alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Unlawful killing

In English law, unlawful killing is a verdict that can be returned by an inquest in England and Wales when someone has been killed by one or more unknown persons. The verdict means that the killing was done without lawful excuse and in breach of criminal law. This includes murder, manslaughter, infanticide and causing death by dangerous driving.  A verdict of unlawful killing generally leads to a police investigation, with the aim of gathering sufficient evidence to identify, charge and prosecute those responsible.

The inquest does not normally name any individual person as responsible. In R (on the application of Maughan) v Her Majesty's Senior Coroner for Oxfordshire the Supreme Court clarified that the standard of proof for suicide and unlawful killing in an inquest is the civil standard of the balance of probabilities and not the criminal standard of beyond reasonable doubt.

Notable cases
Lt Col Rupert Thorneloe and Trooper Joshua Hammond, of the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment, were killed in an explosion in Helmand Province in Afghanistan on 1 July 2009.
Ian Tomlinson, who was struck with a baton and pushed to the ground by Metropolitan Police officer Simon Harwood at the G20 protests in London on 1 April 2009.
 Diana, Princess of Wales died in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. The initial French inquiry in 1999 concluded the crash was caused by the driver's loss of control while drunk; a verdict of unlawful killing was returned in a British inquest in 2008.
 Father David Paget, vicar of St. Andrew's Church, Fulham, stabbed to death at his home by David Watkins, a drunkard with a history of mental problems, in 2001.
 Trooper Matty Hull, killed in a US friendly fire incident in 2003.
 Terry Lloyd, ITN journalist, who was fired on by United States tanks near Basra on 22 March 2003.
 Iain Hook, UNRWA worker, shot by an Israeli sniper in Jenin in 2002.
 Tom Hurndall, shot by an Israeli sniper in the Gaza Strip in 2003.
 The fifty-two victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings were declared on 6 May 2011 to have been unlawfully killed.
 Ronald Maddison, an airman who died whilst acting as an experimental subject in chemical weapons testing in 1953. A verdict of unlawful killing was returned in a 2004 inquest; the original 1953 inquest had returned a verdict of misadventure.
 David Gray, a patient in his home in Cambridgeshire, was unlawfully killed by lethal injection administered by out-of-hours locum doctor Daniel Ubani on 16 February 2008.
The death of 97 Liverpool F.C. fans in the Hillsborough disaster on 15 April 1989, with the ruling returned at a second inquest in April 2016: A previous inquest in 1991 had returned a verdict of accidental death.
2019 London Bridge stabbing: In May 2021, a jury ruled that failings by MI5 and the police contributed to the deaths of Saskia Jones and Jack Merritt, two young graduates who were unlawfully killed by a convicted terrorist.

References

External links
 Law Sheet No. 1 - Unlawful Killing at www.judiciary.uk

Homicide
English law
Erchanger, Duke of Swabia

Erchanger (or Erchangar) (c. 860/880 – 21 January 917) was the duke of Swabia from September 915 to his death. He was the son of Berthold I, count palatine of Swabia, who is sometimes called Erchanger as well, in which case the duke is Erchanger II. His mother was Gisela, daughter of Louis the German and his family is known as the Ahalolfinger.

He was originally a missus dominicus in Swabia. In 911, he allied with Bishop Solomon III of Constance due their common political goals. Erchanger was at the time striving for ever greater power in Swabia alongside Burchard I and Burchard II. He played a conspicuous part in the downfall of the elder Burchard, who was convicted of high treason and executed, in 911. With the fall of the Burchards, Erchanger and his younger brother Berthold were the most powerful counts in the tribe. In 913, Erchanger and King Conrad I of Germany fell out, but Erchanger married off his sister Cunigunda, whose husband, Luitpold, had just died, to the king. With this diplomatic marriage, Erchanger became the king's representative in Swabia. With this, his alliance with Bishop Solomon broke and the bishop opposed his rise. Seeing his income diminished by the bishop, Erchanger imprisoned Solomon in 914. Conrad opposed this and freed the bishop, exiling Erchanger.

Erchanger returned in 915 and was fighting alongside his nephew Arnulf of Bavaria and his old enemy Burchard II against the Magyars. Erchanger and Burchard then turned against Conrad. Defeating him at the Battle of Wahlwies in the Hegau, Erchanger is proclaimed duke. However, at a high court in Hohenaltheim in September 916, Erchanger was condemned to a monastery for offences against king and bishop. He was executed on the instructions of the king on 21 January 917.

Notes

References

Sources

Dukes of Swabia
10th-century dukes in Europe
Ahalolfing dynasty
9th-century births

917 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality

The Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality (), formerly the Central District Municipality, is one of the four districts of the North West province of South Africa. Its capital is Mafikeng, which is also the capital of the province.

Geography

Neighbours
Ngaka Modiri Molema District has the following neighbours:
 The Republic of Botswana to the north
 Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality to the west
 Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality to the south
 Bojanala Platinum District Municipality district to the east
 Waterberg District Municipality (Limpopo province) to the north-east

Local municipalities
The district contains the following local municipalities:

Demographics
The following statistics are from the 2011 census.

