alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Jacques Drouin

Jacques Drouin (; 28 May 1943 – 28 August 2021) was a Canadian animator and director most known for his pinscreen animation.

Biography
Jacques Drouin was born in Mont-Joli, Quebec. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts de Montréal for several years before leaving to study filmmaking at the UCLA in California.

He first encountered the pinscreen at an animation exhibition in 1967. By the early 1970s, he was an apprentice at the National Film Board of Canada and experimenting with this unique form of animation. His first film, Three Exercises on Alexeieff's Pinscreen, was released in 1974.

Until his death, Jacques Drouin continued making pinscreen animation films for the National Film Board of Canada, one of the only animators in the world to still use this difficult but rewarding process. Some of his short films are available on NFB DVD collections, and a few are available online. His film, A Hunting Lesson, was included in the Animation Show of Shows.

Filmography
 1974 - Three Exercises on Alexeieff's Pinscreen (Trois exercices sur l'écran d'épingles d'Alexeieff)
 1976 - Mindscape (Le paysagiste)
 1986 - Nightangel (fr: L'Heure des anges, cz: Romance z temnot) - a collaboration with Bretislav Pojar.
 1988 - A Sun Between Two Clouds (Un soleil entre deux nuages) - participated as an animator.
 1990 - Nathaël and the Seal Hunt (Nathaël et la chasse aux phoques)
 1991 - The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Les Quatre cavaliers de l'apocalypse) - participated as an animator
 1993 - MTV Push Pins
 1994 - Ex-Child (Ex-enfant)
 1996 - My Life Is a River (Une vie comme rivière) - participated as an animator.
 2001 - A Hunting Lesson (Une leçon de chasse) - adaptation of tale by Jacques Godbout.
 2003 - Winter Days (冬の日) - collaboration with many other famous animators
 2004 - Imprints (Empreintes)

Awards
 1976 - Ottawa International Animation Festival Special Jury Prize for Mindscape

See also
 Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker
 Pinscreen animation

References

External links
 
 Films by Jacques Drouin at the National Film Board of Canada

1943 births
2021 deaths
Canadian animated film directors
French Quebecers
Film directors from Montreal
National Film Board of Canada people
Pinscreen animation
People from Bas-Saint-Laurent
UCLA Film School alumni
École des beaux-arts de Montréal alumni
Historical exchange rates of Argentine currency

The following table contains the monthly historical exchange rate of the different currencies of Argentina, expressed in Argentine currency units per United States dollar. The exchange rate at the end of each month is expressed in:
From January 1914 to December 1969: Pesos Moneda Nacional
From January 1970 to May 1983: Pesos Ley 18188
From June 1983 to May 1985: Peso Argentino
From June 1985 to December 1991: Australes
From January 1992: pesos

The value of one current peso is 10,000,000,000,000 (trillion) pesos moneda nacional (m$n), the currency in use from 1881 to 1969. 

It's also equal, as of September 2023, to 1.5 quadrillion 1914 pesos with the U.S. dollar as reference  an average annual depreciation relative to the dollar of 27% (i.e. an annual increase of the value of the dollar of 37%).

See also

 Table of historical exchange rates
 Economic history of Argentina
 Latin American debt crisis
 La Década Perdida (The Lost Decade; the 1980s)
 Argentine monetary crisis

Sources 
 Información Económica al Día: Dinero y Bancos, Ministerio de Economía de la República Argentina average monthly exchange rates

External links
 BCRA – Banco Central de la República Argentina 

Economic history of Argentina
King Talal Dam

The King Talal Dam is a large dam in the hills of northern Jordan, across the Zarqa River. The dam was started in 1971, with the original construction being completed in 1978 at a height of 92.5 meters. The original dam cost $46 million and was partially funded by a $16.8 million loan from the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development and a $5.6 million grant from the Abu Dhabi Fund. Energoprojekt of Yugoslavia was the consultant and Planum of Yugoslavia was the contractor.

In 1984, to meet the country's increased water demands, work to raise the dam to a height of 106 meters was begun, a project that was completed in 1988. The dam is named after king Talal of Jordan. The main purpose of the dam is to store winter rains and treated wastewater from Amman and Zarqa treated in the As Samra plant for irrigation in the Jordan Valley. The dam irrigates about 17,000 hectares and supports the livelihood of 120,000 people.

References

External links 

 

Geography of Jordan
Dams in Jordan
Dams completed in 1977
Hydroelectric power stations in Jordan
Energy infrastructure completed in 1978
Jordan River basin
Area code 361

North American area code 361 is a state of Texas telephone area code for numbers in the Corpus Christi area.  It was created prior to February 13, 1999, in a split from area code 512.

