alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Trondheim Science Museum

Trondheim Science Centre (No: Vitensenteret i Trondheim) is located in the Kongens gate area of Trondheim, Norway.

History
Trondheim Science Centre is a scientific hands-on experience center which disseminates popular science to the general public. The science center offers many activities in addition to the exhibitions. Visitors can conduct experiments on the displayed models, visit Norway's only 3D-planetarium, take part in kitchen chemistry experiments, enjoy science shows, late nights, festivals and activities. The science center provides  youth clubs, science camps and a fully equipped maker space. Trondheim Science Centre is one of 10 regional science centres in Norway.

Trondheim Science Centre is located in the former premises of the Bank of Norway in Trondheim which was designed in 1830–1831 by architect Ole Peter Riis Høegh (1806–1852) after preparatory work by the architect  J. C. Ræder. The building was completed in 1833. The current appearance was the result of renovation and modernization in 1897 by architects Johan Martinus Christensen (1863–1935) and Lars Solberg (1858–1921).

References

External links
 Vitensenteret Official homepage

Education in Trondheim
Buildings and structures in Trondheim
Science museums in Norway
Museums in Trondheim
Blohm & Voss BV 246

The Blohm & Voss BV 246 Hagelkorn (German language: "Hailstone") was a guided glide bomb developed to bomb specific targets (bridges, ships, etc.) once it was released.

History

This glider was designed by Richard Vogt, at first under the designation of BV 226, which was later changed to its definitive designation BV 246 on December 12, 1943.

It was intended to be dropped from a Ju 88 or a Heinkel He 111 bomber, either of which could carry three of the weapons, and was to be dropped from a height of  at a speed of , giving it a range of up to . In a slight dive the Bv 226 could reach a speed of .

The construction of the BV 246 avoided the usual aircraft techniques and strategic materials, so it could be mass-produced. It had clean aerodynamics, with high aspect ratio wings that made possible a glide ratio of 25:1. The wings were made of magnesite cement, formed around a steel spar. It had a cruciform tail in an early version and a double vertical tail mounted on the sides of a wide horizontal stabilizer in a later version. It had a length of  and a wingspan of . Its total weight was , of which  was the explosive warhead.

Initial tests revealed that the basic design was workable, but that the weapon was very inaccurate and because of this it was rejected. However, work was restarted in 1943, with 11 different versions being planned, due to its simple and inexpensive construction, and the new development contract was awarded to the Karlshagen test centre. A series of tests was begun to improve the weapon's accuracy, with air drops performed by KG 101. Despite unpromising results, the Ministry of Aviation nevertheless issued the order to commence mass production on 12 December 1943. In February 1944 the contract was cancelled due to the success of the V-1 flying bomb.

The weapon was revived a further time, in early 1945, as an early form of anti-radiation weapon, using the Radieschen passive seeker which was designed to home in on Allied radar transmitters; around 1,000 units were produced but never used operationally.

See also
 Azon
 ASM-N-2 Bat WW II autonomous radar-guidance glide bomb (U.S. Navy)
 Blohm & Voss BV 143
 Blohm & Voss BV 950
 GB-4
 GB-8
 Fritz X
 Felix
 Blohm & Voss BV 40 glider interceptor

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Smith, J. Richard and Kay, Anthony. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 3rd impression 1978, p. 664-666. .

External links

Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles
Blohm & Voss BV 246 Glide Bomb

BV 246
Guided bombs
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1945
Twin-tail aircraft
Holmdel Township Public Schools

The Holmdel Township Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Holmdel Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States.

As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 2,945 students and 272.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.82:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

History
Until 1962, the district had sent students in grades nine to twelve to Keyport High School as part of a  sending/receiving relationship. The district started sending students to Red Bank High School in 1962, which ended when the district opened Holmdel High School in September 1973.

Schools
Schools in the district (with 2021–22 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:

Elementary schools
Village Elementary School with 794 students in grades PreK-3
Tricia Barrett, principal
Indian Hill School with 666 students in grades 4-6
Lisa Vitale, principal
Middle school
William R. Satz School with 526 students in grades 7-8
William Loughran, principal
High school
Holmdel High School with 950 students in grades 9-12
Dr. Matthew Kukoda, principal

Administration
Core members of the district's administration as of the 2022-23 school year are:
Dr. J. Scott Cascone, superintendent 
Michael Petrizzo, business administrator and board secretary

Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.

References

External links
Holmdel Township Public Schools

School Data for the Holmdel Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics

Holmdel Township, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group I
School districts in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Sri Venkateswara University

Sri Venkateswara University (commonly referred as S. V. University or SVU) is a public state university located in Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh, India. The university is named after Lord Venkateswara, whose shrine is located in the city.

The university was founded in 1954 by the then Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu and Siram Govindarajulu Naidu as its founder vice-chancellor. The university campus covers a large area on land leased by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. It is located on the West side of Tirupati, surrounded by the other universities in the city, namely Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Sri Venkateswara Vedic University, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences and National Sanskrit University.

