alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Stoping (geology)

Stoping is a process accommodating the ascent of magmatic bodies from their sources in the mantle or lower crust to the surface.  The theory was independently developed by Canadian geologist Reginald Aldworth Daly and American geologist Joseph Barrell.

The process involves the mechanical disintegration of the surrounding country/host rock, typically through fracturing due to pressure increases associated with thermal expansion of the host rock in proximity of the interface with the melt. After fractures are formed, melt and/or volatiles will typically invade, widening the fracture and promoting the foundering of host rock blocks (i.e. stoped blocks).  Once suspended in the melt, stoped blocks may either sink or float depending upon the density of the block relative to that of the melt.  Additionally, blocks submerged within melt are subject to further thermally-induced fracturing which may account for the often observed "lack of evidence" for the process of stoping.

See also
 Methods of pluton emplacement

References

Igneous petrology
Geological processes
Monmouth Cup Stakes

The Monmouth Cup Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for three-years-old and older run over a distance of  miles annually in early July at Monmouth Park in Oceanport, New Jersey. The event currently offers a purse of $400,000 added.

History

The event was inaugurated as the Meadowlands Cup and held at the Meadowlands Racetrack on 29 October 1977 and was won by Pay Tribute who was trained by the Hall of Fame trainer Ron McAnally and ridden by Hall of Fame jockey Ángel Cordero Jr. by  lengths in a time of  over the  miles distance.

The event was the signature event at the Meadowlands track with its high stakes attracting class horses. Within two years when champion three-year-old Spectacular Bid won the event in stakes record time it was classed as Grade II. The event was upgraded to Grade I in 1983.

The event was decreased to its present  miles distance in 1990. That year's running posed one of the largest upsets in North American racing history when Great Normand won at 181-1 odds.

There was no race held in 1997 or 2011. The race was downgraded from a Grade II to a Grade III in 2017, and the purse was reduced to $100,000 from the previous $200,000.

The event was moved to Monmouth Park in 2010 and was renamed to the Monmouth Cup Stakes.

Sharp Azteca's win in 2017 set a track record at Monmouth for the distance of  miles, beating Formal Gold's 1:40.20 that was set in August 1997.

Records
Speed record:
 miles:  1:45.93 – Etched (2009)
 miles:  1:40.19 – Sharp Azteca  (2017)
 miles:  1:58.80  – Alysheba (1988)

Margins
 8 lengths – Marquetry (1993)
 lengths – Sharp Azteca  (2017)

Most wins:
 2 –  Etched  (2009, 2010)
 2 –  Bradester  (2015, 2016)

Most wins by a jockey:
 4 – Ángel Cordero Jr. (1977, 1978, 1983, 1986)
 4 – John R. Velazquez (1998, 2001, 2004, 2006)

Most wins by a trainer:
 4 – Todd A. Pletcher (2004, 2006, 2012, 2021)

Most wins by an owner:
 2 – Darley Stable (2009, 2010)
 2 – Joseph W. Sutton (2015, 2016)

Winners

Notes:

§ Ran as an entry

See also 
 List of American and Canadian Graded races

References

Graded stakes races in the United States
Open mile category horse races
Horse races in New Jersey
Recurring sporting events established in 1977
1977 establishments in New Jersey
Grade 3 stakes races in the United States
Monmouth Park Racetrack
Meadowlands Racetrack
Oaklawn Handicap

The Oaklawn Handicap is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually in April at Oaklawn Park Race Track in Hot Springs, Arkansas.

A Grade II event raced on dirt, since 1984 it has been contested over a distance of  miles (9 furlongs). It used to be raced at  miles (8.5 furlongs).

Records
Track  record: (at current distance of   miles)
 1:46 3/5 – Snow Chief (1987) (New race and track record)

Most wins:
 2 – Styrunner (1957, 1959)
 2 – Gay Revoke (1964, 1965)

Most wins by a jockey:
 5 – Pat Day (1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 2001)

Most wins by a trainer:
 4 – D. Wayne Lukas (1985, 1989, 2005, 2014)

Most wins by an owner:
 4 – Allen E. Paulson (1990, 1995, 1996, 2000)

Winners since 1969

* † In 2009, It's a Bird won the race but was later disqualified after testing positive for trace levels of naproxen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Earlier winners

1968 – Diplomat Way
1967 – Mike's Red
1966 – Swift Ruler
1965 – Gay Revoke
1964 – Gay Revoke
1963 – Wa-Wa Cy
1962 – Blue Croon
1961 – Santiago
1960 – Little Fitz
1959 – Styrunner
1958 – Manassas
1957 – Styrunner
1956 – Come On Red
1955 – No race
1954 – Andros
1953 – Our Challenge
1952 – Spur On
1951 – Boo Boo Shoo
1950 – Thwarted
1949 – Fancy Flyer
1948 – Dinner Hour
1947 – Sugar Beet
1946 – Lights Abeam
1944 – Challenge Me

References
 Oaklawn Park Race Track.
 Oaklawn Handicap at Pedigree Query

Graded stakes races in the United States
Horse races in Arkansas
Open mile category horse races
Recurring sporting events established in 1946
Oaklawn Park
1946 establishments in Arkansas
Cotillion Handicap

The Cotillion Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Parx Racing and Casino in Bensalem, Pennsylvania. It is run in late September or early October as a prelude to the annual Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships. The race is open to three-year-old filles, willing to race one and one-sixteenth miles (eight and a half furlongs) on the dirt. The Grade I event carries a purse of US$1 million.