Counties served by this area code:
Aransas, Bee, Brooks, Calhoun, DeWitt, Duval, Fayette, Goliad, Jackson, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Kenedy, Kleberg, Lavaca, Live Oak, Matagorda, McMullen County, Nueces, Refugio, San Patricio, Victoria, and  Webb

Towns and cities served by this area code:
Agua Dulce, Alfred, Alice, Aransas Pass, Armstrong, Austwell, Banquete, Bayside, Beeville, Ben Bolt, Benavides, Bentonville, Berclair, Bishop, Blessing, Bloomington, Bruni, Calliham, Casa Blanca, Chapman Ranch, Collegeport, Concepcion, Corpus Christi, Cuero, Dinero, Driscoll, Edna, Edroy, Elmaton, Encino, Falfurrias, Fannin, Flatonia, Francitas, Freer, Fulton, Ganado, George West, Goliad, Gregory, Hallettsville, Hebbronville, Hochheim, Inez, Ingleside, Ingleside on the Bay, Kingsville, La Salle, La Ward, Lolita, Mathis, Mcfaddin, Meyersville, Midfield, Mineral, Mirando City, Moulton, Nordheim, Normanna, Nursery, Oakville, Odem, Oilton, Orange Grove, Palacios, Palito Blanco, Pawnee, Pernitas Point, Pettus, Placedo, Point Comfort, Port Aransas, Port Lavaca, Port O'Connor, Portland, Premont, Rancho Alegre, Rancho de la Parita, Realitos, Refugio, Riviera, Robstown, Rockport, San Diego, Sandia, Sarita, Seadrift, Shiner, Sinton, Skidmore, Springfield, Sublime, Sweet Home, Taft, Telferner, Thomaston, Three Rivers, Tilden, Tivoli, Tuleta, Tynan, Vanderbilt, Victoria, Weesatche, Woodsboro, Yoakum, and Yorktown

Ten-digit dialing
Prior to October 2021, area code 361 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.

See also
List of Texas area codes

References

External links

List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com, 361 Area Code

Telecommunications-related introductions in 1999
361
361
Texas Highways

Texas Highways is a monthly magazine put out by the Texas Department of Transportation that, according to the agency, "promotes travel and tourism to Texas through articles and photography."

History 
Founded in May 1974 by Frank Lively, the publication was originally an internal resource for the Texas Highway Department.  Lively repurposed the magazine and by 1975 the Texas Legislature deemed Texas Highways as "This Official Travel Magazine of Texas." Lively retired in 1990, and retained an active relationship with the publication. The first issue was dedicated entirely to Native Americans in Texas, despite the opposition from the director of the Travel and Information Division at the time, who claimed "...never to devote an entire issue to one subject."

References

 .

External links
 

1974 establishments in Texas
Local interest magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1974
Magazines published in Austin, Texas
Monthly magazines published in the United States
State highways in Texas
Tourism magazines
Angler

Angler may refer to:

 A fisherman who uses the fishing technique of angling
 Angler (video game)
 The angler, Lophius piscatorius, a monkfish
 More generally, any anglerfish in the order Lophiiformes
 Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency, a book written by Barton Gellman in 2008 about Vice President Dick Cheney, whose Secret Service codename was "Angler"
 The Huawei Nexus 6P, codename angler
Richard Eromoigbe

Richard Eromoigbe (born 26 June 1984) is a Nigerian former football midfielder.

Career
In January 2002 Eromoigbe signed a contract with Bulgarian club Levski Sofia and joined Cherno More Varna in a year-long loan move, alongside his compatriot Emanuel Baba. He made his league debut in a 2–1 defeat at Spartak Pleven on 28 April. For the most part of his time at Cherno More, Eromoigbe was a substitute, making only eight A PFG appearances. In December 2002 he returned to Levski.

Eromoigbe made his Levski debut on 28 September 2003, in a 0–0 home draw against Cherno More. He became a regular fixture in the Blue team during the following 2004–05 campaign, partnering Daniel Borimirov in the centre of midfield and
playing a number of important matches. Eromoigbe started in Levski's 2005 Bulgarian Cup Final win over CSKA Sofia on 25 May 2005.

In the 2005–06 season, Eromoigbe helped Levski reach the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup. On 9 September 2006, he scored his first goal at club level in an 8–0 win over Marek Dupnitsa.

He started the 2007/2008 season with Levski but on 26 February 2008 he was bought by the Russian FC Khimki. On 23 July 2008 Eromoigbe was on trial at Derby County, however Paul Jewell decided not to offer him a contract.

Eromoigbe was released by Khimki on 15 September 2009 and returned to Nigeria to play for Warri Wolves. In the transfer window of January 2011, he signed a contract with Cyprus club Anorthosis Famagusta F.C..

Eromoigbe was out of contract with Alki Larnaca when he was signed by Beroe manager Ilian Iliev on 5 January 2012.

Career statistics
Updated 5 January 2011.

Awards

Club
Levski Sofia

 Champion of Bulgaria: 2006, 2007
 Holder of Bulgarian Cup: 2005, 2007
 Bulgarian Supercup: 2005, 2007

International
Nigeria

 2008 Africa Cup of Nations: Quarter-finals

References

External links

 Profile at LevskiSofia.info

1984 births
Living people
Nigerian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Nigeria men's international footballers
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
PFC Cherno More Varna players
PFC Levski Sofia players
FC Khimki players
Warri Wolves F.C. players
Anorthosis Famagusta FC players
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora players
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Russian Premier League players
Cypriot First Division players
Allan Young

Allan Robert Young (20 January 1941 – 8 December 2009) was an English professional footballer, playing mainly as a central defender.

Start of career
He began his career as a junior with Arsenal, turning professional in April 1959. His first league match was on 26 December 1960, a 1–1 draw at Highbury against Sheffield Wednesday, with Young taking the place of the regular number five, John Snedden. Between 21 January and 11 February 1961, Young played a further three league games consecutively; a 4–2 defeat at White Hart Lane against bitter rivals (and eventual Double winners) Tottenham Hotspur, a 3–3 draw at St James' Park against Newcastle United and a 3–2 defeat at Highbury against Cardiff City.

