alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
The Venturers

The Venturers is a British television series produced by the BBC in 1975.

The series, created by Donald Bull, had started out as an edition of Drama Playhouse in 1972 before being commissioned as an ongoing series. The Venturers took place in the high pressure world of Prince's merchant bank and dealt with the intricacies of high finance amongst its millionaire clients.

Geoffrey Keen starred as director Gerald Lang, in a virtual reprise of his role as oil executive Brian Stead in Mogul / The Troubleshooters. Other major cast members included James Kerry, David Buck, Cyril Luckham and William Squire.

The Venturers lasted for a single series of ten episodes.

Cast
 Geoffrey Keen as Gerald Lang  
 David Buck as Tom Prince 
 James Kerry as David Ayrton 
 Karin MacCarthy as Dorothy Ayrton
 Hugh Manning as Freddie Pander
 Cyril Luckham as Lord Kilvern
 William Squire as Sir George Fielding

External links
 

BBC television dramas
1970s British drama television series
1975 British television series debuts
1975 British television series endings
English-language television shows
Dell Technologies Championship

The Dell Technologies Championship, originally the Deutsche Bank Championship, was a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour that was played annually from 2003 to 2018. It was held in Norton, Massachusetts, United States, over the Labor Day weekend in late summer.

In 2007, the PGA Tour introduced the FedEx Cup and the Deutsche Bank Championship became one of four playoff events. The 2018 edition was the last time the event was staged as the FedEx Cup playoffs were reduced to three events the following season.

History
Replacing the Air Canada Championship in British Columbia on the tour schedule, the tournament made its debut in 2003 as the Deutsche Bank Championship. It was held at the Tournament Players Club of Boston in Norton, Massachusetts, south-southwest of Boston. Unlike most PGA Tour events which are played Thursday through Sunday, this tournament was played Friday through Monday, with the final round on Labor Day.

It became part of the first-year FedEx Cup playoffs in 2007, with its purse increased to $7 million. The purse in 2018 was $9.0 million, with a winner's share of $1.62 million. As the second of the four playoff events, its field was limited to the top 100 players on the FedEx Cup points list. Points were amassed during the PGA Tour's regular season and the first playoff event, The Northern Trust, which took place the previous week in the New York City area.

Deutsche Bank sponsored the first 14 editions of the tournament, through 2016. In 2017, Dell Technologies, which had a new subsidiary Dell EMC headquartered in Massachusetts, took over as the title sponsor of the tournament. The event was managed by the Tiger Woods Foundation from 2013 to 2016, after which it was managed by the PGA Tour.

Television
With the tournament's offset scheduling, Friday to Monday, network coverage has been over the final two scheduled rounds, Sunday and Monday; cable channels carry the Friday and Saturday rounds. The first network partner was ABC Sports from 2003 to 2006, though the 2006 event was covered under the "ESPN on ABC" banner. The event has been covered by NBC Sports from 2007 to 2018, though the 2011 and 2012 events were covered under the "Golf Channel on NBC" banner.

Winners

Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.

Multiple winners
Vijay Singh: 2004, 2008
Rory McIlroy: 2012, 2016

See also
 New England Classic – a PGA Tour event held in Massachusetts from 1969 through 1998.

References

External links

Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site
FedEx Cup site
TPC Boston

Former PGA Tour events
Golf in Massachusetts
FedEx Cup
Sports competitions in Massachusetts
Sports in Bristol County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Bristol County, Massachusetts
Norton, Massachusetts
Recurring sporting events established in 2003
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2018
2003 establishments in Massachusetts
2018 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Terry Crowley

Terrence Michael Crowley (born February 16, 1947) is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder, first baseman and pinch hitter from  through , most notably as a member of the Baltimore Orioles dynasty that won three consecutive American League pennants from 1969 to 1971 and, won the World Series in 1970. He serves as an organizational hitting instructor for the Baltimore Orioles. Crowley has been inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame.

Playing career
Crowley played for the Orioles from 1969 to 1973 and from 1976 to 1982. He was a backup player who could play the outfield and first base. When the designated hitter rule was implemented, he was the first Oriole to fulfill this role. However, he was best known during his playing career for being a pinch hitter. As of the end of the 2011 season, Crowley's 108 career pinch-hits is still the 13th-most all-time, tying him with Denny Walling. Teammate Jim Palmer called him "a really great pinch hitter who studies pitchers to get himself psyched to hit."

Crowley's contract was sold by the Orioles to the Texas Rangers at the Winter Meetings on December 6, 1973. He never appeared in a regular-season contest with the Rangers, as he was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Reds during spring training on March 19, 1974. He was traded from the Reds to the Atlanta Braves for Mike Thompson on April 7, 1976.

In 865 games over 15 seasons, Crowley compiled a .250 batting average (379-for-1,518) with 174 runs, 62 doubles, 1 triple, 42 home runs, 229 RBI, 222 base on balls, 181 strikeouts, .345 on-base percentage and .375 slugging percentage. He posted a .987 fielding percentage. In 13 post-season games, all in a pinch-hitting role (3 WS, 2 ALCS, 1 NLCS), he hit .273 (3-for-11) with 3 RBI.

