alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Josh Hines

Born Josua Hines better known as Josh Hines and "Big" Josh Hines was a gangster from the early part of the 20th century who was a member of the mid-late 19th century New York City Whyos street gang. Gang chroniclers Herbert Asbury (author, Gangs of New York) and Lucy Sante (author, Low Life) credit Hines as being the first man to hold up a stuss parlor and regularly robbing gambling houses.

Criminal career

Attacked by Rooney 'Slasher' McDonnelley or Rival Gang, Peters Potatoes. An Irish American outfit controlling the NY Harbours.

Slasher attacked Hines walking home from a night of frollicing and dancing till the early morning.

Hines died from his injuries.

References

Ettinger, Clayton James. The Problem of Crime. New York: R. Long & R.R. Smith, 1932.
Harlow, Alvin Fay. Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street. New York: D. Appleton, 1931.
Terrett, Courtenay. Only Saps Work: A Ballyhoo for Racketeering. New York: Vanguard Press, 1930.
Works of Peter Potatoes gangland atrocities and down right naughty behaviour! 2020

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Whyos
American robbers
American murder victims
Mile Hill, Dykehead

There is another Mile Hill nearby which is a Marilyn
Mile Hill is located in Angus, Scotland, 1000 metres west of Dykehead.  It is a circular hill rising 321 metres above sea level between Glen Clova and Glen Prosen.

References

Mountains and hills of Angus, Scotland
János Horvay

János Horvay (May 29, 1874 - November 19, 1944) was a Hungarian sculptor, who earned reputation with his statues about Lajos Kossuth, leader of the Hungarian national uprising in 1848–49. However his most important work, the great Kossuth Memorial in Budapest proved to be a failure.

Horvay was born on 29 May 1873 in Pécs. Between 1889 and 1895 he was the pupil of the prominent Viennese sculptor, Edmund Hellmer. After 1897 he lived in Budapest. Horvay made several trips in Paris (1901), Italy (1902) and the United States (1928). He received the gold medal of the National Salon in 1913. Horvay was also a popular artist of funeral works of art.

His first important work was the statue of Lajos Kossuth in Cegléd (1902). The statue later became the model of other Kossuth Memorials in Washington and New York. In the same year Horvay made a sculpture for his hometown about Vilmos Zsolnay, the inventor of the famous Zsolnay glazed ceramics.

Horvay won a competition in 1906 with his model for the great Kossuth Memorial in Budapest. The sculpture group depicting the members of the first parliamentary cabinet of Hungary was inaugurated in 1927 after twenty years of work. The memorial was heavily criticised because of its composition and "melancholic" appearance by the press and the public. Later it was demolished in 1950 and the pieces were re-erected separately in Dombóvár.

Other works of Horvay are the Kossuth statue in New York (1928), the memorial of Ottó Herman (1930), statue of Géza Gárdonyi (1932) and Ludwig van Beethoven (1932), and the Memorial of Hungarian Doctors (1942). All the later sculptures are in Budapest.

References

1874 births
1944 deaths
20th-century Hungarian sculptors
Sculptors from Austria-Hungary
The Ruins of Ambrai

The Ruins of Ambrai is a 1994 fantasy novel written by American author Melanie Rawn. It is the first novel in the Exiles Trilogy and is set in the fictional world of Lenfell.

Plot summary
In Lenfell's far past, its population is decimated by the Waste Wars, and the ruling class has emerged based on the ability to have healthy children. This leads to a very matriarchal society in which many of the traditional gender roles are reversed, with women holding nominal power with men used as marriage tools with little autonomy (much like women prior to the early 20th century and the onset of modern feminism)

The plot centers around a war between two rival magical and political factions, the Mage Guardians and the Lords of Malerris, one who seeks to guide and guard, and one that seeks to rule. In the midst of this war are the four primary characters, Glenin, Sarra, and Cailet Ambrai, sisters who were torn apart after the destruction of Ambrai, their home, and Collan Rosvenir, a Minstrel with no memory of his past.

The book starts with Collan, a young man with no memory of his life prior to being enslaved by Scraller Pelaris. Due to his beautiful singing voice, Col is set to be castrated in order to preserve it, an act from which he is rescued by Gorynel Desse, who then takes him to a cabin in the forest of Sheve Dark, where he serves as nurse and student to Bard Falundir, the worlds most famous Bard, who was crippled by the First Councillor Avira Anniyas when he wrote the Long Sun, a satire that would have exposed her as a Malerissi. Once he comes of age is and deemed sufficiently trained, Gorynel Desse appears to wipe his memory and send him out into the world as an itinerant Minstrel.

The three girls are descendants of the Ambrai line. After a political confrontation, the father, Auvry Feiran, takes Glenin to Ryka Court. The mother, Maichen Ambrai, takes Sarra to Ostinhold, where Maichen gives birth to Cailet, but then dies. Sarra is then taken to live in Roseguard with Lady Agatine and Orlin. Cailet stays in Ostinhold as a relative of the Ostins

Reception
Dean Evans reviewed The Ruins of Ambrai for Arcane magazine in 1996, rating it a 5 out of 10 overall. Evans comments that "If you make it past the lengthy scene-setting, a sprawling tale of sibling rivalry unfolds, a political mud-bath that pits sister against sister against sister. It's neatly constructed and pacy, but lacks that certain something that would make it a fantasy 'must-have'. Ruins is a canned swords-and-sorcery tale and a fairly unremarkable one at that."