End of career
After being in a team that conceded ten goals in three games, Young never played for Arsenal again, and joined Chelsea in November 1961 for a fee of £6,000. He remained at Stamford Bridge for over 7 years, but played in only 20 league games, never scoring, though he did play in their League Cup final win over Leicester City in 1965. In January 1969, he finally left Chelsea, joining Torquay United for a fee of £8,000. After 60 league games (one goal) for Torquay he retired from professional football.

Death
In 2009, he was diagnosed with dementia and had been put into a care home. He died on 8 December 2009.

References

External links 

1941 births
2009 deaths
Place of death missing
English men's footballers
Footballers from Hornsey
Men's association football central defenders
Arsenal F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
English Football League players
John, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

John ( – 13 December 1277), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1252 until his death. He initially reigned jointly with his brother, Albert the Tall, until the partition of the duchy in 1269, when John became the first ruler of the newly created Principality of Lüneburg.

Life
John's father, Otto the Child, was the first Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, having received the Welf allodial possessions in Saxony from the hands of Emperor Frederick II. After his death in 1252, John ruled the duchy jointly with his elder brother Albert. As the brothers could not agree who should govern the duchy, in 1267 they decided to divide their possession. In 1269 John received the right to choose his part. He chose the northern Lüneburg estates with the city of Hanover, forming the Principality of Lüneburg. Albert received the southern estates of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel with further lands around Calenberg and Göttingen. 

John thus founded the Old Line of Lüneburg and his brother the Old Line of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Nevertheless, the two principalities continued to form the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg which remained undivided according to Imperial law and all the princes of the various Welf lines carried the title of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

In a fierce feud with Count Gunzelin III of Schwerin, John was able to acquire the settlement of Uelzen, whose residents he vested with town privileges in 1270. He tried in vain to gain control of the Lüneburg Saltworks and finally granted the Lüneburg citizens a monopoly to control the salt trade in his principality, mainly along the Old Salt Route to Lübeck and the Baltic Sea.

John died on 13 December 1277 and was buried in the cloister of St. Michael's Church at his Lüneburg residence. His son and heir, Otto II the Strict, was still a minor upon his father's death and remained under the tutelage of his uncles Duke Albert the Tall and Bishop Conrad of Verden until 1282.

Family and children
In 1265 John married Liutgard (d. after 28 February 1289), a daughter of Count Gerhard I of Holstein-Itzehoe. The marriage produced had five children:
 Otto II the Strict (1266–1330) married in 1288 to Princess Matilda (d. 1319), daughter of the Wittelsbach duke Louis II of Bavaria
 Matilde (d. after 1308), married in 1291 to Henry I, Prince of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (d. 1291)
 Elisabeth (d. 1294/1298), married to John II, Count of Oldenburg (d. 1316)
 Agnes (d. around 1314) married c. 1283 to Count Werner I of Hadmersleben (d. 1292)
 Helene, married in 1315 to Count Conrad III of Wernigerode

His illegitimate son, Henry of Brunswick (d. 23 August 1324), was a canon in Walsrode.

Footnotes and references

External links
  genealogie-mittelalter.de Genealogy of the Lüneburg families

|-

1240s births
1277 deaths
Medieval child monarchs
Princes of Lüneburg
Old House of Lüneburg
Philip Huang Chao-ming

Philip Huang Chao-ming (; born 23 August 1954) is the fourth and current Roman Catholic bishop of Hualien. He was ordained a priest in 1983. He became bishop of Hualien in 2001.

References

1954 births
Living people
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Taiwan
Taiwanese people of Hakka descent
People from Hualien County
Janagaraj

Janagaraj is an Indian actor who has appeared in over 200 films predominantly in Tamil cinema as a comedian or in supporting roles. He also starred in few Malayalam, Telugu and Hindi films.

Early life 
Janagaraj was born to Vadivelu and Muthulakshmi in Chennai Tamil Nadu. He joined the Auditor General's Office as a Junior Division Clerk in 1976 and worked part-time as a theatre artist and a stage artist due to his desire to act and perform. He was friendly with Delhi Ganesh, another AGS employee who remains his closest friend to date.

Janagaraj joined Director Bharathiraja as his unofficial assistant. After seeing his talent during the shooting of Kizhake Pogum Rail, Bharathiraja gave him the chance to act as a Brahmin in the same movie. Later in Puthiya Vaarpugal, Bharathiraja gave Janagaraj another sensational character as a minor boy of the villain (G. Srinivasan). Janagaraj had acted with a trouser and baniyan for that movie.

Janagaraj found his break in 1980 in Bharathiraja's Nizhalgal and was among the most wanted comedians, having shared roles with major film stars like Sivakumar, Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Ramki, Sivaji Ganesan and with major film directors like Mani Ratnam, K. Balachander and Suresh Krishna.

Film career

Beginning 
In 1978, he was introduced by director Bharathiraja in Kizhake Pogum Rail and he continued to give chance to him in his films Puthiya Vaarpugal (1979), Kaadhal Oviyam (1982) and Oru Kaidhiyin Diary (1985).