Gender

Ethnic group

Age

Politics

Election results
Election results for Ngaka Modiri Molema District in the South African general election, 2004. 
 Population 18 and over: 446 018 [58.46% of total population] 
 Total votes: 254 874 [33.40% of total population] 
 Voting % estimate: 57.14% votes as a % of population 18 and over

References

External links
 Official website

District Municipalities of North West (South African province)
Haveri

Haveri is a city in Karnataka, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Haveri district. Haveri is famous for its cardamom garlands and Byadagi red chillies. Around 25 km away, there is a place called Bada, which is the birthplace of the poet Kanakadasa.

The name Haveri is derived from the Kannada words haavu and keri, which means place of snakes. Hukkeri Math is a famous matha located .

Haveri is 7 hours away from Bengaluru by train. By road, it is about 340 km from Bengaluru on NH-48 towards Mumbai. It is located 307 km north of the port city Mangalore.

Tourist attractions of Haveri

 Siddheshvara Temple

The centre of Western Chalukya architectural developments was the region including present-day Bagalkot, Gadag, Koppal, Haveri and Dharwad districts;

Siddheshwara temple at Haveri a staggered square plan with dravida articulation and superstructure, 11th century CE. Miniature decorative dravida and nagara style towers at Siddheshvara Temple in Haveri

 Basavanna Temple
 Utsav Rock Garden is situated at Gotagodi on NH-4 Shiggaon Taluk. It is blended with both modern and art where more than 1000 real life size sculptures are present. It has got 8 world records. It is a unique garden in the whole world.

Geography 
Haveri is located at .  It has an average elevation of 572 metres (1876 feet).

Education 
There are a number of private, aided and government schools and colleges that offer courses in PU, degree and master's degrees.

There is also a new govt medical college started in haveri in 2020.

Demographics 
 India census, Haveri had a population of 67102.  Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Haveri has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 64%.  In Haveri, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Notable People
 Mailara Mahadevappa
 Gudleppa Hallikeri
 Siddappa Hosamani 
 Lakshman Havanur
 S.S.Basavanala
 Ramachandra Kulkarni aka Ra.Ku. 
 Chandrashekhar Patil aka Champa
 Satish Kulkarni
 Basavaraj Bommai

See also

References 

Chalukya dynasty
Western Chalukya Empire
Cities and towns in Haveri district
Sandrine Veysset

Sandrine Veysset (born 29 March 1967) is a French film director and screenwriter.

Life and career
Veysset was born in Avignon. She studied French literature until she dropped out of school to pursue filmmaking.  A friend introduced her to Léos Carax and she was hired as his driver while he was shooting Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (The Lovers on the Bridge) (1991) in 1989.  Her first real contact with cinema happened when she became an assistant to the art director of that film.  The experience encouraged her to begin writing her first screenplay in 1991.

She directed from her first script in 1995 and the resulting film, Will It Snow for Christmas? (Y aura-t-il de la neige à Noël?) (1996), won her a César Award in 1997 for Best First Film.

Her third film, Martha...Martha (2001) opened the Directors' Fortnight at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.

Collaborators
Veysset worked with Ognon Pictures producer Humbert Balsan and camerawoman Hélène Louvanton on all her films.

Filmography
Will It Snow for Christmas? (1996)
Victor... Pendant qui'il est trop tard (1998) 
Martha...Martha (2001)
Il sera une fois... (2006)
L'Histoire d'une mère (2016)

References
Will it Snow for Christmas? presskit, Zeitgeist Films, retrieved April 15, 2006

External links 
 

French film directors
Writers from Avignon
1967 births
Living people
French women film directors
French women screenwriters
French screenwriters
List of Assyrian tribes

The following is a list of Assyrian clans or tribes of northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and northwestern Iran.

Tribes 
 Nerwa tribe 
Albaq Tribe
 Alqosh Tribe
 Barwar Tribe
 Baz tribe
 Botan tribe
 Chal Tribe
 Diz Tribe
 Bash-Kalah Tribe (practices Judaism)
 Gawar Tribe
 Halim Tribe
 Jilu Tribe
 Kasran Tribe
 Kakov Tribe
 Nochiya Tribe
 Mar b'Ishu Tribe
 Qodchanis Tribe
 Taimar Tribe
 Tkhuma Tribe
Gunduktha
Mazra
 Tyari Tribe (Lower)
Ashitha
Bnematha
Biraul
Lizan
Minianish
Mnelgipa
Sulbag
Zawita
Nouhara
 Tyari Tribe (Upper)
Banimatu
Byalta
Kelaita
Walto Tribe
Lakina
Romta
Halmon
Gérāmon
Serspedo
 Urmia Tribe
Baradost
Margawar
Salamas
Mavana
Somai
Tergawar
Ushnuk
 Tur Abdin
Amnokiye Tribe
Beth Haydo
Bet Shimun
Urhaye, Bet Rhawi 
Melke Mire 
 Qalu Tribe

References

M.Y.A . Lilian, Assyrians Of The Van District During The Rule Of Ottoman Turks, 1914

 
Turkey-related lists
Iraq-related lists
Syria-related lists

Further reading
109 Piscium

109 Piscium is a yellow hued G-type main-sequence star located about 108 light-years away in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.27. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −45.5 km/s. It has one known exoplanet.