Reviews
Review by Carolyn Cushman (1994) in Locus, #406 November 1994
Review by Penny L. Kenny (1995) in Starlog, January 1995
Review by Dan Silver (1995) in Realms of Fantasy, April 1995
Review by Lynne Bispham (1996) in Vector 188

References

1994 American novels
Novels by Melanie Rawn
Books with cover art by Michael Whelan
The Mageborn Traitor

The Mageborn Traitor is a 1997 fantasy novel written by American author Melanie Rawn. It is the second book in the Exiles Trilogy.

Plot summary
The Mageborn Traitor continues the story of Glenin, Sarra, and Cailet. Divided into two parts, the first part is separated into three sections: 'Wraiths', 'Twins', 'Prentices'; as is the second part: 'The Hunt', 'The Chase', 'The Kill'.

Continuing from the end of 'The Ruins of Ambrai', the beginning sees little change in the characters' circumstance. However, this is quickly amended. After the first section, 'Wraiths', time lapses at a much faster pace. From Cailet's dreams of building the Mage Hall, this is quickly seen to be her reality. Similarly, Sarra's children become the focus of the story and the respective sections 'Twins', 'Prentices' sees their rapid maturation from children to young adults.

As characteristic of her works, Melanie Rawn deftly handles the multiple story lines. Whereas 'The Ruins of Ambrai' established her world-building, 'The Mageborn Traitor' extends it. It is difficult to pin down the exact main storyline of the story - there are many - or the true meaning of the title 'The Mageborn Traitor', though the obvious idea is that it is one of Cailets Mages who happens to betray them all near the end of the novel, unravelling all that Cailet has worked for.

However, the overriding plotline to the story is the battle between the Mage Guardians and the Malerrisi. The former is represented by Cailet and Sarra and the latter by the eldest sister, Glenin Feiran.

Lenfell
As is typical of a Rawn novel, the planet Lenfell is thoroughly realized through the unfolding action of the two books. The first book hints at Lenfell's habitation being the result of humans fleeing Earth's demise (though this hint is very brief). Lenfell is a matriarchal society that is racially integrated. However, all the problems of social divides are still prevalent.

Rawn integrates the history with the plot. The reader is reminded throughout this and the previous novel of the Waste War between the Mage Guardians and Lords of Malerris which ravaged the planet, creating sparse areas of barren lifeless land and birth defects that continue throughout the generations. The social divides are due to a system where the families with most defects are classed as Fifth Tiers. This 'Tier system' ascends until those with lesser defects are classified as 'First Tiers' and those with little or no defects are classified as 'Bloods'.

Rawn spends much of her novels disputing this system, which may represent her concerns for issues in her contextual background. These views are mostly articulated through politically minded middle-child Sarra. In 'The Mageborn Traitor', Sarra attempts to right the wrongs of her society through her position of Councillor in Lenfell's ruling government, and she is an active voice of change. However, it is evident through the latter half of 'The Mageborn Traitor' that the rapid change of Lenfell is doing it more harm than good.

External links
Exiles Forum
Official website 

Novels by Melanie Rawn
1997 American novels
Books with cover art by Michael Whelan
Miss Montana Teen USA

The Miss Montana Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Montana in the Miss Teen USA pageant. From 1994 to 2007, it was directed by Carol Hirata and the Carlton Group, based in Bellvue, Colorado. In 2013, it was taken by Pageants NW Productions based in Puyallup, Washington.

Montana is the least successful state at Miss Teen USA, placing only once in 2006 by Katie Blair from Billings, who went on to win the title Miss Teen USA 2006.

Julia Kunau of Lewistown was crowned Miss Montana Teen USA 2022 on September 12, 2021 at Red Lion Hotel Templin's on the River in Post Falls, Idaho. Kunau will represent Montana for the title of Miss Teen USA 2022.

Results summary

Placements
Miss Teen USAs: Katie Blair (2006)
Montana holds a record of 1 placement at Miss Teen USA.

Winners 

1 Age at the time of the Miss Teen USA pageant

References

External links
Official website

Montana
Women in Montana
Wind organ

A wind organ is a musical instrument designed to be 'played' by the wind.  Designs of wind organs vary depending on the artist constructing the organ.  Some are made of hollow receptacles that sound as the wind blows across their mouths while others are constructed from taut metal wires that 'sing' when the wind blows against them, similar to the way wire fences vibrate in the wind.

Organs (music)
Wind-activated musical instruments
Robert Aldrich (bishop)

Robert Aldrich or Aldridge (died March 1555) was Bishop of Carlisle in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary.

Richard Aldrich was born at Burnham, Buckinghamshire, and educated at Eton and Cambridge.

In 1534 he was appointed Canon of the tenth stall at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, a position he held until 1537.

He was consecrated bishop of Carlisle on 18 July 1537. He became in 1534 register of the order of the Garter, in the room of Dr. Richard Sydnor, archdeacon of Totnes. He was praised by Erasmus, while he was a fellow of King's College, as a young man of eloquence; and Leland, the antiquary, who was his friend, has celebrated him in a copy of Latin verses. He was both master and provost of Eton; but in 1529 he retired to Oxford and was incorporated B.D. and afterwards proceeded D.D. in that university. He died in 1555 at Horncastle in Lincolnshire.

