alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Multiplicity of infection

In microbiology, the multiplicity of infection or MOI is the ratio of agents (e.g. phage or more generally virus, bacteria) to infection targets (e.g. cell). For example, when referring to a group of cells inoculated with virus particles, the MOI is the ratio of the number of virus particles to the number of target cells present in a defined space.

Interpretation
The actual number of viruses or bacteria that will enter any given cell is a stochastic process: some cells may absorb more than one infectious agent, while others may not absorb any. Before determining the multiplicity of infection, it's absolutely necessary to have a well-isolated agent, as crude agents may not produce reliable and reproducible results. The probability that a cell will absorb  virus particles or bacteria when inoculated with an MOI of  can be calculated for a given population using a Poisson distribution. This application of Poisson's distribution was applied and described by Ellis and Delbrück.

where  is the multiplicity of infection or MOI,  is the number of infectious agents that enter the infection target, and  is the probability that an infection target (a cell) will get infected by  infectious agents.

In fact, the infectivity of the virus or bacteria in question will alter this relationship. One way around this is to use a functional definition of infectious particles rather than a strict count, such as a plaque forming unit for viruses.

For example, when an MOI of 1 (1 infectious viral particle per cell) is used to infect a population of cells, the probability that a cell will not get infected is , and the probability that it be infected by a single particle is , by two particles is , by three particles is , and so on.

The average percentage of cells that will become infected as a result of inoculation with a given MOI can be obtained by realizing that it is simply . Hence, the average fraction of cells that will become infected following an inoculation with an MOI of  is given by:

which is approximately equal to  for small values of .

Examples

As the MOI increases, the percentages of cells infected with at least one viral particle also increases.

See also
 
 Infectious disease

References

Virology
Bacteriology
Bacteriophages
Optile

Optile (Organisation Professionnelle des Transports d'Île-de-France, or Professional Transport Organisation of Île-de-France) is a public transport organisation, created in October 2000 from a merger between several private bus companies serving suburban Paris. It regulates bus routes under the authority of Île-de-France Mobilités, the region's transport authority.

Key facts
1,070 bus lines
1,100 of the 1,300 communes of Île-de-France served
24,000 bus stops
250 million passenger journeys per year

External links
Official website

Transport in Île-de-France
Takako Fuji

is a Japanese actress, voice actress, and dancer from Tokyo, Japan. She is best known for her performances as Kayako Saeki in the Ju-On and Grudge franchises.

Biography
A native of Tokyo, Fuji studied acting at the Aoyama Gakuin University, and subsequently joined the Ein Theatrical Company. Her work was usually on-stage or in voice-over studios, but occasionally she would also appear in films. Her most famous role to this date is that of Kayako Saeki, the vengeful ghost in the Ju-on series, which she subsequently played in The Grudge series later on as well. She first played Kayako in the 1998 short movie Katasumi, part of the Gakkô no kaidan G collection. She then reprised her role in the direct-to-video film Ju-on and its sequel, Ju-on 2.

When director Takashi Shimizu decided to direct two additional instalments for a broader theatrical release, which he called (Ju-on: The Grudge and Ju-on: The Grudge 2), Fuji played the character of Kayako twice more. When the films were subsequently remade for an American audience as The Grudge and The Grudge 2, she returned as Kayako again. However, she declined the role in The Grudge 3 which subsequently went to Aiko Horiuchi.

Filmography

Films

Anime

Dubbing

References

External links
 Official agency profile 
 
 
 

1972 births
Living people
Japanese film actresses
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Voice actresses from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
Chic (disambiguation)

Chic means fashionably "stylish" or "smart".

Chic may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Music
 Chic (band), an American disco and funk music group
 Chic (album), the 1977 debut album of the band
 Chic Chocolate (1916–1967), stage name of Goan trumpeter and composer Antonio Xavier Vaz

Other arts and entertainment
 Chic!, a 2015 French romantic comedy film
 CHIC-FM, a Canadian radio station in Quebec
 CHIC, former callsign (1960–1977) of CIAO (AM), a Canadian radio station in Ontario
 Chic (magazine), women lifestyle magazine established in 2012 
 Chic (pornographic magazine), a defunct pornographic magazine started by Larry Flynt in 1976
 Chic (women's magazine), a defunct British monthly magazine aimed at young black women established in 1984

Other uses 
Chic (nickname), nickname for people named Charles
 Chic (automobile), an automobile manufactured in Australia in the early 1920s
 Chic (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse
 Cooking and Hospitality Institute of Chicago

See also

Chi (disambiguation)
CHI (disambiguation)
Chia (disambiguation)
Chica (disambiguation)
Chick (disambiguation)
Chico (disambiguation)
Chik (disambiguation)
Chin (disambiguation)
Chip (disambiguation)
Chir (disambiguation)
Chiu (disambiguation)

Nicknames
Elk River (North Carolina–Tennessee)

The Elk River is a large stream in the North Carolina High Country and East Tennessee.  The headwaters begin from the Northwestern slopes of Peak Mountain in Avery County, North Carolina and end at the Watauga River in Carter County, Tennessee.