With a stellar classification of G3 Va, this is a Sun-like star with a similar mass but a 91% larger radius. (Cowley and Bidelman (1979) had this classified as a subgiant star that is leaving the main sequence.) It is 6.75 billion years old with a higher abundance of iron and a low projected rotational velocity of 1.3 km/s. The star is radiating 2.9 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of .

Planetary system
On 1 November 1999 the discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting this star was announced. The planet has a minimum mass of about 6 times that of Jupiter and takes just under three years to orbit its parent star.  It orbits within the habitable zone. 

The star rotates at an inclination of 69 degrees relative to Earth. It is probable that this planet shares that inclination. In 2022, the inclination and true mass of 109 Piscium b were measured via astrometry. The inclination estimate is consistent with that of the stellar rotation.

Popular culture
In the 1983 Star Trek novel The Wounded Sky by Diane Duane, the USS Enterprise intentionally causes 109 Piscium to go supernova by engaging its warp drive too close to the star, in order to destroy a group of pursuing Klingon vessels. Mr. Spock informs the "Interstellar Astronomical Union" of the change in status of the star, and Captain Kirk experiences an uneasy sense that he may "get in trouble with Starfleet" over this arguably rash course of action.

See also
54 Piscium
Lists of exoplanets
Giant planets in the habitable zone

References

External links

 
G-type main-sequence stars
Piscium, 109
Pisces (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
0072
010697
08159
0508
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Jan Schwarz

Jan Schwarz (born 27 September 1958 in Třebíč, Vysočina Region, Czechoslovakia) is Czech theologian, a spiritual leader, journalist and writer. He was the seventh Patriarch of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church from 2001 to 2005.

In 2000, he had been assigned as the press spokesman and in 2001 as the head of the Church of the church. His rule was marked by serious rambling between rival factions some refusing his patriarchy and threatening the division of the church. In 2005, he appeared in front of the church's Episcopal Central Council where he tended his resignation from the patriarchy. He also announced his decision to join the . He was also engaged in journalistic and writer activities.

The ecclesiastical council appointed Bishop Mgr. Štěpán Klásek as an interim administrator to prepare for the election of a new patriarch of the church. On 23 September 2006, Tomáš Butta was elected, in the first round of voting with absolute majority as eighth Patriarch of the Church.

Notes 

1958 births
Living people
People from Třebíč
Czechoslovak Hussite Church bishops
21st-century archbishops
Tomahawk, Tasmania

Tomahawk is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Dorset in the North-east LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about  north-east of the town of Scottsdale. The 2016 census recorded a population of 48 for the state suburb of Tomahawk.

The town has a caravan park with a small shop. There is a boat ramp and the area is known for its fishing.

History 
Tomahawk was gazetted as a locality in 1965. Previous names were “Portland” (from 1845) and “Du Cane” (after Governor Charles Du Cane, until 1934)

Geography
The waters of Ringarooma Bay, an inlet of Bass Strait, form most of the northern boundary. The Tomahawk River forms the south-western boundary before flowing through to the north.

Road infrastructure 
Route B82 (Waterhouse Road) passes through from west to east. Route C836 (Tomahawk Road) starts at an intersection with B82 and runs north-west to the village, where it ends. Route C840 (Banca Road) starts at an intersection with B82 and runs south until it exits.

References

Towns in Tasmania
North East Tasmania
Localities of Dorset Council (Australia)
Rowing at the 1920 Summer Olympics

Rowing at the 1920 Summer Olympics, the first Olympics after World War I, saw five events. The competitions were held from 27 to 29 August in Antwerp, Belgium.

The event was marked by the arrival of future triple gold medalists John B. Kelly Sr., Jack Beresford and Paul Costello. Kelly and Beresford would stage a dramatic dual for the singles title, with Kelly prevailing. Immediately after his victory, Kelly would step into the double with his cousin Paul Costello, and easily win the gold in that event. Beresford, though he didn't win gold in these Olympics, would medal at five straight Olympics.

In the eight, the United States was represented by the United States Naval Academy. The United States would be represented by university crews at the next seven games in the men's eight, winning each time.

Medal summary

Participating nations
A total of 136 rowers from 14 nations competed at the Antwerp Games:

Medal table

References

Sources
 
 International Olympic Committee medal database

 
1920
1920 Summer Olympics events
Fanari

Fanari may refer to the following places:

in Greece:
Ano Fanari, a place in the Methana peninsula
Fanari, Elis, part of the municipality of Andritsaina-Krestena in Elis 
Fanari, Karditsa, part of the municipality of Mouzaki in the Karditsa regional unit
Fanari, Preveza, a municipal unit in the Preveza regional unit
Fanari, Rhodope, part of the municipality of Aigeiros in the Rhodope regional unit
Fânari (disambiguation), several places in Romania
Helene Hale

Helene Hale (March 23, 1918 – February 1, 2013) was an American politician from the state of Hawaii.

Hale was born Helene Eleanor Hilyer in Minneapolis, Minnesota on March 23, 1918. From 1955 until 1963 she served on the County of Hawaii Board of Supervisors. From 1963 until 1965 she was the County's Chairman and Executive Officer (a forerunner of the mayoral position). In that position, she was the first woman to serve as a mayor in Hawaii.

The Merrie Monarch Festival began in 1963 when Helene Hale, then Executive Officer of Hawaii, decided to create an event to increase tourism to the Island of Hawaii.