From 2006 to 2010 it was called the Fitz Dixon Cotillion to honor Fitz Eugene Dixon Jr. of the prominent Widener family of Philadelphia, who have been major figures in Thoroughbred racing since the early part of the 20th century.

This race, which was inaugurated in 1969 at Liberty Bell Park in Northeast Philadelphia before thoroughbred racing moved to the then-Keystone Racetrack (later known as Philadelphia Park) in nearby Bensalem in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, has produced multiple Eclipse Award winners including Shuvee, Susan's Girl, Revidere, Ashado, Havre de Grace, and Untapable. There Was No Running In 2020.

Records
Speed  record:
 1:40.93 – Havre de Grace (2010)

Most wins by a jockey:
 4 – Mike E. Smith (2000, 2013, 2016, 2018)

Most wins by a trainer:
 5 – Steven M. Asmussen (2012, 2014, 2018, 2021, 2022)

Most wins by an owner:
 3 – Fox Hill Farms (2000, 2010, 2016)

Winners

† In 1987, Sacahuista won the race but was disqualified for interference and set back to second.

† In 2018, Monomoy Girl won the race but was disqualified for interference and set back to second.

References

 The Cotillion Handicap at Pedigree Query
 The Cotillion Handicap at the NTRA
 The Cotillion Handicap at Philadelphia Park
 Bloodhorse article on Bear Now setting new record time in the 2007 Cotillion Handicap

Graded stakes races in the United States
Mile category horse races for fillies and mares
Horse races in Pennsylvania
Recurring sporting events established in 1969
Parx Casino and Racing
Widener family
Flat horse races for three-year-old fillies
1969 establishments in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Derby

The Pennsylvania Derby is a race for thoroughbred horses run at Parx Racing and Casino (formerly known as Keystone Race Track, then from 1986 through 2010 as Philadelphia Park) each year.  The track's premiere event is open to horses, age three, and is run at a distance of  (9 furlongs) on the dirt and since 2007 normally offers a purse of $1 million.

In 2016, the purse was increased to $1.25 million because of the presence of the winners of two of the three Triple Crown races: Nyquist, winner of the 2016 Kentucky Derby, and Exaggerator, winner of the 2016 Preakness Stakes. If Creator, winner of the 2016 Belmont, had also raced, the purse would have been $1.5 million.

The Pennsylvania Derby began on Memorial Day in 1979 and achieved Graded status in 1981. From 1990 until 2009, with the exception of 2006 due to extensive renovations, the race was held on Labor Day; in 2004, it was elevated to a Grade II event. Starting in 2010, the race moved to the last Saturday of September in an attempt to get a stronger field preparing for the Breeders' Cup; the move to late September also made it possible to move away from another premier event, the Travers Stakes at Saratoga Race Course in New York State. In 2017 it was raised to Grade I status for the first time.

In 1991, Andrea Seefeldt became the first female jockey to win the Pennsylvania Derby and the following year Pam Shavelson became the first female trainer to win the race. There was no running of the Pennsylvania Derby in 2020.

Records
Time record: 
 1:46:96 – Bayern (2014)

Largest winning margin:
 Western Playboy – 17 lengths.

Most wins by a jockey:
 3 – Joe Bravo (1994, 2003, 2008)
 3 – Mike Smith (2017, 2018, 2022)

Most wins by a trainer:
 4 – Bob Baffert (2014, 2017, 2018, 2022)

Most wins by an owner:
 2 – Ryehill Farm (1979, 1988)
 2 – Robert E. Meyerhoff (1986, 1991)
 2 – Dogwood Stable (1990, 1993)

Winners

References

 The Pennsylvania Derby at Pedigeree Query

Graded stakes races in the United States
Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Horse races in Pennsylvania
Recurring sporting events established in 1979
Parx Casino and Racing
1979 establishments in Pennsylvania
We're Not Robots...

We're Not Robots... is the fourth and final studio album by Dallas hard rock band Edgewater. It was their first and only release since parting ways with Wind-up Records. The album was completely produced independently but is of equal or even better quality than many major label releases.  In many ways, We're Not Robots... is a shot at Wind-up. The album is considered to be much heavier and more emotionally complex than previous releases, and the songs deal with feelings of anger, desperation, hope, and betrayal.

Track listing
All tracks written by Matt Moseman, Micah Creel, Justin Middleton, Ricky Wolking and Jeremy "Worm" Rees. 
"Get it Right"  – 3:12
"Caught in the Moment"  – 2:52
"I Can't Breathe"  – 3:41
"Rock is Dead"  – 4:02
"S.O.S."  – 3:42
"Apples & Oranges  – 3:30
"Engage"  – 4:19
"U"  – 3:33
"S.O.B."  – 2:40
"Digging for Sounds"  – 4:29

Personnel
Ricky Wolking - Bass
Jeremy "Worm" Rees - Drums
Matt Moseman - Vocals
Justin Middleton - Guitar
Micah Creel - Guitar

External links
Official Site

Edgewater (band) albums
2006 albums
Prairie Meadows Cornhusker Handicap

The Prairie Meadows Cornhusker Handicap is an American Grade III thoroughbred horse race held annually at the end of June at Prairie Meadows in Altoona, Iowa. The race is open to horses age three years and older and currently offers a purse of $300,000. Raced at a distance of 1 miles on dirt, from 1966 through 1973 it was run at 1 miles.

