Kishore Kumar named Sumit Ganguly. Kishore died in 1987, leaving Leena once again a widow at age 37. She lives with her son Sumeet, her step-son Amit Kumar, and his wife.

Filmography

References

External links 
 
 Leena Chandavarkar: The innocent shrew
 Leena Chandavarkar and Her Movies

Indian film actresses
Living people
Konkani people
People from Dharwad
1950 births
Évreux-Normandie station

Évreux-Normandie (until recently: Évreux Embranchement) is the train station for the town of Évreux, Eure, France. It was built by CF de l'Ouest in 1887 (the line opened in 1855).

The station was named Embranchement as it stands at the junction of the lines to Paris and to Rouen. The line to Rouen is now closed but a disused freight line to the northern suburbs of Évreux remains. The station building was heavily bombed during World War II but rebuilt identically to the original building afterwards.

Évreux-Normandie is on the main line from Paris to Cherbourg (Mantes-la-Jolie–Cherbourg railway) and is the main stop for regional double-decker trains (TER Normandie) from Paris to Serquigny.

See also
Évreux-Nord station

References

External links
 

Railway stations in Eure
Évreux
Railway stations in France opened in 1855
Autogenic succession

"Auto-" meaning self or same, and "-genic" meaning producing or causing. Autogenic succession refers to ecological succession driven by biotic factors within an ecosystem and although the mechanisms of autogenic succession have long been debated, the role of living things in shaping the progression of succession was realized early on. Presently, there is more of a consensus that the mechanisms of facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition all contribute to autogenic succession. The concept of succession is most often associated with communities of vegetation and forests, though it is applicable to a broader range of ecosystems. In contrast, allogenic succession is driven by the abiotic components of the ecosystem.

How it occurs 
The plants themselves (biotic components) cause succession to occur.
 Light captured by leaves
Production of detritus
Water and nutrient uptake
Nitrogen fixation
anthropogenic climate change

These aspects lead to a gradual ecological change in a particular spot of land, known as a progression of inhabiting species. Autogenic succession can be viewed as a secondary succession because of pre-existing plant life. A 2000 case study in the journal Oecologia tested the hypothesis that areas with high plant diversity could suppress weed growth more effectively than those with lower plant diversity.

Facilitation 
Improvement of site factors like increased organic matter

Inhibition 
Hinders species or growth

References

Ecological succession
Galaxias fuscus

Galaxias fuscus, the barred galaxias, is a galaxiid of the genus Galaxias, a member of the Mountain Galaxias species complex group of freshwater fish, found in Australia.

Description
Galaxias fuscus is a freshwater fish with the typical bodyform of the genus Galaxias with fins generally larger and more rounded compared to other Galaxiids. Size to , commonly . Colour is overall yellow-orange to red-orange with distinctive unevenly spaced and variable in number dark to black vertical bars, usually rounded at the top and more pointed at the bottom, an inverted tear drop shape. The number of bars varies from none to about ten, but usually less than seven with the number of bars and spacing often not the same on each side of the fish. The head and upper surfaces of the body above the lateral line are often overlaid with a dusky shading made up of many small dark grey spots. The side bars often have a "halo" surrounding them where the dusky shading is not present, exposing the base body colour.

Distribution

The barred Galaxias is found in the upper reaches of the Goulburn River system north of the Great Dividing Range at an elevation of  AMSL within the Murray-Darling Basin and roughly  north east of Melbourne. The species is now extinct in previously recorded locations: the lower Rubicon River near Rubicon; Mountain Creek near Kinglake; Whitehouse Creek north east of Marysville); and, Gaffneys Creek near A1 Mine Settlement. Range is limited to areas that are trout free.

Habitat
G. fuscus prefers small, shallow, overgrown and steep moderate to fast-flowing, cool to cold rivers and creeks with a stream bed of bedrock, large and small stones, pebble, gravel and sand. Instream cover consists of large and small woody debris, rocks and tree roots within undercut banks. The maximum water temperature is about .

Lifecycle/Reproduction
Spawning occurs from late September to early October. The eggs are about  in diameter, are adhesive and laid on the sides or beneath rocks in fast, shallow water. The eggs hatch in about a month and the newly hatched larvae are about  long. The fish can withstand very cold water, below , including stretches above and immediately downstream of the snowline in winter.

