alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Proschwitz

Proschwitz is a small village, part of the municipality of Meißen in Saxony, Germany. The nearby Proschwitz Castle is a property of Prince Georg of Lippe-Weissenfeld and is a winery. Besides wine production, the castle is open for concerts, balls, banquets, conferences and weddings. During World War II there was an ammunition factory there.

Meissen
Orinduik Falls

The Orinduik Falls lie on the Ireng River, a highland river that thunders over steps and terraces of red jasper on the border of Guyana and Brazil before merging with the Takutu River and into Brazil to join the Amazon River.

The falls are situated amid the rolling, grass-covered hills of the Pakaraima Mountains. Orinduik Falls is a wide, multi-tiered series of cascades making it an ideal waterfall for swimming. Waterfall is approximately 25 m tall and more than 150 m wide.

There are other waterfalls on Ireng River, including the approximately 100 m tall Kurutuik Falls located more than 40 km to the north, but due to hard accessibility these falls are rarely visited.

The area is inhabited by Macushi and Patamona people, and there are a  few villages in the vicinity of the falls.

Tourism 
Orinduik Falls is one of the main tourist attractions in Guyana. The falls lie at the edge of the Pakaraima Mountains.  There are frequent flights from Ogle Airport and Cheddi Jagan International Airport in Georgetown and most tours are combined with Kaieteur Falls. The Ministry of Tourism facilitates an annual safari through Region 8 and 9 with the falls as a major point of interest.

References

Waterfalls of Guyana
Waterfalls of Brazil
International waterfalls
Brazil–Guyana border
Landforms of Roraima
Ponton

Ponton is an alternative spelling of pontoon. 

Ponton may also refer to:

Places
Great Ponton, a village in Lincolnshire, England
Little Ponton, a village in Lincolnshire, England

People
Lynn Ponton (born 1951), American child and adolescent psychiatrist
Mungo Ponton (1801–1880), 19th century Scottish inventor

Shannan Ponton (born 1973), Australian exercise instructor
Yvan Ponton (born 1945), Canadian actor, commentator and television host

Other
Ponton (automobile), a genre of automobile styling, 1930s-1960s

See also
 Pontoon (disambiguation)
The Sligo Champion

The Sligo Champion is a weekly regional newspaper published every Tuesday in Sligo, Ireland. It was purchased by Independent News & Media (INM) in 2008. In a 2011 article in the Irish Independent, also owned by INM, it was described as one of Ireland's "leading regional newspaper[s]". The newspaper contains local news about County Sligo and surrounding counties, including neighbouring parts of Counties Leitrim and Roscommon.

History
The Sligo Champion was founded in 1836. The first edition was published on 4 June 1836. It was acquired by Independent News & Media in 2008.

In 2009, the newspaper featured in the British soap opera Coronation Street when character Peter Barlow told his grandmother Blanche Hunt that his girlfriend had "an aunt who knew all about the headlines in The Sligo Champion". Writer Simon Crowther wished to mention an Irish newspaper (as Peter's girlfriend was of Irish extraction) and Crowther had recalled a copy he had seen while on holiday in Sligo many years previously.

In September 2011, The Sligo Champion celebrated its 175th birthday, attended by, among others, the then Communications Minister Pat Rabbitte.

References

External links
 

1836 establishments in Ireland
Independent News & Media
Mass media in County Sligo
Newspapers published in the Republic of Ireland
Newspapers established in 1836
Sligo (town)
Weekly newspapers published in Ireland
Live and Electric at the Union Chapel

Live and Electric at The Union Chapel is a live album by All About Eve, recorded at their Union Chapel concert on 9 December 2000. It was released as both a standard version, and as a limited edition double CD, the second CD containing three more tracks from the same concert.

Track listing
"Lady Moonlight"
"Freeze"
"Wishing the Hours Away"
"Martha's Harbour"
"Wild Hearted Woman"
"In the Clouds"
"Miss World"
"Are You Lonely"
"December"
"Forever"
"More Than the Blues"
"You Bring Your Love to Me"
"Shelter from the Rain"
"What Kind of Fool"
"Outshine the Sun"

The second CD contains:
"Never Promise Anyone Forever"
"Scarlet"
"Farewell Mr. Sorrow"

Notes

On the second CD, the track listing on the CD insert for Scarlet and Never Promise Anyone Forever are incorrectly transposed.

All About Eve (band) live albums
2001 live albums
Bob Clarke Trophy

The Bob Clarke Trophy is awarded annually to the player who leads the Western Hockey League in points scoring during the regular season. In both years Bob Clarke played in the WHL, he captured the League scoring title. In 1968–69, Clarke’s Flin Flon Bombers captured the League Championship. His NHL career spanned 15 seasons with the Philadelphia Flyers, in which time he captained the team to a pair of Stanley Cups. He was awarded the Hart Trophy as the League’s MVP three times, the Masterton Trophy and the Selke Trophy once each, and was also named an All-Star four times. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987.

Previously, the Bob Brownridge Trophy. Brownridge was a Calgary businessman and owner of the Calgary Centennials of the WHL. In 1971, he secured a World Hockey Association franchise for Calgary, to be called the Broncos. However before team played a game Brownridge unexpectedly died and the team could not continue. The trophy was simply known as the Brownridge Trophy before his death in 1972.