Affiliated colleges
Colleges that are affiliated belong to (Undivided CHITTOOR) Chittoor district, Tirupati district and some parts of Annamayya district.

College of Sciences

College of Engineering
Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering is an autonomous institution whose foundation was laid by the late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, on 13 October 1959.

Department of Physics 

The Department of Physics hosts one of the four national research facilities: a center for research using the MST Radar Facility at Gadanki, commissioned under the UGC.

Rankings
 
Sri Venkateswara University was ranked 1201–1500 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023 and 351–400 in Asia. The QS World University Rankings of 2023 ranked it 351-400 in Asia. The university was ranked 101-150 overall in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2022, 67th among universities and 251-300 in the engineering ranking.

Notable alumni 

 Muzaffar Ali, vice chancellor of Dr. Abdul Haq Urdu University in Kurnool
 Ramachandra Naidu Galla, industrialist and founder of Amara Raja Group
 Galla Ramachandra Naidu, former chairman of Canara Bank
 N. Chandrababu Naidu, former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh and president of Telugu Desam Party
 Raj & DK, filmmaking duo
 Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy, former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh and union cabinet minister
 Prem Reddy, cardiologist and a major owner of Prime Healthcare Services
 Ranganath, Telugu language actor
 Vakkantham Vamsi, dialogue writer, screenwriter, and director in Telugu cinema

References

External links

 
Universities and colleges in Tirupati
Universities in Andhra Pradesh
Universities and colleges established in 1954
1954 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Lee Pa-ni

Lee Pa-ni (born January 22, 1986) is a South Korean model and actress. In 2006, she was selected as the winner of Spice TV’s Playboy 2006 Korea Model Contest. She is often reported to be the first Korean model to appear in the magazine; however, that distinction goes to Lee Sa-bi.

See also
List of South Korean models
Contemporary culture of South Korea

References

External links
 
 

1986 births
South Korean female models
Living people
Fife Lions

Fife Lions ARLFC are a rugby league club located in Fife, Scotland. They play in the Scottish National League.

The Fife Lions in recent years have been one of the dominant teams in the SRLC. Winning their maiden premiership in 2004, the Lions were undefeated throughout the regular season in 2005 only to become unstuck in the Grand Final, going down to the Edinburgh Eagles in the decider.

History 
Originally called the Linlithgow Lions, they played in the inaugural Scottish League in 1997 and played in it till the 2000 season.

They then relocated to Fife to become Fife Lions entering the Scottish Rugby League Conference for the 2002 season and made it to the final. Backing up in 2003, the Lions were defeated by the Edinburgh Eagles for the second year in a row in the decider.

In the 2004 season they beat the Edinburgh Eagles in the finals to become the Scottish Champions.

2005 looked destined to be the year of the Lions, going through the regular season unbeaten.

Club honours
 Scottish Conference: 2004, 2006
 York 9s Archbishop Dolben cup: 2008

See also 

Rugby league in Scotland
List of rugby league clubs in Britain

References

External links

Sport in Fife
Rugby League Conference teams
Rugby clubs established in 1997
Rugby league teams in Scotland
1997 establishments in Scotland
IPO station

IPO is a station on Line D (yellow line) of the Porto Metro, Portugal.

The station is at the northern end of the University of Porto campus and is named after the nearby  Instituto Português de Oncologia (Portuguese Oncology Institute).

Although Line D opened in 2005, the IPO and Hospital de São João stations did not open until March 2006. The Escola Superior de Enfermagem, a nursing school, objected to the new line because of safety concerns from the trains running near the entrance of the school.  The sidewalk was set back and a traffic light was placed at the intersection to reduce the risk of accidents between trains and cars. The opening extended Line D to Hospital de São João station.

Before this time the line terminated at the preceding Pólo Universitário station. The line operates as a ground-level tram at this station.

See also
 IPO (disambiguation)

References

Porto Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 2006
Railway stations in Portugal opened in the 21st century
Ärna Air Base

Ärna or Uppsala Air Base  is an air base located northwest of Uppsala, Sweden. It is a base of the Swedish Air Force. In 2009, it was announced that the Armed Forces had the intention to phase out its airport unit on 1 July 2010 and hand over the operation of the aerodrome to a private operator. However, on 19 December 2009, it was announced by the Supreme Commander that the Armed Forces will continue military air operations. This is because the alternative proposals to locate the flight operations were not feasible. Since 14 October 2021, Uppland Wing (F 16) is based at Ärna Air Base.

Commercial flights
The company Uppsala Airport AB (formerly Uppsala Air AB), formed in 2004, applied to the government for permission to start commercial aviation at Ärna. The company claimed, based on calculations made in 2009 and 2010, that in five years' time the airport could serve up to 1.6 million passengers every year. The emphasis would primarily have been on low cost flights and charter flights.

On 18 April 2011, the Environmental Court (Miljödomstolen) ruled that commercial air traffic at Ärna would be likely to have a significant impact on the environment, and recommended the government to decline Uppsala Airport AB's application. In June 2018, the company released a statement saying that they would withdraw their petition to use Ärna for commercial aviation.

