alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Tutrakan

Tutrakan ( , , ) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, an administrative centre of the homonymous municipality, part of Silistra Province. It is situated on the right bank of the Danube opposite the Romanian town of Oltenița (to which it was linked through a ferry but the ferry does not work anymore), in the very west of Southern Dobruja, 58 km east of Rousse and 62 km west of Silistra.

History 
The town was founded by the Ancient Romans in the end of the first half of the 1st century under the name Transmarisca. The settlement was part of the Roman military boundary in the 1st and 3rd century and reached its apogee in the 4th century, when, under the personal management of Diocletian, it was made one of the largest strongholds of the Danubian limes.

The ancient town and fortress were destroyed in the beginning of the 7th century and the modern town carrying its present name emerged in the end of the century, remaining a military centre through the Middle Ages as part of the Bulgarian Empire, which was conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th century.

Tutrakan was liberated from Ottoman rule during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 by Russians to become part of the Kingdom of Bulgaria. After the Second Balkan War, it was incorporated, along with all of Southern Dobruja, in Romania until 1940, when the pre-World War II Treaty of Craiova returned the territory to Bulgaria.

During World War I, the town, then part of Romania, was the site of the important Battle of Tutrakan during which Bulgarian and German Central Powers forces defeated the Romanian forces.

Today it remains a vibrant fishing village, and the historic Fisherman's Quarter continues to attract tourists, bicyclists, boaters and artists.

Geography
The town is 58 km east of Ruse, 62 km west of Silistra and 74 km north of Razgrad. Its port facilitates communications and determines the significant place that Tutrakan has occupied and occupies in its historical development. 

The city is located at 26°36' east longitude and 44°03' north latitude. The altitude is 13 m from the river bank, and the plateau (the flat part of the city), located 500 m from the river, reaches 126 m.

Religion
* Orthodox community
 Muslim community (Islam)
 Adventist community
 Protestant community

Notable people 
 Angel Cheshmedzhiev
 Dobri Nemirov
 Nikola Mavrodinov (1904 – 1958), book publisher from XIX – XX c.
 Petar Mavrodinov (1873 – 1948), teacher, book publisher and public figure
 Tita, singer

Honours
Tutrakan Peak in Antarctica is named after the town.

Gallery

References

External links

 Photo gallery of Tutrakan 
 Tutrakan municipal council website
 Tutrakan museums website
 Tutrakan Historical Museum website
 Website of the Muslim board in Tutrakan
 Kalimok-Brashlen Protected Site website

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places on the Danube
Populated places in Silistra Province
Bulgaria–Romania border crossings
Siamak Shayeghi

Siamak Shayeghi (; 11 August 1954 – 15 April 2020) was an Iranian film director and film producer.

Born in Abadan, he graduated in Cinema and Television and started his career as film critic and was assistant director in the mid-1980s. In 1990 and 1991 he worked together with the famous Iranian opera singer and film actor Hossein Sarshar.

Filmography
 A Dowry for Robab, 1987
 Star and Diamond, 1988
 Renault - Tehran 29, 1990
 Rah o birah, 1991 
 Maze, 1992
 In Cold Blood, 1994
 My Mother Gissou, 1995
 Sharareh, 1999
 Bāgh-e Ferdows, 5 O'clock in the afternoon, 2005
 Khab e Zemestani, 2008

References

External links

1954 births
2020 deaths
Iranian film directors
Iranian film producers
People from Abadan, Iran
Thomas Mears

Thomas Mears (1775 – October 16, 1832) was a businessman and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in the Thirteen Colonies in 1775. He settled in West Hawkesbury Township. He set up a sawmill and gristmill on the Ottawa River in that area with David Pattee, which later became the basis for the town of Hawkesbury. He was named justice of the peace in the Eastern District in 1806 and in the Ottawa District in 1816. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Prescott in 1808 and was reelected in 1812. He was named sheriff in the Eastern District in 1816. Around 1811, Mears and Pattee's timber operations were taken over by George and William Hamilton when they were unable to deliver goods to repay advances paid by the Hamiltons. Mears also operated the first steamboat on the Ottawa River, the Union. In 1819, Mears took over the operation of a sawmill originally built by Joseph Papineau on the Petite-Nation River near Plaisance in Lower Canada.

He died in West Hawkesbury in 1832.

References 
Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791–1841, J.K. Johnson (1989)

1775 births
1832 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
People from Hawkesbury, Ontario
Canadian justices of the peace
Miroslav Gospel

Miroslav Gospel (, ) is a 362-page Serbian illuminated manuscript Gospel Book on parchment with very rich decorations. It is one of the oldest surviving documents written in the Serbian recension of Church Slavonic. The gospel is considered a masterpiece of illustration and calligraphy.

During Saint Sava's time, a Serbian Prophliestologion (Cod. 313), a Novgorod Sticherarion (Cod. 301), and Kiev Irmologion (Cod. 308 with Old Church Slavonic musical neumatic notation were also found in the same place as Hilandar Fragments from the 10th and early 11th century (now in Odessa). It is presumed that both Miroslav Gospel and Vukan's Gospel reached Hilandar at the same.

Origin and discovery 
Miroslav's Gospel was commissioned in the 12th century (in the year 1180) by Miroslav, the ruler (knez) of Hum and the brother of Stefan Nemanja, the Grand Prince of Serbia. The first to discover and study the manuscript were three Russian scholars: Vladimir Stasov, Fyodor Buslayev, and Nikodim Kondakov in 1874.