List of winners

Blue background denotes also won CHL Top Scorer Award
1The WHL handed out separate awards for the East and West divisions.

See also
CHL Top Scorer Award
Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy - Top scorer of the Ontario Hockey League
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top scorer of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

References

Western Hockey League trophies and awards
Awards established in 1966
Pobediteli

Pobediteli (, the Victors) is a free and non-profit Russian project, celebrating in 2005 the 60th anniversary of victory in World War II, with the goal of congratulating those who won the Great Patriotic War (Russian name of the Eastern Front of World War II) for the Soviet Union. The project is aimed at attracting attention to surviving soldiers who fought for the Soviet Union.

Its website contains a multimedia flash presentation covering the entire period of the war, beginning with the German invasion of the USSR on 22 June 1941 and ending with the unconditional surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945, marking the end of the war in Europe, and is intended to educate people about the major events of the war.

The project was the 2005 winner of the UN World Summit Award in the category "e-Culture and Heritage".

See also
 Ribbon of Saint George
OBD Memorial

References

Non-profit organizations based in Russia
Soviet Union in World War II
Eastern Front (World War II)
Elginerpeton

Elginerpeton is a genus of stegocephalian (stem-tetrapod), the fossils of which were recovered from Scat Craig, Morayshire in the UK, from rocks dating to the late Devonian Period (Late Frasnian stage, 375 million years ago). The type species is Elginerpeton pancheni.

Elginerpeton is known from skeletal fragments including a partial shoulder and hip, a femur, tibia (lower hind limb), and jaw fragments. The holotype is a lower jaw fragment estimated at 40 centimeters in total length. The total body is estimated to have measured about 1.5 m (5 ft) in length. Upon its description, Elginerpeton was allied with Obruchevichthys in the family Elginerpetontidae.

A biomechanical analysis of stegocephalian jaws has indicated that Elginerpeton had an unusual feeding habit among tetrapod relatives. Its jaws were thin, and plotted as the most susceptible to high stresses among the sample group. However, the heavy sculpturing of the bone may have reduced these stresses. It also had a high bite force, third overall compared to Crassigyrinus (second) and Megalocephalus (first). These two features combined indicated that the jaw was best suited for quick, strong bites for hunting small yet fast prey.

References

External links
 Elginerpeton pacheni Devonian Times

Basal tetrapods of Europe
Late Devonian animals
Stegocephalians
Transitional fossils
Devonian animals of Europe
Frasnian genera
Music of Milan

The music of Milan has ancient roots. The Ambrosian chants are among the first codified music in Western culture, which fact led to the later development of its concept of scales, for example. In more recent history, the city of Milan has been an important social, cultural, political and commercial center not just in Italy, but in all of Europe.

Venues
 La Scala: by general consensus the leading opera house in Italy, was built in 1778 and refurbished and reopened in 2004;
 Milan Auditorium: opened in 1999, it is the home of the Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi. The orchestra is the symphony for the city, having replaced the older RAI Orchestra of Milan, which was one of four such radio orchestras in Italy until they were consolidated into a single organization, now called the National Orchestra, in Turin;
 Milan Conservatory, on the premises of an ancient monastery, was rebuilt after WW2. It has a large auditorium and hosts a number of concert series, including those of the Società del quartetto di Milano, the United Chamber Orchestra, the Italian Youth music series, and sundry afternoon and evening concerts;
 At least a dozen other theatres throughout the city, including the Teatro Dal Verme, Teatro degli Arcimboldi, Teatro Lirico, Teatro Carcano, and Piccolo Teatro;
 Casa di Riposo per Musicisti, unique in Italy and rare in the world, a retirement Place built with royalties from Verdi's works. It finally opened in 1913 and since that time has provided a place for retired musicians. Those who live there still play and sing for their own enjoyment and, occasionally, for visitors;
 Milan Jazz Festival: one of the most important European venues for jazz;

Museums
 The Museo Teatrale alla Scala is a museum devoted to theatrical and musical history with a particular emphasis on opera and on the Teatro della Scala to which it is attached.
 The Museum of Musical Instruments houses collections of musical instruments of historical and ethnographical importance.

References
 Much of the information on the music activities, theatres and other venues for music in Milan is taken from Guide Cultura, i luoghi della musica (2003) ed. Touring Club Italiano.

External links
 Milan music conservatory
 Concerts today in Milan
 La Scala
 Ethnomusicology Instrument Museum
 Verdi Home for Retired Musicians
Chung Hua University

Chung Hua University (CHU; ) is a private university located in Xiangshan District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. It was formerly known as Chung Hua Polytechnic Institute founded in 1990 by three local Hsinchu entrepreneurs, Ron-Chang Wang, Zau-Juang Tsai and Lin Junq-tzer. It was upgraded to university status and renamed as "Chung Hua University" in 1997. There are six colleges with 25 departments offering undergraduate courses as well as 16 master programs and 3 PH.D. programs. CHU is accredited by AACSB.

