alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1808 in art

Events in the year 1808 in Art.

Events
May 2 and May 3 – In Spain the guerrilla resistance movement against the French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte begins; immortalized in 1814 by Francisco Goya's Third of May 1808.
April 5 – John James Audubon marries Lucy Bakewell. 
 The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, is given the title of Royal Academy of Fine Arts by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria.
 The Rijksmuseum moves from The Hague to Amsterdam, where it is located temporarily at the Royal Palace.
 Thomas Phillips is elected to the Royal Academy.

Works
 François Joseph Bosio – Statue of Cupid with a bow (Hermitage Museum)
 Antonio Canova – Venus Victrix (marble reclining nude)
 Richard Cosway – Portrait miniature of Arthur Wellesley
 François-Xavier Fabre – The Judgement of Paris (approximate date)
 Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson
 The Entombment of Atala
 François-René de Chateaubriand
 Hortense de Beauharnais
 Francisco Goya – Prison Interior
 Antoine-Jean Gros – Napoléon on the Battlefield of Eylau
 Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
 The Bather
 Oedipus explains the riddle of the Sphinx
 Thomas Lawrence – Portrait of the Children of Ayscoghe Boucherett
 Edouard Pingret – Portrait of Napoleon I of France

Publications
Johann Dominicus Fiorillo – .
Robert Blair – The Grave, with illustrations from designs by William Blake (including A Vision of the Last Judgment).
Augustus Charles Pugin & Thomas Rowlandson – Volume 1 of The Microcosm of London, illustrated in aquatint from watercolours produced jointly by Pugin & Rowlandson and published by Rudolph Ackermann in London.

Births
February 5  – Carl Spitzweg, German Biedermeier painter (died 1885)
February 26 – Honoré Daumier, French painter, sculptor and illustrator (died 1879)
March 6 – Sofia Adlersparre, Swedish painter (died 1862)
July 12 – Edward Troye, Swiss-born American equine painter (died 1874)
December 14 – Édouard De Bièfve, Belgian painter (died 1882)
 Date unknown – Nikola Aleksić, Serbian portraitist in the Biedermeier artistic tradition and the Nazarene movement of 19th century German painters (died 1873)

Deaths
February 10 – Hugh Douglas Hamilton, Irish portrait artist (born 1740)
March 1 – Fredrika Eleonora von Düben, Swedish textile artist, member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts (born 1738)
March 3 – Anton von Maron, Austrian painter active in Rome (born 1733)
April 10 – Jean-Laurent Mosnier, French painter and miniaturist (born 1743)
April 15 – Hubert Robert, French painter (born 1733)
April 26 – Jean-Baptiste Pillement, French Rococo painter, designer and engraver (born 1728)
June 1 – Jacques Kuyper, Dutch printmaker, painter, draftsman, watercolourist, etcher, musician, and composer (born 1761)
June 6 – Magdalene Bärens, Danish still life and flower painter (born 1737)
December 4 – Karl Ludwig Fernow, German art critic (born 1763)
December 18 – Christina Chalon, Dutch painter and etcher (born 1748)
 date unknown – Samuel Shelley, English miniaturist and watercolour painter (born 1750)

References

 
Years of the 19th century in art
1800s in art
Meadow Hall and Wincobank railway station

Meadowhall and Wincobank railway station—also known in the 19th century as Meadow Hall at the time of the Meadow Hall Iron Works—was a railway station on the South Yorkshire Railway near Sheffield, England.

History and description
The station was on the Barnsley to Sheffield branch of the South Yorkshire Railway, and was the last station on the southern end of the line before the junction with the Midland Railway's Sheffield and Rotherham Railway. It served the communities of Brightside, Wincobank and Blackburn.

This southern connection closed in August 1864 when the line to Woodburn Junction opened, and a passenger service was inaugurated between Sheffield Victoria and Barnsley station. 

It was opened as Meadow Hall station in May 1868 and consisted of two platforms flanking the railway. The main station building alongside Blackburn Road remains and is in good condition. 

It was renamed as Meadow Hall and Wincobank in July 1899, and kept the name until the station closed to passengers on 7 December 1953. 

The line through Meadow Hall closed completely from 31 July 1987 having not seen any traffic since 3 April when Class 20 20150 worked a return trip from Tinsley yard to the Roe Brothers scrap yard. The line from Tinsley South Junction to Meadowhall was subsequently lifted the following year. The line was transformed into a cycle path, which now forms part of the Trans Pennine Trail.

References

Disused railway stations in Sheffield
Former South Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1953
Quebec (AG) v Blaikie (No 1)

Quebec (AG) v Blaikie (No 1), [1979] 2 S.C.R. 1016 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on language rights in the Constitution Act, 1867. The Court held that the sections of Quebec's Charter of the French Language (better-known at the time as "Bill 101"), which required that provincial laws be enacted in French only, violated section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867.

Section 133 reads as follows:

The Court found that these requirements apply to all legislation and regulations. On this basis, it found the restrictions placed upon English in Chapter III of Title I of the Charter of the French Language to be ultra vires the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

The interpretation given by the Court to language rights was expansive in four respects:

1.	Both the English and French versions of a law have official status, or else the law cannot be said to have been “enacted” in both language;

2.	All subordinate legislation, including regulations, are regarded as being “laws”, and thus the versions in both languages have official status;

3.	The rights of all persons to use either official language in court applies to artificial persons such as corporations;

4.	“Courts of Quebec” was interpreted to include administrative tribunals and panels, in addition to ordinary courts.