Coaching career
Crowley has served as the hitting coach for the Baltimore Orioles from 1985 through 1988, the Minnesota Twins from 1991 through 1998, and the Orioles again from 1999 through 2010. Crowley served as a roving hitting instructor in the Orioles organization in 2011. He was an interim bullpen coach in 2011, following Mark Connor's resignation and the subsequent promotion of bullpen coach Rick Adair.  In 2014, Crowley worked with Oriole Chris Davis on his hitting.

Personal life
Crowley attended Curtis High School after graduating he attended Long Island University, Brooklyn Campus, before being drafted by the Orioles in 1966.

References

Sources

1947 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from New York (state)
Cincinnati Reds players
Curtis High School alumni
Elmira Pioneers players
LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds baseball players
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball first base coaches
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
Miami Marlins (FSL) players
Minnesota Twins coaches
Montreal Expos players
Rochester Red Wings players
Baseball players from Staten Island
Birmingham Civil Rights District

The Birmingham Civil Rights District is an area of downtown Birmingham, Alabama where several significant events in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s took place. The district was designated by the City of Birmingham in 1992 and covers a six-block area.

Landmarks in the district include:

 16th Street Baptist Church, where the students involved in the 1963 Birmingham campaign and its Children's Crusade were trained by SCLC activist James Bevel and left in groups of 50 to march on City Hall, and where four young African American girls were killed and 22 churchgoers were injured in a bombing on September 15, 1963.
 Kelly Ingram Park, where many protests by blacks were held, often resulting in recrimination by Birmingham police, including the famous 1963 scenes of policemen turning back young protesters with fire hoses and police dogs. News coverage of the police attack in this park helped turn the tide of public opinion in the United States against legalized segregationist policies. Several sculptures in the park depict scenes from those police riots.
 The Fourth Avenue Business District, where much of the city's black businesses and entertainment venues were located; the area was the hub of the black community for many years. The business district includes A. G. Gaston's Booker T. Washington Insurance Co. and the Gaston Motel, a meeting place for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights during the early 1960s.
 Carver Theatre, once a popular motion picture theater for blacks in Birmingham, now renovated as a live-performance theater and home of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
 Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, a museum which chronicles the events, actions, and victories of the Civil Rights Movement, opened in 1993.

On March 21, 2016, Rep. Terri Sewell introduced to the United States House of Representatives H.R. 4817, a bill that would designate the Birmingham Civil Rights District as a National Historical Park. On March 28, 2016, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Federal Lands. However, a portion of the district was designated by executive order by President Obama as the Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument on January 12, 2017.

See also
 Timeline of the civil rights movement
 Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
 Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
 List of national monuments of the United States

References

External links
ProseandPhotos.com: Birmingham Civil Rights District
Greater Birmingham Convention and Visitors Bureau: Civil Rights District

National Register of Historic Places in Birmingham, Alabama
History of civil rights in the United States
Geography of Birmingham, Alabama
History of Birmingham, Alabama
Tourist attractions in Birmingham, Alabama
Historic districts in Birmingham, Alabama
Civil rights movement museums
Carver Theatre (Birmingham, Alabama)

The Carver Theatre, now formally known as the Carver Performing Arts Center, is a theater located in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. In its days as a motion picture theater, it was best known as a place where African-Americans could see first-run movies; during that time, only whites were allowed in most theaters because of segregation laws.

The Carver is now a live performance venue which seats 527, and is also the home of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

History
Located on the corner of Fourth Avenue North and 17th Street North, the Carver was opened in 1935. A 1945 renovation equipped the Carver with many new features, including 1,300 of the latest model theater chairs, air conditioning, and improved sound and projection, as reported by The Birmingham News. The Fourth Avenue area was a business and entertainment hub for the city's black community, and was also the location of many events in the Civil Rights Movement.

As with most downtown theaters, the Carver's fortunes declined over the years. In later years, the theater showed pornographic movies, and the facility closed sometime in the early 1980s.

The City of Birmingham, seeking to improve the area where many events of the Civil Rights Movement took place, purchased the Carver in 1990 and remodeled it for live performance use, with an eye toward remembering the Carver's place in the African-American Community. One of the planned uses was a home for the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame. Since its reopening, the Carver has hosted many events such as the Taste of 4th Avenue Jazz Festival, and the annual AJHoF Student Jazz Festival, as well as performances by Duke Ellington Orchestra, Lionel Hampton, Diana Krall, Lou Marini, the Magic City Jazz Orchestra, Ray Reach and the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame All-Stars, Gregg Karukas, the Tom Joyner syndicated radio show, and many other notable performers.  The Carver also hosts touring theatrical productions and numerous concerts and educational events sponsored by the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.  The theatre is now a part of the Birmingham Civil Rights District.