Organization 
 College of Engineering
 Department of Electronics Engineering
 Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Informatics
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Department of Applied Mathematics
 Department of Communications Engineering
 Department of Microelectronics Engineering
 Degree Program of Photonics and Materials Science
 Institute of Engineering and Science
 Institute of Environmental Resource and Energy in Science and Technology
 Institute of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
 College of Management
 Department of Industrial Engineering and System Management
 Department and Institute of Technology Management
 Department and Institute of Business Administration
 Department of Financial Management
 Department of Transportation Technology and Logistics Management
 Department of International Business
 College of Architecture and Planning
 Department of Architecture and Urban Planning
 Department of Landscape Architecture
 Department of Construction Engineering & Project Management
 Institute of Construction Management
 College of Humanities and Social Science
 Department of Foreign Languages and Literature
 Department and Institute of Public Administration
 Centre of General Education
 Centre of Teacher Education
 College of Computer Science and Information
 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
 Department of Information Management
 Department of Bioinfomatics
 Degree Program of Computer Science & Information
 College of Tourism
 Department of Hotel & Restaurant Management
 Department of Leisure and Recreational Management
 Degree Program of Tourism and MICE Management

Notable alumni
 Hsu Ming-tsai, Mayor of Hsinchu City (2009–2014)
 Hsu Yao-chang, Magistrate of Miaoli County
 Lin Chih-chien, Mayor of Hsinchu City
 Lu Chia-chen, member of Legislative Yuan (2008-2016)
 Chang Ching-chung, legislator
 Yen Kuan-heng, legislator
 Chantel Liu, actor
 Edison Lin, singer

See also
 List of universities in Taiwan

References

External links

1990 establishments in Taiwan
Universities and colleges established in 1990
Universities and colleges in Hsinchu
Universities and colleges in Taiwan
Comprehensive universities in Taiwan
David Rader

David Rader (born March 9, 1957) is an Oklahoma State Senator and former American football coach and player. He served as the head football coach at the University of Tulsa from 1988 to 1999, compiling a record of 49–80–1.

Playing career
Rader graduated from Will Rogers High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, then attended the University of Tulsa, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering in 1978 after serving as the starting quarterback for the Golden Hurricane in 1977 and 1978.

Rader was an 11th round pick (295th overall) in the 1979 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers and was later picked up by the New York Giants.

Coaching career
Rader coached at the University of Alabama as the co-offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach from 2004 to 2006 under head coach Mike Shula. On February 1, 2010, Rader was hired as the co-offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Ole Miss Rebels football team after the departure of Kent Austin. Ole Miss did not retain Rader for the 2011 season.

Political career
Rader was elected to the Oklahoma State Senate on November 8, 2016.  He serves the 39th Senate District. Dave was first elected to the Oklahoma State Senate in November 2016 and re-elected in November 2020. He presently serves as Chair to the Senate Republican Caucus, as well as Vice Chair to the Appropriations Committee and Select Committee on Redistricting. He sits on the Finance Committee, Public Safety Committee, and Energy Committee. In addition, Dave is a member of the Appropriations Subcommittee on Health and Human Services. On January 6, 2021 Rader was selected to serve as the Senate Majority Caucus Chair.

In 2023 he co-authored House Bill 1792 with Mike Osburn that would lessen the penalties of dogfighting in the state of Oklahoma, which sparked pushback from animal rights advocates. Also in 2023, Lonnie Paxton authored Senate Bill 1006 which died in the Senate. It would have also lessened the penalties for cockfighting in the state, similar to House Bill 2530, authored by Justin Humphrey and Paxton, which also died in the same timeframe.

Personal information
Rader is married to his wife, Janet, and with her has three children: sons Daniel and Jordan and daughter Kendal. In 1989 Rader was inducted into the Will Rogers High School Hall of Fame. Rader graduated with the class of 1975. In the fall of 2011, Rader published his first book, "Missing Page from the Playbook: Fundamentals Behind the Physical, Mental and Emotional Elements of Commitment". Rader has 5 grandchildren.

Head coaching record

 * Fired after seven games in 1999

References

External links
 David Rader at NFL.com

1957 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Alabama Crimson Tide football coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs football coaches
New York Giants players
Ole Miss Rebels football coaches
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football coaches
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players
Players of American football from Wichita, Kansas
Sportspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
Republican Party Oklahoma state senators
21st-century American politicians
Will Rogers High School alumni
Arp 299

Arp 299 (parts of it are also known as IC 694 and NGC 3690) is a pair of colliding galaxies approximately 134 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.  Both of the galaxies involved in the collision are barred irregular galaxies.

It is not completely clear which object is historically called IC 694. According to some sources, the small appendage more than an arcminute northwest of the main pair is actually IC 694, not the primary (eastern) companion.

The interaction of the two galaxies in Arp 299 produced young powerful starburst regions similar to those seen in II Zw 96.  Nine supernovae have been detected in Arp 299: SN 1992bu, SN 1993G, SN 1998T, SN 1999D, SN 2020fkb, SN 2022gnp were observed in NGC 3690 while SN 2005U, SN 2010O and SN 2010P were observed in IC 694.

See also 
 Antennae Galaxies
 Mice Galaxies

References

External links 
 
 
 

Interacting galaxies
Barred irregular galaxies
Peculiar galaxies
Luminous infrared galaxies
Ursa Major
NGC objects
IC objects
299
Markarian galaxies
Miss Northern Ireland

Miss Northern Ireland is a national beauty pageant in Northern Ireland, run by Alison Clarke.