In 2000, at the age of 82, Hale won a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives as a Democrat. She served six years representing the 4th district in the legislature before retiring in 2006 following a stroke.

Hale was multiracial, her grandfather was the first African-American to graduate from the University of Minnesota and her uncle Ralph Bunche was the first African American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. She was pictured on the cover of Ebony in 1963.

References

External links
 "Legislature 2006: The House" January 15, 2006 Honolulu Advertiser

1918 births
2013 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Hawaii House of Representatives
Hawaii County Council members
Women state legislators in Hawaii
Mayors of Hawaii County
African-American state legislators in Hawaii
African-American women in politics
Politicians from Minneapolis
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women
Women mayors of places in Hawaii
Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa

Daniel Bennett St. John Roosa (1838–1908) was an American physician born in Bethel, New York.

He graduated in 1860 from New York's University Medical College. He was assistant surgeon in the Fifth New York Volunteers' three-months troops, became resident surgeon at the New York Hospital in 1862, and in 1864 began practice in New York City.

He was one of the founders of Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital. From 1863 to 1882, he was a professor of diseases of the eye and ear at his alma mater, and from 1875 to 1880 held a similar chair at the University of Vermont (Burlington). In 1888, he was appointed professor of diseases of the eye in the New York Post-Graduate Medical School, of whose faculty he would become president.

Publications
He wrote: 
 A practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Ear (1873; sixth edition, 1885)
 The Determination of the Necessity for Wearing Glasses (1887) 
 Handbook of the Anatomy and Diseases of the Eye and Ear (1904), with A. E. Davis 
 Textbook of the Diseases of the Ear, Nose, and Pharynx (1905), with B. Douglass

Notes

References

1838 births
1908 deaths
NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital physicians
Union Army surgeons
American otolaryngologists
American science writers
Physicians from New York City
People from Burlington, Vermont
People from Bethel, New York
American ophthalmologists
University of Vermont faculty
New York University faculty
Lake Malombe

Lake Malombe is a lake in southern part of Malawi, on the Shire River, in the Southern Region. It is located at around , about  south of much larger Lake Malawi. It has an area of about . In recent years the number of fishermen on the lake rose substantially, and this led to local decline in some fish species, especially the chambo cichlids which is an important source of food throughout Malawi.  The lake is extremely shallow with an average depth of approximately eight feet, and during periods of dry weather the water level recedes and can even disappear.

The lake-bed was dry for several hundred years until it refilled in the middle of the 19th century.

References 
 Community-based fisheries management, Lake Malombe
  

Malombe
Shire River
Geography of Southern Region, Malawi
Wil Malone

Wil Malone (born Peter Wilson, 29 July 1942, Hornsey, North London) is a British music producer and arranger, who has worked with artists including Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Todd Rundgren, The Verve, Massive Attack, Depeche Mode and Italian rocker Gianna Nannini. In 1976, Malone and Lou Reizner covered a Beatles song, "You Never Give Me Your Money", for the musical documentary All This and World War II.  Malone also did the string arrangements for several songs by collaborative techno group UNKLE.

Malone released an eponymous solo album in 1970 and another called Motherlight and composed the score for the cult horror film Death Line in 1972.

References

External links 
 

1952 births
British record producers
Living people
Chamarajanagar

Chamarajanagar or Chamarajanagara is a town in the southern part of Karnataka, India. Named after Chamaraja Wodeyar IX, the erstwhile king of Mysore, previously known as 'Arikottara'. Chamarajanagara is the headquarters of Chamarajanagar district. It is located on the interstate highway linking the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

History 
Chamarajanagar was earlier known as Sri Arikottara. Chamaraja Wodeyar, the Wodeyar of Mysuru was born here and hence this place was renamed after him. The Vijaya Parsvanath Basadi, a holy jain shrine was constructed by Punisadandanayaka, the commander of the Hoysala king Gangaraja in the year 1117 AD.

Geography 
Chamarajnagar is located at . It has an average elevation of .

Demographics
As of the 2011 census, Chamrajanagar had a population of 69875. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Chamrajanagar has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 65% and female literacy of 54%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Transport
Chamarajanagar railway station is the southernmost rail point in Karnataka. There is a direct train to Tirupati which starts at three in the afternoon and a direct train to Bengaluru in the morning. The nearest airport is Mysore airport and the nearest international airports are in Coimbatore International Airport and Kempegowda International Airport

Religious Scenario
Maaravva or Maaramma is the most widely worshiped deity in the town, more than ten temples of Maaravva can be found in the town. Chamarajeshwara Temple and Haralu Kote Anjaneya Temple are the biggest and the oldest temples respectively. Apart from these, the town has many temples. As far as other religious beliefs are concerned, the town has more than 15 mosques, 5 churches, 2 Jain Basadis, and 2 Buddha Viharas.

Bandit Veerappan

Since a lot of the southern area of the district is dense forest, it had provided a good refuge to the notorious bandit Veerappan, responsible for the death of over a hundred policemen. He was shot dead in an encounter with the specially formed Special Task Force (STF) on 18 October 2004 in Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. He had been on the run for over two decades.

The presence of illegal quarrying for black stone imposes a great threat to the forests in the region.