Inaugurated in 1966, the Cornhusker Handicap was originally run at the Ak-Sar-Ben Racetrack in Omaha, Nebraska which closed in 1995. The first edition was won by Royal Gunner who was ridden by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Bill Hartack.

Julie Krone was the first female jockey to compete in the Cornhusker Handicap and the first female jockey to win it when she captured the 1988 edition aboard Palace March.

The Cornhusker Handicap purse was reduced to $100,00 in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic along with the Iowa Derby and Iowa Oaks purses.

Records
Time record: (at current distance of  miles)
 1:46.62 – Beboppin Baby (1998)

Most wins:
 2 – Vale of Tears (1968, 1969) and Joey Bob (1972, 1973)

Most wins by a Jockey:
 4 – Larry J. Durousseau (1967, 1968, 1969, 1970)

Most wins by a Trainer:
 3 – Brad H. Cox (2014, 2020, 2021)
 3 – Albert Vizcaya (1968, 1969, 1970)
 3 – Jack Van Berg (1972, 1973, 1985)

Most wins by an Owner:
 3 – Mrs. Raymond Bauer (1968, 1969, 1970)

Winners

References

Graded stakes races in the United States
Open mile category horse races
Horse races in the United States
Recurring sporting events established in 1966
1966 establishments in Nebraska
Andrew Bell

Andrew Bell may refer to:

 Andrew Bell (artist) (born 1978), British-born American toy designer
 Andrew Bell (engraver) (1726–1809), Scottish co-founder of the Encyclopædia Britannica
 Andrew Bell (educationalist) (1753–1832), Scottish pioneer of mutual instruction and author of the Madras System of Education
 Andrew Bell (cricketer) (born 1982), English former cricketer
 Andrew Bell (journalist) ( 1827–1863),  Scottish-born Canadian journalist
 Andrew Bell (minister) (1803–1856), Presbyterian minister in Upper Canada
 Andrew Bell (moderator), minister of the Church of Scotland
 Andrew Bell (judge) (born 1966), Australian judge
 Andrew J. Bell Jr. (1907–2000), African American business owner and civil rights activist
 Jamie Bell (Andrew James Matfin Bell) (born 1986), English actor and dancer.

See also
Andy Bell (disambiguation)
Boomerang (British and Irish TV channel)

Boomerang is a 24-hour British pay television channel which primarily features classic and modern animated series from Hanna-Barbera and Warner Bros. Animation. The channel launched on 27 May 2000 as a spin-off of Cartoon Network and localisation of the original American network. It is run by Warner Bros. Discovery under its International division.

History

Origins
Boomerang UK began as a block in 1993 and was aired on Cartoon Network.

Launch
Boomerang launched on 27 May 2000, airing between 06:00–00:00, on Sky Digital and certain cable systems. At the time, Cartoon Network had a unique schedule and so the channel was created by Turner Broadcasting to broadcast classic cartoons from the Hanna-Barbera, MGM and Warner Bros. archive programme library, as well as freeing its sister network of many classics in the schedule.

In May 2001, Boomerang became the second highest-rated children's channel, beaten only by parent service Cartoon Network. In July of that year, the channel was added to on cable operator Telewest, thus increasing its viewership. James Greville, head of Cartoon Network UK at the time, stated, "The channel launched barely a year ago and yet it's already beaten established kids' channels in terms of ratings and share". By November, the channel was available on NTL.

Boomerang increased its library of old cartoons by acquiring rights to other animated shows such as Danger Mouse, The Pink Panther Show and Garfield and Friends. By the end of 2003, the channel decided to stay away from its former purpose and shifted to broadcast television movies and series.

A one-hour timeshift channel, Boomerang +1, launched on 6 March 2006.

Boomerang rebranded with the new international graphics package developed by UK based graphic design agency Art&Graft on 16 February 2015. The channel switched to 16:9 widescreen on 1 June 2015. A high-definition feed was launched on 24 June 2015.

On 3 September 2018, the channel was rebranded once again.

On 18 November 2020, Boomerang UK and Ireland were split into two regions following the move of the Bomerang Éire broadcasting licence to the Czech Republic. Boomerang Éire is managed by HBO Europe specifically targeting EU countries the Republic of Ireland, Malta and Gibraltar.

Availability

Cable
Virgin Media : Channel 730 (SD) and Channel 731 (+1)

Online
Now TV: Watch live

Satellite
Sky: Channel 603 (HD), Channel 611 (+1) and Channel 641 (SD)

Terrestrial
BT : Channel 467 (SD) and Channel 474 (HD)

Programming

Live-action programming
Between 23 July 2007 to 1 August 2009, the channel started airing live-action programming, starting with Fraggle Rock (which also began airing on Cartoonito the same day).

Other live action series included Life with Derek, popular sitcom The Latest Buzz and the spy show My Spy Family.

Logos

References

External links
 

Children's television channels in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
2000 establishments in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations established in 2000
Turner Broadcasting System UK & Ireland
Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA
List of Airbus A320 orders and deliveries

These are the orders and deliveries the Airbus A320 family.

Orders and deliveries 
List of orders, deliveries and operators of the Airbus A320 family, as of 31 July 2023:

 Ord — number of aircraft ordered from Airbus
 Del — number of aircraft delivered by Airbus
Bl — number of aircraft still to be delivered to the specified customer
 
 

Data through end of July 2023.