History
Before 1999, the winner of Miss Northern Ireland would have to compete in the Miss United Kingdom competition and win it in order to be applicable to compete in the Miss World competition. Since then however, the winner of each nation of the UK sends separate representatives to the Miss World pageant, the highest ranking of the four delegates is then named Miss United Kingdom, and competes at the Miss International Pageant the following year under the "Britain" or "United Kingdom" banner.

Titleholders
Color key

2000 to Present
Since 2000, winners of Miss Northern Ireland have been competing in the Miss World pageant.

1980 to 1999

See also 
 Miss Universe Ireland
 Miss Ireland

References

Lists of people from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Culture of Northern Ireland
Miss Northern Ireland
Annual events in Northern Ireland
Awards of Northern Ireland
Recurring events established in 1980
1980 establishments in Northern Ireland
Hector's lanternfish

Hector's lanternfish (Lampanyctodes hectoris) is a lanternfish in the family Myctophidae, the only species in the genus Lampanyctodes. It is named after James Hector.

It is a widespread marine fish, known from shallow tropical waters in the south-eastern Atlantic, from the western Pacific off Australia and New Zealand, and from the eastern Pacific off Chile. It is one of the few species of lanternfishes to inhabit shallow waters, and in those waters it is one of the most abundant species of fish, and central to the food chain of the upper continental slope. The abundance is due to its high fecundity — it spawns multiple times in the winter so that the fry can take advantage of the spring bloom of krill.

It grows up to  standard length (SL) and may reach the age of 3 years. It reaches sexual maturity at approximately 50 mm SL and age of one year.

Hector's lanternfish is fished commercially using seine nets in the waters off South Africa, where catches have reached 42,400 tonnes. The catch is ground up to make fish meal and fish oil.

References
 

Myctophidae
Monotypic fish genera
Fish described in 1876
Taxa named by Albert Günther

de:Laternenfische
ru:Миктофовые
Bamboo (disambiguation)

Bamboo is a group of woody plants in the true grass family Poaceae.

Bamboo may also refer to:

Geography
 Bamboo, Jamaica, a village
 Bamboo, Queensland, a locality in Australia
 Bamboo Forest (Kyoto, Japan), also called the Arashiyama Bamboo Grove or Sagano Bamboo Forest
 Bamboo Key, a coral island in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
 Zhuzilin station (English translation: Bamboo Forest station), a station of Shenzhen Metro Line 1 in Futian District, Shenzhen, China

People
 Bamboo (rapper), Kenya emcee
 Bamboo Mañalac (born 1976), Filipino singer and former band vocalist

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Bamboo (album), 1996 album by Pierre Estève
 Bamboo (Filipino band), Filipino rock band
 Bamboo (British band)
 Bamboo (book), collection of non-fiction works by Scottish writer William Boyd
 Bamboo (1945 film), Spanish comedy
 Bamboo (2023 film), an Indian Marathi-language drama film
 Bamboo (production act), UK house music project
 "Bamboo," a song by Dave Van Ronk from the 1961 album Van Ronk Sings
 "Bamboo", a song by Joe Satriani from the 2004 album Is There Love in Space?
 "Bamboo," a song by OutKast from the 2003 album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

Other uses
 Bamboo (elephant), Asian elephant
 Bamboo Airways, an airline in Vietnam
 Bamboo (software), continuous integration software from Atlassian
 Bamboo (unit), an obsolete unit of measurement

See also
 Bamboo blossom
 Bamboo Club, a chain of nightclubs
 Bamboo Engineering, a British auto racing team
 Bamboo processing machine
 Bamboo torture
 Bambu (disambiguation)
 Bambuseae
 Ceremonial pole
 International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
 List of bamboo species
 Lucky bamboo, Dracaena sanderiana, a species of flowering plant that is not actually bamboo
 The Bamboos (disambiguation)
 Wacom Bamboo, a graphic tablet produced by Wacom
 Yellow Bamboo, a Bali-based martial art and white magic cult
Axe Bass

The axe bass is a bass guitar which is visually designed in similarity to that of an axe. This design is (though rare) highly prized among bass players usually in hard rock and heavy metal music. Some electric guitars have also sported the axe design though they are moderately popular and sometimes discredited. Since its creation, the axe bass has been highly desired, very expensive, and a very rare prize among guitar shops and music stores.

The axe bass has also been associated with Marceline the Vampire Queen (character on the hit Cartoon Network television show Adventure Time), whose bass is very literally made out of a battle axe.

Origin 
Rock musician Gene Simmons is to be credited with the "axe" design. In 1978, Simmons was searching for a new bass guitar that would either "blend in" or "stand out from" his garish make up and costume, would be a good trademark, and would show his philosophy of how a bass should be handled - like a weapon. After garnering enough wealth from touring with his band Kiss, Simmons went to renowned luthier Steve Carr to build the first prototype of the axe bass and then the popular bass itself. Since then, the axe bass has been a running trademark for Kiss.

In 2012, Simmons commissioned Jim Cara of Original Cara Hot Rod Guitars to develop a chrome and gold plating process for the AXE and Punisher project. As of 2013, the Chrome models are available for purchase by high-end Kiss collectors.