Image gallery

See also
Chamarajanagar
Kollegal
Yelandur
Gundlupet
Male Mahadeshwara Hills
Biligiriranga Hills
Bandipur National Park, 
Chinnada Gudi Hundi
Badana Guppe
Mariyala-Gangavadi Halt
Mukkadahalli
Mysore–Chamarajanagar branch line
Kellamballi
Rechamballi
Kagalvadi
Irasavadi
Badanaguppe
Mariyala
Bandalli

References

External links

 http://chamrajnagar.nic.in
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082210/http://www.chamarajanagaracity.gov.in/

Cities and towns in Chamarajanagar district
Free Trade Unions of the Coast

Free Trade Unions of the Coast (, WZZW, also translated as the Committee for Independent Trade Unions for the Coast) were a government-independent trade union in the People's Republic of Poland.

This trade union was founded in Gdańsk on 29 April 1978 by Andrzej Gwiazda, Krzysztof Wyszkowski and Antoni Sokołowski. The choice of the date was not accidental: the founders issued a declaration that "today, on the eve of the May Day, the holiday symbolizing for more than eighty years the struggle for workers' rights, we constitute the Initiating Committee of the Free Trading Unions (Komitet Założycielski Wolnych Związków Zawodowych)". The founders also condemned official, state-subordinated trade unions as a "subordinated instrument for the organized exploitation of all social groups".

Free Trade Unions of the Coast were not a national organization and organized workers only from the coastal 'Tricity' area. They were one of several free trade unions founded in Poland in the late 1970s (others were founded in Katowice, Radom and Szczecin). The Free Trade Unions of the Coast were likely the most significant trade union in Poland before the advent of NSZZ Solidarity (Solidarność).

The idea of forming independent trade unions was first raised by the striking workers during the coastal cities events in 1970. Free Trade Unions of the Coast were a non-governmental organization, independently defending citizen's and workers rights to create organizations free from control from the state and working towards restoring democratic controls in Poland. It had its own underground biweekly newspaper (bibuła), Robotnik Wybrzeża (Worker of the Coast).

By the summer of 1980 the Free Trade Unions of the Coast drawing support from ROPCiO and KOR, became the stronghold of the free trade union movement in Poland.
Free Trade Unions organized the strike in Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk in August 1980, and were instrumental in the creation of Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy), whose 21 demands led to the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement and eventually to the creation of the famous NSZZ Solidarity (Solidarność).

Quotes 
From the founding declaration of the Free Trade Unions
 “the society will not struggle for the right to democratic government (...) the genuine social organizations and associations may save the country, since the only means to consolidate the interests and will of the citizens with the interests and the power of the country is democratization”

References

External links
 The Free Trade Unions, Institute of National Remembrance website
 :pl:Andrzej Bulc

1978 establishments in Poland
Nonviolent resistance movements
Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Trade unions in Poland
Trade unions established in 1978
Polish People's Republic
Reader service card

A reader service card or bingo card is a reply card inserted in a magazine to be used by readers to request free product samples and hard copy marketing literature from businesses who advertised in that particular magazine issue.  The alternative name "bingo card" comes from the fact these cards include a pre-filled grid of sequential numbers and bear a slight resemblance to cards used to play the game of bingo. Readers fill in their name, address, and telephone number, circle numbers corresponding to advertisers they are interested in, and mail back the card to the publisher, who in turn forwards readers' contact information to the selected advertisers.  Advertisements in such magazines include a footer telling readers the appropriate number to circle on the reader service card, and such magazines also include a directory of advertisers to remind readers which numbers correspond to which advertisers.  Some magazines used to include so-called "catalog collections", a two- or four-page spread which included up to 12 catalog promotions (all of whom had corresponding numbers on the included bingo card). From the advertisers' perspective, readers expressing interest are sales leads, which implies that reader service cards are a method of lead generation.  

Before the World Wide Web was invented, reader service cards relieved consumers (as well as business executives with purchasing authority) of the inconvenience of having to separately contact each advertiser in a particular magazine by mail, fax, telex or telephone to express interest. Instead, they would just mail a reader service card back to the publisher.  The postage for the reader service card was often prepaid (where allowed).  Over the next few weeks, fat envelopes containing brochures, pamphlets, catalogs, and product samples would arrive in the mail from the selected advertisers.  This was a common method for gathering an up-to-date collection of mail order product catalogs and product literature in preparation for a purchasing decision before web sites became the primary delivery vehicle for such information.

References

Further reading
Crissy, W.J.E. and Gary A. Maple, "What about Reader Service Cards?".  Journal of Marketing, Vol. 27, No. 1. (Jan., 1963), pp. 56–60.

Magazine publishing
Advertising
Chamarajnagar

Chamarajnagar is an alternate way to spell the following places in India:
 Chamarajanagar, a city in the state of Karnataka
 Chamarajanagar district, the district thereof
Institute of Sales Promotion

The Institute of Promotional Marketing is a marketing organization in the United Kingdom.

Originally set up in 1933 as the British Sales Promotion Association, it was known by various names until it was awarded Institute status in 1979 as the Institute of Sales Promotion. In the UK, "Institute" is a legally protected term which is only granted to organisations that can demonstrate achievement in areas such as education, development and research.

The organisation continued to be known as the ISP until June 2010, when it changed to the Institute of Promotional Marketing.

