alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Jerome Robbins' Broadway

Jerome Robbins' Broadway is an anthology comprising musical numbers from shows that were either directed or choreographed by Jerome Robbins. The shows represented include, for example, The King and I, On the Town and West Side Story. Robbins won his fifth Tony Award for direction.

Production
The show opened on Broadway on February 26, 1989 at the Imperial Theatre and closed on September 1, 1990 after 633 performances and 55 previews.  Directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins with Grover Dale as co-director, the cast featured Jason Alexander as the narrator, Charlotte d'Amboise, Faith Prince, Debbie Shapiro, Susann Fletcher and Scott Wise.

With an elaborate production and a cast of 62, the show reportedly cost US$8 million to produce, and was expected to recoup about 40 percent from the New York run, according to Bernard B. Jacobs (President of the Shubert Organization). "In a season that was so bereft of original musicals that Kenny Loggins on Broadway and Barry Manilow at the Gershwin were categorized as such, this reminder of Broadway's glory days was greeted with relief and rejoicing (and six Tony Awards). It featured extended sequences from West Side Story and Fiddler on the Roof."

Musical numbers
Sources: Internet Broadway Data Base; MasterWorks Broadway

Act I
 Gotta Dance (from Look Ma, I'm Dancin' )
 Papa, Won't You Dance With Me? (from High Button Shoes)
 Shall We Dance? (from The King and I)
 New York, New York (from On the Town)
 Sailors on the Town (from On the Town)
 Ya Got Me (from On the Town)
 Charleston (from Billion Dollar Baby)
 Comedy Tonight (from A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum)
 I Still Get Jealous (from High Button Shoes)
 Suite of Dances (from West Side Story)

Act II      
 The Small House of Uncle Thomas (from The King and I)
 You Gotta Have a Gimmick (from Gypsy)
 I'm Flying (from Peter Pan)
 On a Sunday by the Sea (from High Button Shoes)
 Mr. Monotony (from Miss Liberty)
 Tradition; The Dream; Sunrise, Sunset; Wedding Dance (from Fiddler on the Roof)
 Some Other Time (from On the Town)
 New York, New York (Reprise)
 Finale from On the Town

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production
Sources: Playbill.com; InfoPlease

References

External links
 Internet Broadway Database listing
 ITDb entry

1989 musicals
Broadway musicals
Tony Award for Best Musical
Broadway
Tony Award-winning musicals
World Tenpin Bowling Association

The World Tenpin Bowling Association is the world governing body of ten-pin bowling, and one of the two sections of the International Bowling Federation. They promulgate and enforce playing rules and equipment specifications, conduct world championships, oversee zone championships, and grant approval for other international tournaments.

The WTBA manages the World Bowling Tour.

History

International bowling began during the 1930s under the International Bowling Federation. The attempt to unite all the bowlers in the world created Fédération Internationale des Quillers (FIQ) in 1952; the body renamed itself World Bowling in 2014.

Worldwide Zones
It is divided into the following geographical Zones:
American Zone - Pan American Bowling Confederation which consists of North and South America
Asian zone – Asian Bowling Federation which consists of Asia
European Tenpin Bowling Federation which consists of Europe and Africa and governs the European Bowling Tour (similar to that of the Professional Bowlers Association's Tour)
African Zone – Bowling Federation of Africa 
Oceania Zone – Oceania Bowling Federation which consists of Australia, Western Pacific

National organizations qualify to become WB member federations based on certain admission criteria. Currently, WB has 123 members. In some cases, the member represents only the Tenpin discipline or the Ninepin discipline. In other cases the member represents both disciplines.

The WB Presidium (similar to an Executive Committee) is responsible for legislative matters, membership fees, fiscal plans and general administration of WB programs. It also has authority to hear and determine disputes between WB members or between WB members and WTBA.

References

External links
WTBA official website
Bowlinglinks all over the World, sorted by categories

See also

Bowling organizations
1949 NCAA men's ice hockey tournament

The 1949 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the culmination of the 1948–49 NCAA men's ice hockey season, the 2nd such tournament in NCAA history. It was held between March 17 and 19, 1949, and concluded with Boston College defeating Dartmouth 4-3. All games were played at the Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

This is the first time that a consolation game was played in an NCAA tournament. The practice would continue unabated until it was abolished after the 1989 tournament.

All four teams selected for the tournament had played in the championship the previous season. This has only occurred one other time, in 1975, counting either all tournament entries or only the final four teams. (as of 2016)

Qualifying teams
Four teams qualified for the tournament, two each from the eastern and western regions. The teams were selected by a committee based upon both their overall record and the strength of their opponents.

Format
The eastern and western teams judged as better were seeded as the top regional teams. The second eastern seed was slotted to play the top western seed and vice versa. All games were played at the Broadmoor Ice Palace. All matches were Single-game eliminations with the semifinal winners advancing to the national championship game and the losers playing in a consolation game.