External links
 www.genesimmonsaxe.com
 www.caraguitars.com

Electric bass guitars by manufacturer
Vickie Panos

Victoria Panos (March 20, 1920 – April 29, 1986) was Canadian baseball player who played as an outfielder for two different teams in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 3", 120 lb., Panos batted left-handed and threw left-handed. Sometimes she is credited as Vicky Pano.

Career
A native of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada to Greek-Canadian parents, Panos is one of three descendants of Greek migrants to play in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, the others being Annastasia Batikis and Kay Lionikas.

Panos entered the AAGPBL in  with the South Bend Blue Sox, playing for them in part of the season before joining the eventual league champion Milwaukee Chicks. She excelled as one of the team's top offensive stars, ranking near the top in several offensive categories.

In her only season, Panos scored 84 runs with 141 stolen bases in 115 games, both second-most in the league behind the speedy Sophie Kurys, who scored 87 times and set a league-record with 166 steals.  Panos also hit a .263 batting average for sixth place and batted 106 hits for the fifth, while posting a solid .367 on-base percentage and a .978 fielding average.

In the postseason, Panos hit .214 with five runs and seven stolen bases for the Chicks, who went on to win the AAGPBL title after beating the Kenosha Comets.

Milestone
The AAGPBL folded in 1954, but there is now a permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at  Cooperstown, New York since November 5,  that honors those who were part of this unique experience. But like many of her AAGPBL colleagues, Vickie Panos was relatively unknown until the 1992 film A League of Their Own by filmmaker Penny Marshall was exhibited for the first time.

See also
Greek Canadians

References

 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Record Book – W. C. Madden. Publisher: McFarland & Company. Format: Paperback, 294pp. Language: English.

External links
AAGPBL Official Site
Through A Greek Lens

1920 births
1986 deaths
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
Baseball people from Saskatchewan
Canadian baseball players
Canadian people of Greek descent
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian expatriates in Australia
Ptolemy Project

The Ptolemy Project is an ongoing project aimed at modeling, simulating, and designing concurrent, real-time, embedded systems. The focus of the Ptolemy Project is on assembling concurrent components. The principal product of the project is the Ptolemy II model based design and simulation tool. The Ptolemy Project is conducted in the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems Center (iCyPhy) in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences of the University of California at Berkeley, and is directed by Prof. Edward A. Lee.

The key underlying principle in the project is the use of well-defined models of computation that govern the interaction between components. A major problem area being addressed is the use of heterogeneous mixtures of models of computation.

The project is named after Claudius Ptolemaeus, the 2nd century Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.

The Kepler Project, a community-driven collaboration among researchers at three other University of California campuses has created the Kepler scientific workflow system which is based on Ptolemy II.

References

External links

The Kepler Project

Free science software
Software projects
Systems engineering
Visual programming languages
Software using the BSD license
Methanium

In chemistry, methanium is a complex positive ion with formula  (metastable transitional form, a carbon atom covalently bonded to five hydrogen atoms) or  (fluxional form, namely a molecule with one carbon atom covalently bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one dihydrogen molecule), bearing a +1 electric charge. It is a superacid and one of the onium ions, indeed the simplest carbonium ion.

It is highly unstable and highly reactive even upon having a complete octet, thus granting its superacidic properties.

Methanium can be produced in the laboratory as a rarefied gas or as a dilute species in superacids. It was prepared for the first time in 1950 and published in 1952 by Victor Talrose and his assistant Anna Konstantinovna Lyubimova. It occurs as an intermediate species in chemical reactions.

The methanium ion is named after methane (), by analogy with the derivation of ammonium ion () from ammonia ().

Structure
Fluxional methanium can be visualised as a  carbenium ion with a molecule of hydrogen interacting with the empty orbital in a 3-center-2-electron bond. The bonding electron pair in the  molecule is shared between the two hydrogen and one carbon atoms making up the 3-center-2-electron bond.

The two hydrogen atoms in the  molecule can continuously exchange positions with the three hydrogen atoms in the  ion (a conformation change called pseudorotation, specifically the Berry mechanism). The methanium ion is therefore considered a fluxional molecule. The energy barrier for the exchange is quite low and occurs even at very low temperatures.

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to obtain information about the different conformations of the methanium ion. The IR spectrum of plain methane has two C-H bands from symmetric and asymmetric stretching at around 3000 cm−1 and two bands around 1400 cm−1 from symmetrical and asymmetric bending vibrations. In the spectrum of  three asymmetric stretching vibrations are present around 2800–3000 cm−1, a rocking vibration at 1300 cm−1, and a bending vibration at 1100 1300 cm−1.

Preparation
Methanium can be prepared from methane by the action of very strong acids, such as fluoroantimonic acid (antimony pentafluoride  in hydrogen fluoride HF).

At about 270 Pa of pressure and ambient temperature, the methane ion  will react with neutral methane to yield methanium and a methyl radical:

The methanium ion can also be made in the gas phase via the reaction of methane and an  ion (i.e. a proton).

Stability and reactions
The cations obtained by reaction of methane with , including methanium, are stabilized by interactions with the HF molecules.

At low pressures (around 1 mmHg) and ambient temperatures, methanium is unreactive towards neutral methane.