Activities
The IPM provides professional diplomas and certificates, best-practice guidelines and legal and copy clearance advice for the promotional marketing industry in the UK. It also represents the interests of promotional marketing practitioners with regulators, government officials and politicians, both in the UK and in the European Union.

The decision to change the organisation's name from the Institute of Sales Promotion to the Institute of Promotional Marketing was the result of many years' debate. It was eventually decided that the term "sales promotion" was restrictive, because, strictly speaking, it refers to a relatively small number of techniques traditionally used only with the retail environment. While Institute members may still run some promotions that use these sales promotions techniques, the majority of the work they do involves other promotional marketing techniques.

External links
Institute Of Sales Promotion

Sales promotion
Business education
Marketing organizations
Sales professional associations
Sales Promotion
Iliac vessels

Iliac vessels can refer to:

 Iliac artery
 Iliac vein
Pavel Koutecký

Pavel Koutecký (June 10, 1956 – April 13, 2006) was a Czech documentary film director.

Koutecký was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and graduated from FAMU in 1982. He died in an accidental fall from a tall building under construction in the Pankrác area of Prague while preparing a documentary about the risks taken by people who climb skyscrapers.

References

External links

Accidental deaths from falls
Czech film directors
Czech documentary filmmakers
1956 births
2006 deaths
Accidental deaths in the Czech Republic
Livia Klausová

Livia Klausová née Mištinová (born 10 November 1943) is a Slovak-born Czech economist who was the First Lady of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013 as wife of the President Václav Klaus. From 2013 to 2018 she served as the Czech Republic's ambassador to Slovakia.

An alumna of the University of Economics, Prague, she married fellow economist Václav Klaus in 1968. The couple have two sons, Václav (b. 1969) and Jan (b. 1974), and five grandchildren. Her father was Štefan Miština, who died in 1959.

Member of Supervisory Boards

References

Sources
Biography of Václav Klaus from Radio Praha

1943 births
Living people
Diplomats from Bratislava
Czechoslovak economists
First ladies of the Czech Republic
Czech women economists
Czech people of Slovak descent
Prague University of Economics and Business alumni
Václav Klaus
Ambassadors of the Czech Republic to Slovakia
Czech women diplomats
Czech women ambassadors
Avilla

Avilla may refer to:
Avilla, Arkansas
Avilla, Indiana
Avilla, Missouri
Avilla Township, Comanche County, Kansas

See also

Ávila (disambiguation)
Backyard Wrestling 2: There Goes the Neighborhood

Backyard Wrestling 2: There Goes the Neighborhood is a fighting video game developed by Paradox Development, and published by Eidos Interactive in 2004 for PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is the second installment in the  Backyard Wrestling series and the sequel to Backyard Wrestling: Don't Try This at Home. The licensed soundtrack includes music by Andrew W.K., Kool Keith, the Insane Clown Posse, Bad Brains, Body Count, Six and Violence, Mudvayne, Saliva, Fall Out Boy, and Hoobastank.

Gameplay
The roster of underground wrestlers features more than 20 combatants, including notable hardcore wrestlers, music personalities, and adult film actresses.

The game was billed as being greatly improved over its predecessor, including a more in depth create-a-wrestler mode. The game includes an option for turning the game's blood effects on and off; the original game does not have said option. Each wrestler now has an introduction video. There are also sixteen unlockable music videos.

Roster

Reception

Backyard Wrestling 2: There Goes the Neighborhood received "generally unfavorable" reviews on both platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave the PlayStation 2 version a score of one six, two sevens, and one six, for a total of 26 out of 40.

References

External links
 

2004 video games
Eidos Interactive games
PlayStation 2 games
Square Enix franchises
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
Xbox games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Professional wrestling games
Video games using Havok
Midway Studios Los Angeles games
Suspensory ligament of ovary

The suspensory ligament of the ovary, also infundibulopelvic ligament (commonly abbreviated IP ligament or simply IP), is a fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis.

Some sources consider it a part of the broad ligament of uterus while other sources just consider it a "termination" of the ligament. It is not considered a true ligament in that it does not physically support any anatomical structures; however it is an important landmark and it houses the ovarian vessels.

The suspensory ligament is directed upward over the iliac vessels.

Structure
It contains the ovarian artery, ovarian vein, ovarian nerve plexus, and lymphatic vessels.

Composition
The suspensory ligament of the ovary is one continuous tissue that connects the ovary to the wall of the pelvis. There are separate names for the two regions of this tissue. 
 In the anterior region, the suspensory ligament is attached to the wall of the pelvis via a continuous tissue called peritoneum. 
 In the more posterior region, the suspensory ligament is attached to the upper pole of ovary and infundibulum of fallopian tube via a continuous tissue called the broad ligament.

In sum, the suspensory ligament consists of a single connective tissue that has different regional notations, the peritoneum and the broad ligament.

Peritoneal relationship

Most of the abdominal cavity is lined by a double-membranous sac called peritoneum .  The interior is called the peritoneal cavity, this is the location of all 'intra-peritoneal' organs (disambiguation: retro-peritoneal organs ).    The most inferior extent of the peritoneum covers the pelvic inlet; in females, this region of the peritoneum is referred to as the 'broad ligament'.

Development
The suspensory ligament originates from the mesonephros, which, in turn, originates from intermediate mesoderm.