A leaf of the book which the Archbishop Porphyrius Uspensky had cut out of the book from the Hilandar Monastery library in 1845 was first publicly shown at an exhibition in Kiev in 1874. The earliest facsimile edition appeared in Vienna in 1897. The book was traditionally kept at the Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos, before it was presented to King Alexander I of Serbia, on the occasion of his visit to the monastery in 1896. Today it is in the collection of the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade.

The book was originally transcribed in Kotor in modern-day Montenegro between 1186 and 1190 from an earlier text. Most pages are by an unknown scribe from Zeta, with the last few pages written by the scribe Grigorije of Raška, also known as Grigorije the Scribe or Pupil. Although Miroslav's Gospel is one of the earliest Cyrillic-texted manuscripts, the document appeared later than other Serbian liturgical manuscripts written in Glagolitic. The language used is considered unique as it showed the transition between Old Church Slavonic and the first recognizably distinct Serbian language. 

In 2005, the Miroslav Gospel was inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in recognition of its historical value.

See also
Medieval Serbian literature
Serbian manuscripts
 John the Deacon
Teodosije the Hilandarian (1246-1328), one of the most important Serbian writers in the Middle Ages

References

Further reading

External links 

Online digital copy of Miroslav's Gospel
In the Beginning was the Word, History of the Miroslav Gospel

12th-century Christian texts
12th-century illuminated manuscripts
Christian prayer books
Christian illuminated manuscripts
Serbian literature
Medieval Serbia
Medieval Serbian literature
Serbian books
Serbian manuscripts
South Slavic manuscripts
12th-century biblical manuscripts
12th century in Serbia
Gospel Books
Memory of the World Register
Medieval documents of Serbia
World Digital Library
Cyrillic manuscripts
Cyrillo-Methodian studies
Athos manuscripts
Hilandar Monastery
Júlio Ribeiro

Júlio César Ribeiro Vaughan (April 16, 1845 – November 1, 1890) was a Brazilian Naturalist novelist, philologist, journalist and grammarian. He is famous for his controversial romance A Carne and for designing the flag of the State of São Paulo, which he wanted to be the flag of Brazil.

He is patron of the 24th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

Life
Ribeiro was born in 1845, in Sabará, to American George Washington Vaughan and Maria Francisca Vaughan (née Ribeiro). Initially homeschooled by his mother, he later entered a school in Minas, and, in 1862, he moved to Rio de Janeiro to ingress at the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras. Three years later, he quit the Military School to dedicate himself to journalism. For that, he studied Latin in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo and later became a teacher there.

As a journalist, he founded and wrote for O Sorocabano in Sorocaba; wrote for A Procelária and O Rebate in São Paulo, and also to O Estado de S. Paulo, Diário Mercantil, A Gazeta de Campinas and the Almanaque de São Paulo, where he published his studies on Philology.

He published his controversial and heavily erotic romance A Carne (The Flesh) in 1888. At the time of its publication, it was panned by critics such as José Veríssimo and Alfredo Pujol. The most vehement critic, however, was the priest Sena Freitas, who wrote an article in the Diário Mercantil named A Carniça (The Carrion). Ribeiro, a strong anti-clericalist, refuted Freitas' critics with the series of articles O Urubu Sena Freitas (Sena Freitas, the Vulture). Those articles were later compiled and published under the name of Uma Polêmica Célebre, in 1934.

He died in 1890, a victim of tuberculosis.

He is the grandfather of chronicler Elsie Lessa, great-grandfather of writers Ivan Lessa and Sérgio Pinheiro Lopes and great-great-grandfather of writer Juliana Foster.

Works
 O Padre Belchior de Pontes (1877)
 Gramática Portuguesa (1881)
 Cartas Sertanejas (1885)
 A Carne (1888)
 Uma Polêmica Célebre (1934 — posthumous)

The flag of São Paulo

On July 16, 1888, Ribeiro designed the current flag of the State of São Paulo, although he planned it to be the flag of the Republic of Brazil.

External links

 Júlio Ribeiro's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters 

1845 births
1890 deaths
People from Sabará
Brazilian people of American descent
Grammarians from Brazil
19th-century Brazilian novelists
Brazilian erotica writers
Brazilian journalists
19th-century Brazilian male writers
Portuguese-language writers
Linguists of Portuguese
Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Brazilian male novelists
Tuberculosis deaths in São Paulo (state)
Flag designers
Jeziorak

Jeziorak () is a lake in the Iława Lake District in Warmia-Masuria, Poland. Its area is 3,219 ha (including 20 islands with area of 240 ha). It is  long and  wide. Maximum depth is . It is the longest lake in Poland, and ranks 6th by area.

Geology
The lake was formed by filling a glacial tunnel valley.

Gallery

References

Lakes of Poland
Lakes of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Ælfthryth of Crowland

Ælfthryth, also known as Alfreda, Alfritha, Aelfnryth, or Etheldritha, is a saint, virgin, and recluse, venerated in both the Roman Catholic Church and Antiochian Orthodox Church.  She was a daughter of King Offa of Mercia and his consort, Cynethryth.

Ælfthryth was "either betrothed to or loved by" St. Ethelbert, the king of the East Angles.  In 793, after visiting Ælfthyth, he was taken captive and murdered by her mother so that Cynethryth's brother could ascend to the throne instead; Ælfthryth's was horrified by the murder, so she departed the court and retired to the Crowland Abbey in the marshes of Crowland, where she lived as a recluse for 40 years, until her death of natural causes in 835.  Ælfthryth's sister Aelfreda also lost a husband due to their parents' political intrigue.