See also
 Methenium
 Ammonium
 Ethanium

References

Carbocations
Superacids
Burgesstown Plantation

Burgesstown Plantation was a large forced-labor farm of  in northern Leon County, Florida, United States established by Frederich R. Cotten between 1850 and 1855. Cotten used the forced labor of enslaved people to work his land, which was primarily devoted to growing cotton as a cash crop.

Plantation location
Burgesstown extended to the west as far as the Ochlockonee River, to the east it would cross what is now Meridian Road and border the southern edge of Lake Iamonia. The boundaries would continue east and include the development of Luna Pines and the northern reaches of the development of Killearn Lakes Plantation and would protrude south into the development of Golden Eagle Plantation and Golden Eagle Country Club.

The smaller southern section of the plantation bordering Lake Jackson encompasses what is now the western edge of Phipps-Overstreet Park, the western part of Miller Landing Rd. and E. Rollins Point Rd.

Plantation statistics
The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that Burgesstown Plantation had the following:
Improved Land: 
Unimproved Land: 
Cash value of plantation: US$22,000
Cash value of farm implements/machinery: $200
Cash value of farm animals: $600
Number of enslaved persons: 274
corn: 13,000 bushels (460 m³)
cotton: 825 bales

Frederick Cotten also had control over a farm of his deceased brother which produced 185 bales of cotton. Cotten's total real estate was valued at $100,000.

During the dry season of April and May, Cotten took advantage of his property being located on two lakes which would dry in to prairie lakes. Cotten used the now extra area to graze his $17,600 worth of livestock including over 1000 swine, 16 work oxen, 60 dairy cows, 72 mules and asses, and 15 horses.

In addition to growing cotton, in 1860 Cotten harvested:
4000 bushels (140 m³) of sweet potatoes
75 tons of hay
2000 bushels (70 m³) of peas and beans
30 bushels (10 m³) of Irish potatoes

The owner
Frederich R. Cotten who had moved with his wife Elizabeth to Leon County in 1841 from North Carolina. Frederich was the son of Spencer D. Cotten of Tarboro, North Carolina.
On May 26, 1845, Cotten participated in the first statewide election for state representatives and was one of six elected from Leon County.

In 1851, Cotten purchased 35 people trafficked for enslavement: Old Penny, young Penny, Wilkes, Enoch, Molly, Sarry, Sylvia, Albery, Nancy, Rosetta, Betsy, John, Franklin, Jacob Sr., Jacob Jr., Jerry, Frederick, Penelope, Lucy, Jenny, Lydia, Guni [?], Seaborn, Susan, Washington, Aga [?], George, Martha, Sarah, Louisa Winna, Mourning, Scipio, Davy, Parthana, and Margaret. Cotten's enslaved people were valued at $164,000.

Cotten died July 7, 1878.

Ownership transfer 
The plantation property was kept by the Cotten heirs, the Whiteheads, until they sold the portion which ran along the south shore of Lake Iamonia to Lloyd Griscom who named it Luna Plantation.

References

External links 
Rootsweb Plantations
Florida Historical Markers program
File on slave trade (PDF)

Plantations in Leon County, Florida
Cotton plantations in Florida
Falicon pyramid

The Falicon pyramid is a monument located at a rural site near the town of Falicon, on the French Riviera, near Nice.

It is constructed above a karstic cave known as the "Cave of the Bats" () and is one of the few pyramids in Europe. The pyramid is constructed of small, irregularly shaped stones, possesses a fairly acute angle of inclination, and is in a partly ruined condition. While most of its upper section is missing, the lower section is reasonably well preserved. 

The pyramid's purpose and exact origins are unknown. Though it had been suggested that it may have been constructed by Roman legionaries involved in Egyptian cult practices, more recent research indicated that it was actually built between 1803 and 1812, i.e. during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte after the 1798-1801 French campaign in Egypt and Syria.

References

External links
Pictures of the Falicon's pyramid on the website of the Laboratoire de Zététique of the France's University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis.

Pyramids in France
Buildings and structures in Alpes-Maritimes
Society of Singers

Society of Singers, (1984 – 2017), known as SOS, was an American nonprofit 501(c)3 charitable organization, the only one devoted exclusively to helping professional singers.

History and programs
SOS was co-founded in 1984 by Ginny Mancini, widow of Academy Award-winning composer Henry Mancini, and Gilda Maiken Anderson and Donna (Fowler) Manners of the vocal group The Skylarks. Their aim was to help singers in need, as there is no union or guild that exclusively represents the rights of singers. It was the mission of SOS to benefit the health and welfare of professional singers by providing emergency assistance and other human services to those in acute financial need. Additionally, the SOS Vocal Arts Scholarship Program helped deserving students take their first step toward becoming professionals in the vocal arts. Tuition-based scholarships were granted to those pursuing master's degrees in Voice.

The SOS ceased active functioning in 2017.

Funding
SOS was primarily funded by individual and corporate donations. SOS supporters included Barbra Streisand, Florence Henderson, Pat Boone, Elton John, and Barry Manilow. As a 501 (c)3 organization it was supported by tax-deductible contributions which helped SOS maintain its free and confidential programs.

