alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Glitch (astronomy)

A glitch is a sudden increase (around 1 part in 106) in the rotational frequency of a pulsar, which usually decreases steadily due to braking provided by the emission of radiation and high-energy particles.  It is unknown whether they are related to the timing noise which all pulsars exhibit.  Following a glitch is a period of gradual recovery where the observed periodicity slows to a period close to that observed before the glitch.  These gradual recovery periods have been observed to last from days to years.  Currently, only multiple glitches of the Crab and Vela pulsars have been observed and studied extensively.

Cause 
While the exact cause of glitches is unknown, they are thought to be caused by an internal process within the pulsar.  This differs from the steady decrease in the star's rotational frequency which is caused by external processes.  Although the details of the glitch process are unknown, it is thought that the resulting increase in the pulsar's rotational frequency is caused by a brief coupling of the pulsar's faster-spinning superfluid core to the crust, which are usually decoupled.  This brief coupling transfers angular momentum from core to the surface, which causes a decrease in the measured period.

Implications

Assuming that the mechanism described above is correct, observed pulsar glitches set a limit on the moment of inertia of the pulsar being observed and, thus, the mass-radius relation possible in dense nuclear matter. From extrapolating from a linear fit to the angular momentum transfer implied by the glitches observed in the Vela and Crab Pulsars, a so-called causality limit can be placed on the mass-radius relation of approximately

.

See also 
 Anti-glitch

References 

 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20051018233130/http://www.saao.ac.za/~wgssa/as4/urama.html http://www.saao.ac.za/~wgssa/as4/urama.html
 

Rotation-powered pulsars
AFFA

AFFA may refer to:

Angels Forever, Forever Angels, a slogan of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club
Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan
Formerly the department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry - Australia, now Department of Agriculture (Australia, 2019–20)
Alberta of Agen

Saint Alberta of Agen (died ca. 286) was a Roman venerated as a martyr and saint. Supposed to have been one of the first victims of Diocletian's persecutions, she was tortured with Saint Faith and Saint Caprasius in Agen, France. According to tradition, some spectators objected to this, and were subsequently beheaded as well. Alberta is commemorated on March 11.

References

External links
11 March saints at St. Patrick's Church

286 deaths
3rd-century births
3rd-century Romans
3rd-century Christian martyrs
3rd-century Christian saints
Ante-Nicene Christian female saints
3rd-century Roman women
Janet Lees Price

For the Welsh soprano, see Janet Price.

Janet Lees Price (19 April 1943 – 22 May 2012) was a British actress who appeared in television programmes including: Emergency – Ward 10, Z-Cars, The First Lady, Softly, Softly, Dixon of Dock Green, Upstairs, Downstairs, Within These Walls, Blake's 7, By the Sword Divided, The Bill and Agatha Christie's Poirot.

She was married to actor Paul Darrow, best known for his role as Kerr Avon in the BBC's science-fiction television series Blake's 7. She died on 22 May 2012 after a long illness.

References

External links
 

1943 births
British television actresses
British soap opera actresses
2012 deaths
Edinburgh Cathedral

Edinburgh Cathedral may refer to:

 St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh (Church of Scotland)
 St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
 St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Roman Catholic)
John Human

John Hanbury Human (16 January 1912 – 22 July 1991) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket in the 1930s before moving to Australia.

Cricket career
John Human was educated at Repton and Clare College, Cambridge. He toured twice with the MCC and was considered unlucky not to be capped by England. He toured India in 1933-34 while still an undergraduate, but could not force his way into a strong batting side. He toured Australia and New Zealand under Errol Holmes in 1935–36 and played in each of the four unofficial Tests in New Zealand.

He played in 49 first-class matches for Middlesex, scoring 1,703 runs, with three hundreds, the highest being his 144 at the Oval in 1935, when he and Hendren added 285 in 210 minutes. That was the year of the "leather-jackets" at Lord's, when crane fly larvae ate much of the grass on the pitch, and also of a change in the LBW law. Most of the Middlesex batsmen were out of form, only Human and Hendren scoring hundreds. 

Human was a tall and powerful batsman; Terence Prittie wrote that "his driving stands out in an era when the development of back-play and leg-side technique has put forward play at a discount". He also bowled leg-spin and was a sprightly field.