Works
His principal works are the following.

Epistola ad Gwielmum Hormannum
Epigrammata varia
Several Resolutions concerning the Sacraments
Answers to certain Queries concerning the Abuses of the Mass

Sources

External links

 

1555 deaths
People from Burnham, Buckinghamshire
People educated at Eton College
Bishops of Carlisle
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
16th-century English bishops
People of the Tudor period
English male writers
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
Year of birth unknown
Canons of Windsor
16th-century Anglican bishops
16th-century Anglican theologians
École des Mines de Nantes

The École des Mines de Nantes, or École nationale supérieure des mines de Nantes (Mines Nantes) was a French engineering school (grande école), part of the  Institut Mines-Télécom. The school was based in Nantes, in the west of France. On 1 January 2017, it merged with Télécom Bretagne to form the IMT Atlantique.

The school offers 10 majors:
 Energy (GSE)
 Decision-making software engineering (GIPAD)
 Logistics and production systems (GOPL)
 Management of Information Technologies (OMTI)
 Information Systems engineering (GSI)
 Quality and Safety (QSF)
 Automation (AII)
 Environment (GE)
 Nuclear: Technologies, Safety and Environment (NTSE)
 Nuclear: Systems and Technologies Applied to Nuclear reactors (STAR)
 Nuclear: Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Waste Management (SNEWM) - International master taught in English

The EMN has also signed agreements with Audencia Business School to offer a joint degree in management of information technologies. The school depend on the French minister of industry.

Teaching philosophy
Although it offers a fairly typical education for an engineering school, the EMN strives to give its graduate a practical, pragmatic approach to the technical and business skills it teaches. Manifestations of this philosophy include programs such as the "Apprentissage par l'action" ("Learning through action"), a case-based approach to sciences that places students in front of industry-inspired puzzles and develops students' analytic skills and intellectual curiosity. The EMN is also a partner of "La main à la pâte" ("Hands in the dough"), an innovative initiative to teach sciences in primary courses supported by Georges Charpak, who won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1992.

Programs taught in English
EMN offers four Master of Science programs fully taught in English:

 MOST (MSc in Management and Optimization of Supply Chains and Transport)
 PM3E (Master of Science in Project Management for Environnemental and Energy Engineering)
 ME3 joint masters (European joint Masters in Management and Engineering of Environment and Energy) in collaboration with four other partners (UPM Madrid, KTH Stockholm, BME Budapest and Queen’s University Belfast). This program has obtained the prestigious Erasmus Mundus label of the European Union.
 SNEAM (Master of Science in Sustainable Nuclear Energy - Applications and Management)

Other schools of Mines in France

 École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi Carmaux (Mines Albi-Carmaux)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Alès (Mines Alès)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Nancy
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris (Mines ParisTech)
 École nationale supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Sainte-Etienne)
 École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat (Mines Rabat)

External links
Ecole des Mines de Nantes

Grandes écoles
Engineering universities and colleges in France
Educational institutions established in 1990
1990 establishments in France
Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)

The Battle of Cape Spartel (Cabo Espartel in Spanish) was a naval battle of the Spanish Civil War that broke the Republican blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar, securing the maritime supply route to Spanish Morocco for the Nationalists early in the war. The action occurred on 29 September 1936 between two Nationalist cruisers and two Republican destroyers.

Background

The rebels at Ferrol, Galicia, had been able to seize the city's naval base in July, but at a large cost: over 30 mutinous officers had been shot by hundreds of sailors loyal to the Republic.

Their prize included the old battleship España (formerly ), the cruiser , the unfinished  and , a cruiser undergoing repairs (), one destroyer, and a number of torpedo boats and sloops. In September, a small squadron, including Almirante Cervera and Canarias, steamed from Ferrol to engage the Republican navy.

At the start of the war, the Spanish Republican Navy had the battleship , three light cruisers, 14 destroyers, plus five submarines. In addition to España, the two cruisers and one destroyer taken by the Nationalists, by the following year they had completed Baleares and Canarias. They also had purchased four destroyers and two submarines from Fascist Italy. The Nationalists established a blockade of the Republican-held coastline for the entire duration of the war, but their paucity of ships limited the blockade's effectiveness.

The battle

The Nationalists engaged a squadron of Republican destroyers stationed on the western end of the Straits shortly after 6:30 am. The destroyer Gravina was deployed near Cape Spartel, while her sister ship  was patrolling off Ceuta. A fierce exchange of fire followed, during which the destroyer Almirante Ferrándiz was chased and eventually sunk by Canarias in the Alboran Sea after a 40-minute engagement, while Gravina was pursued and hit twice by Almirante Cervera along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The main guns of Canarias found their mark at a range of  with their second salvo, while those of Almirante Cervera performed poorly. The surviving Republican destroyer retreated toward Casablanca. Almirante Ferrándiz, having been hit six times, blew up and sank  south of Calaburras. Thirty-one seamen from Almirante Ferrándiz were rescued by Canarias, while the French liner Koutubia picked up another 26, including her commander, José Luis Barbastro Jiménez. This action was decisive to open the Straits to the insurgents' shipping.