Hydrography
With the headwaters beginning from the Northwestern slopes of Peak Mountain, it flows west to Banner Elk then towards Elk Park.  For most of the river's course, it runs in a deep gorge.  Just before the Elk River crosses into Tennessee it flows over "Big Falls" (also called "Elk Falls"), a locally-known attraction which is approximately a 60-foot (18 m) drop.  It then flows down a narrow, relatively steep valley to the tiny community of Elk Mills, which is named for a former water-powered mill built on this river at this point by early white settlers.  Between the state line and Elk Mills, it flows over Twisting Falls, a drop of approximately 30 feet (nine m).  At this point, it is bridged by U.S. Highway 321.  Shortly below this point, its waters become slack as part of an embayment of Watauga Lake, a sizable reservoir of the Watauga Dam Project of the Tennessee Valley Authority. This project has flooded the actual site of the original confluence of the Elk and Watauga rivers.

The water eventually flows through the Watauga River, the Holston River, the Tennessee River, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.

For more information on waterfalls in the Elk River drainage, see Waterfalls of Tennessee by Gregory Plumb,

See also
List of North Carolina rivers
List of Tennessee rivers

References

Tributaries of the Watauga River
Rivers of North Carolina
Rivers of Tennessee
Rivers of Avery County, North Carolina
Rivers of Carter County, Tennessee
Varistaipale canal

Varistaipale canal () is a Finnish canal in Heinävesi.  It is another of the canals which connects Juojärvi to Varisvesi. The canal is a part of Heinävesi route (Heinäveden reitti), a route with six canals: Kerma, Vihovuonne, Pilppa, Karvio, Taivallahti and Varistaipale canals. The canal was built in 1911–1913 and has four locks. It is the biggest canal in Finland being the only canal to have this many locks. The height of drop totals  and the length is .

Next to the canal there is a canal museum.

See also 
 Saimaa canal, the longest canal in Finland

Sources 
 Varistaipale canal 
 Heinäveden historia II (The History of Heinävesi II), 1989.

External links 
 
 Varistaipale Canal Museum

1913 establishments in Finland
Canals in Finland
Heinävesi
Buildings and structures in South Savo
Museums in South Savo
Canal museums
Transport museums in Finland
Canals opened in 1913
Paula Blackton

Paula Blackton (née Hilburn; known professionally as Paula Dean; August 1, 1881 – March 27, 1930) was a silent-screen actress and film director.

Filmography
The Littlest Scout (1919)
The Diary of a Puppy (1917)
The Fairy Godfather (1917)
Satin and Calico (1917)
A Spring Idyl (1917)
The Collie Market (1917)
The Little Strategist (1917)

Director

The Littlest Scout (1919)

Writer

The Littlest Scout (1919)

Family
In 1906, the Georgia-born Paula Hilburn married director and producer J. Stuart Blackton. They had two children, Violet Virginia Blackton (Mrs Woolrich; 1910–1965) and Charles Stuart Blackton (1914–2007), both of whom became film actors, and featured in their mother's productions.

Death
Paula Blackton died of cancer in 1930 at the age of 48. She is buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

References

External links

 
 Paula Blackton at Women Film Pioneers Project

1881 births
1930 deaths
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
American silent film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Women film pioneers
OIM

OIM may refer to:

Office for the Internal Market, UK internal trade body
OIM (offshore installation manager), an oil-rig worker
 OIM, IATA code for Oshima Airport, in the island of Izu Ōshima, Tokyo, Japan
Tõnu Õim, correspondence chess player
Online Identity Management
Oracle Identity Management, an identity-management infrastructure for products from Oracle Corporation
Organisation internationale pour les migrations, the French name of International Organization for Migration
Orientation imaging microscopy
Sultan Mahmud

Sultan Mahmud or Sultan Mahmoud may refer to:
Mahmud I (1696–1754), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Mahmud II (1785–1839), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Sultan Mahmud (minister), Burmese politician and Rohingya leader
Mahmud of Ghazni (971–1030), Sultan of Persia in the 11th century
Sultan Mahmud (Chagatai) (died 1402), Khan of the Western Chagatai Khanate
Sultan Mahmud (Shirvanshah), the 39th shah of Shirvan 1501–1502
Sultan Mahmud Iskandar of Perak, 11th Sultan of Perak
Sultan Mahmud Iskandar (1932–2010), 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia the 24th Sultan of Johor
Mahmud Shah of Malacca (died 1528), Sultan of Malacca
 Sultan Mahmud (Bir Uttom), former chief of Bangladesh Air Force
 Sultan Mahmoud (boxer), Pakistani boxer

See also
 Sultan Muhammad (disambiguation)
Meat raffle

A meat raffle is a tradition of raffling off meat, often in pubs and bars in Australia, in some areas of Britain and the US, and in Western Canada. A meat raffle is also sometimes called a meat draw.
In some cases the raffle is operated by a designated charity, though in Britain most of the proceeds are spent on prizes and the raffle is run as a social occasion and a method of enticing customers into a local pub. The meat ranges in animal and cut and often comes from local butchers.

In the UK, a typical meat raffle would have approximately 25-30 tickets sold at £1 each, though there is considerable variation and some raffles are much larger. Depending on the specific raffle, when a winning number is called the winner can either pick their cut of meat or opt for a gift certificate.