See also 
 List of jazz venues
 List of jazz institutions and organizations

References

External links
Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame official web site
 The Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame All-Stars at All About Jazz
 2007 Taste of 4th Avenue Jazz Festival website

Buildings and structures in Birmingham, Alabama
Jazz clubs in the United States
Tourist attractions in Birmingham, Alabama
Performing arts centers in Alabama
1935 establishments in Alabama
Theatres completed in 1935
Historically African-American theaters and music venues

vi:Nhà hát Carver
Study of Exceptional Talent

The Julian C. Stanley Study of Exceptional Talent (SET) is an outgrowth of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) at Johns Hopkins University. Founded in 1971 by Professor Julian Stanley, SMPY pioneered the concept of above-grade-level testing of middle school students, using the SAT to identify exceptionally talented mathematical reasoners, then offering rigorous academic programs for students who exhibit exceptional reasoning ability.

History 
In 1979, Center for Talented Youth (CTY) was created as an independent entity to administer the Johns Hopkins Talent Search and summer programs, while Dr. Stanley continued to focus on offering educational counseling to the ablest mathematical reasoners throughout the United States. SET was created in 1991, with a commitment to serve verbally as well as mathematically talented students.

Terence Tao is one of only three children in the history of SET to have achieved a score of 700 or greater on the SAT math section while just eight years old; Tao scored a 760. Julian Stanley, Director of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth, stated that Tao had the greatest mathematical reasoning ability he had found in years of intensive searching.

Eligibility 
Students qualify for SET by scoring at least 700 on either the Math or Verbal (Critical Reading) SAT Reasoning Test before age 13 years. Students who take the SAT after their 13th birthday may qualify for SET by scoring an additional 10 points above 700 for each month or fraction of a month of age after their 13th birthday. Thus, a student who takes the SAT Reasoning Test two months and two weeks after their 13th birthday would qualify for SET with a score of at least 730 on either the SAT-Math or SAT-Verbal.

See also
 Dr. Julian C. Stanley
 Terence Tao, Alumni

External links
 Johns Hopkins University Official Website
 CTY Official Website

References

Johns Hopkins University
Gifted education
Lumisterol

Lumisterol is a compound that is part of the vitamin D family of steroid compounds. It is the (9β,10α) stereoisomer of ergosterol and was produced as a photochemical by-product in the preparation of vitamin D1, which was a mixture of vitamin D2 and lumisterol. Vitamin D2 can be formed from lumisterol by an electrocyclic ring opening and subsequent sigmatropic [1,7] hydride shift.
 
Lumisterol has an analog based on 7-dehydrocholesterol, known as lumisterol 3.

References

Vitamin D
Sterols
Levi L. Conant

Levi Leonard Conant (March 3, 1857, Littleton, Massachusetts – October 11, 1916, Worcester, Massachusetts) was an American mathematician specializing in trigonometry.

Education and career
He attended Phillips Academy, Andover and Dartmouth College (B.A., 1879, A.M., 1887) and later Syracuse University (Ph.D., 1893), studying mathematics.

He was professor of mathematics at the Dakota School of Mines from 1887 to 1890, then attended Clark University for a year before beginning teaching at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1891, where he taught for the remainder of his life.

He was head of the Mathematics Department at WPI from 1908 until his death, and was interim president from 1911 to 1913. He married twice, first in 1884 to Laura Chamberlain (died 1911) and again in 1912 to Emma B. Fisher.

On October 11, 1916, aged 59, he was struck by a truck in front of his home and was killed.

The Number Concept
Conant's most significant work was his 1896 book The Number Concept: Its Origin and Development. This was a seminal work in the anthropological and psychological study of numerals, focusing on the analysis of Native American number systems from a generally cultural evolutionist theoretical perspective. Conant's ethnographic data generally reflected the limited development of anthropology at the time.

Conant's characterization of the numeral systems of Native American languages as 'primitive' or 'savage' is not widely accepted today. Conant's work, however, influenced scholars such as Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, and represented the first systematic comparative analysis of numeral systems of North America.

Legacy
Conant left $10,000 to the American Mathematical Society in his will, which was disbursed in 1976 following the death of Conant's second wife. In 2000 the Society established a yearly prize (Levi L. Conant Prize) in his name to honor the best expository paper published in the Bulletin of the AMS or the Notices of the AMS in the past five years.

Major works
The Number Concept: Its Origin and Development (1896)
Original Exercises in Plane and Solid Geometry (1905)
Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1909)

References
Anonymous. 1916. Notes and news. American Mathematical Monthly 23(10): 401.
Marquis, Albert Nelson, ed. 1908–09. Who's Who in America: a Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States. Chicago: Marquis.

External links
WPI Mathematical Sciences Department - History
 
 
 
Seventy Years of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Levi L. Conant Prize
Mathematics Genealogy Project record

1857 births
1916 deaths
Conant family
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
People from Littleton, Massachusetts
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Dartmouth College alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Clark University alumni
Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni
Worcester Polytechnic Institute faculty
Mathematicians from New York (state)
QMR

QMR may refer to:
 QMR.fm, an internet radio station
 A Krylov subspace algorithm
 The QMR effect
 Queen's Medical Review, a student-run publication for Queen's School of Medicine students
 Quest Master's Realm - an exciting new Indie MMORPG
Erayamkudy

Erayamkudy is a small village in the Thrissur District of the Kerala state of India. This village is in the shore of the Chalakudy River with an ancient temple Erayamkudy Bhagavathi Kshetram. The nearest villages are Mambra, Annamanada, Puliyanam and Elavoor. The village has a population of about 1000. The majority of people who live here mainly depend on coconut, rice, and nutmeg crop. The Village is Known For the Agitation of 2008 regarding the destruction of paddy fields. Various leaders like VS Achudanandan Visited the Protest. Erayamkudy is known for its Jaathikkathottam's (nutmeg plantations). Erayamkudy has also been a location for filming some scenes of the 2019 movie Thanneer Mathan Dinangal.