See also
List of classes of Spanish Nationalist ships of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War Republican ship classe
Convoy de la victoria

Notes

References

 Thomas, Hugh (1979). La guerra civil española. Volume 6. Ediciones Urbión, p. 184. . 
 Cortada, James: Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Greenwood Press, 1982.

External links
Summary of Major Campaigns and Offensives

1936 in Spain
Cape Spartel
Maritime incidents in 1936
History of Tangier
Cape Spartel
Cape Spartel
September 1936 events
1936 in Morocco
Ocean Racing Club of Victoria

The Ocean Racing Club of Victoria Inc. (ORCV) conducts ocean/offshore and bay yacht races and events in Victoria, Australia.

History
The Ocean Racing Club of Victoria Inc. was formed as the Cruising Yacht Club of Victoria by founding members Bill Wakefield, Fred Cook and Frank Bennell in 1949, so that ocean races in Victorian waters could be efficiently developed and run by an organisation focused exclusively on the needs of ocean racers. It was renamed the Ocean Racing Club of Victoria Inc. in 1972 and incorporated in 1986. The ORCV is an Organising Authority of Category 1, 2 and 3 ocean races and a Yachting Australia Training Centre (YATC) with five Yachting Australia accredited Yachtmaster Offshore and Safety & Sea Survival Course Instructors. 

In 2018, the ORCV introduced the "Four + Autohelm" format to its nautic races.

Description
The Ocean Racing Club of Victoria is a member club of the Australian Sailing (formally Yachting Australia) and the International Sailing Federation (ISAF). Membership is drawn from all of the major keel boat yacht clubs in Victoria, but does not compete with other yacht clubs by operating a clubhouse or marina facility.

All ORCV training activities specifically relate to ocean sailing and racing, particularly where there may be barriers to entering this domain. They are designed to provide supplementary training, which complements other available sailing training from commercial training organisations.

Annual events
The ORCV conduct the following Ocean and Bay yacht races and events:

International events

References

External links
ORCV Website

Yacht clubs in Victoria (state)
Sports clubs and teams in Melbourne
Sports clubs and teams established in 1949
1949 establishments in Australia
Control card

The term control card can refer to:

 A document or device used in orienteering that is marked by some means at each control point to show that the competitor has completed the course correctly
 A document carried in the long-distance cycling sport randonneuring
 In computing, a specific type of punched card used for job control instructions
 A circuit board containing electronics for motion control

See also
Control panel (disambiguation)
Hanoi Stock Exchange

Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX), formerly the Hanoi Securities Trading Center (Hanoi STC) until 2009, is located in Hanoi, Vietnam, and was launched in March 2005. It handles auctions and trading of stocks and bonds. It was the second securities trading center to open in Vietnam after the Ho Chi Minh City Securities Trading Center.

At the end of 2006, combined market capitalization of both Ho Chi Minh City Securities Trading Center and Hanoi Securities Trading Center was 14 billion USD, or 22.7% the GDP of Vietnam.

Foreign investors are also permitted to invest up to a limit of 49% ownership of companies except banks, where the limit was 30%.

On 18 May 2015, the HNX joined the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) initiative as part the SSE's regional dialogue in Bangkok hosted by the Stock Exchange of Thailand.

From 2020, HNX served as Vietnam's bonds exchange while all stock tradings were transferred to HOSE.

The Prime Minister issued Decision No. 37/2020/QD-TTg on December 23, 2020, establishing of the Vietnam Stock Exchange. Accordingly, The Hanoi Stock Exchange and Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange became subsidiaries with 100% of charter capital owned by the Vietnam Stock Exchange.

See also
Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange

References

External links
 Official website

Financial services companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in Vietnam
Economy of Vietnam
Economy of Hanoi
 
Stock exchanges in Vietnam
Industrial Culture Handbook

RE/Search No. 6/7: Industrial Culture Handbook from RE/Search Publications, 1983 is a book about industrial music and performance art edited by V. Vale and Andrea Juno.  It features interviews and articles with Throbbing Gristle, Mark Pauline, Cabaret Voltaire, NON, Monte Cazazza, Sordide Sentimental, SPK, Z'EV, Johanna Went and Rhythm & Noise. The book was re-released in 2006 in a new hardback edition.

References
 RE/Search No. 6/7: Industrial Culture Handbook, RE/Search Publications 1983, 
 RE/Search No. 6/7: Industrial Culture Handbook, Limited Hardback Edition, RE/Search Publications 2006,

External links
 Industrial Culture Handbook Page on RE/Search pubs

Music books
1983 non-fiction books
Leif Bjaland

Leif Bjaland is an American conductor.

After receiving a master's degree in music from the University of Michigan, he began his career at Yale University, directing the Yale Symphony Orchestra through many successful programs, including a tour of Europe in 1985.

Bjaland was named the artistic director and conductor of the Florida West Coast Symphony in 1997.

He is also serving as the artistic director of the Waterbury Symphony in Waterbury, Connecticut. 