Criticism
Strong criticism has been expressed both from several environmental organizations and local residents against opening a commercial airport at Ärna. According to a poll among people from Uppsala municipality, conducted in June 2010 by an opinion research institute on behalf of Sveriges Radio, 40% of the 576 respondents were in favour of a commercial airport while 39% were against and 21% were undecided.

See also
 List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries

References

Buildings and structures in Uppsala County
Bases of the Swedish Air Force
Francisco Narciso de Laprida

Francisco Narciso de Laprida (October 28, 1786 in San Juan – September 22, 1829) was an Argentine lawyer and politician. He was a representative for San Juan at the Congress of Tucumán, and its president on July 9, 1816, when the Declaration of Independence of Argentina was declared.

Biography
Laprida started his studies at the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires, after which he moved to Santiago de Chile to study law at the Universidad de San Felipe, where he graduated in 1810. He participated in the Cabildo Abierto in Chile, one of the first steps towards the independence of that country. In 1812 he returned to San Juan, where he was named trustee of the Cabildo government house.

As such, Laprida collaborated with José de San Martín in the organization of the Ejército de los Andes. Because of his education in law and as an important local figure, he was sent to the Tucumán Congress in 1815 as provincial deputy, together with Fray Justo Santa María de Oro. As the congress had a rotating presidency, Laprida was selected for the presidency on July 1, and was still its president 8 days later, when the independence of the country was declared.

He returned to San Juan at the end of the deliberations, where he served as acting governor replacing José Ignacio de la Roza. As interim governor, he took a determined and tough line against the dissidents. At the end of his internship he represented his province again in 1824 at the General Constituent Congress, being its president for some months.

Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a freemason.

As a member of the Unitarian Party, the execution of Manuel Dorrego by Juan Lavalle was a hard blow, after which Laprida returned to San Juan. He later had to flee again towards Mendoza Province, to escape Manuel Oribe and Facundo Quiroga's forces. On September 22, 1829, the men of José Félix Aldao, shortly after defeating the unitarian commander Juan Agustín Moyano, reached Laprida's coach and slit his throat; his body was never found.

He is also the great-great-great uncle of Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges.

References 

  Argentina Ministry of Education
  La Guía 2000
 Williamson, E, 2005, Borges: A Life, Penguin Books, New York

Members of the Congress of Tucumán
Unitarianists (Argentina)
19th-century Argentine lawyers
1786 births
1829 deaths
Deaths by blade weapons
People from San Juan Province, Argentina
People of the Argentine War of Independence
People murdered in Argentina
Assassinated Argentine politicians
Argentine Freemasons
1820s assassinated politicians
The Tower SP

The Tower SP is a 2005 construction and management simulation video game for the Game Boy Advance. It is a port and revision of SimTower (1994), known as The Tower in Japan, with some elements of Yoot Tower (1998). In the game, the player is tasked to construct a tower for their company boss, Yama.

Differences with SimTower

In The Tower SP, perhaps due to the limitations of the Game Boy Advance's system, the "Tower" status (the highest available tower rating) is obtained with a population of 2,000 people; a goal which is quite hard considering the height limit for the building is 50 floors(35 floors for the commercial tower) and a certain foundation width. The width is slowly expanded as Yama gets deregulation for the roads and buildings surrounding the player's Tower. However, reaching that population is not enough. The "Tower" status is only awarded when a wedding takes place in the building, which only occurs when a cathedral is constructed at the maximum height, the cathedral can be reached without any stress, the cathedral is full, and when there are 2,000 people in the building at that moment.

Achieving a "Tower" status with the Office Building unlocks the possibility of building a "Commercial Building". The site permits construction of a higher lobby at the ground floor, but doesn't permit the construction of building offices, condominiums, medical centers, security offices, nor recycling centers, allows up to 3 cinemas in the building (whereas the Office Building only allowed one), as well as a spa with water from a hot spring and hotel suites (once the appropriate star rating is reached). As such, building built in this mode may resemble a mall-hotel hybrid, depending on the player's design.

Other features are taken from Yoot Tower, while some are new. Restrooms must be built; security must check the player's tower nightly; housekeeping cleans offices weekly, and cockroach infestation now has three phases: one (which requires a bug bomb), two (which requires a costly exterminator), and three (which condemns the infested facility). Like Yoot Tower, the player must use different shops and stores to satisfy tenants and visitors.

See also
 SimTower
 Yoot Tower
 Project Highrise

References

2005 video games
Business simulation games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Nintendo games
Sega video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Vivarium Inc. games
Solar Crusade

Solar Crusade, the follow-up to Chaos Control, is an on-rails FMV shoot 'em up designed and published by Infogrames Multimedia, created using Softimage 3D, and modeled on Silicon Graphics workstations hardware for the Windows 95 operating system and Phillips CD-i video game console. This was the last official released game on the CD-i in its lifetime and the only one released in 1999.