References 

Villages in Thrissur district
Nonparametric regression

Nonparametric regression is a category of regression analysis in which the predictor does not take a predetermined form but is constructed according to information derived from the data. That is, no parametric form is assumed for the relationship between predictors and dependent variable. Nonparametric regression requires larger sample sizes than regression based on parametric models because the data must supply the model structure as well as the model estimates.

Definition 
In nonparametric regression, we have random variables  and  and assume the following relationship:

where  is some deterministic function. Linear regression is a restricted case of nonparametric regression where  is assumed to be affine.
Some authors use a slightly stronger assumption of additive noise:

where the random variable  is the `noise term', with mean 0.
Without the assumption that  belongs to a specific parametric family of functions it is impossible to get an unbiased estimate for , however most estimators are consistent under suitable conditions.

List of general-purpose nonparametric regression algorithms 
This is a non-exhaustive list of non-parametric models for regression.

 nearest neighbors, see nearest-neighbor interpolation and k-nearest neighbors algorithm 
 regression trees
 kernel regression
 local regression
 multivariate adaptive regression splines
 smoothing splines
 neural networks

Examples

Gaussian process regression or Kriging 

In Gaussian process regression, also known as Kriging, a Gaussian prior is assumed for the regression curve. The errors are assumed to have a multivariate normal distribution and the regression curve is estimated by its posterior mode. The Gaussian prior may depend on unknown hyperparameters, which are usually estimated via empirical Bayes. 
The hyperparameters typically specify a prior covariance kernel. In case the kernel should also be inferred nonparametrically from the data, the critical filter can be used. 

Smoothing splines have an interpretation as the posterior mode of a Gaussian process regression.

Kernel regression 

Kernel regression estimates the continuous dependent variable from a limited set of data points by convolving the data points' locations with a kernel function—approximately speaking, the kernel function specifies how to "blur" the influence of the data points so that their values can be used to predict the value for nearby locations.

Regression trees 

Decision tree learning algorithms can be applied to learn to predict a dependent variable from data. Although the original Classification And Regression Tree (CART) formulation applied only to predicting univariate data, the framework can be used to predict multivariate data, including time series.

See also
 Lasso (statistics)
 Local regression
 Non-parametric statistics
 Semiparametric regression
 Isotonic regression
 Multivariate adaptive regression splines

References

Further reading

External links

HyperNiche, software for nonparametric multiplicative regression.
Scale-adaptive nonparametric regression (with Matlab software).
Emil Strub

Emil Strub (13 July 1858 in Trimbach, Switzerland – 15 December 1909) was a Swiss builder, railway builder and inventor who invented the Strub rack system.

Publications 
 : a comparison of the funiculars

See also
 Abt rack system 
 Rack systems

Swiss designers
Transport engineers
1858 births
1909 deaths
Swiss railway mechanical engineers
Swiss railway pioneers
Rack railways
Morelos Dam

After a 1944 United States Mexico Treaty the Morelos Dam was built in 1950 across the Colorado River. It is located about  below the junction of the California border and the Colorado River between the town of Los Algodones, Baja California, in northwestern Mexico and Yuma County, Arizona in the southwestern United States. The eastern half of the dam lies inside United States territory; but Mexico is responsible for all maintenance. The dam allows Mexico to divert its allotted water from the Colorado River to highly developed crop lands in the Mexicali, Mexico Valley. The Morelos Dam is the final dam on the Colorado River. It is run by the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC).

On March 23, 2014, an eight-week flood was begun with the opening of a gate at Morelos Dam. The goal is to rejuvenate a desert riparian habitat which naturalist Aldo Leopold explored in 1922 and described as "awesome jungles" and "lovely groves" in his memoir A Sand County Almanac.

The dam is noted as the location Chris McCandless crossed into Mexico by kayak.

References

External links
 IBWC Morelos Dam Information

Dams on the Colorado River
Dams in Arizona
Dams in Mexico
Dams of the Lower Colorado River Valley
Buildings and structures in Baja California
Buildings and structures in Yuma County, Arizona
Mexicali Municipality
Dams completed in 1950
PCT Gazette

The PCT Gazette is a weekly bilingual publication of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It is published by the International Bureau of WIPO pursuant to Article 55 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), which provides a system for filing international (patent) applications. The Gazette contains among other things bibliographic data of international applications when published and notices concerning changes to fees, legal provisions and Office procedures relating to the PCT.

The first issue of the PCT Gazette (No 01/1978) was published on May 11, 1978. The PCT Gazette was available both in paper and electronic form (at least during a period) before April 1, 2006. Since April 1, 2006, the Gazette is no longer made available in paper form.