Later life
Human settled in Sydney and married Mollie Walder (daughter of Sir Samuel Walder, the Lord Mayor), whom he had met on the boat to Australia for the 1935–36 tour. He served in the Australian Army in World War II with the rank of major. After the war he entered a business career. He also broadcast frequently on cricket.

His older brother Roger Human played 59 first-class matches in the 1930s.

References

External links

1912 births
1991 deaths
Cambridge University cricketers
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
People educated at Repton School
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Gentlemen cricketers
Berkshire cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
English emigrants to Australia
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army officers
People from Gosforth
Grand Battery

Grand Battery (Grande Batterie, meaning big or great battery) was a French artillery tactic of the Napoleonic Wars. It involved massing all available batteries into a single large, temporary one, and concentrating the firepower of their guns at a single point in the enemy's lines.

Substituting volume of fire for accuracy, a rate of fire and rapid movement, it was rarely used in the wars' early years. As the quality of artillery crews and their horses declined, it was employed more frequently during later (post-1808) campaigns.

The Grand Battery was often concentrated against the enemy's center. An early example of this is at Austerlitz in 1805, when Napoleon ordered a "roar of thunder" before the main assault upon the Pratzen Heights, which split the coalition's lines in half. Other notable uses of the tactic include: Alexandre-Antoine Hureau de Sénarmont's aggressive use of his guns at the Battle of Friedland (1807), which was a major factor that won the battle, or the Battle of Wagram in 1809, where a grand battery successfully halted an Austrian counterattack.

At Borodino in 1812, it was again used to break a counterattack. It failed to break the strong Russian positions and earthworks in the center along the Rayevski Redoubt.

At the Battle of Lützen (1813), it succeeded in breaking the Russo-Prussian center, ahead of the main assault by the Imperial guard. In 1815 at Waterloo, the famous opening barrage of the Grande Batterie failed to break the center of Wellington's Anglo-allied army due to his deployment of most of his forces behind the reverse slopes of the rolling hillside and the fact that the ground was still wet and muddy, preventing the usual effects of the bouncing cannonballs.

Nearly half a century later, in 1863 on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Robert E. Lee, formed a Grand Battery of his own in a desperate attempt to weaken the Union center in advance of Pickett's Charge. The artillery overshot most of their targets and had to cease fire due to a lack of ammunition.

External links
 French Artillery of the Napoleonic Wars

Artillery operation
Tactical formations
Tactical formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Želino Municipality

Želino (, ) is a municipality in the northwestern part of North Macedonia. Želino is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.

Geography
The municipality borders Jegunovce Municipality to the north, the City of Skopje to the east, Tetovo Municipality to the northwest, Brvenica Municipality to the west, Sopište Municipality to the southeast, and Makedonski Brod Municipality to the south.

The municipality includes the Kozjak Hydro Power Plant which created the associated artificial lake, the largest such lake in the country.

Demographics
This municipality has 18,988 inhabitants, according to the 2021 census. Ethnic groups in the municipality:

References

External links
Official website

 
Polog Statistical Region
Municipalities of North Macedonia
John Righi

Giovanni Battista Righi (1469 – 11 March 1539) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member from the Order of Friars Minor. He was known for ascetic life and for his preaching and healing abilities.

The beatification received confirmation from Pope Pius X on 7 September 1903 after the pontiff issued a decree that ratified the local and popular "cultus" for the late Franciscan priest.

Life
Giovanni Battista Righi was born in Fabriano around 1470 to a noble family. He became a member of the Order of Friars Minor in Forano in 1484 where he later made his solemn profession and was ordained as a priest. He lived as a hermit Cupramontana from 1511 until his death and he preached and tended to the ill there from his hermitage. People flocked to hear him speak and his example led to others repenting from their sins and some even converting back to the faith.

Righi died on 11 March 1539 and his remains were later transferred to an altar at the church of San Giacomo della Romita.

Beatification
Pope Pius X confirmed the late hermit's beatification on 7 September 1903 after the pope confirmed Righi's longstanding and popular "cultus" - otherwise known as popular devotion to the late priest.