Bracket

Note: * denotes overtime period(s)

Results

Semifinals

Michigan vs. Dartmouth

Boston College vs. Colorado College

Consolation Game

Michigan vs. Colorado College

Championship Game

(E1) Boston College vs. (E2) Dartmouth

All-Tournament team

First Team
G: Dick Desmond* (Dartmouth)
D: Ed Songin (Boston College)
D: Mike Thayer (Dartmouth)
F: Wally Grant (Michigan)
F: Jack Mulhern (Boston College)
F: Joe Riley (Dartmouth)
* Most Outstanding Player(s)

Second Team
G: Bernie Burke (Boston College)
D: Ron Newson (Colorado College)
D: Lew Meier (Colorado College)
F: Bill Riley (Dartmouth)
F: Wally Gacek (Michigan)
F: Connie Hill (Michigan)

References

Tournament
NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament
NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
1940s in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Ice hockey competitions in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Donald Kalpokas

Donald Masike'Vanua Kalpokas (23 August 1943 – 20 March 2019) was a Vanuatuan politician and diplomat who twice served as Prime Minister of Vanuatu.

Biography
Kalpokas was born on Efate island. Along with Walter Lini, he founded the Vanua'aku Pati. This political party promoted socialist policies as well as supporting and promoting political independence for Vanuatu. In 1983, Kalpokas became foreign minister of Vanuatu but forfeited his position after a few months. He became foreign minister again in 1987 and remained in this post for a full four-year tenure.

On 6 September 1991, Kalpokas and other members of the Vanua'aku Pati defected from Lini's government and supported a no-confidence vote against him. Kalpokas then became an interim Prime Minister until the next parliamentary elections. The elections resulted in the opposition Union of Moderate Parties taking control of the government, and Kalpokas left office on 16 December 1991.

In March 1998, following parliamentary elections, which resulted in gains for the Vanua'aku Pati and Lini's National United Party, Kalpokas and Lini formed a coalition government. Kalpokas took office as prime minister again on 30 March 1998. He also became a foreign minister for the third time but soon gave up his post. The government collapsed in November 1999 when Kalpokas resigned as prime minister to prevent a no-confidence vote.

In 2001, after nearly a decade as leader of the Vanua'aku Pati, Kalpokas gave up the party leadership. He served as Speaker of the Parliament from May 2001 to May 2002. In August 2004, he was a candidate to become President of Vanuatu, and received 26 votes in the first round but then withdrew as it became clear that he would not be able to gain enough support.

In November 2007, he was appointed Vanuatu's Permanent Representative to the United Nations.

Kalpokas died on 20 March 2019, at the age of 75.

References

External links

 KALPOKAS, Donald International Who's Who. accessed 4 September 2006.
 Index Ka Rulers.org. accessed 4 September 2006.

1943 births
2019 deaths
Prime Ministers of Vanuatu
Speakers of the Parliament of Vanuatu
Foreign Ministers of Vanuatu
Members of the Parliament of Vanuatu
People from Shefa Province
Vanuatuan socialists
Permanent Representatives of Vanuatu to the United Nations
Vanua'aku Pati politicians
Bhuvaneshwari Kumari

Bhuvaneshwari Kumari of Kota, Rajasthan is an Indian sportswomaand a champion in trap shooting.  She was awarded an Arjuna Award in 1969.  She was born in on 29 May 1945 at Bombay and married Thakur Devi Singh, of Malassar, in Bikaner.

References

Indian female sport shooters
1945 births
Living people
Rajasthani people
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Sportswomen from Rajasthan
Trap and double trap shooters
People from Kota, Rajasthan
Shooters at the 1974 Asian Games
20th-century Indian women
20th-century Indian people
Asian Games competitors for India
Anne Audain

Anne Frances Audain  (née Garrett, born 1 November 1955) is a New Zealand middle and long-distance runner. She competed in three Olympic Games and four Commonwealth Games, winning the 1982 Commonwealth Games 3000m title and a silver medal in the 10,000m at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.

Career
Born in Auckland, Audain finished ninth aged 17 in the 1973 World Cross Country Championships. She ran in the 1500 m at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand, finishing sixth, and top New Zealander, in the final with a time of 4:21.1.

In the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Audain competed in both the 800 and 1500 m. Although she failed to get past the heats, she broke the New Zealand record for the 1500 m.

Prior to the start of the 1980s, major track and field athletics meetings had not had any women's events longer than 1500 metres. This started to change early in the new decade, and in March 1982, Audain competed in her first 5000 metres, breaking the world record. In the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane she won Gold in the 3000 metres in 8m 45.53s, a New Zealand record. The record stood for 25 years until it was finally broken by Kim Smith of Auckland, when she ran 8min 35.31sec on 25 July 2007 in Monaco.

At the 1984 Olympic Games Audain competed in the inaugural women's Olympic marathon. In the 1988 Games, her last, she finished 11th in the inaugural women's 10,000 metres.

In 1993 Audain founded the Idaho Women's Fitness Celebration 5K, now the largest  race for women in the USA.

Honours and awards
Audain was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 1995 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to athletics.

In February 2008, Audain was inducted into the Running USA Hall of Champions, and on 3 February 2009 she was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame. She has the unique distinction of being in three Halls of Fame in two nations as in 2014 she was also inducted into the RRCA Distance Running Hall of Fame.

International competitions

References

External links
 
 
 
 
 
 

1955 births
Living people
New Zealand female long-distance runners
New Zealand female middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for New Zealand
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Athletes from Auckland
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
New Zealand female cross country runners
People educated at McAuley High School
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
James Joyce Centre

The James Joyce Centre is a museum and cultural centre in Dublin, Ireland, dedicated to promoting an understanding of the life and works of James Joyce. It opened to the public in June 1996.