Bjaland has conducted and/or directed many illustrious orchestras throughout the world, including the Pacific Music Festival in Japan (for which he was selected by Leonard Bernstein and Michael Tilson Thomas), the New World Symphony in Miami, and the Chicago Symphony as part of the American Conductors Program. His various guest appearances include the Kalamazoo Symphony, the World Youth Symphony at Interlochen, the National Symphony, and the New Zealand Symphony.

In addition to his orchestral endeavors, Maestro Bjaland has operatic conducting experience. He has directed many different operas at the Glimmerglass Opera and the Philippines Opera Company, amongst others.

References 

American male conductors (music)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni
Yale University staff
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
WVCP

WVCP is the college radio station of Volunteer State Community College ("Vol State") in Gallatin, Tennessee, broadcasting at 88.5 MHz on the FM dial. It falls under the oversight of the Department of Communication and is managed by Marconi-winning faculty member Dianna Kelly Monk. Students and volunteers make up the airstaff. The station plays a mix of classic hits, ranging from the 60s to 90s.

Storm damage
Its studios on the second floor of Noble Caudill Hall were directly in the path of a large tornado that struck the college and killed nine people across the city of Gallatin on April 7, 2006, during the April 6–8, 2006 Tornado Outbreak. Part of the building collapsed, and WVCP's studios were a near-total loss. Equipment that was not destroyed by the storm sustained heavy water damage.

The station was knocked off the air the moment the storm struck, but returned to the air on April 13, 2006, in a limited capacity. The station is currently automating from a computer located at the transmitter site. During the Spring 2007 semester, WVCP again began operating at full capacity from a newly constructed studio in the Ramer Administration Building.

A few years earlier, strong straight-line winds caused the station's tower north of Gallatin to topple, forcing WVCP off the air for several weeks before the station relaunched on a new tower in a different location.

HD programming
WVCP broadcasts using HD radio technology. 
 HD1 is a digital version of the analog signal broadcast on 88.5 MHz, while 
 HD2 offers a fresh country format, with country hits less than five years old, all researched by students. The station is also working more closely with the college's recording program to air music projects played, recorded, and produced by students of the college, and airs a weekly show featuring fresh, locally-produced country music. The HD2 channel is also streamed online.

See also
 List of Nashville media

References

External links
 WVCP official site

VCP
VCP
VCP
Louis Vasquez

Pierre Louis Vasquez also known as Luis Vázquez (October 3, 1798 – September 5, 1868) was a mountain man and trader. He was a contemporary of many famous European-American explorers of the early west and would come to know many of them, including Jim Bridger, Manuel Lisa, Kit Carson and Andrew Sublette, besides his own father Benito Vázquez.

Family and early life
Louis was born and raised at St. Louis, Missouri. He was the son of the Spanish fur trader Benito Vázquez and Marie-Julie Papin (daughter of Pierre Papin & Catherine Guichard), so was of Spanish and French Canadian (European) descent. In 1823, he became a fur trader, receiving his first license to trade with the Pawnee. By the early 1830s he had shifted his operations to the mountains, becoming a popular and active mountain man and trader. Having been educated by the priests at the St. Louis Cathedral, he was one of the few mountain men that was literate. Although he signed all of his letters, as "Louis", Pierre Louis was nicknamed "Old Vaskiss" by other Mountain men. Louis was the youngest of eleven brothers.

Noted activities
In 1834, Louis Vasquez became a partner of Andrew Sublette and went back to trade on the South Platte after obtaining a trading license in St. Louis, Missouri, from William Clark, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs. In 1835 he built Fort Vasquez. He traveled back and forth between the mountains and St. Louis almost yearly, his reputation growing. Unable to turn a profit, they sold Fort Vasquez to Lock and Randolph in 1840, who subsequently went bankrupt and abandoned the structure in 1842. Due to the bankruptcy, Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette could not collect the sum owed to them for the sale. Vasquez then became associated with Jim Bridger. By 1843 they had built Fort Bridger on Blacks Fork of the Green River, which became as much an emigrant station as trading post. 

At St. Louis in 1846 Vasquez married a widow, Mrs. Narcissa Land Ashcraft and took his new family, her son and daughter, to Fort Bridger in Wyoming. There they had three more children; Louis, Marianne and Sara.   Vasquez opened a store at Salt Lake City in 1855. He and Bridger sold their fort in 1858, but Vasquez already had retired to Missouri. In 1868 he died at his Westport home, and was buried at St. Mary's Church cemetery. Years before, in 1853, Louis Vasquez gave to his good friend Jim Bridger his own rifle as a gift. From 1998 the rifle is shown at the Museum of the Mountain Man at Pinedale, Wyoming.

References

1798 births
1868 deaths
Mountain men
People of Colonial Spanish Louisiana
People of pre-statehood Missouri
People from St. Louis
American people of Spanish descent
Nakoda people

The Nakoda (also known as Stoney, , or Stoney Nakoda) are an Indigenous people in Western Canada and the United States.

They used to inhabit large parts of what is now Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Montana, but their reserves are now in Alberta and in Saskatchewan, where they are scarcely differentiated from the Assiniboine. Through their language they are related to the Dakota and Lakota nations of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, part of the large Sioux Nation (see the article Nakota).

They refer to themselves in their language as , meaning 'friend, ally'. The name Stoney was given to them by anglophone explorers, because of their technique of using fire-heated rocks to boil broth in rawhide bowls. They are very closely related to the Assiniboine, who are also known as Stone Sioux (from ).