Reception

References

External links

 The CDi collective review

1996 video games
CD-i games
Windows games
Full motion video based games
Rail shooters
Video games developed in France
Charge-transfer insulators

Charge-transfer insulators are a class of materials predicted to be conductors following conventional band theory, but which are in fact insulators due to a charge-transfer process. Unlike in Mott insulators, where the insulating properties arise from electrons hopping between unit cells, the electrons in charge-transfer insulators move between atoms within the unit cell.  In the Mott–Hubbard case, it's easier for electrons to transfer between two adjacent metal sites (on-site Coulomb interaction U); here we have an excitation corresponding to the Coulomb energy U with

.

In the charge-transfer case, the excitation happens from the anion (e.g., oxygen) p level to the metal d level with the charge-transfer energy Δ:

.

U is determined by repulsive/exchange effects between the cation valence electrons. Δ is tuned by the chemistry between the cation and anion. One important difference is the creation of an oxygen p hole, corresponding to the change from a 'normal' O^2- to the ionic O- state. In this case the ligand hole is often denoted as .

Distinguishing between Mott-Hubbard and charge-transfer insulators can be done using the Zaanen-Sawatzky-Allen (ZSA) scheme.

Exchange Interaction 
Analogous to Mott insulators we also have to consider superexchange in charge-transfer insulators. One contribution is similar to the Mott case: the hopping of a d electron from one transition metal site to another and then back the same way. This process can be written as

.

This will result in an antiferromagnetic exchange (for nondegenerate d levels) with an exchange constant .

In the charge-transfer insulator case

.

This process also yields an antiferromagnetic exchange :

The difference between these two possibilities is the intermediate state, which has one ligand hole for the first exchange () and two for the second ().

The total exchange energy is the sum of both contributions:

.

Depending on the ratio of , the process is dominated by one of the terms and thus the resulting state is either Mott-Hubbard or charge-transfer insulating.

References 

Quantum phases
Electronic band structures
Udal

Udal may refer to the following topics:

Film 

 Udal (film) - 2022 Indian Malayalam language film

Legal 

 Udal law - Legal system of Shetland and Orkney

Location 

 Kampong Bukit Udal - A village named after a nearby hill, Bukit Udal.

People 

 Udal of Mahoba - Rajput warrior
 Udal (politician) - Indian state politician

See also 

 Udal (surname) - Disambiguation list of people with 'Udal' as their surname
Dušan Rapoš

Dušan Rapoš (born 20 June 1953) is a Slovak film director, screenwriter, and composer who works under the name Sui Generis. He began his career as a journalist and radio editor. The founder of the production company Welcome Film, he is best known for his Fontána pre Zuzanu trilogy.

Biography
Rapoš was born in Moravany in the former Czechoslovakia, to publicist Vladimír Rapoš. He is the grandson of architect Miloš Rapoš.

He graduated from the Department of Journalism at the Faculty of Arts of Comenius University in Bratislava  in 1975 and went on to study film directing at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava, graduating in 1982. During his studies, he worked as a journalist and radio editor. From 1982, he worked in news, film, and publishing. He is also a composer, writing music mainly for theatre productions. In 1992, he founded the production company Welcome Film.

Rapoš is married to Czech actress Eva Vejmělková. They have two daughters together. He also has two daughters from his previous marriage.

Selected filmography
 Smetiarska etuda krátky film (1979)
 Falošný princ (1984)
 Fontána pre Zuzanu (1985)
 Utekajme, už ide! (1986)
 F.T. (Future Terrestrial) (1988)
 Rabaka (1989)
 Dido televízna trilógia (1991)
 Fontána pre Zuzanu 2 (1993)
 Karel Kryl - Kdo jsem...? (1993)
 Suzanne (1996)
 Fontána pre Zuzanu 3 (1999)
 Cinka Panna (2008)
 Muzzikanti (2017)
 Keď draka bolí hlava (2018)

Awards and recognition
2008 – Crystal Wing Award in the category of journalism and literature, shared with Ľuboš Jurík and Jozef Šuhajd, for the book Slovenský bigbít'', which includes 3 DVDs containing the ten-part television series.

References

External links
 

Living people
Slovak film directors
Slovak composers
Male composers
1953 births
Slovak male musicians
James Battye

James Sykes Battye (1871–1954) was an Australian librarian who was the first chief librarian of the Victoria Public Library in Perth, Western Australia.  He was a leading historian, librarian and public figure in Western Australian and also served as a Chancellor of the University of Western Australia.

In 1951, The West Australian newspaper designated him as the Principal librarian and secretary of the Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia

Battye Street in the Canberra suburb of Bruce is named in his honour.

Biography
James Sykes Battye was born at Geelong, Victoria, on 20 November 1871. His father Daniel Battye, was a wool-weaver from Yorkshire in England.
His mother was Maria, (née Quamby).

He married Sarah Elizabeth May in Melbourne on 15 May 1895.

Battye came to Western Australia from Victoria in 1894 to take up the position which he held until his death in 1954.

Although not directly within his professional role, he developed a strong interest in Western Australian history and began collecting material from early in the century.