Chapter III of Title I of the Charter of the French Language, entitled "The Language of the Legislature and of the Courts", reads as follows:

The Court provided the following explanation for finding the restrictions on English in these provisions to be unconstitutional:

Aftermath
Upon receiving the judgment the government of Quebec applied for a rehearing in order to get clarification on whether there were any exemptions from section 133. The policy purpose of the application was to allow the provincial government to restrict the scope of English-language services as much as possible, without violating section 133. Two years later the Court handed down its decision in Quebec (Attorney General) v. Blaikie (No. 2) (1981), clarifying that municipal governments, which are creatures of the provincial government, are nonetheless not constitutionally obliged to conduct their proceedings or to produce bylaws in both languages.

See also
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Laskin Court)
 Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights

External links

Canadian constitutional case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
1979 in Canadian case law
Quebec language policy
Joseph Benson Gilder

Joseph Benson Gilder (June 29, 1858 – December 9, 1936) was an American editor.  He was the brother of Richard Watson Gilder and Jeannette Leonard Gilder and the explorer William Henry Gilder.

Biography
Gilde was the son of the clergyman William Henry Gilder. He was born in Flushing, New York, studied two years at the United States Naval Academy, and for some time was engaged in newspaper work in Newark, N. J. and New York City. In 1881, with his sister, he founded The Critic, of which he was coeditor until 1906 when publication of The Critic ended.

Gilder was literary advisor to the Century Company (1895–1902); helped organize the University Settlement House of New York; in 1902–04 was United States dispatch agent at London; and in 1910–11 was editor of the New York Times "Review of Books".

He edited: 
James Russell Lowell's Impressions of Spain (1899) 
Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth (1900) 
The American Idea (1902) 
Addresses of John Hay (1906) 
Essays from the Critic (1882) (with his sister) 
Authors at Home (1889)

Notes

References

External links
 
 

1858 births
1936 deaths
American book editors
American male journalists
The New York Times editors
David Zane Mairowitz

David Zane Mairowitz (born 1943 in New York City, United States), is a writer. He has written radio dramas, graphic novels, and nonfiction books & essays.

Mairowitz studied English literature and philosophy at Hunter College, New York; and drama at the University of California, Berkeley.

In 1966 he immigrated to England, where he worked as a freelance writer. He was one of the founding editors of International Times.

Since 1982 he has resided in southern France.

Works
 The Law Circus (1969), a play.
 BAMN: Outlaw Manifestos and Ephemera 1965–70 (1971), editor with Peter Stansill.
 Flash Gordon and the Angels (1971), a play.
 The Radical Soap Opera: Roots of Failure in the American Left (1974).
 The Stalin Sonata (1989), a radio drama.
 Dictator Gal (broadcast in 1992), a radio drama starring Josette Simon.
 Kafka for Beginners, also known as Introducing Kafka (1993), illustrated by Robert Crumb.
 Introducing Camus, illustrated by Alain Korkos.
 Graphic novel version of Franz Kafka's The Castle, illustrated by Czech artist and musician Jaromír 99 (Jaromír Švejdík).
 Love Tunnels: Getting Married in Las Vegas, a radio documentary broadcast in February 2021 on the CBC Radio programme Ideas.

References

External links
 David Zane Mairowitz Radio Dramas
 Articles on FindArticles.com
 "The Rose Revolution Shows its Thorns"
 "Outpost of the New Cold War"
 "Playing Intifada: the New Anti-Semitism in France"

1943 births
Living people
Hunter College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American emigrants to England
Writers from New York (state)
American emigrants to France
Cassaro

Cassaro (Sicilian: Càssaru, in the local dialect: Càssuru) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Syracuse, Sicily (Italy). The name is originally from the Arabic word القصر (al-Qasru) meaning "the castle." Cassaro is  from Ragusa and  west of the city of Siracusa. Cassaro has 859 inhabitants.

History
According to the Capibreve of Silvestri, in the Middle Ages the town belonged to the Spadafora family. Margherita Moleti Spadafora married the Baron Pietro Siracusa, who belonged to one of the oldest families in the town of Noto and was also Baron of Monastero and Xiridia. The Siracusa dynasty (formerly known as "Zaragoza") is of Spanish origin, documented in Sicily since 1283. Members of this Family has been also the lords of [Collesano], counts of Villalta and duque of Casteldimirto. Records are in the State Archiv of Palermo (Fondo Protonotaro). Beatrice Siracusa, the only daughter of the above-mentioned Pietro and Margherita Siracusa (who are also ancestor of the Queen Paola of Belgium) married Pietro Gaetani Baron of Sortino. Beatrice died with her son Guido during the earthquake of 1452. Their possessions passed to her son Cesare, ancestor of the actual Princes of Cassaro. The current princess is Sara Tononi.

Main sights
Sights in Cassaro include the Mother Church, dedicated to Saint Peter (started in the 17th century and ended in 1730), and the Church of Saint Anthony the Abbot (17th-18th century).

References
Ecclesfield railway station

Ecclesfield railway station can mean:
 Ecclesfield East railway station, on the "Blackburn Valley" line of the South Yorkshire Railway, closed in 1954
 Ecclesfield West railway station, on the Midland Railway, closed in 1967
Artemas Ward Jr.