The Nakoda First Nation in Alberta comprises three bands: Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Wesley.

The Stoney were "excluded" from Banff National Park between 1890 and 1920.  In 2010 they were officially "welcomed back".

Nakota groups 

The Nakota (Stoney) are descendants of individual bands of Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota, in particular of western groups of Assiniboine, from which they spun out as an independent group in about 1744. The Stoney was divided geographically and culturally into two tribal groups or divisions with different dialects, which in turn were further divided into several bands:

Wood Stoney ( – ‘Big Woods People’, often called Swampy Ground Assiniboine, northern tribal group)
 Alexis' band (Stoney, Métis, Woodland Cree)
 Paul's band (Danezaa, Stoney, Woodland Cree, Iroquois)
Mountain Stoney ( or Hebina – ‘Rock Mountain People’, often called Strong Wood Assiniboine, Thickwood Assiniboine, southern tribal group)
 Sharphead's band (, Wolf Creek Stoney, or Pigeon Lake Stoney, often called Plains Assiniboine) (Stoney, Métis)
 Stoney Nakoda First Nation, Comprising the three following bands:
 Wesley's (Goodstoney's) band (Stoney, Plains Cree, Métis)
 Chiniki's band (Métis, Stoney, Plains Cree)
 Bearspaw's band (Stoney, Cree)

Treaties
Members of the Nakoda nations of Paul and Alexis signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 in 1877.

In 1877, representatives of the Nakoda Nations of Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Goodstoney met with representatives of the British Crown to discuss the terms of Treaty 7. In exchange for the use of traditional lands, the Crown agreed to honour their right to self-government and an ancestral way of life. They were also promised reserve lands, 279 km2 situated along the Bow River between the Kananaskis River and the Ghost River, which became the Big Horn, Stoney, and Eden Valley reserves, shared between the Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Goodstoney tribes.

See also
Sioux language
Nakota
First Nations in Alberta
List of Indian reserves in Alberta

Further reading
 John Snow, Chief: These Mountains Are Our Sacred Places. The Story of the Stoney People. Univ of Toronto Press, 1977; Dundurn 1994; Fitzhenry & Whiteside 2006

Notes

 
Plains tribes
First Nations in Alberta
Native American tribes in Montana
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers

English Bards and Scotch Reviewers is an 1809 satirical poem written by Lord Byron, and published by James Cawthorn in London.

Background and description
The poem was first published anonymously, in March 1809, and a second, expanded edition followed in 1809, with Byron identified as the author. The opening parodies the first satire of Juvenal.

Byron had published his first book of poetry, Hours of Idleness, in 1807. It received "strong censure" in a review by Henry Brougham, published anonymously in the Edinburgh Review.

Byron was already working on a poem called "British Bards", but the review, which he (incorrectly) attributed to Francis Jeffrey, prompted him to expand its scope; he made Jeffrey "the central figure in a wide-ranging satire on contemporary practices both in writing and in reviewing". In writing it, he drew on earlier satires, including the Baviad (1791) and Maeviad (1795) by William Gifford (1791), the texts published in the Anti-Jacobin (1797-1798), the Epics of the Ton  (1807) by Lady Anne Hamilton and the Simpliciad (1808) by Richard Mant.

Byron used heroic couplets in imitation of Alexander Pope's The Dunciad to attack the reigning poets of Romanticism, including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Francis Jeffrey, the editor of the Edinburgh Review. He praised instead such Neoclassical poets as Pope and John Dryden. The poem went through several editions, but Byron finally suppressed the 5th edition in 1812 because he had come to regret his attitude toward those he had attacked.

Sources
 Garrett, Martin: George Gordon, Lord Byron. (British Library Writers' Lives). London: British Library, 2000. .
 Garrett, Martin. Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Byron. Palgrave, 2010. .
 Grosskurth, Phyllis: Byron: The Flawed Angel. Hodder, 1997. .

References

External links
 English Bards, and Scotch Reviewers on Wikisource.
 

Satirical books
Poetry by Lord Byron
1809 poems
1800s poems
1809 works
Dolbear's law

Dolbear's law states the relationship between the air temperature and the rate at which crickets chirp. It was formulated by Amos Dolbear and published in 1897 in an article called "The Cricket as a Thermometer". Dolbear's observations on the relation between chirp rate and temperature were preceded by an 1881 report by Margarette W. Brooks, although this paper went unnoticed until after Dolbear's publication.

Dolbear did not specify the species of cricket which he observed, although subsequent researchers assumed it to be the snowy tree cricket, Oecanthus niveus.  However, the snowy tree cricket was misidentified as O. niveus in early reports and the correct scientific name for this species is Oecanthus fultoni.

The chirping of the more common field crickets is not as reliably correlated to temperature—their chirping rate varies depending on other factors such as age and mating success. In many cases, though, the Dolbear's formula is a close enough approximation for field crickets, too. 

Dolbear expressed the relationship as the following formula which provides a way to estimate the temperature  in degrees Fahrenheit from the number of chirps per minute :

This formula is accurate to within a degree or so when applied to the chirping of the field cricket.