Battye died on 15 July 1954.

The J S Battye Library is named in his honour. "Battye" is a local term for the library and also his History of Western Australia volume published at the time of the Western Australia centenary celebrations in 1929.

Published works
Battye was involved in a number of publishing projectsthe Cyclopedia of Western Australia before the First World War, and the History of Western Australia, as well as the commemoration of the state's centenary in 1929 he was involved in the organising committee.

  Facsimile edition published in 1985 by Hesperian Press, Carlisle, W.A. .

See also

Western Australia Post Office Directory
State Records Office of Western Australia

References

Further reading
Cyclopedia of Western Australia - has his biography until 1912 at - Vol. 1, pp. 532–533
 Garrick, P. (1984) Two historians and the aborigines: Kimberly and Battye, commentary on their different attitudes. Studies in Western Australian History, No.8 (Dec. 1984), pp. 111–130

External links 
 Works by J S Battye at Project Gutenberg Australia

Historians from Western Australia
1871 births
1954 deaths
University of Western Australia chancellors
People from Geelong
Australian librarians
Coefficient matrix

In linear algebra, a coefficient matrix is a matrix consisting of the coefficients of the variables in a set of linear equations. The matrix is used in solving systems of linear equations.

Coefficient matrix
In general, a system with  linear equations and  unknowns can be written as
 

where  are the unknowns and the numbers  are the coefficients of the system.  The coefficient matrix is the  matrix with the coefficient  as the th entry:
 

Then the above set of equations can be expressed more succinctly as 

where  is the coefficient matrix and  is the column vector of constant terms.

Relation of its properties to properties of the equation system

By the Rouché–Capelli theorem, the system of equations is inconsistent, meaning it has no solutions, if the rank of the augmented matrix (the coefficient matrix augmented with an additional column consisting of the vector ) is greater than the rank of the coefficient matrix. If, on the other hand, the ranks of these two matrices are equal, the system must have at least one solution. The solution is unique if and only if the rank  equals the number  of variables. Otherwise the general solution has  free parameters; hence in such a case there are an infinitude of solutions, which can be found by imposing arbitrary values on  of the variables and solving the resulting system for its unique solution; different choices of which variables to fix, and different fixed values of them, give different system solutions.

Dynamic equations

A first-order matrix difference equation with constant term can be written as 

where  is  and  and  are . This system converges to its steady-state level of  if and only if the absolute values of all  eigenvalues of  are less than 1.

A first-order matrix differential equation with constant term can be written as 

This system is stable if and only if all  eigenvalues of  have negative real parts.

References

Linear algebra
Marino Salas

Marino Salas Ortega (born October 2, 1981) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher, now playing for the Athletics Bologna in the Italian Serie A Federale.

Career
Salas was previously claimed off waivers from the Baltimore Orioles by the Milwaukee Brewers on February 1, . He played for Milwaukee's Double-A and Triple-A clubs, the Huntsville Stars and the Nashville Sounds. On December 7, 2007, Salas was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates along with Kevin Roberts for Salomón Torres. He became a free agent at the end of the  season.

He also played in Italy for BSC Rovigo, as a starting pitcher.

On August 1, 2015, he pitched a no-hitter against Grosseto at the Jannella Stadium, in a playoff game.

References

External links

"Salas Traded to Pittsburgh." Huntsville Stars. 7 December 2007.

1981 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Bluefield Orioles players
Bowie Baysox players
Delmarva Shorebirds players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Frederick Keys players
Gulf Coast Orioles players
Huntsville Stars players
Indianapolis Indians players

Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Nashville Sounds players
People from Hato Mayor del Rey
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Estrellas Orientales players
Pericos de Puebla players
Tigres del Licey players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Italy
Rincón de la Vieja National Park

Rincón de la Vieja National Park (),  is a National Park in Guanacaste Province of the northwestern part of Costa Rica.

It encompasses the Rincón de la Vieja and Santa María volcanoes, as well as the dormant Cerro Von Seebach. The last eruption here was by Rincón de la Vieja in 2017. It is part of the Guanacaste Conservation Area and the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site.

Geography
The nearest city is Liberia to the south of the park, and there are two facilities at the park for visitors information and guides the Santa Maria and Pailas stations which are both on the southern side of the park.

The park has a variety of wildlife, such as over 300 species of birds, such as the three-wattled bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata) and emerald toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus), and also various quetzals, curassows, eagles, etc. Mammals seen in the park include cougars, monkeys, kinkajous, jaguars and many more. The volcanic vents and geysers are habitat for certain extremophile micro-organisms (C.Michael Hogan. 2010).