According to the Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Ælfthryth was "famous for her prophecies".  Her tomb was arranged around St. Guthlac's.  A Crowland tradition states that Ælfthryth's relics were destroyed in 870 when Danes destroyed the abbey, but there is little evidence for it.  Her feast day is 2 August.

References 

8th-century births
795 deaths
Anglo-Saxon royalty
Mercian saints
People from Crowland
8th-century Christian saints
8th-century English women
Iclingas
8th-century English people
Female saints of medieval England
Manouchehr Mohammadi

Manouchehr Mohammadi (Persian: منوچهر محمدی; born in 1956 in Abadan, Iran) is an Iranian film producer. He graduated in sociology from Tehran University; began film producing with Hey, Joe! (1988, M. Asgari-Nasab). Founded a production company, Sina Film, along with Seifollah Daad and Manouchehr Asgari-Nasab. He was the Director of Supervision on Filmmaking in Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (1997-2000).

Partial filmography 
 The Singer Cat (co), 1990
 I Love the Earth (co)
 The Spouse (co), 1993
 The Survivor (co), 1995
 Traveler of Rey
 Under the Moonlight, 2001
 Low Heights, 2002
 The Lizard, 2004

References

External links
 

1956 births
Living people
Iranian film producers
Producers who won the Audience Choice of Best Film Crystal Simorgh
Krestyanskaya Zastava

Krestyanskaya Zastava () is a Moscow Metro station in the Yuzhnoportovy District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line, between Rimskaya and Dubrovka stations. Krestyanskaya Zastava was opened on 28 December 1995 as part of the first stage of the Lyublinsky Radius.

Like its neighbour Rimskaya the station lacks an underplatform service areas and rests on a monolithic plate. At a depth of 47 metres the station is tri-vault wall-columned (i.e. the intercolumned space has been filled up to give extra strength). The architects Nikolay Shumakov and Nataliya Shurygina applied a Peasant Labour theme to the decoration which included a bright marble and aluminium  layout of the station and decorative mosaics at the ends of the columns (artists N.Andronov and Yu.Shishkov). The floor is covered in checkered pattern of black and grey granite and the lighting is hidden in the niches of the vault.

The station has one vestibule which is inter-linked with subways under the square for which the station is named. In 1997 a transfer was opened between the vestibule and the Proletarskaya station of the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line.

External links
 Metro.ru
 Mosmetro.ru
 mymetro.ru
 News.Metro.ru
 KartaMetro.info — Station location and exits on Moscow map (English/Russian)

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1995
Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line
Railway stations located underground in Russia
Alice Shoal

Alice Shoal (Spanish: Banco Alicia or Bajo Alicia) is a wholly submerged reef, located in the western Caribbean Sea, about  southwest of Jamaica. The mainland of Colombia lies  away to the southeast.

Alice Shoal is situated 31 km northeast of East Cay of Serranilla Bank, and 48 km west of Bajo Nuevo Bank. The bank is about 16 km in diameter as defined by the 200 m isobath, which corresponds to an area of more than 200 km2. There are no islets, cays or above-water rocks. The bank has a minimum depth of , with coral bottom, at its eastern edge. Depths over the greater part of the bank are less than . The bottom is fine white sand. Rip currents mark the edges of the bank.

The reef falls within the Joint Regime Area of Colombia and Jamaica, a maritime delimitation zone which allows for co-operative control and exploitation of resources between the two states.

References

External links
  — satellite images.

Geography of Colombia
Undersea banks of the Caribbean Sea
Geography of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
Ali Sajadi Hoseini

Ali Sadjadi Hoseini (, 1953 in Ahvaz, Iran – 1994 in Tehran) was an Iranian film director.

Selected filmography 
 The Silence, 1990
 The Old Men's School, 1991
 The Fire Line, 1994

References 
 
 Persian Wikipedia

Accidental deaths
Accidental deaths in Iran
Iranian male film actors
Iranian murder victims
Iranian film directors
Iranian screenwriters
People from Ahvaz
1953 births
1994 deaths
Rind (tribe)

The Rind () is a Baloch tribe, mainly living in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Gulf countries. According to Baloch folklore the tribe was founded by Rind Khan, one of Mir Jalal Khan's four sons.

History
According to Ali Sher Kanei of Thatta in his history, written in 1774 A.D. traces the origin of the Rind tribe from Jalāl Hān, a descendant of Muhammad bin Hārūn, surnamed Makurāni, the Governor of Makurān and of the Indian frontiers under Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ( 705 A.D.) on the accession of Caliph Al-Walid I. The same author states that Muhammad son of Hărūn was a grandson of Muhammad bin Aban bin Abd - ur - Rahim bin Hamzah ibn Abdul-Muttalib , the paternal uncle of the Prophet of  Islam. 

At the turn of the 15th century the Rind led by Mir Chakar Rind are believed to have engaged in a 30-year war against the Lashari, in which both tribes suffered greatly. These events are the subject of many Balochi heroic ballads.

Notable people
 Kadu Makrani, an Indian revolutionary of Gujarat associated with the Indian independence movement
 Mir Chakar Rind, a chieftain who aided in the establishment of Mughal hegemony in medieval India
 Yar Muhammad Rind, a Pakistani politician who is member of the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan.

References

Baloch tribes
Parochial Church Councils (Powers) Measure 1956

The Parochial Church Councils (Powers) Measure 1956 is a Measure passed by the Church Assembly of the Church of England that gave parish-level parochial church councils (PCCs) various miscellaneous powers such as framing an annual budget, power to make levy and collect a voluntary church rate, power jointly with the minister to appoint and dismiss the parish clerk and determine his salary, and the right to make representations to the bishop "with regard to any matter affecting the welfare of the church in the parish".