Counting can be sped up by simplifying the formula and counting the number of chirps produced in 15 seconds ():

Reformulated to give the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C), it is:

A shortcut method for degrees Celsius is to count the number of chirps in 8 seconds () and add 5 (this is fairly accurate between 5 and 30°C):

The above formulae are expressed in terms of integers to make them easier to remember—they are not intended to be exact.

In math classes
Math textbooks will sometimes cite this as a simple example of where mathematical models break down, because at temperatures outside of the range that crickets live in, the total of chirps is zero as the crickets are dead.  You can apply algebra to the equation and see that according to the model at 1000 degrees Celsius (around 1800 degrees Fahrenheit) crickets should be chirping at 6,970 chirps per minute (around 116 chirps per second), but no known cricket can live at that temperature to chirp.

In popular culture
This formula was referenced in an episode (Season 3, Episode 2, "The Jiminy Conjecture") of the American TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory (although Sheldon referred to Amos Dolbear as Emile Dolbear and gave the year of publication as 1890).
It is also referenced in two episodes ("Highs and Lows", "Jungles") of the British comedy show QI. Richard Powers, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning [The Overstory] (2018, W.W. Norton & Co.), has his fictional character Patricia Westerman use the formula (chapter 11. Pg 436).

See also
Arrhenius equation

Notes

References

External links

Dolbear's law calculator

Empirical laws
Eponyms
Zoosemiotics
Crickets
Ray Kidder

Ray E. Kidder () was an American physicist and nuclear weapons designer. He is best known for his outspoken views on nuclear weapons policy issues, including nuclear testing, stockpile management, and arms control.

Kidder was a weapons physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for 35 years, and retired in 1990. He had arrived at the laboratory in 1956. During his tenure, as well as after his retirement, he became involved in a number of controversial policy issues.

In 1960, Kidder worked with John Nuckolls and Stirling Colgate at Livermore to develop computer simulations for producing nuclear fusion in laser-compressed deuterium-tritium capsules. The results of this work led to Livermore's laser fusion program in 1962, which Kidder was appointed the head of. This program used weapons-derived calculations in an attempt to make usable nuclear fusion sources.

In 1979, Kidder was a witness for the defense in the United States v. The Progressive case, in which the U.S. Department of Energy sought to suppress the publication of a magazine article alleged to reveal the "secret of the hydrogen bomb". Kidder favored uncensored publication of the material, which had been compiled from unclassified sources, and claimed that Nobel Prize-winning physicist Hans Bethe had been misinformed when Bethe swore an affidavit in favor of censorship. Bethe and Kidder then engaged in a classified correspondence debating the issue. The correspondence was declassified in 2001.

In 1997, Kidder argued against the Department of Energy's Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program, calling it "misguided in a number of ways", including introducing unnecessary changes in warhead materials, the cost of large-scale computational and experimental resources, and its effects on arms control efforts. He also criticized the building of the National Ignition Facility, saying it was not essential for stockpile stewardship.

In 1999, Kidder co-authored an op-ed article in The Washington Post, favoring the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty then pending before the United States Senate.

In 2000, Kidder wrote to the Justice Ministry of Israel regarding the Mordechai Vanunu case, saying that he did not believe that Vanunu possessed any technical nuclear information that had not already been made public. (The Israeli government opposed Vanunu's release from prison in 1998, claiming he still possessed secret information.)

Kidder resided in Pleasanton, California.

Selected bibliography

Notes

External links 
 Stockpile Stewardship and Free Speech at the Labs
 Reports by Ray Kidder at fas.org

2019 deaths
21st-century American physicists
American nuclear physicists
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
Nuclear secrecy
Arms control people
Nuclear weapons policy
1923 births
Loomis Chaffee School alumni
THN

THN may refer to:

 Tai Hing (North) stop, Hong Kong
 The Hockey News, magazine
 Tetrahydronaphthalene, chemical
 Terre Haute North Vigo High School, school
 Trollhättan–Vänersborg Airport, Sweden
Allergist

An allergist is a physician specially trained to manage and treat allergies, asthma and the other allergic diseases. They may also be called
immunologists.

Becoming an allergist 
Becoming an allergist/immunologist requires completion of at least nine years of training. After completing medical school and graduating with a medical degree, a physician will then undergo three years of training in internal medicine (to become an internist) or pediatrics (to become a pediatrician). Once physicians have finished training in one of these specialties, they must pass the exam of either the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) or the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). Internists or pediatricians who wish to focus on the sub-specialty of allergy-immunology then complete at least an additional two years of study, called a fellowship, in an allergy/immunology training program.

Allergist/immunologists who are listed as ABAI-certified have successfully passed the certifying examination of the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI), following their fellowship.
In the United States physicians who hold certification by the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI) have successfully completed an accredited educational program and an evaluation process, including a secure, proctored examination to demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and experience to the provision of patient care in allergy and immunology.

In the United Kingdom, allergy is a subspecialty of general medicine or pediatrics. After obtaining postgraduate exams (MRCP or MRCPCH respectively) a doctor works for several years as a specialist registrar before qualifying for the General Medical Council specialist register. Allergy services may also be delivered by immunologists.

Absence of allergists 

A 2003 Royal College of Physicians report presented a case for improvement of what were felt to be inadequate allergy services in the UK. In 2006, the House of Lords convened a subcommittee that reported in 2007. It concluded likewise that allergy services were insufficient to deal with what the Lords referred to as an "allergy epidemic" and its social cost; it made several other recommendations.