Gallery

See also
Guanacaste Conservation Area
Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site
Biological reserve

References

 C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Extremophile. eds. E.Monosson and C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC

National parks of Costa Rica
Geography of Guanacaste Province
Protected areas established in 1973
Tourist attractions in Guanacaste Province
Talamancan montane forests
QG

QG may refer to:

Science and technology
 Quantum gravity, a theory in physics that aims to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics
 Quasigeostrophic, an atmospheric dynamics theory; see Geostrophic wind
 Quadrature Generator; see quadrature amplitude modulation
 Nissan QG engine, an automotive engine series
 ATCvet code QG, Genito-urinary system and sex hormones, a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System for veterinary medicinal products
 quod google (q.g.), an internet variation on Latin reference quod vide to indicate further information available

Other uses
 Quetta Gladiators, a cricket team franchise in Pakistan Super League
 Queen's Gambit, a chess opening move
 Citilink, an IATA airline code
Christian Wissel

Christian Wissel, originally a physicist and professor at the University of Marburg, is an important founding father of modern ecological modelling in Germany. He established an influential department at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) and led it until his retirement in 2005.

Selected publications 
 Simone K. Heinz, Christian Wissel & Karin Frank: The Viability of Metapopulations: Individual Dispersal Behaviour Matters In: Landscape Ecology Volume 21, pages 77–89 (2006) doi:10.1007/s10980-005-0148-3
 V. Grimm & Christian Wissel: Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion In: Oecologia Volume 109, Pages 323–334 (1997) doi:10.1007/s004420050090
 Birgit Müller, Karin Frank & Christian Wissel: Relevance of rest periods in non-equilibrium rangeland systems – A modelling analysis In Agricultural Systems Volume 92, Issues 1–3, January 2007, Pages 295-317 doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2006.03.010
 Christian Wissel: Theoretische Ökologie. Eine Einführung Springer, 30 August 1989, ISBN 978-3-540-50848-9 doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74535-5

External links
Interview with Wissel on ecological modelling 
Department of Ecological Modelling at UFZ

Living people
20th-century German physicists
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Transversalis fascia

The transversalis fascia (or transverse fascia) is the fascial lining of the anterolateral abdominal wall situated between the inner surface of the transverse abdominal muscle, and the preperitoneal fascia. It is directly continuous with the iliac fascia, the internal spermatic fascia, and pelvic fascia.

Structure 
In the inguinal region, the transversalis fascia is thick and dense; here, it is joined by fibers of the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominal muscle. It becomes thin towards to the diaphragm, blending with the fascia covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.

Posteriorly, it is lost in 

Below, it has the following attachments: posteriorly, to the whole length of the iliac crest, between the attachments of the transverse abdominal and Iliacus; between the anterior superior iliac spine and the femoral vessels it is connected to the posterior margin of the inguinal ligament, and is there continuous with the iliac fascia.

Medial to the femoral vessels it is thin and attached to the pubis and pectineal line, behind the inguinal falx, with which it is united; it descends in front of the femoral vessels to form the anterior wall of the femoral sheath.

Beneath the inguinal ligament it is strengthened by a band of fibrous tissue, which is only loosely connected to the ligament, and is specialized as the iliopubic tract.

Opening 
The spermatic cord in the male and the round ligament of the uterus in the female pass through the transversalis fascia at the deep inguinal ring, the entrance to the inguinal canal. This opening is not visible externally. In the male, the transverse fascia extends downwards as the internal spermatic fascia.

Additional images

References

External links 
  - "Layers of the anterior wall."
  - "Inguinal Region, Scrotum and Testes: The Inguinal canal"
  (look for #2)
 

Abdomen
Fascia
Vision-class cruise ship

The Vision class is a group of six cruise ships built by Royal Caribbean International, and operated by themselves and Marella Cruises. Although called a class by Royal Caribbean, the Vision-class ships were built as three pairs of sister ships, each pair differing from the others in size and design. Unlike other Royal Caribbean classes, the Vision class is not named for the first ship built;  was the last ship in the class to be built. Royal Caribbean had been promoting "Project Vision" for some time before ordering the first two ships in the class in 1992, but Vision of the Seas was not ordered until 1994.

Vision-class ships were designed to have more glass windows than any other ships at the time they debuted, and therefore greater views of the oceans from interior spaces. Ships in the Vision class were also the fastest built in 25 years thanks to their diesel-electric propulsion systems (the first in the Royal Caribbean fleet), which allowed the larger engines to be placed closer to the middle of the ships for better weight balance.

Two of the ships were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards, Helsinki New Shipyard, Finland, while the others were built at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, St. Nazaire, France.

Ships

References

Cruise ship classes
Royal Caribbean International
Inguinal rings

Inguinal ring can refer to:
 Superficial inguinal ring (annulus inguinalis superficialis)
 Deep inguinal ring (annulus inguinalis profundus)
Bass Trail

Bass Trail refers to a pair of hiking trails in Grand Canyon National Park:
North Bass Trail, accessible from the north rim
South Bass Trail, accessible from the south rim

See also
List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park
Valentin Gneushev

Valentin Alexandrovich Gneushev (;  born December 20, 1951) is a Russian circus director and choreographer.

Biography
Gneushev was born in the city of Nizhny Tagil in the Serdlovsk region. He studied to be a clown at the Moscow State Circus School and later graduated from the Russian Academy of Theatrical Arts as an artistic director.