Also simply known as a meat tray, the tradition is well known in Australian and New Zealand pubs. The trays of meat raffled vary in content: a barbecue style mix of steaks, lamb chops, sausages etc. is the most common, however "breakfast trays" (bacon, eggs, sausages) and "seafood trays" (prawns, oysters, mussels) are also common. Meat trays are usually raffled to raise money for local sporting teams, often those associated with the particular pub the raffle occurs in. The proceeds often help fund the team's end of season trip.
Care must be taken with seafood trays given the propensity for the contents to spoil in the heat as the lucky winner continues drinking; often a friendly publican will store the tray in the fridge until the winner is sufficiently refreshed and ready to head home. 

An Australian variant of the meat raffle is the chook raffle, where a chicken is raffled off. A Canadian variant popular primarily in the Sudbury area is "Porketta Bingo", in which a traditional Italian porchetta is given as a prize in a card game as a fundraiser for local minor hockey leagues.

Part of the interval at the BDO World Darts Championship included a meat raffle to raise funds for youth teams.

The Dave TV comedy show Compete for the Meat, hosted by Al Murray, is loosely based on the concept of a meat raffle.

References

External links
 Humorous NYTimes article
 Meat Raffles & the Minnesota Gambling Control Board 
LA Times: On a Night Out, Minnesotans Hope to Get Lucky at Meat Raffle

Minnesota culture
Australian culture
British traditions
Meat
Lotteries
Canadian traditions
Cheapflights

Cheapflights is a travel fare metasearch engine. The website is part of the Kayak.com subsidiary of Booking Holdings.

Its websites publish flight prices, and compare prices from suppliers, including major airlines, through tiny travel agents.

Agents advertise on the Cheapflights websites and are charged on a pay-per-click basis for users who link through to their websites.

History
Cheapflights was founded in 1996 by John Hatt. That year, its first website, www.cheapflights.co.uk, launched. In 2000, ex-ABN Amro banker David Soskin and Hugo Burge led a buyout of the website from its founder. The website was the first in the UK to launch the pay-per-click online advertising remuneration model.

In May 2003, the US website, www.cheapflights.com, was launched. In 2006, the website handled £1 billion in annual travel sales. In April 2007, the Canadian website, www.cheapflights.ca, was launched. In October 2008, the first non-English website, www.cheapflug.de, was launched. Co-founder David Soskin resigned as chief executive to become vice-chairman that same year. In 2009, the Australia / New Zealand website was launched.

In January 2011, the company launched mobile websites. In March 2011, the company acquired momondo, a rival online travel agency. The two websites and brands were kept independent of each other. It also discontinued Zugu. In October 2014, Great Hill Partners, a private-equity firm, invested £80m for a majority stake in the company that owned Cheapflights and momondo, valuing it at £132 million. In February 2015, the South African website was launched. In June 2015, the United Kingdom website was launched as a metasearch engine. In June 2016, Cheapflights added search capability within Facebook Messenger. In October, Cheapflights reorganized some of its staff. In July 2017, Cheapflights and momondo were acquired by Booking Holdings for $550 million.

References

Booking Holdings
British travel websites
British companies established in 1996
Hospitality companies established in 1996
Internet properties established in 1996
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Travel ticket search engines
Companies based in London
Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia

Choral Arts Philadelphia (formerly Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia) is a 40-voice choir with an 8-voice professional core and semi-professional and amateur auditioned volunteer singers. The ensemble was founded in 1982 in Philadelphia as a symphonic chorus of 120+ voices. It is currently directed by Matthew Glandorf, who also serves on the faculty of the Curtis Institute of Music.  The group has performed nearly 200 works by more than 100 composers.

In 2002, while under direction of Donald Nally, the Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia was awarded the Margaret Hillis Award for Choral Excellence, presented to a single chorus each year by Chorus America.  That same year, the group was named Best of Philly by Philadelphia Magazine.

Throughout its history, the Choral Arts [Society of] Philadelphia has been dedicated to the commissioning and performance of new music.  The choir has performed world premieres of works by Robert Convery, Edward Bilous, Jake Heggie, Robert Maggio, Neely Bruce, Thomas Jennefelt, Jonathan Harvey, among others.  In 2007, as part of its 25th anniversary season, the group presented a world premiere by Roxanna Panufnik. In 2012, Choral Arts Philadelphia recorded an album of choral music by composer David Ludwig.

In addition to presenting a three- or four-concert season of its own each year, Choral Arts has been a frequent collaborator with other Philadelphia cultural groups including the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia, Piffaro, The Pennsylvania Ballet, Tempesta di Mare.

In 2013, Choral Arts Philadelphia launched "Bach At Seven" Cantata Series, an hour-long mid-week programs featuring a Bach cantata along with theme-related choral, solo and orchestral works from all periods. The series take place at Saint Clement's Episcopal Church in Philadelphia and continue throughout the season, mostly on a monthly basis.

External links
 Choral Arts Philadelphia website

Musical groups from Philadelphia
Culture of Philadelphia
Choirs in Pennsylvania
Choral societies
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in Pennsylvania
Queen Maud Gulf

Queen Maud Gulf lies between the northern coast of the mainland and the southeastern corner of Victoria Island in Nunavut, Canada. At its western end lies Cambridge Bay, leading to Dease Strait; to the east lies Simpson Strait; and to the north, Victoria Strait. It is home to the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary.