Artemas Ward Jr. (January 9, 1762 – October 7, 1847), like his father, Artemas Ward, was a United States representative from Massachusetts.  He served in the Thirteenth Congress and Fourteenth Congress (1813–1817).  He was a member of the Federalist Party.

Biography
Ward was born in Shrewsbury in the Province of Massachusetts Bay on January 9, 1762.  He graduated from Harvard University in 1783, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1783, and practiced in Weston.

From 1796 to 1800, Ward served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives.  He moved to Charlestown in 1800, where he continued to practice law.

Ward served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives again in 1811 and, in 1812, was elected to the United States House of Representatives. He was reelected in 1814.  He served in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses (March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817).

Ward served in the Massachusetts State Senate in 1818 and 1819, and was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1820.

From 1820 to 1839 Ward was Chief Justice of Boston's Court of Common Pleas from 1820 to 1839.

He was a member of the Harvard University Board of Overseers from 1810 to 1844.

Ward died in Boston on October 7, 1847.  He was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge.

References

External links

1762 births
1847 deaths
People from Shrewsbury, Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Garfield Davies, Baron Davies of Coity

David Garfield Davies, Baron  Davies of Coity,  (24 June 1935 – 4 March 2019 ) was a Labour Co-operative peer in the House of Lords and a former trade union leader.

Biography
Davies left school at 15 and worked as an electrician, serving in the Royal Air Force 1956–58. In 1969 he became a full-time trade union official with USDAW and rose through the ranks, becoming General Secretary of the union in 1986. He retired in 1997.

Davies was named CBE in 1996 and created a life peer as Baron Davies of Coity, of Penybont in the County of Mid Glamorgan on 1 October 1997. Davies belonged to the Labour Friends of Israel lobby group.

Baron Davies of Coity died on 4 March 2019, aged 83.

References

Davies, Garfield, Baron Davies of Coity
Davies, Garfield, Baron Davies of Coity
Davies of Coity, Garfield Davies, Baron
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Davies, Garfield, Baron Davies of Coity
General Secretaries of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress
Labour Friends of Israel
Useless (film)

Useless () is a 2007 documentary film directed by Jia Zhangke. It is Jia's second full-length documentary film after 2006's Dong. The film follows China's fashion and clothing industry. The film was produced by Jia Zhangke's own Xstream Pictures, in association with the China Film Association and the Mixmind Art and Design Company.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 5.80/10.

References

External links

Useless at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival

Chinese documentary films
2000s Mandarin-language films
Films directed by Jia Zhangke
Documentary films about China
Films about fashion
2007 documentary films
2007 in fashion
Custos Rotulorum of Sussex

This is a list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Sussex.

 Sir William Shelley bef. 1544–1549
 Sir Richard Sackville 1549–1566
 Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset bef. 1573–1608
 Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel 1608–1636
 Henry Howard, Baron Maltravers 1636–1646
 Interregnum
 Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland 1660–1668
 Joceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland 1668–1670
 Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset 1670–1677
 Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset 1677–1706
For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Sussex.

References

Institute of Historical Research - Custodes Rotulorum 1544-1646
Institute of Historical Research - Custodes Rotulorum 1660-1828

Sussex
History of Sussex
Local government in East Sussex
Local government in West Sussex
Palo Duro High School

Palo Duro High School is a school located in the city of Amarillo, Texas, United States, and is one of four high schools in the Amarillo Independent School District. As of the 2016–17 school year, it has 2,075 students.

The school was named after Palo Duro Canyon, a canyon system in the Texas Panhandle. 

Classified as a 5A school by the UIL. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Heritage, Traditions, and Other Customs. 
Palo Duro High School or maybe known by its nickname "the Pride of the Northside". With the motto "Virtute Et Labore" meaning power and labor in Latin. Palo Duro is one of the most ethnically diverse in the city, with students ranging from Hispanic to Asian, and African students.

Athletics
The Palo Duro Dons compete in these sports -

Cross Country, Volleyball, Football, Wrestling, Basketball, Swimming, Soccer, Golf, Bowling, Tennis, Track, Softball & Baseball

State Titles
Boys Basketball -
1956(3A)
Girls Wrestling -
2001(All), 2003(All)

1992 shooting
On September 11, 1992, then 17-year-old Randy Earl Matthews who transferred to the school from Memphis High School in Memphis, Texas at the start of the school year, shot and wounded 6 students with a .22-caliber pistol inside a hallway after a morning pep rally for a football game against Hereford High School. Luckily, all 6 students survived the shooting. Amarillo Police quickly caught him and another student who attempted to flee the scene. Matthews was charged with one count of attempted murder, five counts of aggravated assault and one count of unlawfully carrying a weapon onto school grounds, in which he served 8 years. The other student who was with him was also arrested. The shooting was believed to be a "gang shooting", all stemming from a fight in which a student had punched Matthews in the face.

Feeder schools (Palo Duro Cluster)

Middle schools
Horace Mann Middle School
Travis Middle School
Travis 6th Grade Campus
Allen Middle School (6th Grade campus)

Elementary schools
Eastridge Elementary
Emerson Elementary
Forest Hill Elementary
Hamlet Elementary
Park Hills Elementary
Mesa Verde Elementary
Pleasant Valley Elementary
Will Rogers Elementary
Whittier Elementary

Notable alumni
Michael Cobbins (born 1992), basketball player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Thomas E. Creek (Class of 1968), Medal of Honor recipient
Jinh Yu Frey (Class of 2003), professional Mixed Martial Artist, Invicta FC Atomweight Champion
Ziggy Hood (Class of 2005), NFL football player
Montrel Meander (Class of 2013), NFL player
Oscar Priego (Class of 2004), soap opera actor
Terry Stafford (Class of 1960), country music singer & songwriter
William Thomas (Class of 1987), NFL player

Notable staff
Shanna Peeples, 2015 National Teacher of the Year.