See also

 List of Airbus A320neo family orders
 List of Airbus A320 family operators
 List of Boeing 737 MAX orders
 List of Airbus A220 orders

References

Orders
320
Françoise Prévost

Françoise Prévost (c. 1680 in Paris – 1741 in Paris) was a French ballerina who helped establish dramatic dance in the early world of classical ballet. She was expressive, light and dramatic in style. 

In 1699, Prevost debuted at the Académie d'Opera in the ballet, Atys, later replacing Marie-Thérèse de Subligny as the female lead.  In 1708, she performed with Jean Balon in the final scene of Corneille's   Les Horaces. The performance, though only of the final scene of the play and entirely in pantomime, is said to have caused the audience to weep. The "pantomime" came from the popular theaters of the time and freely used bold gestures and body language to communicate the narrative to the audience. The goal was to convey a story of meaning using purely movement, without spoken word. Maintaining her interest in the dramatic potential of dance, Prevost created a famous solo in 1714 called "Les Caracteres de la Danse." Choreographed to a suite of dances by composer Jean Ferry Rebel, the "characters" depicted a series of lovers of varying ages and sexes, and Prevost enacted each one to a different piece of music: the bourree, the menuet, the passepied. 

She taught this solo to her two most accomplished female students: Marie Camargo and Marie Sallé. Camargo was the first to learn the solo for her debut at the Paris Opera. Her growing success incited jealousy in Prevost, and she relegated Camargo to the corps de ballet. One day however, Camargo made a spectacular impromptu improvisation solo for a missing male dancer. The arrival of Marie Salle, and her dramatic recreation of the famous solo into a pas de deux of rich emotional interaction, highlighted the different approaches to dance of the period: technical flash verses dramatic depth.

Prevost retired as première danseuse in 1730, being replaced by her students.

See also
Women in dance

References
Source: Encyclopædia Britannica "Françoise Prévost".
Source: Au, Susan, "Ballet and Modern Dance, 2nd edition (New York, 2006)

French ballerinas
1680 births
1741 deaths
18th-century French ballet dancers
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles
Dall'alto dell'Apostolico Seggio

Pope Leo XIII's papal encyclical on the subject of Freemasonry in Italy, known both by its Italian incipit  and its Latin incipit , was a promulgated on 15 October 1890.

It dealt with Freemasonry in Italy, condemning the contemporary course of public affairs in Italy as the realization of the "Masonic programme". This "programme" was said to involve a "deadly hatred of the Church", the abolition of religious instruction in schools and the absolute independence of civil society from clerical influence.

See also  
 Anti-Masonry
 Catholicism and Freemasonry
 Christianity and Freemasonry
 Declaration concerning status of Catholics becoming Freemasons
 List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
 Papal documents relating to Freemasonry

References

1890 documents
1890 in Christianity
Catholicism and Freemasonry
Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
Freemasonry in Italy
History of Catholicism in Italy
October 1890 events
Medical Services Plan of British Columbia

The Medical Services Plan of British Columbia (MSP) is the government-administered, single-payer health insurance in the Canadian province of British Columbia, operating under the auspices of the country's national Medicare program.  Under the Canadian constitution, provinces are responsible for the delivery of health care, while the national Canada Health Act ensures access to universal health care for all citizens of the country.

The plan covers medically required services provided by a physician enrolled with MSP; maternity care provided by a physician or a midwife; medically required eye examinations provided by an ophthalmologist or optometrist; diagnostic services, including x-rays and laboratory services, provided at approved diagnostic facilities, when ordered by a registered physician, midwife, podiatrist, dental surgeon or oral surgeon; dental and oral surgery, when medically required to be performed in hospital; and orthodontic services related to severe congenital facial abnormalities.

MSP claims processing system is integrated with a web-based telecommunications system, Teleplan. Teleplan is used by practitioners to securely submit from over 4,200 computer sites their claims, notes and eligibility requests to MSP, and receive payment statements, rejected claims and patient eligibility data from MSP through an encrypted Internet connection. Teleplan receives and processes over 5 million claims monthly, valued at approximately $116 million. Approximately 95% of all claims are processed within 30 days, with the majority being paid within 14 days.  Billing software is developed for these sites by over 80 software vendors who are registered with MSP. An association called Medical Software Vendors Association (MSVA) is formed by the major vendors to work with MSP for ongoing specifications and method changes. Teleplan was started in late 1980s, went through many specification and technological changes and is MSP's main gateway of medical claim information.
 
As of April 2005, Health Insurance BC is the new name for administrative operations of the Medical Services Plan (MSP) and PharmaCare, including Fair PharmaCare.

On 16 September 2016, Michael de Jong, Minister of Finance for British Columbia announced that the government will  spend $500 million on housing affordability, while also canceling the planned increase in MSP premiums and possibly increase Welfare rates.

From 2023 it is proposed to move to a new payment model and  away from the fee-for-service model for family doctors. There will also be a province-wide database for British Columbians to be matched with a GP.  It is expected that  doctors will then earn $385,000, up from an average of $250,000.

See also

British Columbia Ambulance Service
E-Comm, 9-1-1 call and dispatch centre for Southwestern BC
Emergency Social Services
HealthLink BC
List of emergency organizations in British Columbia

References

External links 
 Medical Services Plan of British Columbia

Health in British Columbia
Health insurance in Canada
Stade Niortais

Niort Rugby Club (, formerly known as Stade Niortais Rugby) is a rugby team based in the city of Niort (population approx. 70,000) in the Deux-Sèvres département in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. They play their home games at "Stade Espinassou" which has a seating capacity of 1,500.
Stade Niortais currently play in the Fédérale D1 division in France.