History
In 1839, it was crossed by Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson. It was named by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen in 1905 for the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales.

The wreck of  from Franklin's lost expedition of 1845 to find the Northwest Passage was found in 2014. The wreck lies at the bottom of the eastern portion of Queen Maud Gulf, west of O'Reilly Island.

Islands 
Islands in the Queen Maud Gulf include:

 Jenny Lind Island
 King William Island
 Royal Geographical Society Island

See also
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

Gulfs of Kitikmeot Region
Victoria Island (Canada)
Ramsar sites in Kitikmeot Region
Katy Selverstone

Katy Selverstone (born February 4, 1966 in New York City) is an American actress. She is primarily known for her work on The Drew Carey Show as Lisa Robbins, Drew Carey's girlfriend in the first and second seasons.

Life and career
Selverstone was born in New York City, New York on February 4, 1966. She attended Scranton Central High School (Scranton, Pennsylvania) and Carnegie Mellon University and earned a BFA in acting.

Selverstone has worked on such high-profile television series as NYPD Blue, CSI and As The World Turns and has appeared in the films Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood and South of Pico. She portrayed FBI agent Nancy Floyd in The Path to 9/11. She received the Grand Jury choice for Best Actress in a Feature for her role as "Una" in Laura Nix's film short The Politics of Fur.

Her other work includes playing Darlene, the receptionist at Gramercy Press, a fictional publishing company used in Network MCI commercials in 1994 and 1995. Selverstone also appeared on The L Word, Nip/Tuck and Seinfeld in the episode "The Face Painter" as Siena, George Costanza's girlfriend. Her character becomes George's fiancée in a deleted scene from "The Face Painter".

In 2000, Selverstone appeared on Broadway in Arthur Miller's play The Ride Down Mt. Morgan with actor Patrick Stewart for which she received a Fany award for Outstanding Broadway Debut. She has been awarded multiple awards for her work in Breaking the Code, Golden Boy, Scotland Road, Indiscretions, and Big Love.

She has been noted for looking very similar to Jodie Foster.

Film

Television

Stage

References

External links
 

1966 births
Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from New York City
21st-century American women
WESC

WeSC (short for "We are the Superlative Conspiracy") is a Swedish clothing brand that is primarily influenced by skateboarding and snowboarding. The company's head office is in Stockholm and employs between 51 and 200 staff members.  The company's CEO is Joseph Janus.

History
Founded in 1999, the brand first garnered attention by sponsoring Swedish underground artists, musicians and skateboarders, and did not engage in any other marketing. Swedish hip hop acts Looptroop and Timbuktu were among the first to be sponsored by WESC, contributing to the development of an alternative image that turned out to be very popular with young Swedish consumers who were critical of mainstream companies.

Retail outlets
In 2009, WeSC signed an exclusive retail deal with Oved Apparel Corp for the latter to oversee all WeSC stores in the United States, with the exception of the New York City and Los Angeles locations. The company opened a concept store in Singapore in early 2012.

We Activists
As of July 2014, WESC maintains a group of sponsored individuals, skateboarders and musicians who are called "We Activists" by the company.

People
Adalbert
Stretch Armstrong
Axwell
Ingemar Backman
Mark Baines
Tim Derrek
Ray Barbee
Bloody Beetroots
Sean Black
JTech145  
Mitchy Bwoy
Chords
Diskjokke
Mika Edin
Love Eneroth
Benny Fairfax
FrenchFred
Foyone
Amy Gunther
Andrew Hardingham
Mercedes Helnwein
Rory Herrmann
DEON
Fredrik Johansson
Kaskade
Tuukka Korhonen
Jörgen Kruth
Lady Tigra
Jason Lee
Ed Leigh
Nicole Le Moine
Lil Buck
Lisa Loud
Tony Manfre
Rae Martini
Spoek Mathambo 
Darrell Mathes
Kim Matulova
Sarah Meurle
Oscar Meza
Russ Milligan
Carlo Mondavi
Jukki Oksanen
Pase Rock
Chris Pastras
Mikael Persbrandt
Clint Peterson
Petter
Vanessa Prager
Giovanni Reda
Tom Remillard
Beth Riesgraf
Mathias Ringström
Chad Robertson
Arto Saari
Ricky Sandström
Frankie Shin
Signe Siemson
Sleepy
Danijel Stankovic
Stash
Peter Stormare
Pär Strömberg
Marcel Struwer
SuperBlast
Timbuktu
Wieger van Wageningen
Dely Bosch
Maxim Habanec
Jake Welch
Jonas Wiehager
Cooper Wilt
YONE
Shelly Zander

Groups
Looptroop Rockers
Millencolin
Steed Lord
Teddybears

Other
Superlative Conspiracy Magazine

WeActivists are defined by the company as "someone that is extremely good at what they do, world famous or totally unknown. A Weactivist is someone that has a streetwise mentality, blazing his, or her own path, with a humble persona. Essentially, they are an informal ambassador flying the flag of the Superlative Conspiracy in a variety of subcultures, such as skate, music, film and art. They are always a friend and never chosen at random."