The measure forbade councils from acquiring property or real estate without the consent of the diocesan authority, and it also required PCCs to present their accounts annually, and invested bishops with the power to ensure the measure was followed.

The measure came into effect on 2 January 1957, and repealed the Parochial Church Councils (Powers) Measure 1921 and the Parochial Church Councils (Powers) (Amendment) Measure 1949.

References

Church of England legislation
1956 in Christianity
Assembly Member

Assembly Member or AM may refer to:

 A Member of the London Assembly (2000–pres.)
A Member of the Tobago House of Assembly (1980–pres.)

Defunct titles
 A Member of the National Assembly for Wales (1999–2020), now Member of the Senedd (MS)
 A member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (1973) (1973–1974)
 A Member of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore (1955–1965), which was succeeded by the Parliament of Singapore when Singapore was expelled from Malaysia in 1965
Reza Fayazi

Reza Fayazi (in Persian: رضا فیاضی, born ) is an Iranian director and actor. He graduated in theater from the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Tehran.

Biography
In 1976, he played a role in the series Golbaran directed by Reza Babak. He then appeared in the movie Ballad of Tara directed by Bahram Beyzai and also acted as the stage manager. Since then, he has worked in various artistic fields, including writing, puppetry, and radio, and has appeared in several television programs as a presenter.

Selected filmography 
 Ballad of Tara, 1979
 Statue, 1992
 The Fateful Day, 1995
 The Blue Veiled, 1995
 Chariot of Death, 1996
 Starry Sky, 1999
 Under the City's Skin (TV series), 2002
 Roozegar-e Gharib, 2007
 The Enigma of the Shah, 2016-2017
 I'm not Trump, 2020

External links

Who's Who in the Iranian Film Industry

References
I'm not Trump - Amazon Prime

1953 births
Living people
People from Ahvaz
Iranian film directors
Iranian male film actors
University of Tehran alumni
Iranian male television actors
Instruments used in general surgery

There are many different surgical specialties, some of which require very specific kinds of surgical instruments to perform. 

General surgery is a specialty focused on the abdominal contents, as well as the thyroid gland, and diseases involving skin, breasts, various soft tissues, trauma, peripheral vascular disease, hernias, and endoscopic procedures. 

This page is dedicated specifically to listing surgical instruments used in general surgery. 

Instruments can be classified in many ways - but broadly speaking, there are five kinds of instruments.
 Cutting and dissecting instruments: 
Scalpels, scissors, and saws are the most traditional.
Elevators can be both cutting and lifting/retracting.
Although the term dissection is broad, energy devices such as diathermy/cautery are often used as more modern alternatives.
 Grasping or holding instruments: 
Classically this included forceps and clamps predominantly.
Roughly, forceps can be divided into traumatic (tissue crushing) and atraumatic (tissue preserving, such as Debakey's)
Numerous examples are available for different purposes by field.
 Hemostatic instruments: 
This includes instruments utilized for the cessation of bleeding.
Artery forceps are a classic example in which bleeding is halted by direct clamping of a vessel.
Sutures are often used, aided by a needle holder.
Cautery and related instruments are used with increasing frequency in high resource countries.
 Retractors: 
Surgery is often considered to be largely about exposure.
A multitude of retractors exist to aid in exposing the body's cavities accessed during surgery.
These can broadly be handheld (often by a junior assistant) or self-retaining.
Elevators can be both cutting and lifting/retracting.
 Tissue unifying instruments and materials: 
This would include instruments that aid in tissue unification (such as needle holders or staple applicators) 
And the materials themselves 

Instruments used in surgery are:

References 

Surgical instruments
Surgical instruments
 Surgical instruments
Beta Vukanović

Beta Vukanović (18 April 1872 – 31 October 1972), also known as Babette Bachmayer, was a Serbian painter and centenarian.

Biography
Born in Bamberg, Upper Franconia, German Empire, she initially studied painting at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich. She also worked with Anton Ažbe. From 1898, she lived mostly in Belgrade. Her earliest works reflected the influence of plein-air painting in Munich, which changed to Impressionism before World War I. Her later style was predominantly realistic; she painted many pictures of the Serbian landscape and its people.

She originated Serbian artistic caricature  and left around 500 humorous portraits of contemporaries from the social and cultural scene in Belgrade.

Beta Vukanović died in Belgrade, aged 100.

Personal life
Her husband was an Impressionist painter, Rista Vukanović (born 3 April 1873, Bugovina, near Trebinje, Herzegovina - died 7 January 1918, Paris), recognized as one of the artists responsible for taking Serbian art into new directions. He studied at St Petersburg and Munich, later teaching at various institutions.

See also
 List of Serbian centenarians

References

External links
 Legacy
 Photo of Beta Vukanović
 YouTube channel
 Lični stavovi - Nepoželjni jer su Nemci, danas.rs; accessed 10 May 2018.

Serbian Impressionist painters
1872 births
1972 deaths
Serbian centenarians
Serbian caricaturists
Women caricaturists
Serbian women painters
20th-century women artists
Artists from Belgrade
Women centenarians
Emigrants from the German Empire
Immigrants to the Kingdom of Serbia
Pansy Craze

The Pansy Craze was a period of increased LGBT visibility in American popular culture from the late-1920s until the mid-1930s. During the "craze," drag queens — known as "pansy performers" — experienced a surge in underground popularity, especially in Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago, and San Francisco. The exact dates of the movement are debated, with a range from the late 1920s until 1935.