See also 
 Official Journal of the European Patent Office
 European Patent Bulletin
 List of intellectual property law journals

References

External links 
 Weekly Issues of the PCT Gazette, by year on the WIPO web site

Gazettes
Gazette
Magazines established in 1978
Works about patent law
World Intellectual Property Organization
1993–94 WHL season

The 1993–94 WHL season was the 28th season for the Western Hockey League.  Sixteen teams completed a 72-game season.  The Kamloops Blazers won the President's Cup, before going on to win the Memorial Cup.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes

1994 WHL Playoffs

All-Star game

On February 1, a combined WHL/OHL All-Star team defeated the QMJHL All-Stars 9–7 at Moncton, New Brunswick before a crowd of 6,380.

WHL awards

All-Star Teams

See also
1994 Memorial Cup
1994 NHL Entry Draft
1993 in sports
1994 in sports

References
whl.ca
 2005–06 WHL Guide

Western Hockey League seasons
WHL
WHL
Chef (disambiguation)

A chef is a person who cooks professionally.

Chef or The Chef may also refer to:

People
 Chef (nickname) list of people with the nickname or pseudonym "Chef"

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
Chef (2014 film), a 2014 film directed by Jon Favreau
 Chef (2017 film), an Indian film directed by Raja Krishna Menon
 The Chef (film), a 2012 French comedy film directed by Daniel Cohen

Television
 Chef!, a 1993-1996 BBC sitcom
 Chefs (TV series), a 2015 French television series
 The Chef (TV series), a 2009 Iranian TV series

Characters
 Chef (South Park), a character in South Park
 Swedish Chef, a character from The Muppet Show

Other arts, entertainment, and media
 CHEF, a defunct radio station in Granby, Quebec, Canada
 Chef (magazine), a Swedish business magazine
 The Chefs, a Brighton-based pop group
 Chef (Game & Watch), a 1981 video game made by Nintendo for the Game & Watch
 The Chef (novel), a novel by James Patterson and Max DiLallo (2019)

Brands and enterprises
 Chef (baking), a bread starter
 Chef, a cat food brand manufactured by Wattie's
 "Chef" brand, an Irish condiment brand owned by Valeo Foods

Computing
Chef (company), the makers of Chef software
 Chef (software), an open source configuration management tool
 Chef (programming language), an esoteric programming language designed by David Morgan-Mar

See also
Chief (disambiguation)
Semiparametric regression

In statistics, semiparametric regression includes regression models that combine parametric  and nonparametric models. They are often used in situations where the fully nonparametric model may not perform well or when the researcher wants to use a parametric model but the functional form with respect to a subset of the regressors or the density of the errors is not known. Semiparametric regression models are a particular type of semiparametric modelling and, since semiparametric models contain a parametric component, they rely on parametric assumptions and may be misspecified and inconsistent, just like a fully parametric model.

Methods 
Many different semiparametric regression methods have been proposed and developed. The most popular methods are the partially linear, index and varying coefficient models.

Partially linear models 
A partially linear model is given by

 

where  is the dependent variable,  is a  vector of explanatory variables,  is a  vector of unknown parameters and . The parametric part of the partially linear model is given by the parameter vector  while the nonparametric part is the unknown function . The data is assumed to be i.i.d. with  and the model allows for a conditionally heteroskedastic error process  of unknown form. This type of model was proposed by Robinson (1988) and extended to handle categorical covariates by Racine and Li (2007).

This method is implemented by obtaining a  consistent estimator of  and then deriving an estimator of  from the nonparametric regression of  on  using an appropriate nonparametric regression method.

Index models 
A single index model takes the form

 

where ,  and  are defined as earlier and the error term  satisfies . The single index model takes its name from the parametric part of the model  which is a scalar single index. The nonparametric part is the unknown function .

Ichimura's method 
The single index model method developed by Ichimura (1993) is as follows. Consider the situation in which  is continuous. Given a known form for the function ,  could be estimated using the nonlinear least squares method to minimize the function

 

Since the functional form of  is not known, we need to estimate it. For a given value for  an estimate of the function

 

using kernel method. Ichimura (1993) proposes estimating  with

 

the leave-one-out nonparametric kernel estimator of .

Klein and Spady's estimator 
If the dependent variable  is binary and  and  are assumed to be independent, Klein and Spady (1993) propose a technique for estimating  using maximum likelihood methods. The log-likelihood function is given by

 

where  is the leave-one-out estimator.

Smooth coefficient/varying coefficient models 
Hastie and Tibshirani (1993) propose a smooth coefficient model given by

 

where  is a  vector and  is a vector of unspecified smooth functions of .

 may be expressed as

See also 
 Nonparametric regression
 Effective degree of freedom

Notes

References 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Nonparametric statistics
Sehnsa Tehsil

Sehnsa Tehsil is a large Tehsil in Pakistan Administered Azad Kashmir which lies on the west of Gulpur on the Kotli-Rawalpindi road.  Sehnsa is a sub-divisional (Tehsil) headquarters of Kotli district in the center of Sehnsa valley.