See also
Theodor Dalenson

References

External links 
Official Sites
WeSC official site
WeSC Corporate site (Swedish)
WeSC official UK site

Clothing brands
Clothing brands of Sweden
Clothing companies of Sweden
Clothing companies established in 1999
Swedish brands
1999 establishments in Sweden
Taliesin Arts Centre

Taliesin Arts Centre () is owned and managed by Swansea University and is located on the university's Singleton campus in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.

History 
The Centre was opened on 18 June 1984 by Sir Geriant Evans CBE. Stephen Hawking gave the inaugural lecture at the centre's opening.  It stages its own productions and hosts visiting artists, in addition to being the home to the Egypt Centre, a two-storey gallery containing an important collection of antiquities from Ancient Egypt..

The centre is named for the ancient Welsh bard, Taliesin.

The centre hosts a broad programme of events including cinema screenings and a variety of live performances, from dance and drama to jazz and world music.

Taliesin Arts Centre provides a service to both students and the people of Swansea and acts as a regional centre. Performers in recent years have included Jamie Cullum, Clare Teal, Billy Cobham and Paco Peña.

Location 
The Taliesin Arts Centre is located to the north of the Mall in Singleton Park, Swansea.

References

External links
Taliesin Arts Centre (official site)
Egypt

Performing arts centres in Wales
Swansea University
Theatres in Swansea
Tourist attractions in Swansea
Arts centres in Wales
Delay spread

In telecommunications, the delay spread is a measure of the multipath richness of a communications channel.
In general, it can be interpreted as the difference between the time of arrival of the earliest significant multipath component (typically the line-of-sight component) and the time of arrival of the last multipath components.
The delay spread is mostly used in the characterization of wireless channels, but it also applies to any other multipath channel (e.g. multipath in optical fibers).

Delay spread can be quantified through different metrics, although the most common one is the root mean square (rms) delay spread. Denoting the power delay profile of the channel by , the mean delay of the channel is

and the rms delay spread is given by 

The formula above is also known as the root of the second central moment of the normalised delay power density spectrum.

The importance of delay spread is how it affects the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). If the symbol duration is long enough compared to the delay spread (typically 10 times as big would be good enough), one can expect an equivalent ISI-free channel. The correspondence with the frequency domain is the notion of coherence bandwidth (CB), which is the bandwidth over which the channel can be assumed flat (i.e. channel that passes all spectral components with approximately equal gain and linear phase.). Coherence bandwidth is related to the inverse of the delay spread. The shorter the delay spread, the larger is the coherence bandwidth.  
Delay spread has a significant impact on Intersymbol interference.

References

Bibliography
 Saunders, Antennas and propagation for Wireless communication systems, 2nd ed, pp246–250, 2007

Radio frequency propagation
Kalaba-X

Kalaba-X is a simple constructed language created by the American linguist Kenneth L. Pike to help with the teaching of translation techniques.

Each sentence in Kalaba-X has a fixed structure, consisting of three sentence parts: verb, object, subject, or more exactly, predicate (affirmation or assertion of a general status fact or occurring event), object (that indicates or restricts where the action applies or takes place, or allows qualifying it more precisely), subject (any triggering condition under which the fact can occur, and without which the predicate would not have occurred).

Under such definition, the grammatical structure of other languages can be more easily compared to each other, using Kalaba-X as a formal intermediate language for studying the language semantic (for example, this theoretical model does not define a grammatical difference between a noun and a verb, or between a verb and an adjective, as it is found in most European languages, because most nouns or adjectives of European languages can also be a predicate by themselves).

Each of these three parts, which are linked semantically rather than grammatically, can be modified. By focusing on the semantic rather than the grammatical structure of the source or target language, this constructed language can be used as an intermediate tool for producing better translations, notably between languages that have very different grammatical structures and where the semantic is organized differently into one or more subordinated sentences.

For example, the English sentence "This picture is very beautiful." would be structured in Kalaba-X as if it were written "Beautiful very, picture this, me." where the subject (me) is explicitly given in Kalaba-X rather than being subjectively implied by the context. Under such translation, the effective semantic of the sentence is "I (find that) this picture is very beautiful." where the author of the sentence is responsible for this affirmation. The English grammar may hide the fact that the "beautiful" adjective translates the concept of "enjoying", a true verb, so a simpler Kalaba-X sentence would be better "Enjoy a lot, picture this, me." But the analysis does not stop there, because Kalaba-X features no pronouns, i.e. no ambiguous substitutes; a more exact analysis would give "Enjoy a lot, picture here, speaker."

But other translations would be possible to indicate whether the opinion is personal or admitted more generally, by adding modifiers (considered adjectives in Kalaba-X) to the subject part (considered a noun) to condition the sentence, or to the object part (also considered a noun) to extend the scope of the predicate. Adding more modifiers in Kalaba-X to the initial verb part of such sentence can make the semantic more precise by including various modes (including tense, variability, recurrence, progress, negation...) but also logical composition relations like unions, intersections and exclusions).

Sources and external links
 

Engineered languages
São Luíz do Norte

São Luíz do Norte is a municipality in northeastern Goiás state, Brazil. An alternative spelling is "São Luís do Norte".

Location
São Luíz is located 58 km. north of Ceres on the important BR-153 highway.
Highway connections from Goiânia:  GO-080 / Nerópolis / São Francisco de Goiás / BR-153 / Jaraguá / Rialma / 57 km north on BR-153.  See Seplan

Neighboring municipalities:  Hidrolina, Santa Rita do Novo Destino, Goianésia, Santa Isabel, Nova Glória and Itapaci.