The term "pansy craze" was first coined by the historian George Chauncey in his 1994 book Gay New York.

The Craze 
New York's first drag balls were held in Harlem's Hamilton Lodge in 1869. 

In the 1920s, female impersonators were hired to perform at cabarets and speakeasies in many major cities, including New York, Paris, London, Berlin, and San Francisco. The target audience was straight, which gave the performers broader social acceptance. 

Gene Malin — known as the "Queen of the Pansy Craze" — achieved relative mainstream success, appearing in both Hollywood films and Broadway shows. Malin worked primarily in New York City in the early-1930s; however, his career was cut short when he died in an automobile accident at the age of 25. 

Other stars during the Pansy Craze included Karyl Norman and Ray Bourbon, as well as the gay pianist and singer Bruz Fletcher, who gained fame in Los Angeles during the Pansy Craze.

End of the era 
Beginning in late-1933 and escalating throughout the first half of 1934, American Roman Catholics launched a campaign against what they deemed the immorality of American cinema. This led to legal restrictions in the public visibility of homosexuality through the Hays Code. Police simultaneously began strict crackdowns on the public presence of homosexuals during the Great Depression, as calls for politicians to "clean up" downtown nightlife came from progressive reformers.

Legacy 
Scholars argue the Pansy Craze broadened the range of acceptable behaviors for men, even though restrictions on gender conformity and LGBT visibility were tightened after this period. In later decades, drag queens such as Divine and Rupaul again starred in Hollywood films, and performers such as Jinkx Monsoon appeared on Broadway.

See also
 List of drag queens

References

Further reading
George Chauncey: Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (Basic Books, 1994), especially Chapter 11: "Pansies on Parade"
 Chad Heap, Slumming: Sexual and Racial Encounters in American Nightlife, 1885–1940 (University of Chicago Press, 2009), especially Chapter 6, "The Pansy and Lesbian Craze in White and Black"

External links
 Queer Music Heritage: "The Pansy Craze: the Story and the Music by JD Doyle
 Queer Cultural Center – Bentley Profile.
 Baltimore Afro American contemporary articles

LGBT history in the United States
Musical theatre
1930s in LGBT history
Drag (entertainment)
History of gay men in the United States
Great Depression in the United States
Prohibition in the United States
Joseph Allegranza

Joseph Allegranza (; 16 October 1715 in Milan, Duchy of Milan – 18 December 1785 in Milan), pen name sometimes Rosario Maria Eulabio, was a Dominican historian, archaeologist and antiquary known for cataloguing the collection of Count Carlo Pertusati, now the Biblioteca di Brera.

Allegranza belonged to the monastery at the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio and taught theology at Novara and Vercelli in the Kingdom of Sardinia before earning his doctorate in theology in Rome in 1746. He then travelled across Liguria, Piedmont and southern France, and reached Naples by 1750. There, he and Constantino Grimaldi considered a Pansophic library to "administer the most certain and adequate idea of the character, genius, rites and customs of the ancient Nations".

He then visited Sicily and Malta, where he wrote the Philological Letters (Lettere filologiche sopra il Regno di Sicilia e sopra Malta) and then to Chieti, where he taught at the seminary for two years, and Rome for some months between 1754 and 1755, and relocated permanently to Milan in 1755.

In 1770, the Habsburg sovereign Maria Theresa, who controlled Milan as part of the Archduchy of Austria, assigned the literary collection, earlier donated by the State Congregation of Lombardy to her son Archduke Ferdinand Karl, for public use. Likely after this dedication, Allegranza was tasked with cataloguing the collection, for which he received a medal from the Empress; the library would open to the public in 1786.

In 1773 his most famous work De sepulcris christianis in aedibus sacris: accedunt inscriptiones sepulcrales christianae saeculo septimo antiquiores in Insubria Austriaca repertae was published, ably depicting early tombstones and epitaphs from across Italy.

Selected works 
Spiegazioni e riflessioni sopra alcuni sacri monumenti antichi di Milano (Milan, 1757)
De sepulcris christianis in aedibus sacris. — Accedunt inscriptiones sepulcrales christianae saeculo septimo antiquiores in Insubria Austriaca repertae: item Inscriptiones sepulcrales ecclesiarum atque aedium PP. Ord. Praed. Mediolani (Milan, 1773)
De Monogrammate D. N. Jesu Christi et usitatis ejus effingendi modis (Milan, 1773)
Opuscoli eruditi latini ed italiani (Cremona, 1781)	
Osservazioni antiquarie critiche e fisiche fatte nel regno di Sicilia (Milan, 1781)

References

1715 births
1785 deaths
Italian Dominicans
Writers from Milan
Archaeologists from Milan
George F. Cram

George Franklin Cram (1842-1928) was an American map publisher. He served in the U.S. Army during the American Civil War as a first sergeant in Company F of the 105th Illinois Volunteers serving until the end of the war. Upon mustering out he then joined his uncle Rufus Blanchard's Evanston map business in 1867. Two years later, he became sole proprietor of the firm and renamed it the George F. Cram Co. which became a leading map firm in the United States.  The best known atlas began as The Standard Atlas of the United States which eventually was renamed the Unrivaled Family Atlas which ran for dozens of editions over many decades. His was one of the first American firms to publish a world atlas. Cram's firm was instrumental in developing the cerography technique, in which metal printing plates were created by electroplating a wax engraved model. It made large and vastly less expensive print runs possible, which brought more affordable maps into people's homes.