2005 earthquake

On October 8, 2005 this city also felt strong shocks but no damage occurred. On the same day the NGO (Khidmat Khalq Trust) went to the affected areas of AJK. it was the first NGO to reach the Bagh district to help the affected people. This NGO remained for almost six months and helped build homes. People of Sehnsa also participated in helping.

Religion
The majority of the population are Muslim.

References

External links
Mangral
 Aerial Photo of Shensa City

Populated places in Kotli District
Tehsils of Kotli District
Gagliano Neto

Leonardo Gagliano Neto was a Brazilian radio announcer and sports commentator. In 1938 he made history in Brazilian communications, at that year's Football World Cup in France as Brazil's Radio Club sports commentator. Through radio sets as well as loudspeakers installed in parks and public thoroughfares throughout the country, he thrilled the Brazilian population with their first nationwide transatlantic live radio broadcast.

 http://terceirotempo.bol.uol.com.br/que-fim-levou/gagliano-neto-4179
 http://guiadoscuriosos.com.br/blog/2014/02/11/a-historia-de-gagliano-neto-o-primeiro-speaker-brasileiro-em-copas-do-mundo/

Brazilian journalists
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Sir John Hope, 16th Baronet

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Augustus Hope, 16th Baronet, OBE (7 July 1869 - 17 April 1924) was a British soldier and politician.

Life
Hope was son of Rev. Canon Charles Augustus Hope, Rector of Barwick in Elmet, Yorkshire and the grandson of Sir John Hope, 11th Baronet. He entered the British Army when he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) on 22 May 1889, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 1 July 1891 and to captain on 22 August 1897. Major in 1905. He served in the Second Boer War in South Africa in 1901-1902 and was awarded the Queen's medal with 4 clasps. He was back as a regular officer in the 3rd battalion of his regiment in early September 1902, and was promoted to major in 1905. He later served in World War I with the 9th Battalion King's Royal Rifle Corps, was wounded and awarded the OBE in 1919.

He succeeded his uncle, Sir Alexander Hope, 15th Baronet (1824–1918), on 7 March 1918 as the 16th Baronet Hope of Craighall.

Hope was an unsuccessful Unionist candidate for Midlothian at the December 1910 General Election, but was elected for the seat at a by-election in 1912. In 1918 when the constituency was split, he was elected as Conservative member for Midlothian North and Peebles, which he held until 1922.

Family
In 1910 Hope married the Hon. Mary Bruce, OBE, eldest daughter of Alexander Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh. The couple had the following children:

Sir Archibald Philip Hope (1912–1987), 17th Baronet Hope of Craighall, commanded No. 601 Squadron RAF during the Battle of Britain
Lt.-Col. John Cecil Hope, DSO MC, (1913-1945), 1st Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps died on 24 April 1945 on active duty in Italy
Lt.-Col. Hugh Alexander Hope, OBE MC, (1914-1982), fought in WWII with the King's Royal Rifle Corps
 Katharine Anne Hope (1916-1987), married Carl Raymond Davis

References

External links 

Sir John's Find A Grave Memorial

1869 births
1924 deaths
John
Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
King's Royal Rifle Corps officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
University Peak (Alaska)

University Peak is a high peak in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska. It is one of the twenty highest peaks in Alaska , and one of the fifty highest peaks in the United States. It can be considered a southern outlier of the large massif of Mount Bona. However, it is a much steeper peak than Bona, and presents significant climbing challenges of its own.

The peak was named by Terris Moore during the first ascent of Mount Bona; the name refers to the University of Alaska.

Climbing
The first ascent of University Peak was in 1955, via the North Ridge.  The leader was Keith Hart, University of Alaska.  The party consisted of Gibson Reynolds, Columbia University, Leon Blumer, Sydney, Australia, Tim Kelley, University of Washington, Sheldon Brooks, Pacific Lutheran College and Norman Sanders, University of Alaska. The climbers started at the foot of the Hawkins Glacier, and negotiated a difficult icefall to gain a basin at around  elevation, on the west side of the North Ridge. This is still the recommended easiest route, but now one can fly into the  basin to avoid the icefall. This route is rated Alaska Grade 2+.

A much harder route (Alaska Grade 5) was climbed on the East Face of the peak (from the Barnard Glacier) in 1997, by Carlos Buhler and Charlie Sassara.

This East Face route, named "Third Semester", involves 8,500 feet (2,600 m) of 50-80 degree snow, ice and rock capped with a 300-foot (90 m) vertical ice cliff. The descent is via the North Ridge. The first ascent party, Charles Sassara and Carlos Buhler, took 6 days to complete the traverse, including 2 days of storm that prevented movement.

Geology
University Peak consists mainly of an eroded subvolcanic granodioritic intrusion that formed approximately 8.4 million years ago.

See also

List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of mountain peaks of Alaska

Bibliography
 Michael Wood, Colby Coombs, Alaska: A Climbing Guide, The Mountaineers, 2001.

References

External links
 University Peak photo: Flickr

Mountains of Alaska
Saint Elias Mountains
Landforms of Copper River Census Area, Alaska
Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve
North American 4000 m summits
Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
Igneous petrology of Alaska
Miocene magmatism
Clenze

Clenze is a municipality in the district Lüchow-Dannenberg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km northwest of Salzwedel, and 25 km east of Uelzen.