The centre is situated in a restored 18th-century Georgian townhouse at 35 North Great George's Street, Dublin, dating from a time when north inner city Dublin was at the height of its grandeur. It was previously owned by the Earl of Kenmare, and a Denis Maginni, who was featured in Ulysses. It was built in 1784. On permanent exhibit is furniture from Paul Leon's apartment in Paris, where Joyce wrote much of Finnegans Wake, and the door to the home of Leopold Bloom and his wife, Molly, number 7 Eccles Street, one of the more famous addresses in literature, which had been rescued from demolition by John Ryan.

The centre does not host a significant permanent collection beyond the furnishings, but temporary exhibitions interpret various aspects of Joyce's life and work, and the centre organises lectures and literary walking tours. It has also organised the annual Bloomsday Festival in Dublin since 1994 and promotes other Joycean events, such as community Bloomsday events.

See also
There are other Joycean displays at:
 the Museum of Literature Ireland (MoLI) on St Stephen's Green
 the James Joyce Tower and Museum in Sandycove

References

External links
Official Website

Literary museums in Ireland
Museums in Dublin (city)
Irish literature
Buildings and structures completed in 1784
Museums established in 1996
James Joyce
Flower induction

Flower induction is the physiological process in the plant by which the shoot apical meristem becomes competent to develop flowers. Biochemical changes at the apex, particularly those caused by cytokinins, accompany this process. Usually flower induction is followed by flower differentiation, with some notable exceptions such as in kiwifruit, where the two processes are separated. Flower induction can be reversed, but flower differentiation is irreversible, because anatomical changes are in place.

References 

Plant physiology
Back screen

A back screen is a basketball maneuver involving two players, called a cutter and a screener. The screener remains  stationary on the court while the cutter moves toward the basket and attempts to use the screener to separate himself from his defender.

Technique
The screener positions himself with his back to the basket on the same side of the court as the cutter. The cutter positions himself outside of and above the screener. "Outside" implies that the cutter is closer to the sideline than the screener. "Above" implies that the cutter is closer to the midcourt line than the screener. Neither player has the ball. With the screener completely stationary, the cutter moves toward the basket and passes close enough to the screener that they almost touch shoulders. If the cut is properly made, the player defending the cutter will be disrupted by the screener (who has not moved while setting the screen) and the cutter will have an opportunity to receive a pass very near the basket.

A back-screen becomes effective when the cutter is defended very closely. An over-playing defender often has their back turned to the basket and cannot see the screen being set. Without time to adjust, the defender will collide with the screener.

Basketball terminology
Basketball strategy
Dublin Writers Museum

The Dublin Writers Museum was opened in November 1991 at No 18, Parnell Square, Dublin, Ireland. The museum occupies an original 18th-century house, which accommodates the museum rooms, library, gallery, and administration area. The annexe behind it has a coffee shop and bookshop on the ground floor and exhibition and lecture rooms on the floors above. Dublin stuccatore Michael Stapleton decorated the upstairs gallery. The Irish Writers' Centre, next door in No 19, contains the meeting rooms and offices of the Irish Writers' Union, the Society of Irish Playwrights, the Irish Children's Book Trust and the Irish Translators' & Interpreters' Association. The basement beneath both houses is occupied by the Chapter One restaurant.

The Museum was established to promote interest, through its collection, displays and activities, in Irish literature as a whole and in the lives and works of individual Irish writers. Through its association with the Irish Writers' Centre, it provides a link with living writers and the international literary scene. On a national level, it acts as a centre, simultaneously pulling together the strands of Irish literature and complementing the smaller, more detailed museums devoted to individuals like James Joyce, George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats and Patrick Pearse. It functions as a place where people can come from Dublin, Ireland and abroad to experience the phenomenon of Irish writing both as history and as actuality.

The writers featured in the Museum are those who have made an important contribution to Irish or international literature or, on a local level, to the literature of Dublin. It is a view of Irish literature from a Dublin perspective.

On display in the museum are literary ephemera and memorabilia, including a detailed replica of The Book of Kells, Samuel Beckett's phone, a letter from 'tenement aristocrat' Brendan Behan to his brother, the Abbey Theatre ephemera of Lady Gregory, a 1910 letter from W.B. Yeats, opening night programmes for Oscar Wilde plays An Ideal Husband and Lady Windermere's Fan, an 1804 edition of Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, a third edition of The Crock of Gold by James Stephens, a first edition of James Joyce's Pomes Penyeach, and a first edition of Bram Stoker's Dracula along with an autograph letter from Stoker.

The museum also includes portraits of Irish writers, including fine originals by artists such as Patrick Swift, Reginald Gray, Edward McGuire and Harry Kernoff.

David Norris launched his presidential campaign ahead of the Irish presidential election at Dublin Writers Museum on 5 October 2011.

The Dublin Writers Museum has been closed since March 2020 due to the Covid-19 lockdown.

Gallery

References

External links
Dublin Writers Museum official website

Museums established in 1991
Art museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland
History museums in the Republic of Ireland
Irish literature
Literary museums in Ireland
Museums in Dublin (city)
1991 establishments in Ireland
Parnell Square
Arp 107

Arp 107 is a pair of interacting galaxies (designated separately as UGC 5984 and MCG+05-26-025) located about 450 million light-years away in the constellation Leo Minor.  The galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.