Ella Award and other events
From 1989 to 2014, the SOS's premier fundraising event was the ceremony awarding the Ella Award, named after its first recipient in 1989, Ella Fitzgerald. The last award was given in 2014 to Mike Love. The Ella Award was given to singers "...for their contribution to the world of music along with their dedicated efforts to benefit the community and worldwide causes". SOS held other events throughout the year to raise funds.

Recipients
 Ella Fitzgerald (1989)
 Frank Sinatra (1990)
 Tony Martin (1992)
 Peggy Lee (1994)
 Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme (1995)
 Lena Horne (1997)
 Rosemary Clooney (1998)
 Joe Williams (1999)
 Tony Bennett (2000)
 Julie Andrews (2001)
 Plácido Domingo (2002)
 Barry Manilow (2003)
 Celine Dion (2004)
 Elton John (2005)
 Johnny Mathis (2006)
 Gladys Knight (2007)
 Andy Williams (2008)
 Herb Alpert & Lani Hall (2009)
 Doris Day (2010)
 Smokey Robinson (2011)
 No award 2012 – 2013
 Mike Love (2014)

References

External links

NAMM Oral History Interview with Ginny Mancini November 17, 2010
Charities based in California
Boogiepop wa Warawanai

Boogiepop wa Warawanai may refer to:
 Boogiepop and Others is a novel written by Kouhei Kadono
 Boogiepop and Others is a movie directed by Ryu Kaneda
 Boogiepop Phantom is an anime by Madhouse
 Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh is a manga by written by Kouhei Kadono and illustrated by Kouji Ogata
Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy

The Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the regular season champion of the Western Hockey League. It is named after one of the league's founders, Scotty Munro.  Munro served as the general manager of the Estevan Bruins, and later  as the head coach and general manager of the Calgary Centennials.

List of winners

Blue background denotes team also won league championship.

See also
Hamilton Spectator Trophy - OHL
Jean Rougeau Trophy - QMJHL
List of Canadian Hockey League awards

References

Western Hockey League trophies and awards
Catholic Church in Guinea-Bissau

The Catholic Church in Guinea-Bissau is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

In 2020, over 11% of the country's population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church (including Portuguese Guinea-Bissauans).

There are two dioceses:
Bafatá
Bissau

See also
Religion in Guinea-Bissau
Christianity in Guinea-Bissau

References

External links
 Catholic Hierarchy website

 
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau
Catholic Church in Guyana

The Catholic Church in Guyana is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. Bishops in Guyana are members of Antilles Episcopal Conference. Like most other nations that form the AEC, the Apostolic delegate to the bishops' conference is also the Apostolic nuncio to the country, currently American archbishop Thomas Edward Gullickson.

According to the 2012 census, Guyana has 52,901 Catholics, (7.08% of the total population). The country forms a single diocese, the Diocese of Georgetown, established in 1956.

Figures in 2020 suggested that 8% of the population were Catholic.

Cultural impact 
Various Catholic organization have been involved in Guyana, including the Society of Jesus, Sisters of Mercy, and the Servants of the Lord and the Virgin of Matara. Santa Rosa Roman Catholic Church of Santa Rosa, Guyana of the Moruca sub-region was founded in 1818 for the Amerindians in the area. Many  schools were founded by Catholics, although most have since been nationalized, such as St. Rose's High School and St. Stanislaus College.

The Church of England and the Church of Scotland had sole legal rights in Guyana until 1899, when the Catholic Church among others was given equal status. Most Catholics are Portuguese Guyanese. Its first native bishop, Benedict Ganesh Singh was ordained in 1971.

During the era of President Forbes Burnham, severe restriction on freedom of speech affected many organizations including the Catholic Standard. The murder of Bernard Darke which was meant for Andrew Morrison (both Jesuit priests), was a reaction to the paper's criticism of the government.

In 2023, the country had 24 parishes, served by 42 priests and 57 nuns.

Notable people 

 Stephen Campbell, first Amerindian member of Parliament
 Mary Noel Menezes, Roman Catholic nun and historian

See also
Religion in Guyana
Pan-Amazonian Ecclesial Network (REPAM)
Religion in Guyana

References

External links
 Diocese of Georgetown site
 Guynana on GCatholic.org
 Diocese of Georgetown on Catholic-Hierarchy.org

 
Guyana
Guyana
Allison Pottinger

Allison Pottinger  ( Darragh, born July 5, 1973) is an American curler from Eden Prairie, Minnesota. She is best known as having played for Debbie McCormick in multiple Olympics and World Championships. McCormick left the team in 2010. She competed in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, in Vancouver, Canada. She was named USA female curling athlete of the year in 2008.

Career
Pottinger curls out of the St. Paul Curling Club in St. Paul, Minnesota. She learned how to curl in Otterburn Park, Quebec.

In 1994, Pottinger was an alternate for Erika Brown's silver medal-winning team at the 1994 World Junior Curling Championships. Pottinger picked up another silver medal at the 1996 World Curling Championships as the lead for Lisa Schoeneberg. In 1999, Pottinger won another silver medal, this time playing second for Patti Lank. In 2003, she had moved up to the position of third, and played for Debbie McCormick. In 2003, they won the first gold medal for an American team at the World Curling Championships. They would go to the Worlds again in 2006, where they won a silver medal.