References

External links
Palo Duro High School

Educational institutions established in 1955
Amarillo Independent School District
Schools in Potter County, Texas
Public high schools in Texas
1955 establishments in Texas
Tascosa High School

Tascosa High School is a public high school located in Amarillo, Texas (USA) and classified as a 5A school by the UIL.  It is one of four high schools in the Amarillo Independent School District located in southern Potter County.  The school was opened in 1958.  In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.  The school's motto is Non Sibi Sed Omnibus, a Latin phrase meaning "Not for oneself, but for all."

Athletics
The Tascosa Rebels compete in the following sports - 

Cross Country, Cheerleading, Drill team, Volleyball, Football, Wrestling, Basketball, Swimming, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Softball& Baseball

State titles
Girls Basketball - 
1991(5A)
Team Tennis - 
1996(5A)
Boys Track - 
1963(4A)
Girls Wrestling - 
2002(All), 2014(5A)
One Act Play - 
1969(4A), 1971(4A) boys wrestling (5A) 2023

Notable alumni
 Melinda Bordelon - illustrator
 Gail Caldwell - author
 Tucker Davidson - Major League Baseball pitcher
 Kevin Fowler, Class of 1984 - country musician
 Paul Lockhart, Class of 1974 - former USAF test pilot and astronaut
 Alex O'Brien - professional tennis player
 Walter Thomas Price, IV, Class of 1986 - Amarillo attorney
 Brent Scott, Class of 1973 - U.S. Navy chief of chaplains
 Brandon Slay - U.S. gold medalist in wrestling
 J.D. Souther - singer/songwriter associated with The Eagles
 Terry Stafford, singer song-writer, sang the #1 hit Suspicion in 1964
 Francie Swift - actress
 Jim Wilson - recording artist and piano technician
 Lauren Hough -  New York Times Best Selling author and essayist.
 Keith Self - politician

References

External links
Tascosa High School

Educational institutions established in 1958
Amarillo Independent School District
Schools in Potter County, Texas
Public high schools in Texas
1958 establishments in Texas
Hugh VIII of Lusignan

Hugh VIII the Old of Lusignan or (French: Hugues le Vieux) was the  Seigneur de Lusignan, Couhé, and Château-Larcher on his father's death in 1151. He went on crusade, was captured at battle of Harim, and died in captivity.

Biography
Born in Poitou, Hugh was the eldest son of Hugh VII and of Sarracena de Lezay. He married Burgondie de Rancon, Dame de Fontenay, daughter of Geoffroy de Rancon, Seigneur de Taillebourg and wife Fossefie (Falsifie), Dame de Moncontour, by whom Hugh also became Seigneur de Fontenay: she died on April 11, 1169. He renounced the land of Jouarenne, stating by charter that it was the property of the abbey of Nouaille.

In 1163, Hugh went on crusade to the Holy Land and participated in the Battle of Harim, where he was taken prisoner. He died in captivity.

Children
Hugh and Burgondie had:
 Hugh de Lusignan, Co-Seigneur de Lusignan in 1164 (c. 1141–1169), married before 1162 Orengarde N, who died in 1169, leaving two sons who were infants at the time of his death 
 Hugh IX of Lusignan
 Raoul I de Lusignan, Count of Eu
 Robert de Lusignan, died young c. 1150
 Geoffrey of Lusignan (bef. 1150 – May, 1216), Seigneur of Moncontour and Seigneur de Soubise, Seigneur de Vouvent, de Mervent by first marriage, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon on July 28, 1191 (he relinquished these titles upon his return from the Holy Land in 1193), who fought in the Siege of Acre. Married firstly Humberge de Limoges, daughter of Aimar V of Limoges and wife Sarra de Cornouailles, with whom he had a son named Hugo, and who probably died young. He married Eustache de Chabot, Dame de Vouvent et Dame de Mervent (d. after 1200).
 Peter de Lusignan (bef. 1155 – aft. December, 1174), witnessed a charter in Antioch in 1174, but is otherwise not documented. He died probably as a Priest.
 Amalric de Lusignan, born about 1145, died 1205. He succeeded his younger brother Guy as ruler of Cyprus; later he was crowned King of Cyprus, the first of the Lusignan dynasty, and eventually also became King of Jerusalem.
 Guy of Lusignan, died 1194. He was regent and afterwards King of Jerusalem. After the loss of Jerusalem he became Lord of Cyprus.
 William de Lusignan or de Valence, born after 1163, betrothed to Beatrix de Courtenay, daughter of Joscelin III of Edessa, in 1186. The marriage does not seem to have taken place. He died before 1208.

References

Sources

12th-century births
12th-century deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Counts of La Marche
Christians of the Crusades
House of Lusignan
12th-century French people
Dragonstar (novel series)

The Dragonstar novels are a science fiction series by American writers David Bischoff and Thomas F. Monteleone, which focuses on a race of evolved dinosaurs with spacefaring technology. The individual books in the series are Dragonstar (1981, serial), Day of the Dragonstar (1983), Night of the Dragonstar (1985), and Dragonstar Destiny (1989). Aside from the appearance of Reptilian humanoids, the Dragonstar novels do not have any link to the more recent roleplaying game system Dragonstar.

External links
 

Science fiction novel series
Ardchattan and Muckairn

Ardchattan and Muckairn is a civil parish within Argyll and Bute in Scotland. It lies north of Oban, bordering Loch Etive and includes Glen Ure, Glen Creran, Barcaldine, Benderloch, Connel, Bonawe and Glen Etive.  At the 2001 census, Ardchattan and Muckairn had a population of 2,443, between them.  Its name derives from the 6th-century Irish monk Saint Cathan, combined with the Goidelic element ard-, or "heights".

In the past Ardchattan has been co-joined with its neighbouring parish of Muckairn, on the other side of Loch Etive.
Its most famous landmark is Ardchattan Priory, founded as a Valliscaulian priory around the year 1230. The priory's ruins and surrounding gardens are now open to the public.

See also
 Prior of Ardchattan
 Clan Chattan

Footnotes

External links
 Priory Ruins
 Priory Artifacts
 The Priory of Ardchattan – Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia

Geography of Argyll and Bute
Civil parishes of Scotland
ARA Patagonia

Patagonia has been used as the name for a ship in the Argentine Navy three times:

 , a protected cruiser
 , a transport ship
 , a replenishment oiler

Argentine Navy ship names
Hugh IX of Lusignan

Hugh IX "le Brun" of Lusignan (1163/1168 – 5 November 1219) was the grandson of Hugh VIII. His father, also Hugh (b. c. 1141), was the co-seigneur of Lusignan from 1164, marrying a woman named Orengarde before 1162 or about 1167 and dying in 1169. Hugh IX became seigneur of Lusignan in 1172, seigneur of Couhé and Chateau-Larcher in the 1190s, and Count of La Marche (as Hugh IV) on his grandfather's death. Hugh IX died on the Fifth Crusade at the siege of Damietta on 5 November 1219.

Hugh IX is mentioned under the pseudonym Maracdes ("Emerald") in two poems by the troubadour Gaucelm Faidit, according to the Occitan razós to these poems.

Marriage and issue
Hugh's first wife was possibly Agathe de Preuilly, daughter of Peter (Pierre) II de Preuilly and Aenor de Mauleon. Their marriage was annulled in 1189. 
 Hugh X of Lusignan married Isabella of Angoulême
 Agathe of Lusignan, married c. 1220 Geoffroi V Seigneur de Pons

His second wife, married c. 1200, was Mathilde of Angoulême (1181 – 1233), daughter of Wulgrin III of Angoulême, Count of Angoulême.

Ancestry

See also
 County of La Marche
 Raoul I of Lusignan

Notes

Sources 

 
 
 

1160s births
1219 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Lusignan, Hugh X de

Christians of the Third Crusade
Christians of the Fifth Crusade
House of Lusignan
12th-century French people
13th-century French people
Auguste Bouché-Leclercq

Auguste Bouché-Leclercq (30 July 1842 – 19 July 1923) was a French historian.

Life 

Auguste Bouché-Leclercq was born in 1842 at Francières, Oise as son of Louis-Thomas Bouché and Marie-Joséphine Leclercq. His parents were farmers. He was educated at seminaries and took his school-leaving exam in 1861 in Paris. Later he travelled as private tutor several months through Italian and German cities. In 1866 he was grammar school teacher at Meaux. In 1872 he received his doctorate in philosophy and was from 1873-1878 professor of ancient literature at the philosophical faculty of Montpellier. In 1876 he married Marie Julie Guillaume and had with her three sons and one daughter. He became professor of ancient history in Paris in 1887, member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1898 and officer of the Legion of Honour in 1903. He retired in 1918 and died in 1923 at Nogent-sur-Marne.

Bouché-Leclercq’s research centred on the ancient history of religion and the history of Hellenism. He wrote important works about the Ptolemaic dynasty and the Seleucid Empire and translated the works of German historians into French, for example, 1883-1885 the Geschichte des Hellenismus by Johann Gustav Droysen.

Works (incomplete)
1871 Les pontifes de l’ancienne Rome (thesis)
1879 Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité
1883 Histoire grecque 
1886 Manuel des institutions romaines 
1888 Histoire de la Grèce sous la domination des romains
1899 L’astrologie grecque
1900 Leçons d’histoire grecque 
1903 Histoire des Lagides 
1913 Histoire des Séleucides (323-64 avant J.-C.)

References 
 M. Prévost: Bouché-Leclercq, Auguste. In: Dictionnaire de Biographie française, vol. 6 (1954), col. 1195.

External links
Historians of Astrology - by Lester Ness (Changchun University of Technology) at cura.free.fr

People from Oise
1842 births
1923 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Montpellier
19th-century French historians
20th-century French historians
French scholars of Roman history
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Officers of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Officers of the Legion of Honour
French hellenists
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Enhanced permeability and retention effect

The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a controversial concept by which molecules of certain sizes (typically liposomes, nanoparticles, and macromolecular drugs) tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues. The general explanation that is given for this phenomenon is that, in order for tumor cells to grow quickly, they must stimulate the production of blood vessels. VEGF and other growth factors are involved in cancer angiogenesis. Tumor cell aggregates as small as 150–200 μm, start to become dependent on blood supply carried out by neovasculature for their nutritional and oxygen supply. These newly formed tumor vessels are usually abnormal in form and architecture. They are poorly aligned defective endothelial cells with wide fenestrations, lacking a smooth muscle layer, or innervation with a wider lumen, and impaired functional receptors for angiotensin II. Furthermore, tumor tissues usually lack effective lymphatic drainage. All of these factors lead to abnormal molecular and fluid transport dynamics, especially for macromolecular drugs.  This phenomenon is referred to as the "enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect" of macromolecules and lipids in solid tumors. The EPR effect is further enhanced by many pathophysiological factors involved in enhancement of the extravasation of macromolecules in solid tumor tissues. For instance, bradykinin, nitric oxide / peroxynitrite, prostaglandins, vascular permeability factor (also known as vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF), tumor necrosis factor and others.  One factor that leads to the increased retention is the lack of lymphatics around the tumor region which would filter out such particles under normal conditions.

The EPR effect is usually employed to describe nanoparticle and liposome delivery to cancer tissue. One of many examples is the work regarding thermal ablation with gold nanoparticles.  Halas, West and coworkers have shown a possible complement to radiation and chemotherapy in cancer therapy, wherein once nanoparticles are at the cancer site they can be heated up in response to a skin penetrating near IR laser (Photothermal effect). This therapy has shown to work best in conjunction with chemotherapeutics or other cancer therapies. Although the EPR effect has been postulated to carry the nanoparticles and spread inside the cancer tissue, only a small percentage (0.7% median) of the total administered nanoparticle dose is usually able to reach a solid tumor.

See also
Hiroshi Maeda (chemist)

References

Oncology
Aden, Virginia

Aden is an unincorporated community in Prince William County, Virginia, United States.  The town is centered at the intersection of Aden Road and Fleetwood Drive approximately four miles due south of Manassas Airport.  Aden does not have the characteristics of a distinct town entity, but one building on the northern corner bears the name "Aden Grocery".  The only other building near the intersection is a single residential home.

Effingham was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

References

Unincorporated communities in Prince William County, Virginia
Oconee State Park

Oconee State Park is a state park located in the Blue Ridge Mountain region of South Carolina.  This 1165-acre (472 ha) park has several recreational opportunities to choose from. They include cabins, camping, fishing and boating in the two small lakes located on the park grounds, hiking on eight nature/hiking trails, and several picnic and meeting facilities.

The southern end of the Foothills Trail and the western end of the Oconee Passage of the Palmetto Trail are in Oconee State Park.

History
Oconee State Park was created by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the 1930s.  This park was created during the Great Depression when Franklin D. Roosevelt put men to work in civilian works projects.  Some of the park buildings existing today were made by the CCC.

Fifteen cabins, the superintendent's residence and garage, several shelters, the swimming lake and bath house and several other structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

See also 
 List of South Carolina state parks

References

External links 

 Oconee State Park Pictures and Map

State parks of South Carolina
State parks of the Appalachians
Protected areas of Oconee County, South Carolina
Civilian Conservation Corps in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Oconee County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Oconee County, South Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
1935 establishments in South Carolina
Protected areas established in 1935
Emilia Rydberg

Hanna Emilia Rydberg-Mitiku, known simply as Emilia (born 5 January 1978), is a Swedish pop music and soul singer. Her 1998 hit single "Big Big World" reached number one in the music charts in several countries.

Life and career
Rydberg's father is the Ethiopian popular singer Teshome Mitiku. Her mother, Malena Rydberg, is Swedish. As a student she attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm.

Rydberg was discovered in 1996 by Lars Anderson, son of ABBA's manager, Stig Anderson.  She used the mononym of Emilia in the first years of her career, but more recently she has started to perform under the name of Emilia Mitiku, using her father's surname. In 2009, she competed in Melodifestivalen, the Swedish national selection for Eurovision Song Contest, with the song "You're My World". She advanced directly from her heat; however, she placed ninth in the final. She released her album My World in 2009. Her single "Teardrops" was released to radio stations on 2 June 2009. Her duet with , "Side By Side" (Szerelemre hangolva), was recorded in both Hungarian and English languages and issued the same year.

Emilia recorded a cover version of Rihanna's "We Found Love" for a studio session in Stockholm which was published on YouTube. On 25 June 2012 she released the single "Lost Inside".

In 2021, she joined the all-female group, Super Fëmmes, with a line-up consisting of Therese Grankvist, Denise Lopez, Mia Shotte, Josefine Willers and Emilia herself. In April 2022, the band released their debut single, a cover of Rozalla's 1991 hit "Everybody's Free".

Discography

Albums

Singles

Featured in
2010/2012: "Watch the Stars" (Bryan Rice featuring Emilia) (BEL (Vl): #91)

References

External links
Emilia Mitiku - Official YouTube channel
Profile at rateyourmusic.com

Emilia Mitiku – Booking and events

1978 births
Living people
Swedish pop singers
Swedish people of Ethiopian descent
Singers from Stockholm
Swedish soul singers
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century Swedish women singers
English-language singers from Sweden
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2009
Independent Hill, Virginia

Independent Hill is an unincorporated town in Prince William County, Virginia. It is located along State Route 234 at the intersection with Joplin Road. The only visible remaining businesses seem to be Samsky's Market (also a Citgo gas station) and Crosby's Crab Company.  In early 2006, a realignment of 234 bypassed the town, leaving it on a side road. The greater Independent Hill area is defined by the Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), with a population of 7,419 as of 2010.