The Polabian name of Clenze is Klǫcka (spelled Cloontzka in older German reference material).

Up until November 1, 2006, Clenze was the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Clenze. It is now part of the Samtgemeinde Lüchow (Wendland).

References 

Lüchow-Dannenberg
División de Informaciones

División de Informaciones is a defunct Argentine intelligence agency created by Juan Perón to work within the National Presidential Office.

Its director was Rodolfo Freude. It collaborated in the smuggling of Nazi war criminals to Argentina in what became known as ODESSA.

See also
Secretariat of Intelligence
National Intelligence System
National Intelligence School
Directorate of Judicial Surveillance
National Directorate of Criminal Intelligence
National Directorate of Strategic Military Intelligence

Defunct Argentine intelligence agencies
Richard Henneberg

Karl Vilhelm Albert Richard Henneberg (5 August 1853 – 19 October 1925) was a German composer and conductor. His mother was named Augusta Boltman, and his father, Albert Henneberg, was an opera singer. He was born in Berlin, Germany. He was a student of Rust, had a concert tour in Scandinavia in 1872 and the following year at the age of twenty, became conductor of Harmonien (later Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra) in Bergen, Norway. After serving in Bergen, he travelled with a German opera company and settled in Stockholm, Sweden, where he became Kapellmeister of a small theater in 1878, the new theater in 1879, and the opera in 1885.

His compositions include the opera Drottningens vallfart, the ballet Undina and music to the plays Brand, Lyco-Pers resa and Diamantbröllopet. He also composed diverse chamber music, piano pieces, choral works and solo songs. He was married in 1879 to Fanny Louise Behrens and in 1900 to Thyra Maria Gyllenskepp. He died in Malmö, Sweden in 1990.

References

1853 births
1925 deaths
German composers
19th-century German musicians
Hugh II of Lusignan

Hugh II (born c. 910-915 - died 967), called Carus (Latin for the Kind), was the second Lord of Lusignan, the son and successor of Hugh I Venator. According to the Chronicle of Saint-Maixent, he built the castle at Lusignan.  Hugh III Albus, who emerges from historical obscurity in the next generation, was probably his son.

Sources
Painter, Sidney. "The Lords of Lusignan in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries." Speculum, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan., 1957), pp 27–47.

House of Lusignan
10th-century French nobility
910s births
967 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Administrative divisions of Astrakhan Oblast

Towns under the federal government management:
Znamensk ()
Cities and towns under the oblast's jurisdiction:
Astrakhan (Астрахань) (administrative center)
city districts:
Kirovsky (Кировский)
Leninsky (Ленинский)
Sovetsky (Советский)
Trusovsky (Трусовский)
Districts:
Akhtubinsky (Ахтубинский)
Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
Akhtubinsk (Ахтубинск)
Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
Nizhny Baskunchak (Нижний Баскунчак)
Verkhny Baskunchak (Верхний Баскунчак)
with 12 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Chernoyarsky (Черноярский)
with 10 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Ikryaninsky (Икрянинский)
Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
Ilyinka (Ильинка)
Krasnye Barrikady (Красные Баррикады)
with 15 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Kamyzyaksky (Камызякский)
Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
Kamyzyak (Камызяк)
Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
Kirovsky (Кировский)
Volgo-Kaspiysky (Волго-Каспийский)
with 16 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Kharabalinsky (Харабалинский)
Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
Kharabali (Харабали)
with 9 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Krasnoyarsky (Красноярский)
with 16 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Limansky (Лиманский)
Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
Liman (Лиман)
with 14 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Narimanovsky (Наримановский)
Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
Narimanov (Нариманов)
with 12 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Privolzhsky (Приволжский)
with 12 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Volodarsky (Володарский)
with 21 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
Yenotayevsky (Енотаевский)
with 14 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.

References

Astrakhan Oblast
Astrakhan Oblast
Eduard Locher

Eduard Locher (15 January 1840 in Zurich – 2 June 1910 in Zurich) was a Swiss engineer, inventor and independent contractor who received a doctorate honoris causa for his work.  He devised the Locher rack railway system and built his privately owned Pilatus Railway that uses this system.

 

The Locher rack system invented by Eduard Locher, has gear teeth cut in the sides rather than the top of the rail, engaged by two cog wheels on the locomotive.  This system allows use on steeper grades than the other systems, whose teeth could jump out of the rack.  It is used on the Pilatus Railway.

Locher set out to design a rack system that could be used on gradients as steep as 1 in 2 (50%). The Abt system - the most common rack system in Switzerland at the time - was limited to a maximum gradient of 1 in 4 (25%). Locher showed that on steeper grade, the Abt system was prone to the driving pinion over-riding the rack, causing potentially catastrophic derailments, as predicted by Dr. Abt. To overcome this problem and allow a rack line up the steep sides of Mt. Pilatus, Locher developed a rack system where the rack is a flat bar with symmetrical, horizontal teeth. Horizontal pinions engage the centrally-mounted bar, both driving the locomotive and keeping it centered on the track.