Demographics
Urban population: 3,557 
Population density: 7.28 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate:   0.63% 1996/2007

The Economy
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries.
There was one dairy—G.G. Teixeira e Cia Ltda—in 2007.  In 2006 there were 161 farms with a total area of 35,883 hectares, 19,000 hectares being pasture.  The cattle herd had 31,000 head in 2007.  The main crops were pineapple, sugarcane (5,600 hectares), rice (300 hectares), beans, manioc, corn (300 hectares), and soybeans (3,600 hectares).

Health and Education
In the educational sector there were 6 schools.  The adult literacy rate was 80.5% (2000) (national average was 86.4%).  There were no hospitals in 2007.  The infant mortality rate was 25,32 (2000) (national average was 33.0).  The score on the Human Development Index was 0.710.  
For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br

See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás

References

Frigoletto
 Sepin

Municipalities in Goiás
Self-limiting

Self-limiting may refer to:

Self-limiting (biology), an organism or colony of organisms which limits its own growth 
Governor (device), used to control the speed of mechanical equipment to prevent it from operating at unsafe speeds
Electronic speed limiter, a system set by a manufacturer or by a driver to limit the maximum speed which can be reached by a road vehicle

See also 
 Self-regulation (disambiguation)
National memorial

National memorial or National Memorial may refer to:

National Memorial (Thailand)
National memorial (United States)
National Martyrs' Memorial, in Bangladesh
National Memorial of the Republic of Belarus

See also
Memorial (disambiguation)
2006 Central American and Caribbean Games

The 20th edition of the Central American and Caribbean Games was held in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. The tournament began on July 15 and ended on July 30.

Host city
Main host city
Cartagena de Indias
Other host cities
Barranquilla, Colombia (bowling, cycling, football/soccer, and shooting);
Bogotá, Colombia (equestrian); 
Mexico City, Mexico (rowing); and
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (field hockey, modern pentathlon, racquetball and team handball).

Nations

Medal table

Sports 
There were a total of 39 sports at the games. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 
 
Racquetball (details)

External links
 Official website
 North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation
 Meta
 Official Results

 
CACG
Central American and Caribbean Games by year
International sports competitions hosted by Colombia
Central
2006 in Central American sport
2006 in Caribbean sport
Multi-sport events in Colombia
Sport in Cartagena, Colombia
July 2006 sports events in North America
São Patrício

São Patrício is a municipality in the northwestern portion of the Brazilian  state of Goiás.

Location
São Patrício is located 42 km. west of Ceres.  Highway connections from Goiânia:  GO-070 / Goianira / Inhumas / GO-154 / Itaguaru / Uruana / Carmo do Rio Verde / GO-460.  See Seplan

Neighboring municipalities are  Morro Agudo de Goiás, Rubiataba, Carmo do Rio Verde, Itapuranga

Demographics
Population Density: 15.25/km² (2007)
Urban population:  980
Population growth rate: 1.60% 2000/2007

The economy
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising (19,000 head in 2006), services, public administration, and small transformation industries.  There was one dairy in 2007.  There were 260 farms in 2006 with 12,385 hectares of cropland and pasture.  
The main crops were rice (250 hectares), sugarcane (2,000 hectares), beans, manioc, passion fruit, corn (600 hectares), and tomatoes.

Health and education
There were 03 schools with 588 students (2006).  The adult literacy rate was 84.0% (2000) (national average was 86.4%).  In the health sector there were no hospitals.  The infant mortality rate was 22.85 (2000) (national average was 33.0).  The Municipal Human Development Index score was 0.728. For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br

Temperatures
→ Winter temperatures: low: 14 °C/high: 32 °C;

→ Spring temperatures: low: 23 °C/high: 36 °C;

→ Summer temperatures: low: 22 °C/high: 29 °C;

→ Autumn temperatures: low: 17 °C/high: 29 °C.

See also 
List of municipalities in Goiás

References

Frigoletto
 Sepin

Municipalities in Goiás
Albert M. Craig

Albert Morton Craig (December 9, 1927 – December 1, 2021) was an American academic, historian, author and professor emeritus in the Department of History at Harvard University.

Early life 
As a youth in Chicago, Craig was an Eagle Scout, and also participated in both competitive swimming and judo. A more scholarly interest in Japan was piqued after the Second World War. While doing counterintelligence work for the United States Army in 1946 and 1947, he was stationed in Miyazaki and in Kyoto. While in Kyoto, he earned a third degree black belt in judo.

Craig earned an undergraduate degree in philosophy in 1949 at Northwestern University, where he was member of Phi Beta Kappa. While there, he set an NCAA freshman record in the 200 yard breaststroke. After college, the Fulbright Program made it possible for him to study economic history at the University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, France. This was followed by two years (1951–53) as a graduate student at Kyoto University from 1951 through 1953.

He did his doctoral dissertation at Harvard University under the supervision of Edwin O. Reischauer and also worked with John K. Fairbank. Harvard awarded Craig his Ph.D. in history in 1959.