References

External links
Saints SQPN

1469 births
1539 deaths
15th-century venerated Christians
15th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
16th-century venerated Christians
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Beatifications by Pope Pius X
Franciscan beatified people
Franciscan hermits
Italian Franciscans
Italian hermits
Italian beatified people
People from Fabriano
Venerated Catholics
James Robert Ford

James R Ford is a contemporary British conceptual artist.

Work
Ford's work contemplates human needs and wants, the perils of choice, and the value of things and nothings in art and life. The search for, and generation of, meaning is also important to his practice, along with the confusion this can lead to. His focus is on conceptual reductivism, through looped short films, found object assemblage, poignant text statements or minimalist mark making.

"The playfulness of Ford’s work allows him to approach complex philosophical theories and present the audience with an entry point from which to explore existential concerns. There is an urgency in his work yet the folly with which he articulates these urgencies is refreshing. As we try to navigate a way through the milieu of our contemporary condition we feel that Ford, through his practice, might be able to suggest to us a different way of seeing and/or being" (Rudi Christian Ferreira, Curator, 2017)

Ford studied at Nottingham Trent University and Goldsmiths, University of London and currently lives and works in Wellington, New Zealand. Ford has exhibited widely throughout the United Kingdom, New Zealand and internationally, and in 2013 was winner of the inaugural Tui McLauchlan Emerging Artist's Award from the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts. In 2012 Ford curated a national touring exhibition of contemporary male artists based in New Zealand, entitled Never Mind the Pollocks, featuring creatives including Bill Culbert.

References
If a Tree Falls in the Forest, Who Cares About Philosophy?, July 2016, thecreatorsproject.vice.com
Creative frustration inspires award-winning art, February 2013, stuff.co.nz
An artful pick and mix, January 2012, stuff.co.nz
Keeping fit is child's play, February, 2003, bbc.co.uk

External links

House Gymnastics

Alumni of Nottingham Trent University
British installation artists
1980 births
Living people
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British contemporary artists
Nambardaar

Nambardaar a head of the village who is responsible for certifying land ownership records for governmental purposes, especially in India and Pakistan. This practice dates back to British rule in India. The Nambardaar is also responsible for certifying birth and death. He collects chula tax (family tax) or Abiana for revenue department in Pakistan from the villagers/farmers and deposits it to the government. The Nambardaar keeps a fixed percentage of the collection as his income. Some people use the term Lambardaar for the same purpose.

See also
Patwari
Tehsildar

References

Further reading
India's princely states: people, princes and colonialism By Waltraud Ernst, Biswamoy Pati 
The Land Systems of British India: Vol 3 by Baden Henry Baden-Powell 

Local government in India
Hindi words and phrases
Local government officers in India
WIB

WIB may refer to:

 Western Indonesian Time ()
 Workforce Investment Board, to promote workforce investment in US-associated places
 War Industries Board, US, World War I
 WiB (Digital Terrestrial Television)
Ulla Hoffmann

Ulla Hoffmann (born 31 March 1942) is a Swedish Left Party () politician. Hoffmann was interim party leader for a short while in 2003 following the resignation of party leader Gudrun Schyman. Gudrun Schyman was forced to resign due to tax irregularities. She was a member of the Riksdag from 1994 to 2006.

References

External links
Ulla Hoffmann at the Riksdag website

1942 births
21st-century Swedish women politicians
European democratic socialists
Leaders of political parties in Sweden
Living people
Members of the Riksdag 1994–1998
Members of the Riksdag 1998–2002
Members of the Riksdag 2002–2006
Members of the Riksdag from the Left Party (Sweden)
People from Solna Municipality
Socialist feminists
Swedish feminists
Women members of the Riksdag
Sarpanch

A sarpanch, gram pradhan, mukhiya, or president  is a decision-maker, elected by the village-level constitutional body of local self-government called the gram sabha (village government) in India. The sarpanch, together with other elected panchayat members (referred to as ward panch), constitute gram panchayats and zilla panchayats. The sarpanch is the focal point of contact between government officers and the village community and retains power for five years. the term used to refer to the sarpanch can vary across different states of India. Here are some of the commonly used terms for sarpanch in various states: panchayat president, gram pramukh, gram pradhan, gram adhyaksha, gaon panchayat president, gram panchayat president, etc.