The first circus act he worked on, the aerial group performance “Cranes” (1985), was an instant success. It was on tour in many countries and received various awards.

In 1986, Gneushev’s "The Red Harlequin", performed by  Vladimir Tsarkov, was awarded the Gold Medal at the International Circus Festival in Paris.

In 1989, he created an aerial act for Vladimir Kekhaial, who went on to work in Cirque du Soleil's Nouvelle Expérience show and later became a star in Las Vegas.

In 1991 his show Cirk Valentin was performed at the Gershwin Theatre on Broadway. The circus show, which used no animals and was designed for a theatrical stage, consisted entirely of acts created by Gneushev. An original music score for the show was written by composer Bobby Previte.

 
Many of Valentin Gneushev’s acts have been used in different circuses, including the Moscow State Circus, which often toured the United States, the Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard, Cirque du Soleil, which adapted them to their style, and in Las Vegas.

His unique approach to creating circus acts has made him over the years one of the most influential directors in the contemporary circus and a regular invited guest of the prestigious annual International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo.

In the 1990s Gneushev worked with the famous Russian clown Yuri Nikulin and was the artistic director of Nikulin’s Circus in Moscow.

Valentin Gneushev worked with prominent Russian film directors, such as Andrey Konchalovsky, and theatre directors such as Roman Viktyuk and Konstantin Raikin.

He appeared in the 1977 Soviet children's fairy tale film The Scarlet Flower (Alenkiy Tsvetochek).

References

External links 
 “Cirk Valentin” on Broadway
 "For Moscow Daredevils, All the Air's A Stage"

Living people
1951 births
Russian male artists
Russian circus performers
People from Nizhny Tagil
Winthrop Society

The Winthrop Society is a hereditary organization made up of the descendants of immigrants who arrived in New England on the Winthrop Fleet, forming the Massachusetts colony, or other Great Migration ships before 1634, as well as immigrants to Massachusetts by 1640.

Notable members 
 Karen Batchelor, lawyer and genealogist

External links
The Winthrop Society.

Lineage societies
Vision of the Seas

Vision of the Seas is a Vision-class cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International, the last of her class.  Her maiden voyage was on May 2, 1998, following which she sailed for a year in Europe before being moved to other routes.

In 2013, Vision of the Seas received a dry dock refit.

Design
The cruise ship has a deadweight tonnage of 6,300 tons and a gross tonnage of 78,491. Vision of the Seas has a length of  and a beam of . Vision of the Seas was launched in 1997. The draft of the vessel is . The cruise ship has 10 passenger decks and capacity for 2,416 guests. Vision of the Seas has a crew of 765.

See also 
 List of cruise ships

References

External links

Official website

Ships of Royal Caribbean International
Ships built in France
1997 ships
Italiano (disambiguation)

Italiano, or the Italian language, is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family.

Italiano or Italiana may also refer to anything originating from or associated with Italy:
 L’Italiano,  weekly literary magazine between 1926 and 1942 in Italy
 L'Italiano (newspaper), a newspaper in Argentina
 Italiana (album), an album by the Italian singer Mina
 Sueca Italiana, a variant of the game briscola
 Vincenzo Italiano, an Italian football manager and former player

See also
 
 
 Italian (disambiguation)

Italian-language surnames
Matrix grammar

A matrix grammar is a formal grammar in which instead of single productions, productions are grouped together into finite sequences. A production cannot be applied separately, it must be applied in sequence. In the application of such a sequence of productions, the rewriting is done in accordance to each production in sequence, the first one, second one etc. till the last production has been used for rewriting. The sequences are referred to as matrices.

Matrix grammar is an extension of context-free grammar, and one instance of a controlled grammar.

Formal definition 
A matrix grammar is an ordered quadruple

where
  is a finite set of non-terminals
  is a finite set of terminals
  is a special element of , viz. the starting symbol
  is a finite set of non-empty sequences whose elements are ordered pairs  where

The pairs are called productions, written as . The sequences are called matrices and can be written as

Let  be the set of all productions appearing in the matrices  of a matrix grammar . Then the matrix grammar  is of type-, length-increasing, linear, -free, context-free or context-sensitive if and only if the grammar  has the following property.

For a matrix grammar , a binary relation  is defined; also represented as . For any ,  holds if and only if there exists an integer  such that the words

over V exist and
  and 
  is one of the matrices of 
  and  for all  such that 

Let  be the reflexive transitive closure of the relation . Then, the language generated by the matrix grammar  is given by

Examples 
Consider the matrix grammar

where  is a collection containing the following matrices:

These matrices, which contain only context-free rules, generate the context-sensitive language

The associate word of 

is
 and 
.

This example can be found on pages 8 and 9 of  in the following form:
Consider the matrix grammar

where  is a collection containing the following matrices:

These matrices, which contain only context-regular rules, generate the context-sensitive language

The associate word of 

is
 and 
.