Career 
Professor Craig became a member of Harvard's faculty in 1959 and then taught there for forty years, during which he was also a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo, the University of Kyoto, and Keio University.

He became the Harvard-Yenching Research Professor of Japanese History. In addition, he served as Director of the Reischauer Institute (1983–1985) and as Director of the Harvard-Yenching Institute (1976–1987).

His research focused primarily on the transition from the Edo period through the Meiji period.

Selected works 
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Albert Craig, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 60+ works in 200+ publications in 7 languages and 8,000+ library holdings.

 Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration (1961)
 Personality in Japanese History (1971), with Donald Shively
 The Heritage of Japanese Civilization (2003)
 The Heritage of Chinese Civilization (2001)
 The Heritage of World Civilizations (2005)
 Civilization and Enlightenment: The Early Thought of Fukuzawa Yukichi (2009)

Honors 
 Guggenheim Fellowship
 Fulbright Fellowship
 Japan Foundation Fellowship
 Order of the Rising Sun, 1988
 At ages 80 and 85, Craig set world masters records for those age groups in the 200 meter breaststroke.

References

1927 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American Japanologists
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University Department of History faculty
Northwestern University alumni
Kyoto University alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
United States Army soldiers
American expatriates in France
American expatriates in Japan
American male non-fiction writers
Fulbright alumni
Piranha Interactive Publishing

Piranha Interactive Publishing, Inc. was an Arizona, United States software publishing firm founded in 1995 with seven principles. The business plan was to secure and publish third-party developer software, thus avoiding the high risk and cost of in-house development, and therefore passing on higher royalties to the licensed developers.

The corporation secured several retail titles in both educational and entertainment genres in the first few years of operation. Early successes led to a successful multimillion-dollar initial public offering (IPO) on NASDAQ in late 1997.

Software 

Piranha Interactive's most successful published software title was RedShift 3, an interactive astronomy program that was the winner of the 1999 Codie "Excellence In Software" Award for "Best New Home Education For Teenagers and Adults."

Some other Piranha titles included:

 Air Blocks (IBM PC)
 Ancient Origins (IBM PC) (Macintosh)
 Dead Reckoning (IBM PC)
 Extreme Tactics (IBM PC)
 Majestic Part I: Alien Encounter (Hybrid Windows/Macintosh)
 Morpheus (Hybrid Windows/Macintosh)
 Planetary Missions (IBM PC) (Macintosh)
 Preschool Mother Goose (Hybrid Windows/Macintosh)
 Revenge of the Toys (IBM PC)
 Skybase (IBM PC) (Macintosh)
 Syn-Factor (Hybrid Windows/Macintosh)

The company also published a number of compilations (or "Piranha Packs") of educational, productivity and entertainment titles.

Closure 

The company continued operations until cash-flow problems forced it out of business in July 1999. Piranha Interactive Publishing did not file for Bankruptcy; rather, they closed their doors and liquidated their assets.  The following press release was sent out and posted on the company's website:

Piranha Interactive Publishing, Inc. Terminates Operations

For Immediate Release

(July 9, 1999) Tempe, Arizona - Piranha Interactive Publishing, Inc.

Piranha Interactive Publishing, Inc. announced today that it has ceased operations effective as of the close of business on Friday, July 2, 1999. The Company has been unable to generate sufficient cashflow from its operations to meet its expenses and has been unable to secure additional working capital. The Company's securities were delisted from the Nasdaq SmallCap market as of the close of business on June 23. The lack of an active market for Company's securities drastically limited the Company's ability to secure additional capital. The Company is in the process of liquidating all remaining assets and the proceeds will be distributed to creditors. The Company's liabilities are far in excess of its assets. The final distribution to creditors is expected to be de minimis.

Post-Closure 

While Piranha completely closed operations in 1999 and is no longer extant, two of the former Piranha employees bought the licenses to some of the software titles and continue to publish them under a different company, Tiburon Interactive.

References 

 Piranha Interactive Publishing Official Site (archived) at Internet Archive

Publishing companies established in 1995
Video game companies of the United States
Companies based in Tempe, Arizona
Morpheus (1998 video game)

Morpheus is an American computer game released in 1998.

Gameplay 
The game is a first-person adventure game similar to Myst with a point and click interface however, the player may also pan around a location by clicking and dragging the mouse. Clicking the mouse to go in a certain direction results in a transition video showing the player's movement.

Reception 
Morpheus became a hit in Spain, with sales of 50,000 units in that region. Bob Mandel of The Adrenaline Vault gave the game the "Seal of Excellence".

References

External links
Morpheus on Itch.io
 

1998 video games
Adventure games
First-person adventure games
Classic Mac OS games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games about virtual reality
Windows games
La Celle

La Celle is the name or part of the name of nineteen communes of France:

La Celle, Allier, in the Allier département
La Celle, Cher, in the Cher département
La Celle, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Puy-de-Dôme département
La Celle, Var, in the Var département
La Celle-Condé, in the Cher département
La Celle-Dunoise, in the Creuse département
La Celle-en-Morvan, in the Saône-et-Loire département
La Celle-Guenand, in the Indre-et-Loire département
La Celle-les-Bordes, in the Yvelines département
La Celle-Saint-Avant, in the Indre-et-Loire département
La Celle-Saint-Cloud, in the Yvelines département
La Celle-Saint-Cyr, in the Yonne département
La Celle-sous-Chantemerle, in the Marne département
La Celle-sous-Gouzon, in the Creuse département
La Celle-sous-Montmirail, in the Aisne département
La Celle-sur-Loire, in the Nièvre département
La Celle-sur-Morin, in the Seine-et-Marne département
La Celle-sur-Nièvre, in the Nièvre département
Vernou-la-Celle-sur-Seine, in the Seine-et-Marne département

sk:Cérilly
Brazabrantes

Brazabrantes () is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil.