Upon their semifinal win at the 2012 United States Women's Curling Championship, Pottinger and her team were qualified to participate at the 2014 United States Olympic Curling Trials. Her team lost in the trials, but Pottinger was selected as the Alternate for the victorious team (which includes former teammate McCormick). Pottinger attended the 2014 Olympics but was not selected to play in any matches for Team USA.

Personal life
Pottinger is a consumer insights manager with Rakuten Intelligence. She graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh and has bachelor's degrees in Political Science and History. She earned an MBA in Marketing at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. She is married to Doug Pottinger and has two children.

Awards
 USA Curling Female Athlete of the Year: 2008, 2012
 USA Curling Team of the Year: 1999, 2003

Teams

Women's

Mixed doubles

Mixed

Grand Slam record

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
American female curlers
Olympic curlers for the United States
Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
World curling champions
University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh alumni
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni
Sportspeople from Brampton
Curlers from Ontario
Sportspeople from Montérégie
People from Greater Montreal
People from Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Hennepin County, Minnesota
American curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian women curlers
21st-century American women
Catholic Church in Jamaica

The Catholic Church in Jamaica is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

There are about 50,000 (2%) Catholics in Jamaica, which is divided into three dioceses, including one archdiocese:
 Archdiocese of Kingston
 Diocese of Mandeville
 Diocese of Montego Bay

The Missionaries of the Poor monastic order originated in Kingston, Jamaica.

References

 
Jamaica
Alabama Department of Youth Services School District

The Alabama Department of Youth Services School District is the school district of the Alabama Department of Youth Services, located in Mount Meigs, Alabama. Dr. John Stewart is the superintendent.

References

External links

 Official site

School districts in Alabama
Education in Montgomery County, Alabama
Secure Operations Language

The Secure Operations Language (SOL) was developed jointly by the United States Naval Research Laboratory and Utah State University in the United States. SOL is a  domain-specific synchronous programming language for developing distributed applications and is based on software engineering principles developed in the Software Cost Reduction project at the Naval Research Laboratory in the late 1970s and early 1980s. SOL is intended to be a domain-specific language for developing service-based systems. Concurrently, a domain-specific extension of Java (SOLj) is being developed (FTDCS 2007)
Application domains include sensor networks, defense and space systems, healthcare delivery, power control, etc.

The investigators of the project are Dr. Ramesh Bharadwaj from the Naval Research Laboratory and Dr. Supratik Mukhopadhyay from Utah State University.

References
 

Synchronous programming languages
Skiffia

Skiffia is a genus of goodeid fish that contains four species, endemic to the Mesa Central area of west-central Mexico. They are restricted to the Lerma–Grande de Santiago, Ameca and Grande de Morelia river basins, including lakes Chapala, Pátzcuaro, Zirahuén and Cuitzeo. They inhabit stagnant or slow-moving waters such as lakes, ponds, channels and ditches, and prefer shallow depths.

They typically have a limited tolerance to environmental degradation, and so are susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance. The exception to this is S. bilineata, which is comparatively more tolerant to eutrophication, turbidity and seasonal changes in environmental conditions. All four Skiffia species face some conservation threat and have suffered local extinctions in more than 50% of areas studied where they were previously known to have existed. S. lermae and S. bilineata are the most widely distributed of the genus, found over the states of Michoacán, Jalisco and Guanajuato. S. multipunctata has a restricted distribution in Michoacán and S. francesae has been declared extinct in the wild by the IUCN. There is only one locality from which captive S. francesae stocks have been derived (Teuchitlán). Captive populations of S. francesae are maintained in a variety of locations by aquarium hobbyists, research institutes and zoos. The history of this particular species is unclear, but they are believed to have descended from one stock collected by Dr. R. Miller in 1976; it appears that no other stocks descended from independent samples from this region.

They are small fish that generally reach a standard length between about . Males are more colorful than females and have markings in yellowish or blackish.

Species
There are currently four recognized species in this genus according to FishBase, but S. bilineata is distinctive and some authorities prefer to place it in its own genus Neotoca.

 Skiffia bilineata (T. H. Bean, 1887) (Twoline skiffia)
 Skiffia francesae Kingston, 1978 (Golden skiffia)
 Skiffia lermae Meek, 1902 (Olive skiffia)
 Skiffia multipunctata (Pellegrin, 1901) (Spotted skiffia)

References

Goodeinae
Freshwater fish of Mexico
Endemic fish of Mexico
Freshwater fish genera
Taxa named by Seth Eugene Meek
Ray-finned fish genera
Markus Pöyhönen

Markus Pöyhönen (born 25 October 1978, in Vantaa) is a Finnish former track and field athlete, who specialised in the 100m sprint. Pöyhönen's trainer during his active career was Atte Pettinen.

At the 2002 European Championships in Athletics he became the first Finnish male in history to reach the 100 m sprint final in an international championship event. He finished fifth in the race, though years later Dwain Chambers was disqualified and Pöyhönen's final position was fourth.

He finished seventh in the 60 metres final at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Birmingham.

His 100 m personal best, also set in 2002, is 10.23 seconds; 0.02 s shy of the Finnish national record.

Progression 
(100 m)

External links 
 

1978 births
Living people
Finnish male sprinters
Sportspeople from Vantaa
TJO

TJO may refer to:

 Theodore Jacobsen Observatory, an observatory at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA
 Tara Jane O'Neil, a musician