Properties 
Let MAT^\lambda be the class of languages produced by matrix grammars, and  the class of languages produced by -free matrix grammars.
 Trivially,  is included in MAT^\lambda.
 All context-free languages are in , and all languages in MAT^\lambda are recursively enumerable.
  is closed under union, concatenation, intersection with regular languages and permutation.
 All languages in  can be produced by a context-sensitive grammar.
 There exists a context-sensitive language which does not belong to MAT^\lambda .
 Each language produced by a matrix grammar with only one terminal symbol is regular.

Open problems 
It is not known whether there exist languages in MAT^\lambda which are not in , and it is neither known whether MAT^\lambda contains languages which are not context-sensitive .

References

Footnotes 
  Ábrahám, S. Some questions of language theory. International Conference on Computational Linguistic, 1965. pp 1–11. 
  Gheorghe Păun, Membrane Computing: An Introduction, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Secaucus, NJ, USA, 2002. pp 30–32

Formal languages
Ituzaingó

Ituzaingó may refer to:
 Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires, a city in Argentina
 Ituzaingó, Corrientes, a city in Argentina
 Ituzaingó, Montevideo, a barrio of Montevideo, Uruguay
 Ituzaingó, Uruguay, a town of San José, Uruguay
 Ituzaingó Department, a department of the province of Corrientes in Argentina
 Battle of Ituzaingó, a battle fought in 1827 in the vicinity of the Santa Maria river, southern Brazil
 Club Atlético Ituzaingó, Argentine football club based in Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires
Greece national rugby union team

The Greece national rugby union team represents one of the world's newest rugby union playing nations. The national team is governed by the HRF (Hellenic Rugby Federation).
Greece has been participating in international competitions since October 2005 playing its first international game against Austria in Vienna. 
Since then, they have played several international games in FIRA competition 3D, and in Greece. Greece played Slovakia in the Final on 12 May 2007 in Thessaloniki, where they won 20–17 and in doing so gained promotion to division 3C.

History
It is unknown when rugby was first played in Greece. During the mid 19th century, English and French sailors are recorded as playing some of the earliest games in northern Greece.

Record

Overall

Current squad
Squad to 2014 European Nations Cup – Division 2D.

Zurab Osiqmashvili
Alexi Kulukundis 
Konstantinos Kritsikis
Antonis Demertzis
Nathanael Courcelle
Ioannis Ktistakis
Ioannis Kostas
Ioannis Papakostopoulos
Nikos Mavreas (C)
Babtunji Kulukundis
Grigol Chatzis
Konstantinos Meidinger
Platon Moysiadis
Givi Gorgisheli
Quram Kizikurashrili
Chris Fiotakis
Alexandre Gounaris

Reserves
Petrov Plamen
Efitanos Papadopoulos
Benjamin Davidis
Levan Gamjashvili
Ioannis Vasileiadis
Georgios Barakos
Iason Dagdelenis
Georgios Papagiavis
Henry Dunn

References

External links
 National team news at the Greek Rugby Federation website
 Hellenic Rugby Federation (in English)
 National team news and comment at sportingreece.com (in English)
 Greek Rugby News (in Greek and English)

European national rugby union teams
Rugby union
Rugby union in Greece
Teams in European Nations Cup (rugby union)
Glenn Graham

Glen or Glenn Graham may refer to:

 Glenn Graham (fiddler) (born 1974), Cape Breton fiddler
 Glen Graham, percussionist for the group Blind Melon
 Glenn Graham (athlete) (1904–1986), 1924 Olympic silver medalist in the pole vault
Elemental cost planning

Elemental cost planning is a system of Cost planning and Cost control, typically for buildings, which enables the cost of a scheme to be monitored during design development.

1951 saw the publication of the Ministry of Education Building Bulletin No 4 which essentially introduced the concept of elemental cost planning to the UK construction industry. Its Author was James Nisbet. The concept has been refined and developed over more than 50 years in the UK by BCIS (the Building Cost Information Service of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors)....

Elemental Cost Planning relies upon the adoption of a Standard Form of Cost Analysis for buildings which allows costs to be compared on a common format and forms the basis of the benchmarking analysis central to the concept of Elemental Cost Plans.

It should :-
Ensure that the tender amount is close to the first estimate, or that any likely difference between the two is anticipated and is acceptable. 
Ensure that the money available for the projects is allocated consciously and economically to the various components and finishes.
Always involves the measurement and pricing of approximate quantities at some stage of the process.
Aim to achieve good value at the desired level of expenditure. 

Elemental cost planning is often referred to as 'designing to a cost' or 'target cost planning' since a cost limit is fixed for the scheme and the architect must then prepare a design not to exceed this cost.

See also 
Cost overrun
Comparative cost Analysis
BCIS
BCIS submits data exchange standard for UN ratification.

References
Cost planning of buildings - Douglas J Ferry (and others)
Cost studies of buildings 4th edn- Alan Ashworth
BCIS Standard Form of Cost Analysis  (Analysis Forms)
BCIS Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis 4th edn
BCIS Principles of Elemental Classification for Buildings (International)
BCIS Proposed Standard form of Civil Engineering Cost Analysis

Business terms
Building engineering
Cost engineering