See also
 Antennae Galaxies
 Arp 299

References

External links
 
 SIMBAD: VV 233 -- Seyfert 2 Galaxy

Interacting galaxies
Leo Minor
107
05984
Issue (genealogy)

In genealogy and wills, a person's issue is all their lineal descendants.

Lineal descendants
Issue typically means a person's lineal descendants—all genetic descendants of a person, regardless of degree. Issue is a narrower category than heirs, which includes spouses, and collaterals (siblings, cousins, aunts, and uncles). This meaning of issue arises most often in wills and trusts. A person who has no living lineal descendants is said to have died without issue.

A child or children are first-generation descendants and are a subset of issue.

See also
 Legitimacy (family law)
 Primogeniture
 Royal bastard
 Royal descent

References

Legal terminology
Block upconverter

A block upconverter (BUC) is used in the transmission (uplink) of satellite signals. It converts a band of frequencies from a lower frequency to a higher frequency. Modern BUCs convert from the L band to Ku band, C band and Ka band. Older BUCs convert from a 70 MHz intermediate  frequency (IF) to Ku band or C band.

Most BUCs use phase-locked loop local oscillators and require an external 10 MHz frequency reference to maintain the correct transmit frequency. 

BUCs used in remote locations are often 2 or 4 W in the Ku band and 5 W in the C band. The 10 MHz reference frequency is usually sent on the same feedline as the main carrier. Many smaller BUCs also get their direct current (DC) over the feedline, using an internal DC block.  	 

BUCs are generally used in conjunction with low-noise block converters (LNB). The BUC, being an up-converting device, makes up the "transmit" side of the system, while the LNB is the down-converting device and makes up the "receive" side. An example of a system utilizing both a BUC and an LNB is a VSAT system, used for bidirectional Internet access via satellite.

The block upconverter is a block shaped device assembled with the LNB in association with an OMT, orthogonal mode transducer to the feed-horn that faces the reflector parabolic dish.  This is opposed to other types of frequency upconverter which may be rack mounted indoors or not co-located with the dish.

Radio technology
Satellite broadcasting
Telecommunications equipment
Sibi Malayil

Sibi Malayil (born 2 May 1956) is an Indian film director who works in Malayalam cinema.

Career
Since the mid-1980s he has directed around forty films. He did his studies at the St. Berchmans College. Before becoming an independent director, he assisted eminent directors such as Priyadarshan and Fazil. Films such as Chekkeranoru Chilla (1986),  Thaniyavarthanam (1987), Vicharana (1988), Kireedam (1989), Dasharatham (1989), His Highness Abdullah (1990), Malayogom (1990), Bharatham (1991), Sadayam (1992), Kamaladalam (1992), Akashadoothu (1993), Chenkol (1993) and Sagaram Sakshi (1994) are defined the way Malayalam films were made, especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Many of his films have screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas. It was through his film Bharatham, that Mohanlal got his first national award for best actor. Sibi Malayil is also the president of the Film Employees' Federation of Kerala (FEFKA). He is also the chairman of a film institute named NEO Film School in Kochi.

Personal life

Sibi is married to Bala. They have a son Joe and a daughter Zeba. Sibi and his family are born again Christians

Filmography

 As Associate Director

 As Chief Associate Director

 As Director

Awards
National Film Awards
 1997 – Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration – Kanakkinavu
 1994 – National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare – Aakasadoothu
 1987 – National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues – Doore Doore Koodu Koottam

Filmfare Awards South
 1991 – Filmfare Award for Best Director - Malayalam – Bharatham
 1992 – Filmfare Award for Best Director - Malayalam – Sadayam

Kerala State Film Awards
 2003 – Best Director – Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum
 2003 – Kerala State Film Award for Best film with popular appeal and aesthetic value – Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum
 2000 – Kerala State Film Award for Best film with popular appeal and aesthetic value – Devadoothan
 1996 – Second Best Film – Kanakkinavu
 1991 – Second Best Film – Bharatham

See also
List of Malayalam films from 1981 to 1985
List of Malayalam films from 1986 to 1990
List of Malayalam films from 1991 to 1995
List of Malayalam films from 1996 to 2000

References

External links

 

Film directors from Alappuzha district
People from Alappuzha district
Indian Christians
Malayalam film directors
Living people
1956 births
Kerala State Film Award winners
Filmfare Awards South winners
Artists from Alappuzha
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award
Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award
Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award
Illinois Route 146

Illinois Route 146 (IL 146) is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of Illinois.  It serves the extreme southern region of the state, commonly called Little Egypt or the Illinois Ozarks. IL 146 is  long. An east–west highway, it serves Hardin County, Pope County, Johnson County, Union County, and Alexander County.  These are some of the least-populated counties in Illinois.  IL 146 serves two sections of the Shawnee National Forest.

Route description 
IL 146 generally follows a land route of the Trail of Tears, a trail taken by bands of approximately 9,000 Cherokee who were forced to march through southern Illinois from November 1838 until January 1839 as part of a U.S. government mandated relocation.  In 2006, the state of Illinois designated IL 146 as a historic highway and route of the Trail of Tears. 

IL 146 intersects with two U.S. Interstate Highways: Interstate 24 at exit 16 near Vienna, and Interstate 57 at exit 30 near Anna.
   