This system provides very stable attachment to the track, also protecting the car from toppling over even under the most severe crosswinds. Such gears are also capable of leading the car, so even flanges on running wheels are optional. The biggest shortcoming of the system is that the standard railway switch is not usable, and a transfer table or other complex device must be used where branching of the track is needed.

Following tests, the Locher system was deployed on the Pilatus Railway, which opened in 1889. No other public railway uses the Locher system, although some European coal mines use a similar system on steeply graded underground lines.

References

Swiss railway mechanical engineers
1840 births
1910 deaths
Rack railways
Gartow

Gartow is a municipality in the district Lüchow-Dannenberg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the easternmost tip of Lower Saxony, not far from the river Elbe, approx. 30 km northeast of Salzwedel, and 20 km west of Wittenberge. Gartow is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Gartow.

Geography 
Gartow is located in the historical region Wendland, at the west shore of the river Seege, which is artificially formed to the Gartower See.

Points of interest 
At Gartow, there is a facility for FM- and TV-transmission, with two over 300 metre tall guyed masts, the Gartow-Höhbeck transmitter. On August 20, 2009, the smaller mast has been demolished with explosives. Until the German reunification this transmitter was also used for the directional radio link to former West-Berlin (counter station: Richtfunkstelle Berlin-Frohnau).

Nearby Gorleben is a proposed deposit for nuclear waste. This led to much controversy and protests in the area.

References

Lüchow-Dannenberg
Yves Urvoy

Yves-François-Marie-Aimé Urvoy (1900–1944) was a French army officer and historian whose work has focused on  French colonial holdings in Africa.

Background
Urvoy was born to a family of lower-middle class French-Algerian settlers on 20 January 1900 in Orléansville, Algeria.
Relocating to metropolitan France in 1906, the family settled in Paimpol.  Urvoy attended the Lycée General David d'Angers, and then École régionale des beaux-arts d'Angers, before undertaking a second art degree at the Central Academy and the St Louis school.  Urvoy trained at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres from 1918 to 1920 but upon completion of his training, decided to instead pursue a career in the military.

Works
Petit atlas ethno-démographique du Soudan, entre Sénégal et Tchad- Larose (1942)
Les bassins du Niger : étude de géographie physique et de paléogéographie Larose (1942)
Histoire des populations du Soudan central colonie du Niger- Larose (1936) 
Renaître Essais avec François Perroux-Éditions de la Renaissance européenne (1943)
Le Syndicalisme base d'une organisation communautaire économique dans le monde de demain
La Révolution du XXe siècle et la France, Presses universitaires de France (1942)
Chronique d’Agadès

References

French male non-fiction writers
1900 births
1944 deaths
20th-century French historians
20th-century French male writers
Ratra House

Ratra House (), sometimes called Little Ratra, is one of the minor state residences located in the Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland.

History
The building, which dates from the early 19th century, was originally known as the Little Lodge.

Residence of the Private Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant
From 1876, it became the official residence of the Private Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who lived out of season in the next door Viceregal Lodge. Its first resident in this capacity was Lord Randolph Churchill, who was appointed as Private Secretary by the then Lord Lieutenant, his father John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough. Churchill lived there with his wife Lady Randolph Churchill and his young son Winston Churchill. Winston Churchill in his writings described his four years, from the ages of two to six, spent in the Little Lodge as among the happiest of his life. It was claimed that he developed his interest in the military from watching military parades at the Lodge.

Offices of the Governor General of the Irish Free State
Following Irish independence in 1922 the house was used for some years by staff of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State before becoming the official residence of Adjutant General of the Irish Army, Major General Brennan between 1926 and 1940.

Residence of Douglas Hyde
In 1945, the wheelchair-using retiring first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde, was judged too ill to return to his Roscommon country house, Ratra. It was decided instead to move him into the vacant residence in the grounds of the Lodge (then renamed ). Hyde named the residence Little Ratra in honour of his old home. He died there in 1949.

Irish Civil Defence offices
On 18 June 1951 it became the headquarters of the newly formed Irish Civil Defence and renamed Ratra House. The Irish Civil Defence School was relocated to Roscrea, County Tipperary in 2006, but Ratra House remains in use as an administrative building. Parts of the complex are still used by the Civil Defence, such as the purpose-built training range used by firemen and rescue personnel.

Gaisce - The President's Award
Today, Ratra House is the headquarters of Gaisce – The President's Award.

References

Buildings and structures in Dublin (city)
Phoenix Park
Hugh III of Lusignan

Hugh III (fl. late tenth century), called Albus (the White), was the third Lord of Lusignan, probably the son and successor of Hugh II.  He confirmed the donation by one of his vassals of the church of Mezeaux to the abbey of Saint-Cyprien and himself granted the abbey the woodland and the public road between Lusignan and Poitiers.  He may have been intimate with the comital court of Poitou, for the Duchess Emma, wife of William IV of Aquitaine, imposed a tax on the abbey of Saint-Maixent and gave him the proceeds. His own wife was Arsendis, and he was succeeded by his son Hugh IV Brunus, not the last of that name in the family.

Sources
Painter, Sidney. "The Lords of Lusignan in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries." Speculum, Vol. 32, No. 1. (Jan., 1957), pp 27–47.

House of Lusignan
10th-century French nobility