The prenatal development of the suspensory ligament of the ovary is a part of the development of the reproductive system.

See also
 Ligament of ovary

References

External links
 
 
 Slide at pitt.edu

Ligaments
Mammal female reproductive system
Florence Converse

Florence Converse (April 30, 1871 – February 13, 1967) was an American author. Throughout her career, she wrote a variety of pieces spanning many genres, including historical novels, mysteries, religious plays, and poetry. Converse had a Boston marriage with Vida Dutton Scudder.

Early life and education
Florence Converse was born in New Orleans in 1871. She attended Mrs. Charles's School in New Orleans, and graduated from Wellesley College in 1893, and completed a master's degree at Wellesley in 1903.

Career 
Converse gave a series of lectures on Percy Bysshe Shelley in New Orleans in 1896. She taught English at Wellesley after graduating from the college, and lived in Denison House, a Boston settlement house. She was a member of the editorial staff of The Churchman from 1900 to 1908, when she joined the staff of the Atlantic Monthly. 

Converse wrote plays, poems, and several novels. These included Long Will, a novel about the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. She also edited children's books at E. P. Dutton. "Miss Converse is doubtless one of the most interesting of the minor poets," wrote a reviewer in 1937.

Personal life and legacy 
Converse was in a lesbian relationship known as a Boston marriage with Vida Dutton Scudder. The couple lived together from 1912 until Scudder died in 1954. Converse died in 1967, at the age of 95. Scudder and Converse are buried alongside each other at Newton Cemetery, Newton, Massachusetts.

Publications
Converse wrote in various genres, including historical novels, mysteries, religious plays, and poetry. She also translated works from French, including Birds of a Feather (1919) by Marcel Nadaud.
 Diana Victrix (1897)
 The Burden of Christopher (1900)
 Long Will, A Romance (1903)
 The House of Prayer (1908)
 A Masque of Sibyls (1910)
 The Children of Light (1912)
 The Story of Wellesley (1915)
 The Blessed Birthday (1917)
 Garments of Praise (1921)
 The Holy Night (1922)
 The Happy Swan (1925)
 Into the Void (1926)
 Sphinx (1931)
 Efficiency Expert (1934)
 Collected poems of Florence Converse (1937)
 The Madman and the Wrecking Crew (Crux Ave, Spes Unica) (1939)
 Wellesley College, a chronicle of the years 1875-1938 (1939)
 Prologue to Peace: the Poems of Two Wars (1949)
 "Pasquale's Easter Moon" (1956)

References

Attribution

External links 
 
 

1871 births
1967 deaths
19th-century American novelists
Writers from New Orleans
Wellesley College alumni
LGBT people from Louisiana
20th-century American novelists
American LGBT novelists
American women novelists
American women journalists
20th-century American women writers
19th-century American women writers
Novelists from Louisiana
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American historical novelists
Women historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
The Hummingbird Society

The Hummingbird Society is a non-profit organization whose mission is to promote the understanding and conservation of hummingbirds. It was founded in 1996 by Dr. H. Ross Hawkins, who was its executive director until he died in early July 2020.  His work and the Society continue and hummingbird lovers around the world acknowledge his enormous contribution.  The Society's offices are currently at 6560 Highway 179, Suite 124, Sedona, Arizona, USA. Members can be found in all U.S. states and over twenty other countries.

Currently the society has partnership Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) with Oikonos and the Hummingbird Conservancy of Colombia for its efforts to protect the Juan Fernández Firecrown (JFF) Sephanoides fernandensis in Chile and the Colorful Puffleg Eriocnemis mirabilis in Colombia, respectively.

The society is funded primarily by memberships (individual, business, and corporate) and donations. In 2006, however, a new avenue of funding was opened through one of its corporate sponsors, a winery in California, US. Beginning that year, they introduced a new red wine, dedicating that year's vintage to a critically endangered hummingbird species. This raised nearly $20,000 for the JFF, the first species chosen. In 2007 they introduced the second wine, dedicated to the Honduran Emerald, and the third year to the Colorful Puffleg.

In 2012 the society held its first Sedona Hummingbird Festival in Sedona, Arizona. This event consisted of three days of presentations by hummingbird experts, hummingbird banding demonstrations, hummingbird garden tours, a gala banquet, and a hummingbird marketplace.

See also

Biodiversity
Ecology

References

External links
The home page of the Hummingbird Society
the home page of The Hummingbird Conservancy
the home page of Oikonos
the home page of the Society's annual festival

Ornithological organizations in the United States
Environmental organizations based in Arizona
Suspensory ligament of penis

The suspensory ligament of the penis is attached to the pubic symphysis, which holds the penis close to the pubic bone and supports it when erect. The ligament does not directly connect to the corpus cavernosum penis, but may still play a role in erectile dysfunction. The ligament can be surgically lengthened in a procedure known as ligamentolysis, which is a form of penis enlargement.

Gallery

See also 
 Suspensory ligament of clitoris
 fundiform ligament of penis

References

External links 
 The Mayo Clinic -- Penis enlargement: Fulfillment or fallacy?
 