IL 146 passes through an area of Illinois noted for scenic beauty and significant tourist visitation.  State-operated parks and recreation areas on or adjacent to IL 146 include, from west to east:

Union County State Fish and Wildlife Area near Jonesboro
Trail of Tears State Forest near Jonesboro
Cache River State Natural Area near Vienna
Dixon Springs State Park near Dixon Springs
Rauchfuss Hill State Recreation Area near Golconda
Rose Hotel State Historic Site in Elizabethtown
Cave-in-Rock State Park in Cave-in-Rock

The city of Jonesboro was the site of an open-air debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858.  The site of the debate is preserved as a picnic area and park in Jonesboro.

History 
SBI Route 146 originally ran from East Cape Girardeau east to Golconda. In 1937 it was extended east to Elizabethtown, replacing a leg of Route 34.  In 1942 the road was extended east to Cave-In-Rock. There have been no changes since 1942.

Major intersections

References

External links

146
Transportation in Alexander County, Illinois
Transportation in Union County, Illinois
Transportation in Johnson County, Illinois
Transportation in Pope County, Illinois
Transportation in Hardin County, Illinois
Flower differentiation

Flower differentiation is a plant process by which the shoot apical meristem changes its anatomy to generate a flower or inflorescence in lieu of other structures. Anatomical changes begin at the edge of the meristem, generating first the outer whorls of the flower - the calyx and the corolla, and later the inner whorls of the flower, the androecium and gynoecium.

Flower differentiation can take from only a few days (in annual plants) to 4–11 months (in fruit crops).

The process is preceded by flower induction.

Morphological Characteristics:[edit] 
Flower bud differentiation was seen to have five different stages in the flower M.sinostellata.

Undifferentiated stage: The flower bud was seen as yellow-green, had no scale hairs and was smooth outside. Its differentiation primordium cells are small and arranged closely.

Early flower bud differentiation stage: The bud's basal region begins to expand and develops yellow-brown hairs on its outer surface. The bracts inside the growing bud begin to stratify. Cells are still closely arranged and the floral primordium becomes larger.

Petal primordium differentiation stage: At this stage, the bud becomes more distinct than the leaf primordia by becoming longer and wider. The bud develops a couple of spathe-like bracts with scale hairs. The start of petal primordium differentiation is demonstrated by the wave-like surface of the tip of the developing floral meristem.

Stamen primordium differentiation stage: The bud has expanded and the outer hairs mentioned earlier have become denser. The inner buds differentiation region forms a rounded hump shape with a smooth tip. The bud meristem inner cells are separate from each other while the outer cells stay small and compact. Rows of small spots were found on the inside of the petal primordia around the bottom of the meristem.

Pistil primordium differentiation stage: The pistil primordia beginning to differentiate is indicated by the multiple round bulges in the upper region of the meristem. During this stage, the bud continues to increase its volume. While the Bud tip continues elongating, its base becomes thick and its top turns into a conical shape. Morphological characteristics of the five differentiation stages in Magnolia sinostellata.
Fully developed flower bud: Completed differentiation with the bulges from the last step retained.

References 

Plant physiology
Cumberland Packing Corporation

Cumberland Packing Corporation is a privately owned company located at 2 Cumberland Street, in Brooklyn, New York City.  It was founded in 1945 by Benjamin Eisenstadt and is best known as the manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of Sweet'n Low, the saccharin-based zero-calorie sweetener sold in pink packets.

Background
Cumberland Packing began as a tea bag factory prior to the invention of Sweet'n Low. Using modified tea bagging equipment, the company was the first to sell sugar in packets, breaking tradition with sugar bowls that were common on restaurant tabletops at the time.

The company received Federal Trademark Registration Number 1,000,000 for the Sweet'n Low musical scale logo. There have been over 500 billion Sweet'n Low packets produced.

In the early 1970s, Ben Eisenstadt's son, Marvin Eisenstadt, launched the Sugar in the Raw brand. Cumberland has expanded its In the Raw line of natural products to include Stevia in the Raw, a zero-calorie stevia-based sweetener; Agave in the Raw, a 100% organic agave nectar; and Monk Fruit in the Raw, a zero-calorie sweetener made from the vine-ripened monk fruit. In 2014, the company launched an eco-friendly baking alternative to refined white sugar with Sugar in the Raw Organic White.

In the late 1970s, Cumberland Packing Corp. bought the rights to concentrated dairy-flavor formulas called Butter Buds, and added the Butter Buds Food Ingredients division, producing all-natural, fat- and cholesterol-free butter-flavored granules. On January 1, 2013, the company completed an internal corporate reorganization, whereby the Butter Buds Food Ingredients Division became separately incorporated as Butter Buds, Inc. As a result, Cumberland Packing Corp. and Butter Buds, Inc. are now part of the Cumberland Worldwide Holdings, Inc. affiliated group.

Cumberland Packing produces other tabletop sweeteners, including NatraTaste, an aspartame-based zero-calorie sweetener; NatraTaste Gold, a sucralose-based zero-calorie sweetener; and Sweet One, a zero-calorie sweetener made with acesulfame potassium. In addition to sweetener products, Cumberland Packing produces a sodium-free salt substitute, known as Nu-Salt.

References

External links
 

Companies based in New York City
Packaging companies of the United States
Jane Juska

Jane Juska (March 7, 1933 – October 24, 2017) was an American author and retired schoolteacher whose first book, A Round-Heeled Woman: My Late-Life Adventures in Sex and Romance (2003), documented her search for sex at 67 years of age by putting a literary personal ad in the New York Review of Books.