Janagaraj's career however spun to silver in the 1980s. Starting with Nizhalgal (1980), continuing in Sindhu Bhairavi (1985), Palaivana Rojakkal (1986), Muthal Vasantham (1986), Agni Natchathiram (1988), Rajadhi Raja (1989) and Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989). Janagaraj became a popular comedian in Tamil films. He is known for his peculiar voice and face expression. He has also acted in supporting roles in films like Nayakan (1987), Kizhakku Vasal (1990), Annamalai (1992) and Baashha (1995). He was main sidekick for Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth in 80s and early 90s films. Suruli Rajan's untimely death pushed him to forefront for roles that demanded comedy as well as character support.

Later years 
His latest roles were in King (2002), Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004) and M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi (2004) as supporting roles. He acted a negative role in Aayudham (2005). After a hiatus, Janagaraj made his acting comeback with 96 (2018) and Dha Dha 87 (2019).

Award 
 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male) for – King (2002)

Filmography

References

External links 

Living people
Tamil male actors
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Tamil comedians
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
1955 births
Kimberly Mason

Kimberly Mason (born 19 September 1989 in Manly, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rhythmic gymnast. She started rhythmic gymnastics in 1996 at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney, in New South Wales, under the head coach Nicole Higham.

Mason has had consistently strong performances in international competitions. In the 2005 Australian Championships, she was second, continuing to be selected for the Australian World Championships team. At the 2005 World Championships in Baku, Azerbaijan, she competed in only three out of four apparatus but was ranked 64th overall, while the next Australian, Naazmi Johnston, was ranked in 94th. In the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games, Mason earned two individual medals (2nd ball, 3rd clubs) and a team medal.

References

External links
 
 
 
 

1989 births
Living people
Australian rhythmic gymnasts
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Gymnasts at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Sportspeople from Sydney
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
People from Manly, New South Wales
People educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Intensive gathering

Intensive gathering entails the tending-to of wild plants. Intensive gathering or "tending" methods include weeding, discouraging predators, pot-irrigation, and limited harvesting to ensure reproduction. The same system of methods is involved in cultivation, a process which additionally requires systematic soil preparation and planting to tending and harvesting. This human manipulation results in the domestication of involved plant life.

References

Horticulture
Foraging
Adam Hargreaves

Adam Hargreaves (born 18 June 1963) is an English author and illustrator. The son of the late Roger Hargreaves, he continues his father's successful Mr. Men series of children's books. The younger Hargreaves reputedly served as inspiration for the series. At the age of 8, he asked his father "What does a tickle look like?", and Roger was inspired by that question to create the first book, Mr. Tickle, published in August 1971.

Biography 
Hargreaves took over the Mr Men and Little Miss cartoon empire after his father's death in 1988, despite initially thinking the series "embarrassing" and "a bit clichéd" and contemplating a life as a farmer. At the time he had worked on an arable and beef farm in Sussex and, after taking a course at Plumpton Agricultural College in 1984, as a dairyman. He then visited Australia for four months, where he met the woman he married in 1987. When his father died following a series of strokes in 1988, Hargreaves took up the self-run business as his brother Giles pursued a career in advertising and his twin sisters Sophie and Amelia were yet too young. Attempting to assume his father's art style took "years of trial and error", even after completing a foundation course at Brighton Art College. He said that as he taught himself to draw like his father he started to have respect for what the latter had done. He understood his father's sense of humour and that what made the books and the characters so successful is that they are about universal human emotions and the books have a strong sense of morality.

In 2004, the family sold the rights to the Mr. Men to entertainment group Chorion for £28 million, but Hargreaves remains the public face of the franchise and continues to invent new characters. Stella McCartney commissioned him to create Little Miss Stella for the invitations to her 2006 fashion show. For the series' 40-year anniversary in 2011 he released Little Miss Princess just in time for the royal wedding.

Although best known for continuing the Mr. Men series, Hargreaves has a lifelong passion for painting. In 2017, he created a character called Mr. Isle of Man for the island's annual literature festival. His works can be found in several art galleries.

See also

 Roger Hargreaves
 Mr. Men

References

External links
 Fairfax Gallery - Adam Hargreaves, exhibits and biographical
 Hill & Hill Gallery - Adam Hargreaves case study and showcase

1963 births
Living people
English cartoonists
English children's writers
English illustrators
People from Surrey
Frédéric Jules Sichel

Frédéric Jules Sichel (14 May 1802 – 11 November 1868) was a German-born, French physician and entomologist.

Sichel was born in Frankfurt am Main. From 1820 he studied medicine at the universities of Würzburg, Tübingen and Berlin, then from 1825 to 1829 worked as assistant to ophthalmologist Friedrich Jäger von Jaxtthal in Vienna. In 1829 he relocated to Paris, where in 1833 he received his doctorate with the dissertation-thesis "Propositions générales sur l'ophthalmologie, suivies de l'histoire de l'ophthalmie rhumatismale". In 1833 he acquired French citizenship.

In 1832 he established the first ophthalmic clinic in Paris, and for a period of time, gave courses in ophthalmology at the Hôpital Saint-Antoine. He is credited with bringing modern ophthalmology to France from Austria and Germany. Sichel trained several famous ophthalmologists (Louis-Auguste Desmarres, Charles Deval, Charles de Hübsch and Wiktor Szokalski) at his Paris clinic. He was interested in oriental languages and archaeology, writing extensively on the seals of Roman doctors. In entomology he specialized in Hymenoptera – his collection being donated to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Sichel died in Paris.

Publications
Archeology 
Nouveau recueil de pierres sigillaires d'oculistes romains pour la plupart inédites... (V. Masson et fils, Paris, 1866).