Cram married Martha A. Hiatt in 1865. They had three daughters.  George Cram died in Spokane, Washington on May 24, 1928.

References 

 Andrew M. Modelski, "History of Railroads and Maps" (Washington: Library of Congress, 1984), pp. ix-xxi, which represented a revision of the "Introduction" to Railroad Maps of the United States, compiled by Andrew M. Modelski (Washington: Library of Congress, 1975), pp. 1-14.   Available at http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/rrintro.html
 Soldiering with Sherman: Civil War Letters of George F. Cram. (2000). Jennifer Cain Bohrnstedt (Editor), George Franklin Cram, Orville Vernon Burton (Introduction). Northern Illinois University Press.

External links

 Western U.S. Atlas and Transcontinental Railroad Maps at www.cprr.org
 Cram's World Atlas 1901
David Rumsey Map Collection, Search Results: Publisher equal to 'Cram'

1842 births
1928 deaths
Map publishing companies
Jean Allemand

Jean Allemand was a French Catholic priest and Orientalist, born 19 November 1799; died 9 August 1833. 
After his ordination he was made professor of Sacred Scripture in the Roman Seminary, Consultor of the Congregation of the Index, Censor of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, and editor of the "Annales des sciences religieuses". He wrote on Purgatory against Dudley, and a warning against the hieroglyphic discoveries of Champollion (Rome, 1834).

References

1799 births
1833 deaths
French orientalists
French biblical scholars
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
19th-century French Catholic theologians
Institute of Business Studies & Research

The Institute of Business Studies & Research (IBSAR) is a business school located in the CBD Belapur district of Navi Mumbai and also at Baner Pune, India. IBSAR was established in 2005 in Mumbai and 2007 in Pune. It focuses on business programs for specific disciplines and places emphasis on training for the business world.  The executive director of the Institute is Dr. M. L. Monga. ISBAR is also ISO 9001:2000 certified for quality management systems.

IBSAR Has its own college building & hostel. IBSAR has applied for AICTE approval.

Programs
IBSAR Programme Architecture 
Master of International Business 
MBA in Marketing, Retail & Information System Management 
MBA in Human Resource & Information System Management 
MBA in Financial Services & Information System Management 
MBA in Logistics & Supply Chain Management 
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) 
MA (Human Resources) 
Master of Journalism (Print and Mass communication) 
Bachelor of Journalism (English Print Media)
Post Graduate Program In Business Management

External links
 Institute of Business Studies & Research (Official Website)

Education in Navi Mumbai
Business schools in Mumbai
Educational institutions established in 2005
2005 establishments in Maharashtra
Kozhukhovskaya

Kozhukhovskaya () is a station on Moscow Metro's Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line. Named after the district it is located in, the station was opened on December 28, 1995 as part of the first stage of the Lyublinsky radius. The station is a single vaulted design with a back vault to accommodate for the additional hydroisolation required.

The theme of the decoration is history of automobile design which shows the perfection of the station walls made of white marble turning into a large aluminum ceiling. Darker, brown marble is used for lower regions of the back vault and lighting comes from very large and contrasting red metallic structures hanging from the main vault. Grey granite also contributes to the station's very bright appearance. The architects are A.Vigdorov and L.Borzenkov.

The station has one vestibule with a glazed pavilion on the corner of Yuzhnoportovaya and Trofimova streets.

References

External links
 Metro.ru
 mosmetro.ru
 mymetro.ru
 news.metro.ru
 KartaMetro.info — Station location and exits on Moscow map (English/Russian)

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1995
Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line
Railway stations located underground in Russia
Henry Torrens Anstruther

Henry Torrens Anstruther (27 November 1860 – 5 April 1926) was a Scottish Liberal Unionist politician.

Biography 
The second son of Sir Robert Anstruther, 5th Baronet MP, he was educated at Eton College and the University of Edinburgh. He became an advocate in Edinburgh in 1884, and was Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament for St Andrews Burghs from 1886–1903 in succession to his father. He served in government as a Lord of the Treasury from 1895–1903.

He was a Justice of the Peace for Buckinghamshire and Fife, and from 1903 he was a member of the Administrative Council of the Suez Canal Company. He was an Alderman on London County Council from 1905–1910. With his wife, the writer Eva Anstruther, whom he divorced in 1915, he was father of the writer Joyce Anstruther, better-known via her pen-name of Jan Struther.

References

Sources

Image, npg.org.uk. Accessed 22 November 2022.

External links 
 

1860 births
1926 deaths
Members of London County Council
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fife constituencies
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Scottish constituencies
People educated at Eton College
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Younger sons of baronets
19th-century Scottish politicians
20th-century Scottish politicians
Henry Torrens
Oterleek

Oterleek is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Alkmaar, and lies about 4 km south of Heerhugowaard.

History 
The village was first mentioned in 1256 as Oterleke, and is a combination of "outwards" and "natural stream". Oterleek developed on the old land outside of the dike of Heerhugowaard which was poldered between 1629 and 1631. Before the Schermer and the Heerhugowaard were polder, the village was located on an island between the two lakes. In 1573, the village was burnt by Diederik Sonoy for conspiring with the Spanish.

A large part of the village burnt down 1922. There are three polder mills and one grist mill in Oterleek.

Oterleek was home to 230 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1970, when it was merged with Schermer. In 2015, it became part of the municipality of Alkmaar.