Facilities 
Stade Niortais has excellent facilities considering the size of the club. Their home ground comprises 3 pitches (2 training, 1 main pitch), over 12 dressing rooms all equipped with showers, a club house and bar used for functions and ceremonies alongside a running track, 2 tennis courts and handball court.

Emblematic Players 
 Yassine Ben Lahoucine
 Raphaël Lavaud
 Laurent Martine
 Denis Avril
 Robert Mohr

External links 
  (French)

Niort
Sport in Deux-Sèvres
Rugby clubs established in 1906
1906 establishments in France
Rugby union clubs in France
Thomas Wander

Thomas Wander (born 19 April 1973 in Graz) also credited as Thomas Wanker, is an Austrian-born composer for film and television. While his original plans were to play piano in a jazz band, as a teenager he took notice of the emotional response he had to the scores for E.T. the Extraterrestrial and Once Upon a Time in America and grew an interest in film music. In 1992, he moved to Los Angeles to study film composition at the University of Southern California. He has won the BMI Film Music Award in 2008 for his score in 10,000 BC, in 2010 for his score in the film 2012, and in 2014 for the score to White House Down. Wander frequently collaborates with fellow composer Harald Kloser on many of his projects, and is best known for his work on the films of director Roland Emmerich.

Filmography
The Venice Project (1999)
After the Truth (1999)
Ali: An American Hero (2000)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series, 2000–2002)
The Tunnel (2001)
Dracula (2002)
Sins of the Father (2002)
RFK (2002)
Dresden (2006)
10,000 BC (2008)
2012 (2009)
White House Down (2013)
Independence Day: Resurgence (2016)
Midway (2019)
Moonfall (2022)

References

External links
Official Website

Air-Edel Associates

1973 births
Living people
20th-century Austrian composers
20th-century Austrian male musicians
21st-century Austrian composers
21st-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian film score composers
Austrian male composers
Austrian record producers
Austrian television composers
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Composers from Graz
Film people from Graz
Male film score composers
Male television composers
Varèse Sarabande Records artists
Lake Saltonstall (Connecticut)

Lake Saltonstall (Lonotonoquet in Quinnipiac), is a long narrow lake located in south-central Connecticut. It covers an area of approximately  and is nestled in the center of the trap rock Saltonstall Mountain. The lake is surrounded by forest and serves as part of the local water supply for surrounding towns.

The lake and the area around it is owned by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority, a company which also regulates fishing and rents boats. Private boats are not allowed. A Regional Water Authority (RWA) recreation permit  may be purchased, which provides access to hiking trails, fishing and boat rentals at Lake Saltonstall and other properties owned and maintained by the RWA.

There are a variety of fish native to Lake Saltonstall in addition to those that are stocked by the RWA. Fish in Lake Saltonstall include largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, black crappie, walleye, trout, yellow perch and carp.

Interstate 95 runs across the southern edge of the lake, connecting the towns of East Haven, Connecticut and Branford, Connecticut.

Lake Saltonstall's maximum depth does not exceed  and its mean depth is .

References

External links
Lake Saltonstall Website
 SCCRWA Lake Saltonstall map and brochure.

Branford, Connecticut
East Haven, Connecticut
Lakes of New Haven County, Connecticut
Reservoirs in Connecticut
Metacomet Ridge, Connecticut
Padirac Cave

The Padirac Chasm (French: Gouffre de Padirac) is a cave located near Gramat, in the Lot department, Occitanie region, France.

Features
The chasm itself is  deep, with a diameter of approximately . Visitors descend 75 m via a lift or a staircase before entering into the cave system. The cave contains a subterranean river system that is partly negotiable by boat, and it is regarded as "one of the most extraordinary natural phenomena of the Massif Central".

Formation
The chasm was created at an undetermined point in time when the roof collapsed into a large internal cavern. It is known that the cavern existed in the 3rd century, and was inhabited during the 15th and 16th centuries, when potassium nitrate was excavated from the area.

Tourism

The first tourists visited the cave on 1 November 1898; however, the site was officially opened for tourism on 10 April  1899 by Georges Leygues, the 87th prime minister of France (then called président du conseil). Today, although the chasm system is made up of more than  of galleries, only 2 km have been opened for tourism.

Since the 1930s, visitors can access the cave system by descending 75 m by lift or stairs, and then exploring the chasm system on foot and by boat.

Padirac is the most frequently visited underground tourism facility in France, with more than 350,000 visitors annually, and a record of 460,000 in 1991.

Exploration
The chasm was first explored, in 1889, by Édouard-Alfred Martel. Much of the credit for opening the cave system is owed to  (1903–1986), who came to Padirac in 1938 and managed to penetrate  of the passages.