Location
Brazabrantes is located 59 kilometers north of the important city of (Anápolis).  Highway connections from the state capital of Goiânia are made by taking state highway GO-70 north to Goanira and then east to Brazabrantes.

Neighboring municipalities:  Nova Veneza, Inhumas, Damolândia, and Goiânia.  Brazabrantes is in the Meia Ponte River valley.

Demographics
The population growth rate for the period 1996/2007 was  1.71%.  The population in 1980 was 2,241, increasing to 3,142 in 2007.

The economy
The economy is based on cattle raising (14,500 head in 2006), poultry raising and agriculture.  The main agricultural products are small production of bananas, citrus fruits, tomatoes, manioc, rice, corn, soybeans, and beans; large production of sugarcane—1,500 hectares producing 118,000 tons.  There were no banks in August 2007.
Number of industrial establishments:  11 (June 2007)
Number of retail commerce establishments: 24 (August 2007)

Agricultural data 2006
Farms:  200
Total area:  13,109 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 137 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 2,027 ha.
Area of natural pasture:  9,541 ha.
Area of woodland and forests:  963 ha.
Persons dependent on farming:  400
Farms with tractors: 30
Number of tractors:  42
Cattle herd:  14,500 head IBGE

Health and education
Infant mortality index:  15.11 (2000)
Literacy rate: 86.2 (2000)
Schools in activity: 5
Classrooms: 21
Teachers: 39
Total number of students: 920

Brazabrantes had a score of 0.749 on the Municipal Human Development Index, ranking it 79 (out of 242 municipalities) in the state and
1,904 (out of 5,507 municipalities) in the country.  All data are from 2000.  For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br

History
The settling of this town began around 1920 with the donation of land for the building of a chapel called Capela de São João Batista.  The first houses were of adobe and palm fronds and the economy was based on agriculture and cattle raising.  In 1943 it was raised to the category of district with the name São Joâo Batista do Meia Ponte, after the river with that name.  Later the name was changed to Brazabrantes to honor the Brazilian general Braz Abrantes.  In 1959 it achieved municipal status.

Sources of Data
Frigoletto
Highway distances from Goiânia

See also
List of municipalities in Goiás

References

Municipalities in Goiás
Chris Taylor (ice hockey)

Chris Taylor (born March 6, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who is currently an assistant coach with the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played in 149 NHL games with the New York Islanders, Boston Bruins, and Buffalo Sabres. In 2017, Taylor was named the head coach of the Rochester Americans in the American Hockey League, the affiliate of the Buffalo Sabres. In 2019, he was recalled by the Sabres as an assistant coach on an interim basis and returned to the Americans in late November, staying until June 2020.

Playing career 
Taylor had an impressive junior career with the London Knights, ending his tenure with the team as their all-time points leader with 378 (later surpassed by Corey Perry with 380 points) and was drafted by the New York Islanders in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft (2nd round, 27th overall) He then played for the Islanders, Boston Bruins, and Buffalo Sabres in the National Hockey League, but was frequently sent between the NHL and the minor leagues before going overseas with the Frankfurt Lions of Germany's Deutsche Eishockey Liga before the 2006–07 season.

On July 16, 2009, Taylor agreed to a two-year contract with the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League, a team he had played for from 1999 to 2006 while he was signed to their NHL affiliate, the Buffalo Sabres.

Coaching career 
On August 31, 2011, the Rochester Americans announced that Taylor had been hired as their development coach for the 2011–12 season.  Later that season, he was promoted to an assistant coach. On June 6, 2016, incoming Rochester head coach, Dan Lambert, opted not to retain Taylor on the Americans' staff. Taylor subsequently joined the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, AHL affiliate of the Pittsburgh Penguins, as an assistant coach on August 2, 2016.

On June 30, 2017, Taylor was named head coach of the Rochester Americans. A few days before the start of the 2019–20 season, Taylor was called up by the Buffalo Sabres as an interim assistant coach when Don Granato was forced to take a medical leave of absence from the Sabres.

On June 16, 2020, Taylor was relieved of his duties as coach, along with Amerks general manager, Randy Sexton, and assistant coaches Gord Dineen and Toby Petersen Taylor led the Amerks to a 116-65-33 record across three seasons as head coach.

On October 23, 2020, he was hired as an assistant coach by the New Jersey Devils.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Coaching record

Awards and honours

References

External links
 

1972 births
Living people
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Capital District Islanders players
Denver Grizzlies players
Frankfurt Lions players
Las Vegas Thunder players
London Knights players
New Jersey Devils coaches
New York Islanders draft picks
New York Islanders players
Providence Bruins players
Rochester Americans players
Rochester Americans coaches
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (IHL) players
Ice hockey people from Stratford, Ontario
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players