Sharon Gless starred in Jane Prowse's stage adaptation, A Round-Heeled Woman: the play, which had its first production in San Francisco in 2010.  A new production, directed by Jane Prowse, who also adapted the book for the stage, ran from December 2010 to February 2011 in Miami. The play documented the 63 replies to her personal ad in the Review with a 2003 memoir, A Round-Heeled Woman, that became a West-End play.

Juska wrote a follow-up, Unaccompanied Women: Late-Life Adventures in Love, Sex, and Real Estate five years later, which continued to document her desire to find a man to keep her company.  In addition, it chronicles her globe-trotting adventures, due in part to her travels surrounding her first book. She died on October 24, 2017, at the age of 84.

References

External links
 A Round-Heeled Woman: the play.  The official site
 National Review Online article
 CBS News article on Juska and her book

1933 births
2017 deaths
Writers from Ann Arbor, Michigan
21st-century American women writers
University of Michigan alumni
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Mature

Mature is the adjectival form of maturity, as immature is the adjectival form of immaturity, which have several meanings.

Mature or immature may also refer to:
Mature, a character from The King of Fighters series
"Mature 17+", a rating in the Entertainment Software Rating Board video game rating system
Victor Mature (1913-1999), American actor
Immature (band), an American boy band

See also
 Adult (disambiguation)
 Maturation (disambiguation)
 Maturity (disambiguation)
 Ripeness
List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock

A large quantity of rolling stock formerly owned and operated by Southern Pacific Railroad has been preserved in museums and on tourist railroads across North America.

Preserved steam locomotives

Preserved diesel locomotives

Preserved passenger cars

Preserved freight cars

Preserved cabooses

Preserved maintenance of way equipment

Formerly preserved, scrapped

Notes

References 
 
 
 

Southern Pacific Railroad
Diesel locomotives of the United States

Rail passenger cars of the United States
Rolling stock of the United States
Rail transportation preservation in the United States
Southern Pacific Railroad
Le Père Duchesne (19th century)

Le Fils du Père Duchêne (; "The Son of Old Man Duchesne") is the title of a newspaper which appeared in France during revolutionary periods of the nineteenth century. It borrowed its title from the original Père Duchesne published by Jacques Hébert during the French Revolution.  After Hébert's death, the title reappeared with all sorts of variations (Old Lady Duchesne, Son of Père Duchêne, etc.) from the 1790s on, notably during the Revolution of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 (in editions by publishers Eugène Vermersch, Maxime Vuillaume, and Alphonse Humbert).

Ten issues appeared as an under the title The Son of Père Duchêne, from April 21 through to May 24, 1871 (descriptions below). The collection was able to illustrate the most striking events of the Commune; its last issue appeared during the Commune's end on the "Bloody Week" (Semaine sanglante) - strikingly, even the very end of the Paris government is depicted in the magazine's last issue. 

Pere Duchesne
Pere Duchesne
Pere Duchesne
French Second Republic

fr:Le père Duchêne (XIXe siècle)
Dalriada School

Dalriada School is a mixed voluntary grammar school in Ballymoney, Northern Ireland, named after the Kingdom of Dál Riata. In 2008 the school won the Northern Ireland State Secondary School of the Year award from The Sunday Times.

Past headmasters

(as Ballymoney Intermediate school)

Rev. J.B Armour (1878–83)
John Steward (1883–84)
J.M Stronge (1884-84)
James Dick (1884–85)
William Beare (1885-1901)
John Ramsey (1901–17)
John Christy (1906–17)
Jeannie McNeil (1906–24)
(as Sandleford)
Jeannie McNeil (1924–31)
Alfred Ross (1931–39)
(as Dalriada School, Ballymoney)
Alfred Ross (1939–48)
G. Edmund Gordon (1948–75)
Alan Reynolds (1975–87)
William Calvert (1987-2003)
Derek Boyd (2003–07)
Thomas Skelton (2007–Present)

Present day

Choirs 
The school has seen success with its choirs, its Chamber Choir winning the BBC Ulster School Choir Of The Year Competition in 2016.

Debating

In 2010/2011, the Society entered the UK Wide Debating Matters Championship. A team of six debaters won the Derry Qualifying Heat to make it through the Northern Ireland and Scotland final in Edinburgh, where they triumphed over schools from across the two countries. This allowed them to then qualify for the National Final held at the Royal Society of Medicine where they were defeated in a debate on the Banning of the Burqa.

Bar Mock
Dalriada also competes in the annual Bar Mock Trial Competition. The team prepares mock legal cases for the regional finals each year in the Royal Courts of Justice in Belfast, winning this competition three times. After winning the National Championships in London in 2016 for the first time, Dalriada pupils went on to compete in the Empire Mock Trial World Championships in New York for the third time. At this event Dalriada had the experience of litigating in a different jurisdiction, and a student received an award for Outstanding Witness.

Sporting Success
Dalriada competes in many sports. Its most recent achievement is winning the All-Ireland Volleyball Title for a record 8th time. The Volleyball Programme for Girls is amongst the highest ranking in Ireland.