The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) has an international physician referral directory of allergist/immunologist members of the organization here.

References

Allergology
Medical specialties
Bazooka Joe (band)

Bazooka Joe or Bazooka Joe and the Lillets were a British pub rock band formed by John Ellis and Danny Kleinman in 1970. They featured bass player Stuart Goddard, who would later change his name to Adam Ant. Both Ellis and Goddard would go on to find success with The Vibrators and Adam and the Ants, respectively. Besides the later fame of their members, Bazooka Joe are primarily known as the band that headlined when Sex Pistols played their first concert on 6 November 1975 at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. Ant has since recounted how he left the band directly due to a dispute over Sex Pistols' performance, which he was the only member of the band to have enjoyed.

The band's line-up was Danny Kleinman, Chris Duffy, Bill Smith, Robin Chaphekar and Mark Tanner. Another band member was Dan Barson. His brother (Mike Barson) gained fame as the keyboardist for Madness. Pat Collier was also in the group for a while before being replaced by Goddard. Collier joined Ellis in The Vibrators (eventually being replaced by another future Ant, Gary Tibbs) and later became a record producer for The Wonder Stuff and Katrina and the Waves. The comedian Arabella Weir was one of the "Lillets" or backing singers of the band.

Madness covered the Bazooka Joe song "Rockin' in A♭" on their debut album, One Step Beyond....

References

English pub rock musical groups
Protopunk groups
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups disestablished in 1977
Carey Island

Carey Island () is an island in Selangor, Malaysia. It is administered by the Zone 17 of the Kuala Langat Municipal Council. Carey Island is located to the south of Port Klang and north of Banting town. It is a huge island separated from the Selangor coast by the Langat River, connected by two bridges from Chodoi and Teluk Panglima Garang near Banting and a bridge from Pulau Indah and Pulau Carey.

History
It was named after Edward Valentine John Carey, an English planter in Malaya who acquired the island from Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah of Selangor to start rubber plantations. Since then, and until now, the island has been known as Carey Island or Pulau Carey. Carey began a plantation industry under the company Jugra Land and Carey Ltd. Rubber was introduced to Carey Island in 1905 and a permanent work force was established in 1907. Despite its name, many locals from Klang do not consider it a real island compared to Crab Island due to its proximity to the mainland and the river that separates it from the mainland is practically a stream.

Features
It is famous for its seafood such as crabs, prawns, and various fishes. The island has palm oil plantations owned by Sime Darby Plantations. It is an initial settlement area for the Mah-Meri (), one of the aborigine Orang Asli tribes of Malaysia. They have assimilated into modern life, with jobs in the nearby plantations and farms, but they retain their unique culture and way of life. Apart from exhibitions of their traditional dances and music, the Mah Meri are particularly known for their votive sculptures, fashioned from a kind of swamp hardwood known as "Nyireh Batu".

See also
 List of islands of Malaysia

References

Islands of Selangor
Kuala Langat District
Nature sites of Selangor
Joaçaba

Joaçaba is a city situated in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, with approximately 30,404 inhabitants.  Located in 27º10'22" S and 51º30'03" W and 516.74 m above sea level, the city was colonized in the early 20th century by German and Italian immigrants.  

Its industry is based on agriculture and agricultural products such as chicken and pork.

History

This territory was considered Spanish territory as part of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494).  However, the Portuguese occupied this territory from early on.

In 1916, the State of Santa Catarina and its northern neighbor, the State of Paraná, fought for this land, in the so-called Guerra do Contestado ("War of the Contested Land"). Santa Catarina State won control of the region, and since then it has been under its jurisdiction.

On August 25, 1917, Joaçaba was established as Cruzeiro, and through its history has also been called Limeira and Cruzeiro do Sul, until federal legislation in 1943 prohibited cities in Brazil from sharing the same name (there is a Limeira in the State of São Paulo).

The current name Joaçaba is derived from the Tupi, with the meaning of  "crossway."

Today, the city is known for its medical center, which brings medical students and patients from all over Santa Catarina, as well as for its university (UNOESC – Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina) which attracts students from all over the country.

It is also noted for its Carnaval and the high quality of life for its inhabitants, which was ranked 1st for the state of Santa Catarina and 8th for Brazil.

The IDH (HDI) list (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano – Index of Human Development), provided by the UN, gave Joaçaba the score of "0.953" in a scale of 0 to 1 for the year 2003.

The city is served by Santa Terezinha Airport.

References

Municipalities in Santa Catarina (state)
Ōishi Sadahisa

Ōishi Sadahisa (大石 定久; 1 May 1491 – 27 October 1549) was a retainer of the Ogigayatsu-Uesugi branch of the Uesugi, and the builder of Takiyama Castle (滝山城). After the Uesugi were defeated at Kawagoe in 1545, Ōishi accepted the authority of the Hōjō. However, their leader was murdered, and was replaced by Hōjō Ujimasa's second son Hōjō Ujiteru. After the fall of the Hōjō, Ōishi Yoshinaka and Sadakatsu came to work for Okubo Nagayasu.

Uesugi retainers
Samurai
1491 births
1549 deaths
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown