alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Silke Hörner

Silke Hörner (born 12 September 1965) is a German former breaststroke swimmer, a leading member of the 1980s East German swimming team. She won two Olympic gold medals, in the 200 m breaststroke and 4×100 m medley relay at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, and set four individual world records. She was named by Swimming World Magazine as European Swimmer of the Year in 1985 and 1987, but her achievements are regarded with suspicion due to the state-run systematic doping program run by East Germany. In 1991, former East German swimming coach Michael Regner claimed that in the 1980s he had been instructed to distribute anabolic steroids to team swimmers, including Hörner.

Hörner came to prominence when she set a world record in the 200 m breaststroke of 2:28.33 at Leipzig in qualifying for the East German team for the 1985 European Championships. There she stumbled, swimming outside her best to place third in the 200 m event. She also claimed silver behind teammate Sylvia Gerasch in the 100 m event. Despite winning neither event, she was named as the European Swimmer of the Year.

At the 1986 World Championships in Madrid, Hörner, set a world record in the 200 m breaststroke on her way to gold, reclaiming the record from Gerasch who had broken it earlier in the year.

At the 1987 European Championships in Strasbourg, France, Hörner won both breaststroke events, claiming the 100 m breaststroke record from Gerasch in the process and  also a gold medal in the 4×100 m medley relay, resulting in her second European Swimmer of the Year award.

At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Hörner, set a world record in the 200 m breaststroke on her way to gold, reclaiming the record from Allison Higson of Canada who had broken it earlier in the year. She was well outside her world record in the 100 m breaststroke, finishing with the bronze medal. She later combined with Kristin Otto, Birte Weigang and Katrin Meissner to win gold in the 4×100 m medley relay.

She is married to sprint canoer Alexander Schuck.

Awards and honours
 1988 Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Swimmers from Leipzig
East German female breaststroke swimmers
East German female swimmers
Olympic swimmers for East Germany
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
World record setters in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Byasa crassipes

Byasa crassipes, the black windmill, is a butterfly found in India and Southeast Asia that belongs to the windmills genus, Byasa, comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents.

Range
Northeast India (Manipur), Myanmar (southern Shan states), northern Thailand, northern Laos, northern Vietnam (Tonkin), and possibly southern China.

Status
The black windmill is very rare and is protected by law in India. More information is required on this species.

Description
The wingspan is 110–120 mm. It is a black butterfly which is unmarked except for obscure red spots on the upper hindwing. The tail is red tipped below.

Male upperside: Forewing dark fuliginous (sooty) black, with black veins, a longitudinal streak between the veins and streaks within the cell. Hindwing very narrow anteriorly and much prolonged posteriorly, exterior margin broadly scalloped, tail very broad and short; abdominal margin with a very long folded lappet, which when opened displays a lengthened greyish-white woolly androconial patch; colour dull greyish black, with two upper marginal and two sub-anal lunules, tip of the tail very obscure dusky red. Underside: forewing paler. Hindwing dull black, with the two upper and lower marginal lunules, an irregular-shaped anal lunule, and the tail tip bright crimson. Thorax and abdomen above black; front of head and thorax and abdomen beneath crimson; abdomen beneath with black segmental bands; hind tibiae very thick; antennae and legs black.

Taxonomy
No separate subspecies have been described.

Habits
Recorded from Manipur between .

See also
Papilionidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

References

External links
Global Butterfly Information System Syntype text, images

Byasa
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies described in 1879
Empirical distribution

Empirical distribution may refer to:

 Empirical distribution function
 Empirical measure
Croatian Trade Union Association

The Croatian Trade Union Association  (HUS) is a trade union centre in Croatia.

External links
 www.hus.hr

References
 

Trade unions in Croatia
Trade unions established in 1990
Central Highlands (Victoria)

The Central Highlands subregion is part of the Grampians region in western Victoria. It includes the municipalities of Rural City of Ararat, City of Ballarat, Golden Plains Shire, Shire of Hepburn, Shire of Moorabool, Shire of Pyrenees.

The term is mainly used in a geological context to describe that part of the Great Dividing Range that is west of its alpine areas but does not extend to its western end in Victoria's west. The area is situated east of Ballarat, south of Bendigo, north and east of Melbourne, and west of the alpine areas. Major towns of the Central Highlands include Castlemaine, Creswick, Daylesford, Gisborne, Kyneton and Woodend. All these towns are located in what is usually referred to as the West Central Highlands. The more mountainous and more sparsely populated eastern part of the Central Highlands is referred to as the East Central Highlands and has extensive areas of temperate rainforest.

Rainforests
The East Victorian Central Highlands, including some of Melbourne's water catchments, contain cool temperate rainforests; dominated by myrtle beech and southern sassafras, with an understorey of ferns and mosses.  They may also contain eucalypt trees and blackwood.

Logging and environmental impact

The Central Highlands Regional Forest Agreement protects approximately 43.84% of rainforest stands in the Central Highlands of Victoria within dedicated reserves. Any rainforest that is not within these dedicated reserve is susceptible to the impacts of clearfell logging. 
A paper published in the US-based Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports that the world's most carbon dense forest is found in the Central Highlands of Victoria.

Logging is proceeding in very significant regions of the Toolangi State Forest, including forest that provides habitat for the endangered Leadbeater's possum such as Nolan's Gully, and forest adjacent to Sylvia Creek Road.

See also
Yarra Ranges National Park

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080828020552/http://www.chsa.org.au/
Central Highlands at the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

 
Geography of Victoria (state)
Forests of Victoria (state)
Great Dividing Range
Highlands
Byasa polla

Byasa polla, the De Nicéville's windmill, is a butterfly found in India that belongs to the windmills genus (Byasa), comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents.

Range
It is found in north east India, Myanmar (eastern Bhamo and Bernardmyo of Shan states), northern Thailand, northern Laos and south western China.

In India, it is found in the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and the Chin hills in Nagaland.

Status
It is very rare and protected by law in India. More information is needed on the distribution and status.

Description

 Wingspan: 110–130 mm.
 Similar to the rose windmill (Byasa latreillei) but the fringe from tornus to vein 3 is vermilion red and not black.
Male "Very closely resembles B. latreilli male, but judging by a single specimen the fore wing is proportionately rather narrower, the termen more oblique, the tornus more rounded. The markings on the hind wing differ as follows:—the discal white patch composed of four elongate spots in interspaces 2-4, that in interspace 4 very broad, filling the interspace between the middle of veins 5 and 6; subterminal series of lunules larger than in latreilli, and all vermilion-red, not crimson, both on the upper and undersides; cilia between tornus and apex of vein 3, apex of tail and cilia at apex of vein 5 vermilion-red. On the underside, the spot of the discal patch in interspace 1 is vermilion-red, and the red lunule of the subterminal series in interspace 2 is produced to the vermilion-red terminal edging below it. Antennas, head, thorax and abdomen as in P. latreillei."

Female. "Appears to differ only from the male on the upperside of the hind wing in the white patch, which is continued posteriorly to the abdominal margin or nearly so and does not extend into the end of the cell." (de Nicéville, quoted in Bingham)

"This seems to be a very rare insect, at any rate within British territory, only single specimens seem to have been taken so far. Of these, one, a female, now in the British Museum, I took at over 5000 feet elevation, on the shoulder of the hillside on which were built the barracks for the troops at Bernardmyo, in the Ruby Mines district, Upper Burma."

Taxonomy
No separate subspecies have been described.

Habits
Recorded from Manipur to Nagaland in June.

See also
Papilionidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

Cited references

References
 
 
 

Byasa
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies described in 1897
Fine topology

In mathematics, fine topology can refer to:
 Fine topology (potential theory)
 The sense opposite to coarse topology, namely:
 A term in comparison of topologies which specifies the partial order relation of a topological structure to other one(s)
 Final topology

See also 
 Discrete topology, the most fine topology possible on a given set
Geometric modeling



Geometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes.
The shapes studied in geometric modeling are mostly two- or three-dimensional (solid figures), although many of its tools and principles can be applied to sets of any finite dimension.  Today most geometric modeling is done with computers and for computer-based applications. Two-dimensional models are important in computer typography and technical drawing. Three-dimensional models are central to computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), and widely used in many applied technical fields such as  civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, geology and medical image processing.

Geometric models are usually distinguished from procedural and object-oriented models, which define the shape implicitly by an opaque algorithm that generates its appearance.  They are also contrasted with digital images and volumetric models which represent the shape as a subset of a fine regular partition of space; and with fractal models that give an infinitely recursive definition of the shape.   However, these distinctions are often blurred: for instance, a digital image can be interpreted as a collection of colored squares; and geometric shapes such as circles are defined by implicit mathematical equations.  Also, a fractal model yields a parametric or implicit model when its recursive definition is truncated to a finite depth.

Notable awards of the area are the John A. Gregory Memorial Award and the Bézier award.

See also
 2D geometric modeling
 Architectural geometry
 Computational conformal geometry
 Computational topology
 Computer-aided engineering
 Computer-aided manufacturing
 Digital geometry
 Geometric modeling kernel
 List of interactive geometry software
 Parametric equation
 Parametric surface
 Solid modeling
 Space partitioning

References

Further reading
General textbooks:
  This book is out of print and freely available from the author.
 
 
 
 
For multi-resolution (multiple level of detail) geometric modeling :
 
 
Subdivision methods (such as subdivision surfaces):

External links
 Geometry and Algorithms for CAD  (Lecture Note, TU Darmstadt)

Geometric algorithms
Computer-aided design
Applied geometry
Hilbert's theorem

Hilbert's theorem may refer to:
 Hilbert's theorem (differential geometry), stating there exists no complete regular surface of constant negative gaussian curvature immersed in 
 Hilbert's Theorem 90, an important result on cyclic extensions of fields that leads to Kummer theory
 Hilbert's basis theorem, in commutative algebra, stating every ideal in the ring of multivariate polynomials over a Noetherian ring is finitely generated
 Hilbert's finiteness theorem, in invariant theory, stating that the ring of invariants of a reductive group is finitely generated
 Hilbert's irreducibility theorem, in number theory, concerning irreducible polynomials
 Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, the basis of algebraic geometry, establishing a fundamental relationship between geometry and algebra
 Hilbert's syzygy theorem, a result of commutative algebra in connection with the syzygy problem of invariant theory

See also 
 List of things named after David Hilbert
Vrsar

Vrsar () is a small seaside town and a municipality in Istria, Croatia located 9 kilometers south of Poreč. The historical center is located on top of a hill, including the St. Martin parish church and the 40-meter high bell tower. In the 20th century, the town expanded down the hill, into the surrounding area. It is a popular summer destination with large campsites, private accommodation units and a modern marina.
It is the home of the large Koversada Naturist Campsite, the oldest in Istria.

Municipality
The municipality consists of Vrsar as the largest settlement and 8 villages in the interior, including Begi, Bralići, Delići, Flengi, Gradina, Kloštar, Kontešići and Marasi. Funtana, the nearby coastal town, was a part of the Vrsar municipality until 2006. Town council has 11 representatives elected every four years. Local government is based in a refurbished historical building in the central Degrassi Square.

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 1,923. with 1,535 living in the town proper. It was 2,162 in 2011.

History
Vrsar was part of the Republic of Venice (1420-1797), then of the French Kingdom of Italy firstly, and Illyrian Provinces till 1814. After the fall of Napoleon, it was part of the Austrian Littoral up to 1915 then became part of Kingdom of Italy (1918–1947) after which it was part of Yugoslavia until 1991 when incorporated in the Republic of Croatia.

Naturist Park
The Koversada Naturist Park is located 2 kilometers south of Vrsar. It has over 1100 camping emplacements, 350 with their own water and 600 with internet connections. It is situated in ninety hectares of olive groves on the shore and on a tiny island. It is linked to the town by a tourist train.

Notable people
Francesco Carpenetti (born 1942), Italian footballer
Lino Červar (born 1950), Croatian handball coach
Egidio Grego (1894–1917), Italian aviator
Antonio Quarantotto (1897–1987), Italian swimmer

References

Municipalities of Croatia
Populated places in Istria County
Vrsar
Populated places in Croatia where Italian is an official language
Independent Trade Unions of Croatia

The Independent Trade Unions of Croatia (NHS) is a trade union centre in Croatia.

External links
 www.nhs.hr

References

Trade unions in Croatia
Trade unions established in 1992
Kassie

Kassie may refer to:

 Kassie DePaiva (born 1961), American actress
 Kassie Miller (born 1982), American model

See also
 Casandra
 Cassandra (disambiguation)
 Cassey (disambiguation)
 Cassi (disambiguation)
 Cassie (disambiguation)
 Kassandra (disambiguation)
 Kassi (disambiguation)
 Kassidi (disambiguation)
 Kassy
Strut (typesetting)

In typesetting, a strut is an invisible character or element, used to ensure that a text has a minimum height and depth, even if no other elements are included.

For example, LaTeX and plain TeX provide the command
 \strut
to insert a font size-specific strut. In LaTeX it has a height of 70% of the baseline skip (the distance between the baselines of two consecutive lines of text) and a depth of 30% of the baseline skip. It ensures that two vertical stacked boxes which include such a strut have the same distance as two normal consecutive lines. LaTeX also supports the creation of general struts using the command:
 \rule[-depth]{0pt}{total height}

where \strut is equivalent in size to \rule[-.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}.

References

Typesetting
Horsemen of the Esophagus

Horsemen of the Esophagus by Jason Fagone is a nonfiction book about the sport of competitive eating and the outsized American appetite. Horsemen follows three American "gurgitators" during a year on the pro eating circuit: Ohio housepainter David "Coondog" O'Karma, South Jersey truck driver Bill "El Wingador" Simmons, and Manhattan day-trader Tim "Eater X" Janus.  Horseman makes stops at 27 competitive eating contests around the world, including the Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest at Coney Island and includes an interview with Nathan's champion at the time, Takeru Kobayashi.

Further reading 

Horsemen of the Esophagus by Jason Fagone, 
 Book excerpt (subscription only).
 Book review.

Competitive eating
Tilt (optics)

In optics, tilt is a deviation in the direction a beam of light propagates.

Overview
Tilt quantifies the average slope in both the X and Y directions of a wavefront or phase profile across the pupil of an optical system.  In conjunction with piston (the first Zernike polynomial term), X and Y tilt can be modeled using the second and third Zernike polynomials:

X-Tilt: 

Y-Tilt: 

where  is the normalized radius with  and  is the azimuthal angle with .

The  and  coefficients are typically expressed as a fraction of a chosen wavelength of light.   

Piston and tilt are not actually true optical aberrations, as they do not represent or model curvature in the wavefront.  Defocus is the lowest order true optical aberration.  If piston and tilt are subtracted from an otherwise perfect wavefront, a perfect, aberration-free image is formed.

Rapid optical tilts in both X and Y directions are termed jitter.  Jitter can arise from three-dimensional mechanical vibration, and from rapidly varying 3D refraction in aerodynamic flowfields.  Jitter may be compensated in an adaptive optics system by using a flat mirror mounted on a dynamic two-axis mount that allows small, rapid, computer-controlled changes in the mirror X and Y angles.  This is often termed a "fast steering mirror", or FSM.  A gimbaled optical pointing system cannot mechanically track an object or stabilize a projected laser beam to much better than several hundred microradians.  Buffeting due to aerodynamic turbulence further degrades the pointing stability.  

Light, however, has no appreciable momentum, and by reflecting from a computer-driven FSM, an image or laser beam can be stabilized to single microradians, or even a few hundred nanoradians.  This almost totally eliminates image blurring due to motion, and far-field laser beam jitter.  Limitations on the degree of line-of-sight stabilization arise from the limited dynamic range of the FSM tilt, and the highest frequency the mirror tilt angle can be changed.  Most FSM's can be driven to several wavelengths of tilt, and at frequencies exceeding one kilohertz.  

As the FSM mirror is optically flat, FSM's need not be located at pupil images.  Two FSM's can be combined to create an anti-beamwalk pair, which stabilizes not only the beam pointing angle but the location of the beam center.  Anti-beamwalk FSM's are positioned prior to a deformable mirror (which must be located at a pupil image) to stabilize the position of the pupil image on the deformable mirror and minimize correction errors resulting from wavefront movement, or shearing, on the deformable mirror faceplate.

References
Malacara, D., Optical Shop Testing - Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1992, .

Geometrical optics
Faraday, West Virginia

Faraday is an unincorporated community in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. It lies just north of the border with Tazewell County, Virginia on County Route 9.

Faraday is located only  north of Bristol, Tennessee,  south of Charleston, West Virginia,  west of Bluefield, West Virginia, and  east of Grundy, Virginia

References

Unincorporated communities in McDowell County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

vo:Faraday
Anders Wejryd

Anders Harald Wejryd (born 8 August 1948) is a Swedish Lutheran clergyman. Having been Bishop of Växjö since 1995, he was elected Archbishop of Uppsala and primate of the Church of Sweden in March 2006 and took office in September of the same year. He left office in 2014, and was replaced with Antje Jackelén.

Early life and ministry 
Wejryd studied at Uppsala University, where he received his Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1972. In the same year, he was ordained priest in Västerås. He has served as priest in Västerås, Munktorp and Arboga, and was vicar of the parish Munktorp-Odensvi from 1978 to 1985, and vicar of Arboga parish and rural dean of the deanery Köping-Arboga from 1985 to 1987. In the 1980s, he continued part-time doctoral studies, doing research on Nathan Söderblom's missionary work until 1987, when his new job left him no time to continue. From 1987 to 1995 he was director of Ersta diakonisällskap (a church-connected foundation in Stockholm running a small hospital, social care activities and a nursing college), before becoming Bishop of Växjö in 1995, and Archbishop of Uppsala in 2006.

Archiepiscopacy 
Wejryd was the first Archbishop to be elected after the separation of the Church of Sweden from the state on 1 January 2000. This meant that the Government of Sweden had no role in his appointment. In the preliminary election on 8 February 2006, he received 33% of the votes among 14 candidates (of which only eight received any votes at all). In the first round of voting on 15 March, six candidates remained, and Wejryd received a plurality of votes, 44.6%, but not an absolute majority, with Ragnar Persenius as runner-up at 30.8%. A second round of voting between Wejryd and Persenius was arranged on 30 March, when Wejryd received 176 votes (58.1%) against 127 for Persenius.

Wejryd took up his office on 2 September 2006. He met with Pope Benedict XVI in March 2007. In June 2010, he officiated at the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling.

References
CV of Anders Wejryd at the Church of Sweden official website.
Press release at the Church of Sweden official website on Wejryd's election as new archbishop, dated 30 March 2006.

1948 births
Living people
People from Falköping Municipality
Bishops of Växjö
Lutheran archbishops of Uppsala
20th-century Swedish Lutheran bishops 
21st-century Lutheran archbishops
Uppsala University alumni 
21st-century Swedish Lutheran bishops
Swedish Lutheran archbishops
Apollonius's theorem

In geometry, Apollonius's theorem is a theorem relating the length of a median of a triangle to the lengths of its sides. 
It states that "the sum of the squares of any two sides of any triangle equals twice the square on half the third side, together with twice the square on the median bisecting the third side".

Specifically, in any triangle  if  is a median, then 

It is a special case of Stewart's theorem. For an isosceles triangle with  the median  is perpendicular to  and the theorem reduces to the Pythagorean theorem for triangle  (or triangle ). From the fact that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, the theorem is equivalent to the parallelogram law.

The theorem is named for the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga.

Proof 

The theorem can be proved as a special case of Stewart's theorem, or can be proved using vectors (see parallelogram law). The following is an independent proof using the law of cosines.

Let the triangle have sides  with a median  drawn to side  Let  be the length of the segments of  formed by the median, so  is half of  Let the angles formed between  and  be  and  where  includes  and  includes  Then  is the supplement of  and  The law of cosines for  and  states that

Add the first and third equations to obtain

as required.

See also

References

External links 

 
 David B. Surowski: Advanced High-School Mathematics. p. 27

Euclidean geometry
Articles containing proofs
Theorems about triangles
County of Verdun

The County of Verdun was a sovereign medieval county in the Duchy of Lower Lorraine.

County

The rulers of the sovereign County of Verdun styled themselves as Counts by the grace of God. country was located near Lower Lotharingia within the Holy Roman Empire. The Prince-Bishopric of Verdun bordered on it from the east. The Forest of Argonne formed the western border of the county, but it also included the fortresses at Montfaucon-d'Argonne and Vienne-le-Château. According to an imperial diploma issued in 1156, Bishop Haimo of Verdun received the right to appoint counts, but the counts from the Ardennes-Bouillon dynasty made the office hereditary by the end of the 10th century.

List of counts

to 923 Ricwin, married first to the daughter of Engelram, Chamberlain to Charles the Bald, and second to Cunigunda, widow of Wigeric, Count of Bidgau
923–944 Otto, also duke of Lorraine from 940, son of Ricwin by his first marriage
944-963 Raoul, also Count of Ivois (as Rudolfe II)
963–1002 Godfrey I, called the Prisoner, son of Gothelo, Count of Bidgau, son of Wigeric and Cunigunda, and Uda of Metz; married Matilda, daughter of Herman, Duke of Saxony
1002–1012 Godfrey II, son of previous, duke of Lower Lorraine from 1012 to his death in 1023
1012–1022 Frederick, brother of previous
1022–1024 Herman (d.1029), brother of previous, retired to monastery
1024–1025 Louis, also count of Chiny, received the county from Bishop Raimbert, killed by Gothelo, brother of Herman, who took the city and gave it as an appanage to Godfrey, his son
1025–1069 Godfrey III, called the Bearded, also duke of Upper Lorraine from 1044 and Lower Lorraine from 1065, he was deprived of his possessions, Verdun included, by the Emperor Henry III, but he was reinstated and spent his life vacillating between rebellion and peace
1069–1076 Godfrey IV, called the Hunchback, son of previous, also duke of Lower Lorraine
1076–1086 Matilda of Tuscany, called la Gran Contessa, widow of previous, also marquise of Tuscany
1086–1095 Godfrey V (d.1100), nephew of Godfrey IV, also duke of Lower Lorraine from 1089 and defender of the Holy Sepulchre from 1099
unknown
1100–1105 Theodoric, also count of  Montbéliard and Bar 
1105–1134 Reginald (d.1149), called le Borgne, son of previous, also count of  Montbéliard and Bar 

In 1134, the bishop deposed Reginald and reattached the county to the episcopal demesne.

References

Sources

 

923 establishments
1134 disestablishments
States and territories established in the 920s
States and territories disestablished in the 1130s
 
Verdun
Forest of Argonne
Counties of France
Medieval Low Countries
The Big Bang!: Best of the MC5

The Big Bang!: Best of the MC5 is a greatest hits album by MC5, released in 2000. Rhino remastered and released the anthology, which draws from each of their three albums. It also adds several of their early singles, which pre-date Kick Out the Jams, and concludes with a live 1972 number, "Thunder Express."

Track listing
"I Can Only Give You Everything" - 2:59
"Looking at You" (Original "A-Square" Single Version) - 2:48
"I Just Don't Know" - 2:40
"Ramblin' Rose" - 4:25
"Kick Out the Jams" (Uncensored Version) - 2:46
"Come Together" - 4:34
"Rocket Reducer No. 62 (Rama Lama Fa Fa Fa)" - 5:44
"Tonight" - 2:33
"Teenage Lust" - 2:33
"High School" - 2:40
"Call Me Animal" - 2:04
"The American Ruse" - 2:30
"Shakin' Street" - 2:19
"The Human Being Lawnmower" - 2:22
"Back in the USA" - 2:26
"Sister Anne" - 7:22
"Baby Won't Ya" - 5:32
"Miss X" - 5:09
"Over and Over" - 5:13
"Skunk (Sonicly Speaking)" - 5:31
"Thunder Express" - 4:22

References 

2000 greatest hits albums
MC5 albums
Rhino Entertainment compilation albums
Arcola, Virginia

Arcola is a census-designated place in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 United States Census was 233.

Geography
Arcola is in southeastern Loudoun County, on the north side of U.S. Route 50, which leads east  to Washington, D.C., and northwest  to Winchester. Leesburg, the Loudoun county seat, is  north of Arcola, and the southwest runway of Washington Dulles International Airport is less than  to the east.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Arcola CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.97%, are water. Arcola village is in the northern part of the CDP, along the South Fork of Broad Run, a north-flowing tributary of the Potomac River.

History
The genesis of Arcola was a small spring next to a gum tree that fed into the south fork of Broad Run, suitably called "Gum Springs". During the colonial era a distillery, kiln and small church were established at the spring.

When Cameron Parish was established from Truro Parish, its glebe, the area reserved to support the parish priest, was established just northwest of the spring. The glebelands were sold off in 1802 when the Virginia General Assembly divested all Anglican glebes.

In 1801 the United States Post Office established a branch at the village, naming it "Springfield". The branch closed in 1819. Thirteen years later the Post Office once again saw fit to locate a branch in the vicinity, but the success of the Little River Turnpike (present day U.S. Route 50) dictated that it would be located on that road south of the village and known on local maps as simply "Arcola P.O." (situated near the present-day intersection of US 50 and Hwy 616/Fleetwood Rd). The branch was named "Arcola" in honor of the Arcola Farm on which it was built. That branch stayed open until 1868, when the office was located back within the confines of the village. The village itself, however, remained identified on local maps as "Gum Spring" during most of the 19th century.

In the 1850s Arcola had a brush with the big time when the construction of the Loudoun Branch of the Manassas Gap Railroad was completed on the northern border of the village. Unfortunately the Panic of 1857 and Civil War stopped the railroad from ever being used. During the Gettysburg Campaign of June–July 1863, troops from the Union Army of the Potomac's 11th and 1st Corps marched and camped in and around the town of "Gum Spring" according to dispatches (present-day Arcola), as they meandered north toward Leesburg and into Maryland.

Unlike many other Loudoun villages, Arcola continued to grow well into the twentieth century. In 1876 the population was 30, in 1911 it was 90 and by 1976 it was 135.

John Franklin Ryan (1848–1936), former representative in the Virginia House of Delegates, is buried in the Darnes Cemetery in Arcola.

The Arcola Elementary School, Arcola Slave Quarters, and Fleetwood Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

Census-designated places in Loudoun County, Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Census-designated places in Virginia
La Amarga Formation

The La Amarga Formation is a geologic formation with outcrops in the Argentine provinces of Río Negro, Neuquén, and Mendoza. It is the oldest Cretaceous terrestrial formation in the Neuquén Basin.

The type locality is La Amarga Arroyo and China Muerta Hill. The La Amarga Formation unconformably overlies the marine Agrio Formation of the Mendoza Group. It is in turn overlain by the Lohan Cura Formation, separated by another unconformity.

Composition 
There are three members within the La Amarga Formation.
 The oldest is the Puesto Antigual Member, which is approximately  thick and consists mainly of sandstone deposited in the channels of a braided river system. Paleosols, or soil deposits, are well-developed.
 The Bañados de Caichigüe Member is the next highest, approximately  thick. Alternating limestones, shales, and siltstones make up this member, indicating a lacustrine (lake) environment.
 Youngest and thickest is the Piedra Parada Member, approximately  thick in some sections. This member consists of alternating sandstones and siltstones from an ancient alluvial plain, with some swamp and paleosol deposits.

Fossil content 
Most of the tetrapod fossils found in the La Amarga come from the Puesto Antigual Member.

Dinosaurs

Other tetrapods

See also 
 List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

References

Bibliography

Further reading 
 
 

 
Geologic formations of Argentina
Lower Cretaceous Series of South America
Cretaceous Argentina
Sandstone formations
Mudstone formations
Alluvial deposits
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Paleontology in Argentina
Colin's Sandwich

Colin's Sandwich is a British sitcom that was broadcast on BBC2 in 1988 and 1990. It starred Mel Smith as Colin Watkins, a British Rail administrator who aspired to be a horror writer. The show was written by Paul Smith and Terry Kyan and ran for two series of six episodes (18 October – 22 November 1988 and 12 January – 16 February 1990). In the second series, Colin manages to achieve some small successes as a writer.

Premise

The central character, Colin Watkins, is an educated, intelligent, neurotic man in his mid-thirties.   By day he works in a dead-end job for the now defunct British Rail in their complaints department.   He frequently has to listen all day to (and attempt to appease) a combination of complainants and abusive customers.   At the time the series was broadcast, British Rail had a poor reputation for its performance.   While the job involves mundane tasks such as photocopying and dealing with customers, Colin dreams of being a horror author.

Colin lives alone in a top-floor flat though his girlfriend Jenny and best friend Des often share time with him there.   Jenny and Colin are revealed to have met at university and share a sexual relationship – though there is no reference to any permanence in the relationship.

Colin is portrayed as a neurotic who often turns to alcohol (whisky or white wine) in times of trouble and/or success. Jenny is much more down-to-earth and, while she enjoys Colin's company, she is a stable figure in his life.

All in all, Colin tries to do the right thing in the numerous situations he ends up in (being bored by friends' endless dreary dinner parties, finding a dead cat and returning it to its owner, going on holiday while continually fretting about leaving appliances on in his flat).   However, Colin is often conflicted and has a borderline depressive attitude to life – brought about in one episode by his colleague leaving British Rail for pastures new who encourages Colin to do the same.

In Series 1, the long-running plot involves Colin submitting one of his few finished novels to John Langley, a tough publisher who includes it in his compilation of horror short stories.

Home media 
After its original transmission, the second series was repeated on BBC2 during the Summer of 1992, and it was frequently shown on UK Gold during its early years, although the show has rarely been repeated since then. The series was released on DVD by Simply Media on 9 June 2014, nearly a year after Mel Smith's passing. The boxset consisted of both Series 1 and 2.

Episodes

Series 1 (1988)

Series 2 (1990)

References

External links

Colin's Sandwich Unofficial Fan Site

1988 British television series debuts
1990 British television series endings
1980s British sitcoms
1990s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
English-language television shows
Television shows set in London
Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut

Johannes Lambertus Adriana van de Snepscheut (; 12 September 195323 February 1994) was a computer scientist and educator.  He was a student of Martin Rem and Edsger Dijkstra.  At the time of his death he was the executive officer of the computer science department at the California Institute of Technology.  He was also developing an editor for proving theorems called "Proxac". 

In the early morning hours of February 23, 1994, van de Snepscheut attacked his sleeping wife, Terre, with an axe.  He then set their house on fire, and died as it burned around him.  Terre and their three children escaped their burning home.

Bibliography
 Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, Gerrit A. Slavenburg, Introducing the notion of processes to hardware, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, April 1979.
 Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, Trace Theory and VLSI Design,, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 200, Springer, 1985.
 Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, What computing is all about. Springer, 1993.

References

External links
 
 Article based on the back story to these events

1953 births
1994 deaths
Van De Snepscheut, Jan L. A.
Dutch computer scientists
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
People from Oosterhout
Software engineering researchers
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
People from La Cañada Flintridge, California
California State Route 270

State Route 270 (SR 270), also known as Bodie Road, is a state highway in the U.S. state of California. It is a spur route off of U.S. Route 395 south of Bridgeport in Mono County, leading into Bodie State Historic Park.

Route description

The route connects U.S. Route 395 with Bodie State Historic Park. About  before entering this park, which holds a preserved ghost town, the road becomes unpaved and is maintained by the California Department of Parks and Recreation (California State Parks) instead of Caltrans. 

SR 270 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

California @ AARoads.com - State Route 270
California Highways: SR 270

270
State Route 270
Byasa plutonius

Byasa plutonius, the Chinese windmill, is a butterfly found in Asia that belongs to the windmills genus (Byasa), comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents.

The two subspecies in the Indian subcontinent have the common names of Pemberton's windmill and Tytler's windmill.

Range
This butterfly lives in south-western China, Bhutan, Nepal and north-east India.

In India, it is found in the states of Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram.

Status
A rare species of high elevations, two subspecies are protected in India:
 B. p. pembertoni, Pemberton's Chinese windmill (may be contracted to Pemberton's windmill)
 B. p. tytleri, Tytler's Chinese windmill (may be contracted to Tytler's windmill)

Taxonomy
There are three subspecies.

Description
 Wingspan: 100–120 mm.
 Tail black in both sexes.
 Male: Above, brownish black and unmarked except for a row of markings.
Pemberton's windmill (Sikkim, Bhutan) - This row from veins 2 to 6 on the upper hindwing consists of whitish marginal spots.
 Tytler's windmill (Manipur, Naga and Chin hills) - This row consists of prominent black marginal spots on the upper hindwing and small red spot in vein 2.
 Female: Above, paler. The female has traces of red lunules on the margins from veins 3 to 6 on the upper hindwing.

References

External links

Global Butterfly Information System - Text, images of syntype.

Byasa
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies described in 1907
R v Pamajewon

R v Pamajewon, [1996] 2 S.C.R. 821, is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on Aboriginal self-government under section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Court held that the right to self-government, if it exists, is subject to reasonable limitations and excluded the right to control high-stakes gambling.

Background
The First Nations of Shawanaga and Eagle Lake passed laws enabling high-stakes gambling to take place on the reserves. The laws were not validly enacted under the Indian Act, however, the bands justified the laws as an exercise of their power of self-government. The bands were charged for keeping a common gaming house under the Criminal Code. 

The issue before the Court was whether the right to control high-stakes gambling was protected under section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. The claimants argued that gambling was a part of their distinct identity in a similar way as fishing and hunting.  The Court of Appeal disagreed with the bands and found that the right to gambling was not protected under section 35(1) because it failed to meet the criteria set forth in the Van der Peet test.

Opinion of the Court
Chief Justice Lamer wrote for the majority. He stated that "assuming without deciding that s. 35(1) includes self-government claims", the existence of a right to gambling must be analysed using the test from R v Van der Peet.  Lamer decided against characterizing the right as the right to "manage the use of their lands", but rather as the right to "participate in, and regulate, gambling activities on their respective reserve lands". 

According to Van der Peet, the right must have existed prior to contact and must have been an integral part of their distinctive culture. There was evidence that the Ojibwa band gambled prior to first contact, but was not on any large scale, nor was it significant to be an integral part of the distinctive cultures of the bands. Consequently, Lamer found that there was no right to high-stakes gambling under the Aboriginal power of self-government.

See also
The Canadian Crown and First Nations, Inuit and Métis
 Canadian Aboriginal case law
Numbered Treaties
Indian Act
Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982
Indian Health Transfer Policy (Canada)

Notes

External links
 

Canadian Aboriginal case law
Canadian constitutional case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
1996 in Canadian case law
Gambling in Canada
Born-Alive Infants Protection Act

The Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2002 ("BAIPA" , ) is an Act of Congress. It affirms legal protection to an infant born alive after a failed attempt at induced abortion. It was signed by President George W. Bush.

Legislative history
 Based on  – passed March 12, 2002
 Introduced on June 14, 2001
 Reported by Committee on August 2, 2001
 Passed House on March 12, 2002
 Passed Senate by unanimous consent July 18, 2002.
 Signed into law by President Bush in Pittsburgh at the Pittsburgh Hilton. on August 5, 2002
 The original author of the bill was Congressman Charles T. Canady of Florida who had by then retired from Congress.

Committee of the House
The bill was approved by the committee on July 12, 2001. The committee consisted of 32 representatives, 25 of which voted for the bill, 2 against and 10 were not present during the vote. This vote allowed the bill to be passed onto the entire house of representatives.

See also 
 Born alive rule
 Baby Doe Law
 Gianna Jessen
 Jill Stanek
 Kermit Gosnell

References 

Acts of the 107th United States Congress
Abortion law
United States federal abortion legislation
Little Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)

The Little Vermilion River is a  tributary of the Wabash River. The Little Vermilion rises in southern Vermilion County, Illinois, flowing eastward past Georgetown, Illinois, into Vermillion County, Indiana, where it joins the Wabash near Newport.

There is a second river in Illinois that bears the same name: the Little Vermilion River (Illinois River tributary).

The Little Vermilion drains a small portion of northern Edgar County, Illinois. The watershed also extends into Champaign County, Illinois, via drainage ditches.

See also
List of Illinois rivers
List of Indiana rivers

References

External links
Prairie Rivers Network
TMDLs for the Little Vermilion (PDF)
TopoQuest Newport, Indiana

Rivers of Illinois
Rivers of Indiana
Tributaries of the Wabash River
Rivers of Vermillion County, Indiana
Rivers of Vermilion County, Illinois
Rivers of Edgar County, Illinois
Miss North Dakota Teen USA

The Miss North Dakota Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of North Dakota in the Miss Teen USA pageant.

Compared to the sister Miss North Dakota USA pageant, North Dakota Teen USAs have been quite successful at Miss Teen USA, and are ranked fifteenth in terms of number and value of placements . North Dakota is one of only ten states to have had nine or more semifinalist (or better) placements at Miss Teen USA . Despite this, no Miss North Dakota Teen USA has ever won the Miss Teen USA crown, though both Audra Mari and Caitlyn Vogel finished as 1st runner-up in 2011 and 2019 respectively.

Seven Miss North Dakota Teen USAs have gone on to win Miss North Dakota USA, and more unusually, two have competed at Miss America, including Stacey Thomas who is the most recent Miss North Dakota Teen USA delegate to compete at the Miss America pageant.

Berkley Lundeen of Minot was crowned Miss North Dakota Teen USA 2022 on May 1, 2022, at the Empire Arts Center in Grand Forks, North Dakota. She represented North Dakota for the title of Miss Teen USA 2022.

Results summary

Placements
1st runners-up: Audra Mari (2011), Caitlyn Vogel (2019)
2nd runner-up: Katie Cooper (2006)
4th runners-up: Dayna Decker (1987), Heidi Langseth (1989)
Top 6: Nicci Elkins (1991)
Top 10: Kari Larson (1984), Jill Hutchinson (1985), Katrina Bergstrom (1996), Julie Nagle (1997), Marisa Field (2003)
Top 15: Breanna Abernathy (2004)
Top 20:  Morgan Schwindt (2023)
North Dakota holds a record of 13 placements at Miss Teen USA.

Awards
Miss Congeniality: Heidi Langseth (1989), Breanna Abernathy (2004)

Winners 

1 Age at the time of the Miss Teen USA pageant

References

External links
Official website
State Director's Official Website.

North Dakota
Women in North Dakota
Melvin Fowler

Melvin Thaddeus Fowler, Jr. (born March 31, 1979) is a former American football center. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the third round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Maryland.

Fowler has been a member of the Minnesota Vikings, Buffalo Bills, Arizona Cardinals, Detroit Lions and Florida Tuskers.

Early years
Fowler was an All-county and All-Long Island selection as a defensive lineman at Half Hollow Hills High School West in Dix Hills, New York, where he was chosen Long Island’s top lineman in a poll of area coaches.  He was also a finalist for the 1996 Bob Zellner Award.  He was a three-sport standout who also excelled in basketball and lacrosse.

College career
Fowler did not allow a quarterback sack in the four years as a starter at the University of Maryland.  He took over center duties in his redshirt freshman year, despite having practiced at that position for only 10 days before earning the starting job.  He was a model of consistency, as he started every game (44) he played in for Maryland.

Professional career

Cleveland Browns
Fowler was drafted in the 2002 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns. In his rookie season with the Browns he was the backup center behind Dave Wohlabaugh and made his first career start at center against Tampa Bay, filling in for an injured Wohlabaugh.  He dressed but did not play in three contests and was inactive for the remaining 12 regular season games and the AFC wild card game at Pittsburgh.

In 2003, his second season with the Browns, he provided depth at both the guard and center positions and ended up appearing in 14 games, including 10 starts.  He started three games at left guard and started seven games at center.  He began the season as the starting LG for the first three games.

Fowler played in 15 games for the Browns in 2004

Minnesota Vikings
Fowler was traded to the Minnesota Vikings for the 2005 season where he played in 10 games.

Buffalo Bills
Fowler was signed by the Buffalo Bills on March 21, 2006. He started his first 32 games with the team as their center, replacing Trey Teague, before starting 5 of 16 games in 2008, sharing time with Duke Preston He became a free agent in the 2009 offseason.

Arizona Cardinals
Fowler was signed by the Arizona Cardinals on August 4, 2009, after the team waived center Donovan Raiola. He was waived on September 4, 2009.

Detroit Lions
Fowler was signed by the Detroit Lions on November 17, 2009. He was waived on December 23.

Current career 
VIP at TAO - Las Vegas

References

External links
Arizona Cardinals bio
Buffalo Bills bio

1979 births
Living people
Players of American football from Brooklyn
American football offensive guards
American football centers
Maryland Terrapins football players
Cleveland Browns players
Minnesota Vikings players
Buffalo Bills players
Arizona Cardinals players
Detroit Lions players
Florida Tuskers players