Medical
Traité de l'ophthalmie, la cataracte et l'amaurose, pour servir de supplément au Traité des maladies des yeux de Weller (G. Baillière, Paris, 1837).
 Mémoire sur le glaucome (imprimerie de N.-J. Gregoir, Brussels, 1842). 
 Iconographie ophthalmologique, ou description... des maladies de l'organe de la vue... Text accompagné d'un atlas de 80 planches... (J.-B. Baillière et fils, Paris, 1852-1859).

Entomology 
 Guide de la chasse des hyménoptères (Deyrolle fils, Paris, 1859, new edition in 1868). 
 Catalogus specierum generis Scolia (sensu latiori), continens specierum diagnoses, descriptiones synonymiamque, additis annotationibus explanatoriis criticisque conscripserunt Henricus de Saussure... (Catalogue des espèces de l'ancien genre Scolia, contenant les diagnoses, les descriptions et la synonymie des espèces, avec des remarques explicatives et critiques) (V. Masson et fils, Paris, 1864).

Sources
Translated with minor additions from French Wikipedia
Anthony Musgrave (1932). Bibliography of Australian Entomology, 1775-1930, with biographical notes on authors and collectors, Royal Zoological Society of News South Wales (Sydney) : viii + 380.

External links
 whonamedit
 Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database - version 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. Bibliography
Zoologica Göttingen State and University Library Étienne Mulsant, 1869 Notice sur le Dr. Jules Sichel Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon et des Société Botanique de Lyon, 17 (N.S.): 383-410.

1802 births
1868 deaths
French entomologists
Presidents of the Société entomologique de France
Hymenopterists
19th-century French physicians
French ophthalmologists
French archaeologists
Physicians from Frankfurt
Western Power Distribution

Western Power Distribution is a trade name formerly used by four electricity distribution companies in the United Kingdom: WPD South West (operating in South West England), WPD South Wales (in South Wales) and WPD Midlands (two companies, in the East Midlands and West Midlands).  Each company was the distribution network operator for its respective region. Western Power Distribution, which had headquarters in Bristol, served approximately 7.7 million customers in its combined distribution areas. In 2022 the company was absorbed into its new parent company, National Grid.

History

Formation
In 1998, WPD South West was formed from the demerger of the electricity distribution arm of SWEB. In September 2000, the American energy company PPL Corporation purchased Hyder for £565m and sold Welsh Water and other interests, leaving the electricity distribution arm Infralec which was renamed WPD South Wales. In April 2011, PPL purchased Central Networks (the distribution network operator for the East and West Midlands) from E.ON for £3.5 billion and rebranded as Western Power Distribution.

2022 redress payment 
In May 2022, WPD made a £14.9million voluntary redress payment after an investigation by industry regulator Ofgem found shortfalls in the company's implementation of its obligations to vulnerable customers.

Acquisition by National Grid 
Western Power Distribution was a subsidiary of PPL for many years. In August 2020, PPL announced an intention to sell WPD. In March 2021, PPL announced a swap with National Grid in which it divested WPD and acquired Narragansett Electric of Rhode Island. The acquisition was completed in June 2021, and approved by the Competition and Markets Authority in September of that year. In September 2022, the company was renamed to National Grid Electricity Distribution.

References

External links

Electric power companies of England
Electric power in Wales
Electric power distribution network operators in the United Kingdom
Companies based in Cardiff
Companies based in Bristol
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Belarusian Scout Association

The Belarusian Scout Association (ABS, , transliterated Ab'yadnannye Belaruskikh Skaǔtaǔ) is one of the nationwide Scouting organizations in Belarus. The association was founded in 1991 and liquidated in 2005 by the Supreme Court of Belarus, but still continues to operate. In 1995, the association served about 1,500 members.

History and program

The Belarusian Scout Association is an independent non-profit organization of children, youth and adults, descended from traditions of the World Scout Movement and from the Belarusian Scout troops and Belarusian Scout Association Abroad (BSAA; Аб`яднання Беларускiх Скаўтаў за мяжой, АБСМ), which existed from 1945 to 1951 in Germany. 

The Belarusian Scout Association was founded in 1991 by a small group of people from various cities, based in Minsk, officially registered in April, 1992, and had approximately 1,500 members as of 1995. Groups existed in the capital, as well as Baranavichy, Buiki, Homyel, Hrodna, Rahačoŭ, Ruba, and Vileika. The chairperson in 1998 was Nikolai Grakov. Critics of the pro-Russian Belarusian Republican Scout Association saw it as a government mouthpiece and direct descendant of the communist Pioneers, whitewashed for western consumption. Hence, the dissident, Belarusian and democratically oriented Belarusian Scout Association had stayed separate, and largely underground due to political constraints. The ABS bought a country house to use as a camping center and organized regional camps there in the summer of 2003. One of the ABS regional newsletters became a citywide school paper with around 1000 circulation, as of 2004. The association was liquidated in 2005 by the Supreme Court of Belarus, but still continues to operate.

The Scout Motto of ABS is Напагатове! (Napahatove!), Be Prepared in the Belarusian language. The Belarusian noun for a single Scout is Скаўт. The official language of ABS is Belarusian.

The Scout emblem incorporates the Cross of Lorraine, due to its appearance in the former national coat of arms of Belarus, the Pahonia.