Notable alumni

 Martyn Lewis; presenter, foreign correspondent and newsreader for BBC News and ITN. 
 Gordon Lyons; DUP MLA for East Antrim.
 Bridget McKeever; a former Ireland women's field hockey international. McKeever later became a PE teacher at Dalriada.
 Stewart Moore; an Irish rugby union player, who plays centre for Ulster. 
 Katie Mullan; captained Ireland at the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup when they won the silver medal.
 Angela Platt;  a former goalkeeper with both the Ireland women's national field hockey team and the Northern Ireland women's national football team.

References

External links
Dalriada School website
Website and Forums for Former Dalriads

Educational institutions established in 1878
Grammar schools in County Antrim
1878 establishments in Ireland
Ballymoney
Sum-frequency generation

Sum-frequency generation (SFG) is a second order nonlinear optical process based on the mixing of two input photons at frequencies  and  to generate a third photon at frequency . As with any  optical phenomenon in nonlinear optics, this can only occur under conditions where:
the light is interacting with matter, that lacks centrosymmetry (for example, surfaces and interfaces);
the light has a very high intensity (typically from a pulsed laser).
Sum-frequency generation is a "parametric process", meaning that the photons satisfy energy conservation, leaving the matter unchanged:

Second-harmonic generation
A special case of sum-frequency generation is second-harmonic generation, in which . In fact, in experimental physics, this is the most common type of sum-frequency generation. This is because in second-harmonic generation, only one input light beam is required, but if , two simultaneous beams are required, which can be more difficult to arrange. In practice, the term "sum-frequency generation" usually refers to the less common case in which .

Phase-matching
For sum-frequency generation to occur efficiently, phase-matching conditions must be satisfied:

where  are the angular wavenumbers of the three waves as they travel through the medium. (Note that the equation resembles the equation for conservation of momentum.) As this condition is satisfied more and more accurately, the sum-frequency generation becomes more and more efficient.

Sum frequency generation spectroscopy
Sum frequency generation spectroscopy uses two laser beams mixed at an interface to generate an output beam with a frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies.  Sum frequency generation spectroscopy is used to analyze surfaces and interfaces, carrying complementary information to infrared and Raman spectroscopy.

References

Nonlinear optics
Surface science
Caucho

Caucho may refer to:
 Natural rubber
 Caucho Technology, an information technology company based in San Diego, USA
Bruce Weber

Bruce Weber may refer to:

Bruce Weber (administrator) (1951–2006), Australian sports administrator
Bruce Weber (basketball) (born 1956), American basketball coach
Bruce Weber (photographer) (born 1946), American photographer and film director
Brian Skyrms

Brian Skyrms (born 1938) is an American philosopher, Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and Economics at the University of California, Irvine, and a professor of philosophy at Stanford University.  He has worked on problems in the philosophy of science, causation, decision theory, game theory, and the foundations of probability.

Education and career

Skyrms graduated from Lehigh University in 1960 and earned his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Pittsburgh in 1964.  He taught at several different universities, before teaching at the University of Illinois, Chicago from 1968 until 1980, when he moved to the University of California, Irvine.

Skyrms is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and one of two living philosophers (along with Allan Gibbard) to be elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences.

Philosophical work

Most recently, his work has focused on the evolution of social norms using evolutionary game theory.  His two recent books Evolution of the Social Contract  and The Stag Hunt  are both on this topic.  These books use arguments and examples from evolutionary game theory to cover topics of interest to political philosophy, philosophy of social science, philosophy of language, and the philosophy of biology.

Books
Ten Great Ideas about Chance (with Persi Diaconis, Princeton University Press, 2018)
 Social Dynamics, Oxford University Press 2014.
 Signals: Evolution, Learning, and Information, Oxford University Press 2010
 The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure, Cambridge University Press 2004
 Evolution of the Social Contract, Cambridge University Press 1996
 The Dynamics of Rational Deliberation, Harvard University Press 1990
 Pragmatics and Empiricism, Yale University Press 1984
 Causal Necessity, Yale University Press 1980
 Choice and Chance: An Introduction to Inductive Logic, Dickenson 1966, 4th ed. Wadsworth 1999. (Translated into German as: Einführung in die induktive Logik, Lang 1989.)

References

External links
 Skyrms' homepage
 Press release regarding his election to the NAS

1938 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American logicians
Economists from California
Game theorists
Lakatos Award winners
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of social science
Probability theorists
Stanford University Department of Philosophy faculty
University of California, Irvine faculty
Aqua String Band

The Aqua String Band is an all-volunteer string band, best known for its participation in Philadelphia's annual Mummers Parade.

The band was founded in 1920, and participated in its first Mummers Parade on New Year's Day in 1921.

By 1949, this ensemble was the largest string band to make an appearance in Philadelphia's Mummers' Day Parade.

History
 The band was organized on April 2, 1920, by Elmer W. Leyrer and Fred J. Kesel Sr., and was incorporated into the String Band Association in 1945. Kesel introduced the glockenspiel to string bands, which has now become a signature and defining sound. The name, "Aqua", poked fun at the Volstead Act which banned alcohol under Prohibition.

In addition to Philadelphia area parades, private events and concerts, the group participated in the city of Hazleton's 1949 Mummers' Day Parade, the 2012 St. Patrick's Day Parade in Holyoke, Massachusetts, the 2012 Little League World Series' Grand Slam Parade, and the 2011 Hatboro Holiday Parade.