Meaning of sarpanch 
Sar, meaning head, and panch, meaning five, gives the meaning head of the five decision-makers of the gram panchayat of the village. In the state of West Bengal, a sarpanch is called a panchayat pradhan ("chief"), and the deputy is panchyat upa-pradhan.

Nomenclature 
a sarpanch is a term used to refer to the elected head of a village-level statutory institution called the Gram Panchayat/Village Panchayat/Gram Parishad.

However, the term used to refer to the sarpanch can vary across different states of India. Here are some of the commonly used terms for sarpanch in various states:
Gram Pradhan - 
Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and some parts of Haryana, Punjab.
Sarpanch - 
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh.

Panchayat President - 
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal.
Mandal Praja Parishad President -
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
Gaon Panchayat President -
Assam.
Gram Panchayat President -
Odisha and Bihar.

Roles and responsibilities 
A sarpanch performs a number of administrative duties.

Eligibility 
A sarpanch must be a citizen of at least 18 years of age, and have no legal convictions, among other requirements.

Tenure 

The tenure of sarpanch in India is five years.

Panchayati raj 
India's federal structure of governance means that different states have different laws governing the powers of the gram panchayats and sarpanches.

Panchayat elections 
In many states, elections were not held for decades and instead of elected sarpanches, the gram panchayats were run by bureaucratically appointed administrators. With the passage of 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments in 1992, a number of safeguards have been built in, including those pertaining to regular elections.

Reservation for women 
Article 243D(3) of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment requires one-third of seats in panchayats and one-third of panchayat chairperson positions be reserved for women, across all three levels of the panchayati raj system. This amendment followed various state-level legislative reforms in which reservations were set for panchayat positions to be held by women.

References 

Desi culture
Hindi words and phrases
Panchayati raj (India)
Punjabi words and phrases
Region-specific legal occupations
Assembly of the Year XIII

The Assembly of Year XIII () was a meeting called by the Second Triumvirate governing the young republic of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (modern-day Argentina, Uruguay, part of Bolivia) on October 1812.

One of the objectives of the assembly was to define an institutional government system for the republic. Without the presence of representatives from some of the provinces (such as the Oriental Province), it was inaugurated on January 31, 1813 (hence the name). At the same time, it was to proclaim independence from Spain, and write the first constitution of the young state.

Accomplishments

During the assembly, different interests delayed the declaration of independence, but a number of common points were successfully established:
 The national coat of arms was chosen.
 The national anthem was commended.
 The Freedom of Wombs (Libertad de vientres) law, which put an end to slavery, was passed (it dictated that children born from slaves since the passing of the law were automatically free citizens).
 All titles of nobility (from the colonial period) were voided and suppressed.
 The creation of the national currency was ordered.
 The Spanish Inquisition and the practice of torture were abolished.
 A statute was approved that replaced as Executive Power the Second Triumvirate for a unipersonal Supreme Directorship.

See also
Argentine War of Independence
Instructions of the Year XIII
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

Argentine War of Independence
Argentine historical congresses
1813 in Argentina
Defunct unicameral legislatures
1815 disestablishments
Wolfgang Stresemann

Wolfgang Gert Stresemann (20 July 1904 – 6 November 1998) was a German jurist, orchestra leader, conductor and composer. He was the intendant of the Berliner Philharmoniker from 1959 to 1978 and again from mid 1984 to early 1985, a time when Herbert von Karajan served as music director.

Stresemann was the son of the German statesman and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Gustav Stresemann and his wife Käte, born Kleefeld.

From 1939 to 1956, Stresemann lived in the United States with his mother.

Stresemann's daughter Christina (born 1957) is a judge at the Federal Court of Justice of Germany.

Publications
Mein Vater, Gustav Stresemann (1979)
Ein seltsamer Mann; Erinnerungen an Herbert von Karajan
Wie konnte es geschehen? Hitlers Aufstieg in der Erinnerung eines Zeitzeugen
Philharmonie und Philharmoniker
... und abends in die Philharmonie. Erinnerungen an große Dirigenten 
Zeiten und Klaenge: Ein Leben zwischen Musik und Politik
Eine Lanze für Felix Mendelssohn

References

1904 births
1998 deaths
Jurists from Berlin
German male conductors (music)
German people of Jewish descent
Orchestra leaders
Musicians from Dresden
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Swsusp

swsusp (Software Suspend) is a kernel feature (i.e., program) which is part of power management framework in the Linux kernel. It is the default suspend framework as of kernel 3.8.