See also

 Scouting in Belarus

Gallery

External links
 Information on the association (outdated) 
 Liquidation of the Belarusian Scout Association

References
Belaruski Skautyng (in English 'Belarusian Scouting'), by Lozka, Ales', in Belarusian (Narkomovka), Minsk, Polymya Publishers, 1997, 190 pages; ; print run 2,500 copies, printed by the Belarusian Scout Association Ab'yadnannye Belaruskikh Skautau.

Non-aligned Scouting organizations
Scouting and Guiding in Belarus
Youth organizations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Belarus
SWALEC

SWALEC was an electricity supply and distribution company in South Wales, established in 1989 following the de-regulation of the electricity supply industry in the United Kingdom. The business has seen several changes of ownership from 1996, and the SWALEC brand has been used for retail gas supply as well as electricity. Today Western Power Distribution runs the distribution network business, and SWALEC Contracting is a trading name of OVO Energy.

Predecessor
The South Wales Electricity Board (SWEB) was formed in 1948 under the Electricity Act 1947, which brought about the nationalisation and merger of local authority and private electricity companies.

The SWEB was responsible for the purchase of electricity from the electricity generator (the Central Electricity Generating Board from 1958) and the distribution and sale of electricity to customers. The key members of the Board were: Chairman W.D.D. Fenton (1964, 1967), Deputy Chairman H. Pryce-Jones (1964, 1967), full-time member William E. Richardson (1964, 1967).

The number of customers supplied by the Board was:

The amount of electricity, in GWh, sold by South Wales Electricity Board was:

Formation 
SWEB was privatised in 1989 as South Wales Electricity, one of the regional companies created by the Electricity Act 1989. The company soon began to use the SWALEC brand.

Purchase and breakup 
The business was bought in 1996 for £872m by newly privatised company Welsh Water, which rebranded itself as Hyder. The business plan was to make significant logistical savings by combining the field activities of electricity and water supply operations by co-locating in fewer offices and operational depots.

In 1997 SWALEC Gas was set up to take advantage of the deregulation of the gas market in the UK which took place in stages from 1997 to 1998. An advertising campaign was launched featuring Wimbledon F.C. and Wales footballer Vinnie Jones.

Hyder encountered financial difficulties and in February 2000 the retail electricity and gas business under the SWALEC brand was sold to British Energy for a reported £105m. The sale included the SWALEC retail brand, whilst Hyder retained the SWALEC electricity distribution business (i.e., running the electricity network) which was renamed Infralec.

In August 2000 Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) agreed to buy the electricity and gas supply businesses from British Energy for a reported price of £210m. In September 2000, Western Power Distribution bought Hyder for £565 million, sold Welsh Water and renamed Infralec to WPD South Wales.

SSE continued to use the SSE SWALEC brand name for the supply of electricity and gas in Wales. Following the sale of SSE's retail business to OVO Energy in 2020, SWALEC is a trading name of OVO.

From 1992 to 2013 SSE was the sponsor of Wales WRU Challenge Cup, and the SWALEC name was attached to a range of league competitions and trophies administered by the Welsh Rugby Union.

References 

Defunct electric power companies of the United Kingdom
Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom
SSE plc
Energy companies of Wales
Travaux préparatoires

The travaux préparatoires (French: "preparatory works", in the plural) are the official record of a negotiation. Sometimes published, the "travaux" are often useful in clarifying the intentions of a treaty or other instrument, as is reflected in Article 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT).

To interpret treaties, the VCLT places this form of interpretation as secondary to the ordinary meaning (see Articles 31 and 32).

In  the Sigurjonsson v. Iceland case, the European Court of Human Rights noted that the use of the travaux préparatoires in the earlier Young James and Wester case was not decisive but merely provided a working hypothesis. The preparatory work was legitimately invoked by the European Commission to show that the provision that "Every shall be free to leave any country, including his own", does not entitle a convicted prisoner to leave the country in which he is lawfully detained.

An example of such interpretation was provided by Lord Diplock in the case Fothergill v Monarch Airlines Ltd [1981]

The travaux préparatoires are often available to the public on websites created for a specific treaty (such as the Rome Statute) or on the United Nations website.

The most well-known travaux are associated with the drafting of the Genocide Convention.

References 

 Jonathon Green, Dictionary of Jargon, Routledge, 1987, , p. 567.

French legal terminology
Mama Tata

Mama Tata or Mama Chi (Mother Father) is a Christian syncretistic religion found in parts of Panama. It is a mixture of Catholicism and animism that has become popular among the Guaymí people. It began in the second half of the twentieth century, after prophetess Little Mama had a vision of Jesus riding up to her on a motorcycle.

Beliefs
Members of Mama Tata believe that God has abolished the Church and is now relating exclusively with the Guaymí through Little Mama who had a vision of Mary (Big Mama) and Jesus. Adherents believe that only Guaymí followers of this religion will go to heaven.

References

External links
 

Religion in Panama
Christian new religious movements
Christianity and religious syncretism
Guaymí people
Indigenous Christianity
Michael Stanhope (Royalist)

Michael Stanhope (died 1648) was born at Shelford Manor, the son of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield and his wife Catherine, daughter of Lord Hastings. Colonel Stanhope was in charge of the Royalist forces at the 1648 battle at Willoughby Field, Nottinghamshire, where he was killed. After the battle he was buried among his men in Willoughby church. A monument was erected to him and his men.