Mammal male reproductive system
Ligaments
Human penis anatomy
USWA World Tag Team Championship

The USWA World Tag Team Championship was the primary professional wrestling tag team championship promoted by the Memphis, Tennessee-based United States Wrestling Association (USWA). The Continental Wrestling Association and World Class Wrestling Association (WCWA) merged in 1989 to form the USWA. In the merger the USWA replaced both the WCWA World Tag Team Championship and the CWA Tag Team Championship with the USWA version. The promotion awarded Cactus Jack and Scott Braddock the championship after they won the WCWA championship on August 4, 1989. The USWA closed in 1997, with PG-13 (J. C. Ice and Wolfie D) as the final champions. There were a total of 116 reigns in the eight year lifetime of the championship.

The final champions, PG-13, holds the record for most championship reigns as they held the belts on 15 different occasions across the years, in addition each member also held the championship with a different partner, making them tied for most overall reigns for an individual. The Moondogs (Spot and Spike) reign as champions lasted between 123 and 152 days, the longest of any championship team. In April 1992 Moondog Cujo replaced Spike, but records are unclear as to what date the change was made. The teams of Jim and Ron Harris, Tommy Rich and Doug Gilbert, and Flash Flanagan and Nick Dinsmore, all lost the championship on the same show that they won the championship, tying them for the shortest reign.

As it is a professional wrestling championship, the championship was won not by actual competition, but by kayfabe to a match determined by the bookers and match makers. On occasion the promotion declares a championship vacant, which means there is no champion at that point in time. This can either be due to a storyline, or real life issues such as a champion suffering an injury being unable to defend the championship, or leaving the company.

Title history

Team reigns by combined length

Individual reigns by combined length

USWA Tag Team Championship Tournament (1989)
The USWA Tag Team Tournament was a one-night single elimination tag team tournament held in Dallas, Texas on December 1, 1989, for the vacant USWA World Tag Team Championship.

Footnotes

References

United States Wrestling Association championships
Tag team wrestling championships
Siege of Ryazan

Ryazan, capital of the Principality of Ryazan, was the first Russian city to be besieged by the Mongol invaders under Batu Khan.

Prelude 
In the autumn of 1237 the Mongol Horde led by Batu Khan invaded the Rus' principality of Ryazan. The Prince of Ryazan, Yuriy Igorevich, asked Yuriy Vsevolodovich, the prince of Vladimir, for help, but did not receive any.

Siege 
The Mongols defeated the vanguard of the Ryazan army at the Voronezh River and on December 16, 1237 besieged the capital of the principality (this site is now known as Old Ryazan, Staraya Ryazan, and is situated some 50 km from the modern city of Ryazan). The townspeople repelled the first Mongol attacks. The Mongols then used catapults to destroy the city's fortifications. On December 21, Batu Khan's troops stormed the walls, plundered Ryazan, killed Prince Yuriy and his wife, executed nearly all of the city's inhabitants, and burned the city to the ground. "But God saved the Bishop, for he had departed the same moment when the troops invested the town."

Casualties 
The population of Ryazan in the XIII century is hard to estimate. Archaeological excavations on the site of Old Ryazan in 1915 and 1979 uncovered 97 severed heads on the site of the former church, and 143 bodies in several mass graves, all of whom met violent deaths during the sack of the city.

Aftermath 
The writer of the Rus' chronicle described the aftermath of the battle with the words "There was none left to groan and cry". The city of Old Ryazan was completely destroyed and was never rebuilt, though archeologist M. W. Thompson wrote "Life was soon renewed. The churches and fortifications were restored and new houses built. In the fourteenth century, however, the capital of the princedom was for several reasons, including repeated raids by Tartars because of its proximity to the steppe, transferred to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (renamed Ryazan in 1778). The old town gradually became deserted."

After the destruction of Ryazan, Batu Khan's horde pushed on into the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal.

See also
 The Tale of Batu’s Capture of Ryazan

Notes

References
 Full Collection of Russian Chronicles, St.Petersburg, 1908, reprinted Moscow, 2001, .

Ryazan
Ryazan
Conflicts in 1237
1237 in Europe
History of Ryazan Oblast
13th century in Russia
1237 in the Mongol Empire
2005 Kids' Choice Awards

The 18th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was held on April 2, 2005. The event was hosted by Ben Stiller and was held at Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles.

Performers
Will Smith - "Switch"
Simple Plan - "Shut Up!"

Presenters
Cameron Diaz and Jimmy Fallon - Presented Favorite Movie Actor
Frankie Muniz and Jessica Alba - Presented Favorite TV Show
Jesse McCartney and Jamie Lynn Spears - Presented Favorite Cartoon
George Lopez and Alyssa Milano - Presented Favorite TV Actor
Hayden Christensen, C-3PO, Darth Vader and R2-D2 - Presented Favorite Male Singer
Drake Bell, Josh Peck and Ice Cube - Presented Favorite TV Actress
Halle Berry - Presented the Wannabe Award
Adam Brody and Amber Tamblyn - Presented Favorite Movie Actress
Amanda Bynes and Devon Werkheiser - Introduced Simple Plan
Chris Rock and Jada Pinkett Smith - Presented Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie

Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order.

Movies

Television

Music

Miscellaneous

Wannabe Award
Queen Latifah

References

External links
 
Nick.com

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Kids' Choice Awards
Kids' Choice Awards
Kids' Choice Awards
2005 in Los Angeles
Kids