Along with the two businesses listed above, Independent Hill is also the home of the Prince William County School Board Complex. The administrative, support, and maintenance personnel of the school system report there.

The Greenwood Gold Mine operated nearby for a few years before closing in 1885.

References

External links 

Prince William County Government

Census-designated places in Prince William County, Virginia
Banco León

The Banco León (Léon Bank) was a banking company in the Dominican Republic, which was formally introduced at a ceremony attended by former Dominican President Hipólito Mejía on December 2, 2003. The bank represents a union between the Banco Profesional and Banco Nacional de Credito (Bancredito). The Léon Jimenes family, which controls the León Jimenez Group, Ltd is better known for its distribution in the Dominican Republic of Marlboro cigarettes, as well as for their Aurora cigars and Presidente beer brands operations. The current president of the bank is Mr. Carlos Guillermo León, and its corporate headquarters are in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Financial performance from 2004 to 2005
From its beginnings the bank has embarked on a process of reconstruction with the goal of improving the financial situation of Bancrédito at the time of the acquisition. Net profits for 2005 amounted to RD$151.8 million, 37,9% more than 2004.  Banco León operates 75 branches and 176 automatic teller machines throughout the country.

Consolidation of credit card operations, among other initiatives, generated the reduction of administrative expenses in excess of RD$100 million from 2004 to 2005 and the conversion of more than RD$5,000 million worth of  unproductive assets into productive ones. According to the 2005 financial statement, the profit margin for the year was RD$697,9 million, 130% more than in 2004. Loans increased to RD$12,299 million, an increase of 30.6% since 2004. Capital reserves reached RD$1,668 million, a 10.4% increase with respect to 2004. Total deposits increased to RD$19,967 million, an increase of 4,1%, and a liquidity ratio of 39%, very superior to the required bank reserve of 20 percent.

Activities
In an effort to obtain greater efficiency, during the 2005 Banco León consolidated credit card operations with those of the bank, relocated automatic branches and tellers to strategic locations and unified service centers. During February 2004 Banco León announced that it has now made available for commercial and personal clients a service by which property taxes can be paid to the Internal Taxes Agency from any locality via their Internet banking service. Recently, the Exchange Superintendence of the Dominican Republic announced on March 25, 2006, its approval for Banco Léon to issue public bonds for a total of RD$306 million.  The recently approved bonds for Banco Leon were the first of 2006, with the offer mainly being addressed to institutional investors, pension funds and insurance companies.

See also
Banks of the Dominican Republic

References

External links
 Banco León

Banks of the Dominican Republic
Brands of the Dominican Republic
Pierre Jaïs

Pierre Jaïs (13 October 1913 – 24 June 1988) was a French bridge player and writer from Paris. He and his regular partner Roger Trézel were on the France team that won the inaugural World Team Olympiad in Turin, 1960, and they won the inaugural World Open Pairs Championship in Cannes two years later (both competitions are quadrennial). As they had won the 1956 Bermuda Bowl on a French team representing Europe, they were the first to win the so-called Triple Crown of Bridge.

Jaïs and Trézel also won the Sunday Times Invitational Pairs tournament in 1963. On Trézel's death in 1986, the New York Times bridge editor Alan Truscott—a champion British player as a young man during the 1950s—called theirs "one of the greatest partnerships in the history of the game".

They used a canapé system, generally bidding the second-longest suit first, and their becoming one of the world's strongest pairs "demonstrated the effectiveness" of the style.

Jaïs, of Paris, was a physician. He died in 1988 at age 75.

Works 

Jaïs wrote in French. At least one of his numerous publications has been published in English-language adaptation.
 Comment gagner au bridge: La partie libre, Pierre Albarran and Jaïs (Paris: R. Juilliard, 1959)
 How to Win at Rubber Bridge (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1961),  191 pp. – "[Albarran and Jaïs] Adapted for English readers by Terence Reese."

References

External links
 
 
  (including 5 "from old catalog"), perhaps all French language

1913 births
1988 deaths
French contract bridge players
Contract bridge writers
Physicians from Paris
20th-century French physicians
Igor Zaitsev

Igor Arkadyevich Zaitsev (; born 27 May 1938) is a Russian grandmaster of chess.

Early life and family
Zaitsev was born in Ramenskoye, a town outside Moscow. His Armenian father, Arkady Gevorgovich Aghaian, was a deputy commander of a warship; his mother, Anna Fyodorovna Zaitseva, was a worker at the Red Banner Textile Factory.

Chess career
In 1969, Zaitsev attained the title of Moscow Champion by defeating Yakov Estrin using the Giuoco Piano opening. The next year, Zaitsev was given the title of International Master and in 1976 he became a Grandmaster.

Zaitsev played in six USSR Chess Championships (1962, 1967, 1968–69, 1969, 1970, 1991), his best finish being joint 1st (coming 2nd after a play-off) in 1968-69.

His results in international tournaments include 2nd at Polanica-Zdrój 1970; 2nd at Dubna 1976; 1st at Quito 1976.

Contribution to theory

Zaitsev is best known for his contribution to opening theory. His variation of the Ruy Lopez opening (known as the Flohr–Zaitsev Variation, jointly named for Grandmaster Salo Flohr) follows one of the main lines of the Ruy Lopez and remains in wide use today. In the Flohr–Zaitsev Variation, Black plays 9...Bb7 after the moves: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3. The move fianchettoes the light-squared bishop, putting pressure on White's pawn on e4.