References

1648 deaths
Cavaliers
People from Rushcliffe (district)
English military personnel killed in action
Younger sons of earls
Michael
Year of birth unknown
Oliver Daniel

Oliver Daniel (November 24, 1911 – December 30, 1990) was an American arts administrator, musicologist, and composer.

He worked as a music executive for CBS, then took a job at BMI, creating that organization's Concert Music Department in 1954.  Also in 1954 he helped found the CRI (Composers Recordings, Inc.) record label, along with composers Otto Luening and Douglas Moore.  In 2000, CRI released a tribute CD for Daniel, titled Looking to the East.

For many years, Daniel worked with and promoted composers such as Henry Cowell, Lou Harrison, Alan Hovhaness, Colin McPhee, and Peggy Glanville-Hicks.  He also wrote an exhaustive (and somewhat hagiographic) biography of the conductor Leopold Stokowski titled Leopold Stokowski: A Counterpoint of View (1982).

For much of his life Daniel lived in Scarsdale, New York, with his partner Donald Ott.

References

External links 

 Oliver Daniel Correspondence with Ernst Krenek MSS 43. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.

1911 births
1990 deaths
People from De Pere, Wisconsin
People from Scarsdale, New York
American LGBT musicians
Musicians from Wisconsin
Musicians from New York (state)
American male composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American LGBT people
Chatter mark

In glacial geology, a chatter mark is  one (or, more commonly, a series) of wedge-shaped marks left by chipping of a bedrock surface by rock fragments carried in the base of a glacier (glacial plucking).  Marks tend to be crescent-shaped and oriented at right angles to the direction of ice movement.

There are three different types of chatter marks. The crescentic gouge is an upstream concave that is made by the removal of a piece of rock. The crescentic fracture which is a downstream concave that is also made by the removal of rock. The lunate fracture is also a downstream concave made without the removal of rock.

See also
Glacial polish
Glacial striation

References 

Glaciology
Culex rajah

Culex rajah is a species of mosquito in the genus Culex.  It is endemic to Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.  C. rajah is placed in the subgenus Culiciomyia.  In its larval stage, C. rajah is found exclusively in the pitchers of Nepenthes rajah (hence the name), a species of pitcher plant.  As such, it is considered a nepenthebiont.

References

 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.  Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, p. 39.

rajah
Insects described in 1986
Nepenthes infauna
Toxorhynchites rajah

Toxorhynchites rajah is a species of mosquito in the genus Toxorhynchites.  It is endemic to Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.  In its larval stage, T. rajah is found exclusively in the pitchers of Nepenthes rajah (hence the name), a species of pitcher plant.  As such, it is considered a nepenthebiont.

References
 Two New Mosquito Species from a Pitcher Plant of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.  Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, p. 39.

rajah
Insects described in 1986
Nepenthes infauna
Silver Planet

Silver Planet was a dance music record label active throughout the late nineties and early 2000s, amassing a back catalogue of over seventy recordings, including the earliest releases of DJ and producer James Holden. Timo Maas also released on the label.

See also
 List of record labels

External links
Silver Planet on Discogs

British record labels
House music record labels
Christian Zeller

Julius Christian Johannes Zeller (24 June 1822, Mühlhausen am Neckar – 31 May 1899, Cannstatt) was a German mathematician. He was born to Gottlob Zeller and Christiana Friedrike Moser.

Originally trained in mathematics, geography and theology, in 1874 Zeller became Director of the Seminary in Markgröningen and a girls' orphanage. In 1882 he became a member of the Société Mathématique de France. The following year, on 16 March 1883, he delivered a short account of his congruence relation (Zeller's congruence), which was published in the society's journal.

He was later awarded the Order of Friedrich, First Class, and the Ritterkreuz of Württemberg. He retired in 1898, and died in the following summer.

Works

On calendrical calculations
Each of these four similar papers deals firstly with the day of the week and secondly with the date of Easter Sunday, for the Julian and Gregorian Calendars.
 Die Grundaufgaben der Kalenderrechnung auf neue und vereinfachte Weise gelöst, Zeller, Chr., Württembergische Vierteljahrshefte für Landesgeschichte, Jahrgang V 1882. 
 Problema duplex Calendarii fundamentale par M. Ch. Zeller, Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, vol.11, Séance du 16 mars 1883
 Kalender-Formeln von Rektor Chr. Zeller, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Württemberg, Ser. 1, 1 1885
 Kalender-Formeln von Chr. Zeller, Acta Mathematica, Vol. 9 1886-87, Nov 1886

He also produced a reference card, Das Ganze der Kalender-Rechnung.

On number theory
See number theory.

 Ein neuer Beweis des Reziprozitäts-Theorems, Berlin 1872
 De numeris Bernoulli eorumque compositione ex numeris integris et reciprocis primis, Paris 1881 
 Zu Eulers Rekursionsformel für die Divisorensummen, Stockholm 1884

References

External links
Biography(in German)
Mainly on Zeller's algorithms

1822 births
1899 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
People from Stuttgart
Cities (The Cat Empire album)

Cities is the third studio album by The Cat Empire, released on 1 April 2006. A limited release, 10,000 individually numbered copies have been made in digipak format.

At the 2006 Fine Arts Awards, the album won an ARIA Music Award under the category Best World Music Album.

The album was recorded at Sing Sing Studios in Richmond, Melbourne, Australia.