References

External links

 Le Gouffre de Padirac official website

Show caves in France
Limestone caves
Tourist attractions in Lot (department)
Caves of Lot (department)
Robert Duncan (composer)

Robert Duncan is a Canadian composer of film and television music.  He has composed music for such TV series as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Castle; as well as films such as Butterfly on a Wheel and Into the Blue 2: The Reef. He has been associated with writer/producer Shawn Ryan, composing some of his produced TV shows including The Unit, Lie to Me, Timeless and more recently S.W.A.T..  He has received fourteen ASCAP  awards. Early life 

Born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Duncan was born into a family with deep musical history. His great-grandfather arranged music for silent films in England and other relatives were closely affiliated with two of England's prominent composers, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten.  As a child he attended the Claude Watson School of the Performing Arts and in sixth grade he composed his first piece of music. At age 16 in high school, he landed his first gig scoring a promotional video for the local Board of Education. As an extra curricular activity, Duncan studied the pipe organ and trumpet before later earning a bachelor's degree in music at York University.

 Career 

After graduating, Duncan spent the next 5 years apprenticing with two Canadian composers and participated in the ASCAP Film Scoring Workshop. He wanted to do more, wanted to write scores for live orchestra but he thought the chances of succeeding in Canada were slim so in 2001 he moved to Los Angeles, Hollywood. Shortly after moving to Los Angeles, Duncan was hired as a series composer on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The show later ended, but soon after he started to land his own television and film scoring assignments. Landing many small screen projects including "The Chicago Code", "Terriers", "The Gates", "Lie to Me", "The Unit", Point Pleasant, "Tru Calling" and S.W.A.T.'', it is his work on "Castle" that he is best known for.

Instruments 

Duncan uses a variety of traditional and peculiar objects and instruments to create his scores. These objects include; grand pianos, deconstructed pianos, metal brushes, hot rod exhaust pipes, fire extinguishers, trumpet, guitar, pipe organ, a variety of drums, and even objects from junk yards all over Los Angeles.

Cameos 

Duncan made on screen appearances on "Castle" Season 4, Episode 14 “The Blue Butterfly” in the opening scene as a jazz club pianist on the baby grand piano as well as Season 8, Episode 8 "Mr. and Mrs. Castle" as a cruise ship pianist.

Scores

Television series

Film

References

External links
 
 

American film score composers
American male film score composers
American television composers
Living people
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Musicians from Toronto
Year of birth missing (living people)
National nature reserves in Hampshire

National nature reserves in Hampshire in England are established by Natural England and managed by them or by non-governmental organisations such as the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds or the National Trust.

List of reserves

Ashford Hangers NNR
Ashford Hill NNR
Beacon Hill NNR
Butser Hill NNR
Castle Bottom NNR
Kingston Great Common NNR
Martin Down NNR
Keyhaven, Pennington, Oxey and Normandy Marshes or North Solent NNR
Old Winchester Hill NNR
Titchfield Haven NNR

Other national nature reserves in England
National nature reserves in England
Natural England

References

 Hampshire
Nature reserves in Hampshire
Neha Kapur

Neha Kapur (born 31 March 1983) is an Indian model and former beauty queen who won Femina Miss India in 2006 and represented India at the Miss Universe pageant that year. She is married to Kunal Nayyar.

Early life
Kapur was born in New Delhi to a Punjabi Hindu family. She learned classical dance forms when she was very young. She had four years of training in Bharatanatyam and eight years in Kathak. Kapur holds a degree in fashion design from the Pearl Academy. Her sister, Nina Kapur, was a newscaster.

Career
In addition to winning the Femina Miss India Universe 2006 crown, Kapur also won the Femina Miss Fresh Face and Femina Miss Photogenic awards in the pageant.

Kapur represented India at the Miss Universe 2006 pageant held on 23 July in Los Angeles. She made the semifinals to the top 20.

References

External links
 Neha Kapur's Official Myspace Page

 

Living people
Female models from Delhi
Femina Miss India winners
Miss Universe 2006 contestants
1984 births
Thomas Owen Clancy

Thomas Owen Clancy is an American academic and historian who specializes in medieval Celtic literature, especially that of Scotland. He did his undergraduate work at New York University, and his Ph.D at the University of Edinburgh. He is currently at the University of Glasgow, where he was appointed Professor of Celtic in 2005.

In 2001 and following Professor Dumville's paper in Gildas: new approaches, Clancy argued that St. Ninian was a Northumbrian spin-off of the name Uinniau (Irish St Finnian), the Irish missionary to whom St. Columba was a disciple, who in Great Britain was associated with Whithorn. He argued that the confusion is due to an eighth century scribal spelling error, for which the similarities of "u" and "n" in the Insular script of the period were responsible. Clancy has also done work on the Lebor Bretnach, arguing that it was written in Scotland.

His works include:

 (with Gilbert Márkus), Iona: the earliest poetry of a Celtic monastery, (Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 1995)
 (ed.), The Triumph Tree: Scotland’s Earliest Poetry, 550–1350, (Canongate: Edinburgh, 1998) with translations by G. Márkus, J.P. Clancy, T.O. Clancy, P. Bibire and J. Jesch
 "The Scottish provenance of the ‘Nennian’ recension of Historia Brittonum and the Lebor Bretnach " in:  S. Taylor (ed.), Picts, Kings, Saints and Chronicles: A Festschrift for Marjorie O. Anderson (Four Courts: Dublin, 2000) 87–107
 "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113" in:  Scottish Gaelic Studies vol.20 (2000) 88–96
 
 "Philosopher-King : Nechtan mac Der-Ilei" in: the Scottish Historical Review, 83 (2004), 125–249.

Notes

External links
 UoG Profile Page

21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Celtic studies scholars
New York University alumni
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male non-fiction writers
Pole position (disambiguation)

Pole position is a racing term identifying a starting position at the front of the grid.