Conservation
Protected under the national Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.  Listed as endangered under the IUCN Red List.

Utility to humans
Not an angling target due to small size and conservation status.

References

Galaxias
Freshwater fish of Australia
Fish described in 1936
Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari

'Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari () is the Kannada version of the Indian epic Mahabharata, written by Kumara Vyasa. It encompasses the first 10 chapters of the original epic.

The poetic style employed in this work is Bhamini Shatpadi, which is prominent in Kannada literature.  While the poet relies on the original storyline for most of the work, there are notable deviations, particularly in the portrayal of Karna. The work is famous for the abundance of metaphors, and the poet has been aptly called the king of metaphors.

The remaining eight chapters that were left incomplete by Kumara Vyasa were completed by Shri M S Ananthapadmanabha Rao. These additional chapters, totaling over eight thousand poems, maintain the Bhamini Shatpadi style and were compiled as Karnata Bharata Kathamanjari. The compilation was released in 2002. Rao was honored with the Kannada Sahitya Academy award in 1977–78 for his contribution to the Kannada literature.

References

Further reading 
 
 

Hindu texts
Mahabharata
Adolf Holl

Adolf Holl (13 May 1930 – 23 January 2020) was an Austrian Catholic writer and theologian. He lived in Vienna, where he was Chaplain of the University of Vienna and a lecturer in its Department of Catholic Theology. Because of conflicts with Church authorities, he was suspended from his teaching and priestly duties. He wrote many books, including Jesus in Bad Company and The Last Christian: A Biography of Francis of Assisi.

Holl had doctorates in philosophy and theology from the University of Vienna. Ordained a Catholic priest in 1954, he served as a parish priest and professor of theology until 1973, when longstanding controversies with church officials led to his dismissal from university and parish posts.

Published works

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  Translated as

References

Further reading

Reviews

Works about Holl 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  60 mins.

Obituaries 

 
 
 
 
 

1930 births
2020 deaths
Austrian male writers
20th-century Austrian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Austrian Roman Catholic theologians
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Clergy from Vienna
21st-century Austrian Roman Catholic theologians
Yellow-vented bulbul

The yellow-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier), or eastern yellow-vented bulbul, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is a resident breeder in southeastern Asia from Indochina to the Philippines. It is found in a wide variety of open habitats but not the deep forest. It is one of the most common birds in cultivated areas. They appear to be nomadic and roam from place to place regularly.

Taxonomy and systematics
The yellow-vented bulbul was originally classified in the genus Muscicapa.

Subspecies
Six subspecies are recognized:
 P. g. jambu - Deignan, 1955: Found from southern Myanmar to southern Indochina
 P. g. analis - (Horsfield, 1821): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Turdus. Found on Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and nearby islands, Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa
 P. g. gourdini - Gray, GR, 1847: Originally described as a separate species in the genus Ixos. Found on Borneo, Maratua and Karimunjava Islands
 P. g. goiavier - (Scopoli, 1786): Found in northern and north-central Philippines
 P. g. samarensis - Rand & Rabor, 1960: Found in central Philippines
 P. g. suluensis - Mearns, 1909: Found in southern Philippines

Behaviour and ecology
The yellow-vented bulbul builds a well-camouflaged but fragile, loose, deep, cup-shaped circular nest from grass, leaves, roots, vine stems, and twigs. The nest is untidy on the outside, but neatly lined with plant fibers. It may be built in a wide range of places from low bushes to high trees. This is a species adapted to humans and may even nest in gardens. The yellow-vented bulbul lays 2–5 eggs from February to June.

The yellow-vented bulbul eats berries and small fruits. They also sip nectar, nibble on young shoots, and consume some insects.

References

External links

 Various images of the yellow-vented bulbul
 "Domesticating" Pycnonotus goiavier by Isidro A. T. Savillo

yellow-vented bulbul
Birds of Southeast Asia
yellow-vented bulbul
History of Turkey (disambiguation)

The History of Turkey is the history of lands called Turkey after Turkish migration.

The History of Turkey may also refer to:
 Seljuk Turks (1000–1300) Sultanate of Rûm
 Anatolian beyliks (11th-17th centuries)
 Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)
 History of the Republic of Turkey (since 1923)
History of Anatolia
Names of Anatolia
 Turkey (bird)#History and naming

de:Geschichte der Türkei