Description 
The band states the following about Cities on their website - "This project is somewhere in between a tribute to our own city and an experiment in sounds that we’ve found abroad. The approach to this record was far less precious than it was for our debut and Two Shoes. It was a kind of surprise record we almost didn’t expect to make. We wrote the material very quickly, and had an excellent and robust few weeks recording it. The record is in some ways serious and in some ways stupendous. There are ethnics, locals, sad songs, adventure songs, musical chorus’, screamers, and a collection of soul references. There are strings sections, Sitars, Tablas, horn sections, short punchy arrangements as well as some excellent solos. It is the kind of recording in which people might get to hear a different side of The Cat Empire, but it's still soulful, strange, humorous, whimsical, sometimes sad, sometimes delirious, mis-placed and undoubtedly Catempiracle as well."

Track listing

Personnel 

The Cat Empire core members
 Harry James Angus – vocals, trumpet, backing vocals
 Will Hull-Brown – drums
 Jamshid Khadiwhala – turntables, tambourine
 Ollie McGill – piano, keyboard, Hammond organ, melodica, backing vocals
 Ryan Monro – double bass, bass guitar, backing vocals
 Felix Riebl – lead vocals, percussion, backing vocals

The Empire Horns (auxiliary members)
 Ross Irwin – trumpet, flugelhorn, backing vocals
 Kieran Conrau – trombone, backing vocals
 Carlo Barbaro – tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, flute

Additional musicians
 violin – Alyssa Conrau
 cello – Kristy Conrau
 guitar – Novak Conrad
 tablas – Bobby Singh (tracks 1-2)
 sitar – Kumar Shome (track 1)
 tambourine – Greg Sheehan (track 11)
 vocals – Julie O'Hara (tracks 4-5, 7, 10-12); Nina Ferro (tracks 4-5, 10-11)

Recording details
 Produced by – Felix Riebl, The Cat Empire
 Mixing – Adam Rhodes
 Recording – Adam Rhodes
 Arranged by – Ross Irwin, Ollie McGill (track 3)
 Mastering – Ross Cockle
 Assistant engineering – Russel Fawkus

Charts

References

Cities – CD Reviews (The Age)
musichead.com.au

The Cat Empire albums
2006 albums
ARIA Award-winning albums
Hurry Up

Hurry Up may refer to:

Songs 
"Hurry Up" (Che'Nelle song), 2007
"Hurry Up", by Mýa from Moodring
"Hurry Up", by Ritchie Valens from Ritchie

Other uses 
"Hurry Up", an episode (and character) from Stoppit and Tidyup
Hurry-up offense in American football
Hurry-up Peak, North Cascades mountains, Washington
Committee on Publication Ethics

The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is a nonprofit organization whose stated mission is to define best practice in the ethics of scholarly publishing and to assist editors and publishers to achieve this.

Mission 
COPE educates and support editors, publishers and those involved in publication ethics with the aim of moving the culture of publishing towards one where ethical practices become the norm, part of the publishing culture. COPE's approach is firmly in the direction of influencing through education, resources and support of COPE members. It also provides a forum for its members to discuss individual cases.

COPE publishes a monthly newsletter and organises annual seminars. COPE has created an audit tool for members to measure compliance with its 'Core Practices' and guidance in the form of flowcharts, discussion documents, guidelines and eLearning modules.

History
COPE was established in 1997 by a small group of medical journal editors in the United Kingdom. As of 2022, COPE has over 13,000 members worldwide, from all academic fields. Paid membership is open to editors of academic journals and others interested in publication ethics, and varies per year depending on the membership type.

COPE's first guidelines were developed after discussion at the COPE meeting in April 1999 and were published as Guidelines on Good Publication Practice in the Annual Report in 1999. On their basis, the first edition of Code of Conduct for Editors was published on the first COPE website in November 2004, with an Editorial in the BMJ.[5] The Code was replaced in 2017 with a simplified description of expectations as COPE's Core Practices, with links to COPE's detailed guidance.

Previous COPE Chairs include: Michael Farthing, Fiona Godlee, Harvey Markovitch, Elizabeth Wager, Virginia Barbour, Chris Graf and Geraldine Pearson (co-Chairs), Deborah Poff. COPE is currently chaired by Dan Kulp.

Structure
COPE is governed by the Trustee Board, who are ultimately responsible for the financial, legal and business operations of COPE as a charitable business and gives authority to Council and the Executive Officer and team to manage the day to day affairs of the organization.

Links with other organizations
COPE also has links with the Council of Science Editors, the European Association of Science Editors, the  International Society of Managing and Technical Editors, the World Association of Medical Editors, Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, Directory of Open Access Journals, STM,  and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers.

See also
EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles
United States Office of Research Integrity

References

External links

Research ethics
Ethics organizations
Academic publishing
Organizations established in 1997
Calm Down

Calm Down may refer to:
Calm Down (EP), 2014 EP by Alison Wonderland
"Calm Down" (Killing Heidi song), 2004
"Calm Down" (Busta Rhymes song), 2014
Calm Down (Rema song), 2022
"Calm Down", a 2013 song by The Love Language from Ruby Red
"Calm Down", a 2015 song by G-Eazy from When It's Dark Out
"Calm Down", a 2023 song by All Time Low from Tell Me I'm Alive
Calm Down, a character and episode from the animated series Stoppit and Tidyup
You Need to Calm Down, a 2017 song by Taylor Swift from her 7th studio album Lover