Pole Position may also refer to:
 Pole Position, a 1982 motor-racing video game
 Pole Position II, the 1983 sequel to the 1982 video game
 Pole Position (board game), a board game published in 1989 by Piatnik
 Pole Position (TV series), a 1984 animated cartoon series
 Elegant Machinery or Pole Position, a Swedish synthpop band formed in 1988
Johan Edfors

Johan Edfors (born 10 October 1975) is a Swedish professional golfer who plays primarily on the European Tour.

Early life and amateur career
Edfors was born in Varberg. He attended the University of Texas at San Antonio on a Division I athletic scholarship for men's golf. He played for the team under the coaching of Barry Denton for two years.

Professional career
Edfors turned professional in 1997. He spent several years playing the second tier Challenge Tour, but failed to make the top hundred on the Order of Merit until 2003, when he won twice and topped the Challenge Tour Order of Merit. He narrowly failed to hold on to his tour card in 2004, but at the end of 2005 he regained it at the Final Qualifying School.

In 2006, Edfors achieved a maiden European Tour win at the TCL Classic and quickly followed up by winning the more prestigious Quinn Direct British Masters and the Scottish Open. His three victories took him into the top 50 of the Official World Golf Rankings in July 2006, and he finished the year placed 10th on the European Order of Merit.

Edfors had to wait almost three years for his next victory, which he achieved at the inaugural Black Mountain Masters in Thailand on the Asian Tour.

Edfors is known for being a big hitter averaging over 300 yards.

Professional wins (10)

European Tour wins (3)

1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour

Asian Tour wins (2)

1Co-sanctioned by the European Tour

Sunshine Tour wins (1)

*Note: The 2003 Stanbic Zambia Open was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.
1Co-sanctioned by the Challenge Tour

Challenge Tour wins (4)

*Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.
1Co-sanctioned by the Sunshine Tour

Challenge Tour playoff record (0–1)

Nordic Golf League wins (1)

Swedish Golf Tour wins (1)

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Results in World Golf Championships

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = Tied

Team appearances
Amateur
Jacques Léglise Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 1993

Professional
Royal Trophy (representing Europe): 2007 (winners), 2009, 2011 (winners)
European Championships (representing Sweden): 2018

See also
2005 European Tour Qualifying School graduates

References

External links

Swedish male golfers
UTSA Roadrunners men's golfers
European Tour golfers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Sportspeople from Halland County
People from Varberg
1975 births
Living people
Blue Mountain Peak

Blue Mountain Peak is the highest mountain in Jamaica and one of the highest peaks in the Caribbean at . It is the home of Blue Mountain coffee. It is located on the border of the Portland and Saint Thomas parishes of Jamaica.

The Blue Mountain Peak is part of the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park, which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015.

Hiking
The Blue Mountains are popular for hiking and camping. The traditional Blue Mountain trek is a  hike to the peak and consists of a  increase in elevation. Jamaicans prefer to reach the peak at sunrise, thus the 3- to 4-hour hike is usually undertaken in darkness. Since the sky is usually very clear in the mornings, Cuba can be seen in the distance.

There is a park fee to pay to hike on the peak.

Flora
The famous Blue Mountain coffee is grown on the mountain. The small coffee farming communities of Claverty Cottage and Hagley Gap are located near the peak.

Some of the plants found on the Blue Mountain cannot be found anywhere else in the world and they are often of a dwarfed sort. This is mainly due to the cold climate which inhibits growth.

Birds

See also
 List of Ultras of the Caribbean
 List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean

References

External links 

 

Mountains of Jamaica
Extreme points of Jamaica
Geography of Portland Parish
Geography of Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica
Highest points of countries
Blue Mountains (Jamaica)
House with two rooms

House with two rooms or Bing's house is a particular contractible, 2-dimensional  simplicial complex that is not collapsible. The name was given by R. H. Bing.

The house is made of 2-dimensional panels, and has two rooms. The upper room may be entered from the bottom face, while the lower room may be entered from the upper face. There are two small panels attached to the tunnels between the rooms, which make this simplicial complex contractible.

See also 

 Dogbone space
  Dunce hat
 List of topologies

External links
Bing's house with two rooms at Info Shako
A 3D model of Bing's house - the model can be visualized by using anaglyph glasses
A printable 3D model of Bing's house at Thingverse

References 

 
Low-dimensional topology
Banyan (clothing)

A banyan is a garment worn by European men and women in the late 17th and 18th century, influenced by the Japanese kimono brought to Europe by the Dutch East India Company in the mid-17th century. "Banyan" is also commonly used in present-day Indian English and other countries in the Indian subcontinent to mean "vest" or "undershirt".

Also called a morning gown, robe de chambre or nightgown, the banyan was a loose, T-shaped gown or kimono-like garment, made of cotton, linen, or silk and worn at home as a sort of dressing gown or informal coat over the shirt and breeches. The typical banyan was cut en chemise, with the sleeves and body cut as one piece. It was usually paired with a soft, turban-like cap worn in place of the formal periwig. An alternative style of banyan was cut like a coat, fitted, with set-in sleeves, and was closed with buttons and buttonholes.

History
The word comes through Portuguese  and Arabic , , from the Gujarati , , meaning "merchant".

European women wore banyans in the 18th century as dressing gowns in the morning, before robing for the day, or in the evening before bed over undergarments, as described by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, England.

In the humid climate of Colonial Virginia, gentlemen wore lightweight banyans as informal street wear in summer.