In 1987, the group was attempting to purchase Germania Mannerchor clubhouse for their home base.

References

External links

Aqua String Band

Mummers Parade
Organizations based in Philadelphia
Musical groups established in 1920
Pop 'til You Drop!

Pop 'til You Drop! is the third studio album by Swedish pop group A-Teens, released in 2002 exclusively in North America and Argentina. Recorded between 2001 and 2002 in Stockholm, Sweden, the album saw the group having more involvement in the composition of the album, with the members having co-writing credits on several of the tracks. The first single from the album was a cover of Elvis Presley's "Can't Help Falling in Love", which was part of Lilo & Stitch's soundtrack. The second and final single from the album was "Floorfiller". The song "This Year" later appeared on the Kim Possible soundtrack.

The album peaked at #45 on the Billboard charts. The album was supported with their first headlining tour in the United States. Six months after the release of Pop 'til You Drop!, it was reissued for the European market as New Arrival.

Track listing

Credits 
A*Teens
Marie Serneholt - vocals
Sara Lumholdt - vocals
Dhani Lennevald - vocals
Amit Paul - vocals

Guest/session musicians
Mats Berntoft - guitar
Peter Björklund - backing vocals
Melody Chambers - backing vocals
Alice Cooper - guest vocals (12)
David Eriksen - keyboards
Uno Forsberg - trumpet
Johan Håkansson - saxophone (alto, baritone)
Mats Johansson	- guitar
Kristina Johnsson - backing vocals
Thomas Lindberg - bass
Tobias Lindell - beats
Esbjörn Öhrwall - guitar
Jeanette Olsson - backing vocals
Børge Petersen-Øverlier - guitar
Andrew Ramsey - guitar (acoustic, electric)
RedOne - guitar, multi-instruments, backing vocals
Anna Sahlin - backing vocals
Markus Sigvardsson - bass
Tomas Sjögren - trumpet
Magnus Strömberg - piano
Odile Tuniche - percussion
Tysper - backing vocals

Crew
Stefan Åberg - mixing
Leah Andreone - composer
Peter Björklund - arranger, mixing, producer
Peter Boström - engineer, mixing, producer
Michael Bruce - composer (12)
Glen Buxton - composer (12)
Melody Chambers - vocal arrangement
Alice Cooper - composer (12)
Becky Corcoran - vocal arrangement
Luigi Creatore - composer
Dave Dillbeck - (digital) editing
Dennis Dunaway - composer (12)
Bjorn Engelmann - mastering
David Eriksen - arranger, composer, engineer, producer, programming
Marti Frederiksen - composer
Grizzly - composer
Mark Hammond - arranger, producer, programming, vocal arrangement
Patrik Henzel - mixing
Bill Importico - mixing
Anders Johansson & Nuthouse - A&R
Raz Kennedy - vocal producer, vocal production assistance
Tobias Lindell - arranger, mixing, producer
Tomas Ljung - vocal engineer
Christer Mellstrom - production coordination
Chris Nelson - engineer, mixing, producer
Tom Nichols - composer (10)
Bridgett Evans O'Lannerghty - production coordination
Mats Oscarsson - photography
Hugo Peretti - composer
RedOne - composer, engineer, producer
Rob 'n' Raz - engineer
Dan Shike - assistant
F. Reid Shippen - mixing
Neal Smith - composer (12)
Billy Steinberg - composer (5)
Magnus Strömberg - string arrangements
Fredrik Thomander - composer
The Tremolo Beer Gut - composer
Tysper - arranger, engineer, horn arrangements, mixing, multi-instruments, producer
George David Weiss - composer

Weekly charts

References 

A-Teens albums
Albums produced by RedOne
2002 albums
1st Imaginary Symphony for Nomad

1st Imaginary Symphony For Nomad is an album by The Music Tapes, a project consisting mainly of Neutral Milk Hotel's Julian Koster in 1999 by Merge Records. It was recorded mainly on vintage equipment, using equipment such as a 1895 Edison wax cylinder recorder, a 1940s wire recorder, a "state of the art hard drive", and reel to reel tape recorders, hence its lo-fi sound. A partial concept record, among its themes the power of television, and the death of 1950s actor George Reeves, who played the hero Superman and whom Koster was entranced with as a child. The album took over 4 years to assemble, being recorded mainly at the home of the Grandmother of Music Tapes and Koster's own home. The album mixed straightforward pop songs with collage, musique concrète and traditional storytelling.

Track listing
 "Song For Soon To Be Sailor" – 2:16
 "1st Imaginary Symphony By Vacuum Cleaner" – 1:00
 "Song Of The Nomad Lost" – 2:34
 "Pulled Out To Sea" – 1:34
 "March Of The Father Fists" – 2:35
 "Nomad Tell Us" – 3:10
 "Aliens" – 2:32
 "Song Of 100 Castles" – 0:55
 "What The Single Made The Needle Sing" – 4:02
 "The Clapping Hands" – 4:12
 "Sea's Song For Sailor" – 0:33
 "The Television Tells Us" – 4:34
 "An Orchestration's Overture" – 1:53
 "Song For The Death Of Parents" – 4:02
 "A Warning!" – 1:30
 "Fanfare For Speeding Bullet" – 2:13
 "Wishing Well At Caper's End" – 2:04

References

1999 debut albums
Merge Records albums
The Music Tapes albums