People from Oterleek
 Jacob Gelt Dekker (1948-2019), dentist by trade, entrepreneur, and author of The Caribbean [Amsterdam Publishers, 2018].

Gallery

References

Alkmaar
Populated places in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland
Schermerhorn

Schermerhorn is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Alkmaar, and lies about 9 km south of Heerhugowaard.

History 
The village was first mentioned in the 14th century as Den Horn, and means "corner (of the dike) in the Schermer (polder)". Schermerhorn developed in the 13th century on the northern corner of the dike surrounding the former island . In 1635, it was connected to the main land and Alkmaar.

The Dutch Reformed church is a three aisled basilica-like church with a slender tower and needle spire. The church was built between 1634 and 1635. There are six polder mills and a wind mill museum in mill D in Schermerhorn. The museum has a glass floor in order to demonstrate the inner workings of a polder mill. In 1928, the pumping station Wilhelmina was built.

Schermerhorn was home to 643 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality until 1970, when it was merged with Schermer. In 2015, it became part of the municipality of Alkmaar.

Gallery

References

External links

Former municipalities of North Holland
Populated places in North Holland
Alkmaar
Grootschermer

Grootschermer is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since January 1, 2015 it has been a part of the municipality of Alkmaar, and lies about 12 km southeast of the city centre of Alkmaar.

The village was first mentioned in the first half of the 11th century as Skirmere, and means "big white/clear lake". Grootschermer developed in the 13th century when a dike was constructed around the Eilandspolder. It was partially a peat excavation settlement. Until 1811, it consists of two linear settlements.

The Dutch Reformed church is aisleless church with wooden tower which dates from 1762. It was restored between 1978 and 1980. The former town hall is a stepped gable building in mannerist style from 1639. Between 1938 and 1939, the former court house from Noordschermer was added to the back of the building.

Grootschermer was home to 415 people in 1840. It used to be the capital of Zuid- en Noord-Schermer, but was merged into Schermer in 1970. In 2015, it became part of the municipality of Alkmaar.

Gallery

References

Populated places in North Holland
Alkmaar
Driehuizen, Alkmaar

Driehuizen is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Alkmaar, and lies about 8 km south of the city of Alkmaar. The name literally means Three houses, and was first mentioned in 1639.

Driehuizen developed on the former island of . According to legend, there were three houses in 1603.  After the Schermer was poldered in 1635, it received a road connection to Zuidschermer. Driehuizen was home to 156 people in 1840.

The former Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church with wooden tower which was built in 1912 as a replacement of the 1648 church. It is nowadays used as village house.

Gallery

References

Populated places in North Holland
Alkmaar
Zuidschermer

Zuidschermer is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Alkmaar, and lies about 7 km south of the city of Alkmaar.

History 
The village was first mentioned in 1867 as "Zd Schemer (Zwarte kerkje)" and means "southern (part) of the Schermer (polder)". Zuidschermer developed after the Schermer was poldered in 1635 at the intersection of the Zuidervaart with the Driehuizerweg. It started to grow after 1930.

The Dutch Reformed church is better known as Zwarte Kerkje (Little black church). It was constructed out of tarred wood in 1662. In 1831, it was connected with the school. In 1834, the walls were rebuilt in stone. The Catholic St Michaels Church is a three aisled basilica-like church with a needle spire in expressionist style. It was constructed between 1930 and 1931.

The wind mill Poldermolen K is a polder mill from 1635. It was moved to its current location in 1645. Until 1929, it drained the K part of the polder. In 1983, it was restored. In 1987, a little paaltjasker was built near the farm Blockerhoeck.

Zuidschermer was home to 377 people in 1840.

Gallery

References

Populated places in North Holland
Alkmaar
Stompetoren

Stompetoren is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Alkmaar, and lies about 6 km southeast of the city of Alkmaar.

History 
The village was first mentioned in 1680 as Kerck. The current name means "stubby tower" after the shape of the Dutch Reformed church tower. Stompetoren developed after the Schermer was poldered in 1635 on the intersection of the Noordervaart with the Oterlekerweg.

The Dutch Reformed church is a single aisled church with a baluster on top of the tower, but without a spire. The church was built between 1662 and 1663. Wittenburg is an estate in Renaissance Revival style and surrounded by a moat. It was constructed in 1889 and replaces a farm. Between 1986 and 1987, it was converted to serve as town hall.

Stompetoren was home to 123 people in 1840.

Gallery

References

Populated places in North Holland
Alkmaar
Jennifer Smith (soprano)

Jennifer Smith (born 13 July 1945 in Lisbon, Portugal) graduated from the  and went to London on a Gulbenkian scholarship. Her varied recording career includes opera and recital from baroque to modern. Her ability to sing in European-Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese makes her a specialist in the music of those countries and composers such as , , Heitor Villa-Lobos and . She appeared in Tony Palmer's 1995 television film on Henry Purcell, "England My England". She was professor of vocal studies and French Mélodie at the Royal College of Music, London, from 1997 to 2007. She now lives in Vendée, France. She has two children, singer-songwriter Carmen Smith and author Joseph Smith.

Sources
Cummings, David (ed.), "Smith, Jennifer", International Who's Who in Music, Routledge, 2000, p. 602. 
Hyperion Records, Jennifer Smith (soprano):biography and disscography accessed 28 January 2008
Warrack, John and West, Ewan, "Smith, Jennifer", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, Oxford University Press, 1996 (accessed online via subscription 28 January 2008)

External links
 Official Website for Jennifer Smith, Soprano

1945 births
Living people
Academics of the Royal College of Music
Singers from Lisbon
Portuguese operatic sopranos
20th-century Portuguese women opera singers
Portuguese music educators
Portuguese women music educators
Sir Robert Anstruther, 5th Baronet

Sir Robert Anstruther, 5th Baronet (28 August 1834 – 21 July 1886) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1864 and 1886.