It was fashionable for men of an intellectual or philosophical bent to have their portraits painted while wearing banyans. Benjamin Rush wrote:

Loose dresses contribute to the easy and vigorous exercise of the faculties of the mind. This remark is so obvious, and so generally known, that we find studious men are always painted in gowns, when they are seated in their libraries.

Despite the name "nightgown", the banyan was not worn for sleeping.

See also 
Portrait of Benjamin Rush in a banyan, 1783
Smoking jacket
Kaftan
Robe
1700–1750 in Western fashion
1750–1775 in Western fashion
1775–1795 in Western fashion

Notes

References
 Ashelford, Jane: The Art of Dress: Clothing and Society 1500–1914, Abrams, 1996.  
 Baumgarten, Linda: What Clothes Reveal: The Language of Clothing in Colonial and Federal America, Yale University Press, 2002.  
 Cunnington, C. Willett and Phillis Emily Cunnington: Handbook of English Costume in the Eighteenth Century. London: Faber, 1972.  
 Payne, Blanche: History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century, Harper & Row, 1965. No ISBN for this edition; ASIN B0006BMNFS
 
 A Colonial Gentlemen's Clothing: A Glossary of Terms

External links

 Banyans at The Costumer's Manifesto
 Surviving banyans Brighton & Hove Museums

Middle Eastern clothing
Robes and cloaks
1967–68 WCHL season

The 1967–68 WCJHL season was the second season of the Western Canada Junior Hockey League (WCJHL). The league adopted its new name after being known as the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League in its first season. Eleven teams completed a 60-game season, with the Estevan Bruins winning the President's Cup.

The league dropped Junior" from its name the following season, operating as the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) through to the completion of the 1977–78 WCHL season, renamed the next season as the Western Hockey League.

League notes 
The WCJHL added four new teams for its second season: the Flin Flon Bombers, Winnipeg Jets, Brandon Wheat Kings and Swift Current Broncos.

The Calgary Buffaloes became the Calgary Centennials

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders 
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes

1968 WCJHL playoffs

Quarterfinals 
 Flin Flon defeated Regina 4 games to 0
 Estevan defeated Winnipeg 4 games to 0
 Edmonton defeated Saskatoon 3 games to 2 with 2 ties
 Moose Jaw defeated Brandon 4 games to 3 with 1 tie

Semifinals 
 Flin Flon defeated Edmonton 4 games to 1 with 1 tie
 Estevan defeated Moose Jaw 4 games to 0 with 1 tie

Finals 
 Estevan defeated Flin Flon 4 games to 0 with 1 tie

All-star game 

The 1967–68 WCJHL all-star game was held in Estevan, Saskatchewan, with the WCJHL All-stars defeating the Estevan Bruins 8–7 before a crowd of 2500.

Awards

All-star teams

See also 
 1967 in sports
 1968 in sports

References 
 whl.ca
 2005–06 WHL Guide

Western Hockey League seasons
WCHL
Pani patti

Pani patti is an alternate accent/style of reciting the Quran, compared with the traditional Arabic or Egyptian accent. Pani patti accent is specific to India and Pakistan and is limited in the sub-continent region only. Although, even in the sub-continent it is not as popular as the traditional style of recitation.

Verses of the Quran are recited in homogeneous tone with a little variation. The graph of tone, in every verse, rises after the start, then keeps its typical melody for a while, and falls symmetrically at the end. This style of recitation is considered to be very rhythmic and melodic.

It is supposed to have been originated in the region of Panipat in India. In Pakistan, there are many madrassas in Multan and Faisalabad that teach pani patti.

Schools
 Qari Altaf, Jamia Masjid Khulfia-e-Rashdeen, G-9/2 Islamabad
 Masjid Rana Market F-7, Islamabad
 Jamia Faredia, Islamabad
 Darul Uloom Ashab-e-Suffah Asif Town Jauharabad(Khushab).
 Jamia Darul Quran, Muslim Town, Faisalabad 
 Jamia Zia ul Quran(Bagh Wali Masjid), Model Town, Faisalabad
 Jamia Rahimiya Faiz-e-Aam, mehrabadi , G-11 , Islamabad. 

Quran reciting
Amruta Patki

Amruta Patki (16 August 1985) is an Indian super model and former beauty queen. She won Femina Miss India 2006, subsequently winning the Femina Miss India Earth title and representing India at the Miss Earth 2006 pageant. There she finished as a 1st runners up, attaining the title of Miss Earth Air 2006.

Currently, Patki works as a model, actor, anchor and grooming expert. She made her acting début in the 2010 Bollywood film Hide & Seek.
Her Marathi début film as a female lead Satya Savitri Satyavan released in July 2012.
She was also nominated during the Radio Mirchi Music Awards 2012 as a début singer for Madalasa, the promotional song of her Marathi film. Patki is an adventure enthusiast and an amateur pilot.

Amruta married a stock broker Jyotindra Kanekar from Pune in January 2017 and now lives in Singapore. She completed her graduate program in counselling psychology and works as a professional Counsellor.

Filmography

References

External links
 
 "Neha Kapur is new Femina Miss India" – NDTV.com article dated 18 March 2006
 A mini Biography: (Archived 2009-10-25)
 Official Miss Earth bio

Living people
Female models from Mumbai
Femina Miss India winners
Miss Earth 2006 contestants
Miss Earth India delegates
Marathi people
1985 births