Coach
Zaitsev became one of the trainers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov in the late 1970s, following the death of Karpov's coach Semyon Furman in March, 1978. Zaitsev was one of Karpov's seconds in a number of his World Championship matches, including the matches against Garry Kasparov in 1984 to 1990.

Karpov popularized Zaitsev's line at the top level, playing it with success for many years.

Zaitsev is Honoured Coach of USSR and Russia. In 2006 he was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer.

Books
Зайцев, Игорь (2004). Атака в сильном пункте. Советский спорт.

Notable games
Igor Arkadievich Zaitsev vs Anatoli Karpov, Leningrad 1966, Russian Game, Center Variation (C43), ½–½
Yakov Estrin vs Igor Arkadievich Zaitsev, Moscow 1969, Italian Game: Two Knights Defense, Traxler Counterattack (C57), 0–1
Igor Arkadievich Zaitsev vs Oleg Dementiev, USSR Championship 1970, Sicilian Defense: Najdorf Variation (B90), 1–0
Apartsev vs Igor Arkadievich Zaitsev, Moscow 1963, Italian Game: Two Knights Defense. Traxler Counterattack (C57), 0–1

References

External links
Igor A Zaitsev chess games at 365Chess.com

1938 births
Living people
People from Ramensky District
Russian sportspeople of Armenian descent
Chess grandmasters
Chess theoreticians
Chess coaches
Russian chess players
Soviet chess players
Russian chess writers
1-Octadecene

1-Octadecene is a long-chain hydrocarbon and an alkene with the molecular formula CH2=CH(CH2)15CH3.  It is one of many isomers of octadecene.  Classified as an alpha-olefin, 1-octadecene is the longest alkene that is liquid at room temperature.

Hydrosilation
Treatment of 1-octadecene with trichlorosilane in the presence of platinum catalysts gives octadecyltrichlorosilane.  Octadecene adds to hydrogen-terminated bulk silicon.

See also
 C18H36

References

Alkenes
Hydrocarbon solvents
Canova, Virginia

Canova is an unincorporated community in Prince William County, Virginia.  The community is located on Canova Drive, which is a former section of State Route 234 (Dumfries Road) and about  north of Hoadly Road.  The town consists of a church and multiple housing areas. There used to be a country store and gas station, but after SR 234 (Dumfries Road) was realigned and widened in 2005, it bypassed the town and forced it to close.

References

Unincorporated communities in Prince William County, Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Jonathan Fast

Jonathan Fast (born April 13, 1948) is an American author and social work teacher.

Life and career
Fast was born in New York City. He attended Princeton University, and earned graduate degrees at Columbia University and Yeshiva University. He has a daughter, Molly Jong-Fast, from his first marriage, to author Erica Jong, and two sons from his marriage to Barbara Fast, a Unitarian minister.

Fast's nonfiction book, Ceremonial Violence: A Psychological Explanation of School Shootings (2008), analyzes five school shootings from a psychological perspective: Cleveland Elementary School shooting (San Diego), the Columbine High School massacre, the 1992 Bard College at Simon's Rock shooting, the 1997 Bethel Regional High School shooting, and the 1997 Pearl High School shooting.

, Fast was an associate professor of social work at the Wurzweiler School of Social Work at Yeshiva University.

His father, Howard Fast (1914–2003), was the author of many best-selling novels, including Spartacus (1951), which became the basis for the 1960 film of the same name.

Publications

 Science fiction
 The Secrets of Synchronicity (1977)
 Mortal Gods (1978)
 The Inner Circle (1979)
"Prisoner of the Planets" (1980)
 The Beast (1981)
 Other fiction
 The Golden Fire (1986)
 The Jade Stalk (1988)
 Stolen Time (1990)
 Adaptations
 Newsies (1992)
 Non-fiction
 Ceremonial Violence: a psychological explanation of school shootings (2008). 
 Beyond bullying : breaking the cycle of shame, bullying, and violence (2015).

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
Yeshiva University faculty
20th-century American novelists
Writers from New York City
Writers from Rhode Island
Writers from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Westerly, Rhode Island
Jewish American novelists
American science fiction writers
American male novelists
Columbia University School of Social Work alumni
Princeton University alumni
Yeshiva University alumni
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Connecticut
21st-century American Jews
Spassk

Spassk () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Modern localities
Urban localities
Spassk, Penza Oblast, a town in Spassky District of Penza Oblast
Spassk, Kemerovo Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Tashtagolsky District of Kemerovo Oblast; 

Rural localities
Spassk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Novoselsky Selsoviet of Vachsky District in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Spassk, Novosibirsk Oblast, a village in Kupinsky District of Novosibirsk Oblast
Spassk, Nazyvayevsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Utinsky Rural Okrug of Nazyvayevsky District in Omsk Oblast
Spassk, Sedelnikovsky District, Omsk Oblast, a village in Saratovsky Rural Okrug of Sedelnikovsky District in Omsk Oblast
Spassk, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Kermisinsky Rural Okrug of Shatsky District in Ryazan Oblast

Alternative names
Spassk, alternative name of Spasskoye, a selo in Spassky Selsoviet of Bolsheignatovsky District in the Republic of Mordovia;

See also
Spassk-Dalny, a town in Primorsky Krai
Spassk-Ryazansky, a town in Ryazan Oblast
Spas, Russia, several rural localities in Russia
Spassky (disambiguation)

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