Life and career 
Anstruther was the son of Sir Ralph Anstruther, 4th Baronet and his wife Mary Jane Torrens, eldest daughter of Major-General Sir Henry Torrens, K.C.B. Anstruther was educated at Harrow School and joined the Grenadier Guards, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1863, on the death of his father, he succeeded to the baronetcy. He was Lord Lieutenant of Fife from 1864 to 1886 and was Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Caithness.

Anstruther was Member of Parliament for Fife from 1864 to 1880 and for St Andrews Burghs from 1885 to 1886.

Marriage and issue 
Anstruther married Louisa Maria Chowne Marshall, daughter of Reverend William Knox Marshall and Louisa Marsh, on 29 July 1857 at Beckenham, Kent. Their children included Sir Ralph Anstruther, who succeeded to the baronetcy, Henry Torrens Anstruther who was elected to his father's constituency and Admiral Robert Anstruther.

References

External links 
 

1834 births
1886 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Grenadier Guards officers
Lord-Lieutenants of Fife
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fife constituencies
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1885–1886
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
19th-century Scottish politicians
Robert, 5th Baronet
Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Scottish constituencies
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Neithon of Alt Clut

Neithon son of Guipno (died c. 621) was a 7th-century ruler of Alt Clut, a Brittonic kingdom based on Dumbarton Rock. According to the Harleian genealogies, he was the son of Guipno map Dumnagual Hen. Alfred Smyth suggests he is the same man as King Nechtan the Great of the Picts, and perhaps the Nechtan son of Canu the Annals of Ulster record as having died in 621. The Senchus fer n-Alban indicate that Gartnait, the son of Áedán mac Gabráin, King of Dál Riata, sired a son named Cano, but unless the Harleian genealogies are to be ignored, this would make Gartnait and Dumnagual Hen the same persons, as the respective fathers of Gartnait and Guipno. However, it is possible that either as an Alt Clut Briton ascending the throne of Pictland, or as a Pict ascending the throne of Alt Clut, his genealogy might have been altered, and it is notable that in the Pictish king-lists he is called "Nechtan, nepos Uerb", suggesting that it was a descent from Uerb that mattered in Pictland, and not his unimportant father Guipno/Canu. Alan Orr Anderson pointed out that Uerb is probably the Pictish form of Ferb (genitive Feirbe), a female name. Alan MacQuarrie suggests that Neithon was indeed the Pictish king Nechtan, but does not take any stance on the Guipno/Canu problem.

Notes

References
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922).
 
 MacQuarrie, Alan, "The Kings of Strathclyde", in A. Grant & K.Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 1–19.
 Williams, Anne, Smyth, Alfred P., and Kirby, D.P., (eds.), A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain, (London, 1991), s.v. "Nechtán", p. 183

External links
 Annals of Ulster
 Harleian genealogy 5

620s deaths
Monarchs of Strathclyde
7th-century Scottish monarchs
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
London Film Critics Circle Awards 2002

23rd London Film Critics Circle Awards
12 February 2003

Film of the Year: 
 About Schmidt 

British Film of the Year: 
 All or Nothing 

The 23rd London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 2002, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 12 February 2003.

Winners and nominees

Film of the Year
 About Schmidt 
Bowling for Columbine
Donnie Darko
Lantana
Road to Perdition

British Film of the Year
 All or Nothing 
About a Boy
Sweet Sixteen

Foreign Language Film of the Year
 Y Tu Mamá También • Mexico
The Son's Room • Italy
Talk to Her • Spain

Director of the Year
 Phillip Noyce - The Quiet American 
Pedro Almodóvar - Talk to Her
Peter Jackson - The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

British Director of the Year
Christopher Nolan - Insomnia 
Mike Leigh - All or Nothing
Sam Mendes - Road to Perdition

Screenwriter of the Year
Andrew Bovell - Lantana 
Nia Vardalos - My Big Fat Greek Wedding
David Self - Road to Perdition

British Screenwriter of the Year
Steven Knight - Dirty Pretty Things 
Mike Leigh - All or Nothing
Paul Laverty - Sweet Sixteen

Actor of the Year
Michael Caine - The Quiet American 
Jack Nicholson - About Schmidt
Al Pacino - Insomnia

Actress of the Year
Stockard Channing - The Business of Strangers 
Kerry Armstrong - Lantana
Halle Berry - Monster's Ball

British Actor of the Year
Hugh Grant - About a Boy 
Chiwetel Ejiofor - Dirty Pretty Things
Ralph Fiennes - Spider

British Actress of the Year
Lesley Manville - All or Nothing 
Samantha Morton - Morvern Callar
Miranda Richardson - Spider

British Supporting Actor of the Year
Kenneth Branagh - Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 
Paul Bettany - A Beautiful Mind
Jude Law - Road to Perdition

British Supporting Actress of the Year
Emily Watson - Red Dragon 
Shirley Henderson - 24 Hour Party People
Ruth Sheen - All or Nothing

British Newcomer of the Year
Martin Compston - Sweet Sixteen  
Keira Knightley - Bend It Like Beckham 
Asif Kapadia - The Warrior

Dilys Powell Award
Lewis Gilbert

External links
IMDB
Official Website

References

2
2002 film awards
2002 in London
2002 in British cinema