Objective
SWSUSP helps to drive the system to a low power state (called suspend) when not actively used, while providing the ability to return to the same state as before suspend (called resume/restore).

Features
As of 3.8 Swsusp provides the following options under suspend:

 StandBy: the CPU and main memory (RAM) both are powered up (CPU could be in Wait for Interrupt/WFI)
 Suspend to RAM: the CPU could be powered down while the RAM is up and in Self-refresh state.
 Suspend to Disk: a snapshot of the current system including CPU registers and memory contents are stored in an image in non-volatile memory such as a hard disk and the system is powered down.

For more details on Swsusp refer to kernel documentation under  Documentation/power/swsusp.txt

Usage

To enable swsusp, the following should be selected during kernel configuration :

<nowiki>
Power management options → <*>Power management support (CONFIG_PM) 
Power management options → <*>Software Suspend (CONFIG_SOFTWARE_SUSPEND) 
Power management options → [/dev/resume_partition]Default resume partition (CONFIG_PM_STD_PARTITION) 
</nowiki>

The /dev/resume_partition needs to be replaced by the actual swap partition that is to be used for suspending. Otherwise, resume=/dev/resume_partition can be given as a parameter during system bootup. The actual suspend is done by :

<nowiki>
echo shutdown > /sys/power/disk; echo disk > /sys/power/state
</nowiki>

You may check other suspend options available by doing"

cat /sys/power/state

depending on your kernel config, it will show something similar to [standby] mem disk

and options available under disk can be viewed by

cat /sys/power/disk

depending on your kernel config, it will show something similar to [platform] shutdown reboot

swsusp lacks compression and graphical progress indication, which can be provided through Uswsusp.

See also 
 TuxOnIce, is another implementation of suspend to disk and is based on SWSUSP. TuxonIce as of date(30/7/13) is maintained as a patch outside mainline kernel.
uswsusp userspace software for suspending to ram and/or disk

Linux kernel features
Dirk Van Mechelen

Dirk Louis Maria Van Mechelen (born 27 August 1957) was the Flemish minister of Finance and Budget and Town and Country Planning. He is a member of the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats.

Education
He obtained a degree in history from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) in 1980.

Career
He started his professional career at Buchmann Optical Industries in Kapellen, the company of Jacky Buchmann. In 1982, he started his political career in the municipal council of Kapellen.

After the regional elections of 1999 he became Flemish minister of Town and Country Planning, Economy and Media. Since 2001 he is the mayor of Kapellen.

After the regional elections of 2004 he became Flemish minister of Finance and Budget and Town and Country Planning till 2009.

Honours 
2014: Grand officer in the Order of Leopold.

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Government ministers of Belgium
KU Leuven alumni
Members of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
Members of the Flemish Parliament
Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats politicians
People from Kapellen, Belgium
21st-century Belgian politicians
Proceptive phase

In biology and sexology, the proceptive phase is the initial period in a relationship when organisms are "courting" each other, prior to the acceptive phase when copulation occurs. Behaviors that occur during the proceptive phase depend very much on the species, but may include visual displays, movements, sounds and odors.

The term proceptivity was introduced into general sexological use by Frank A. Beach in 1976 and refers to behavior enacted by a female to initiate, maintain, or escalate a sexual interaction. There are large species differences in proceptive behavior. The term has also been used to describe women's roles in human courtship, with a meaning very close to Beach's. A near synonym is proception.

The term proceptive phase refers to pre-consummatory, that is, pre-ejaculatory, behavior and focuses attention on the active role played by the female organism in creating, maintaining, and escalating the sexual interaction.

See also
 Mating

References

External links
 Additional sexological and historical material by the sexologist John Money

Reproduction in animals
Mating
Animal sexuality
St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey

St Peter's Hospital is an NHS district general hospital in Chertsey, Surrey, England. It has 400 beds and a wide range of acute care services, including an Accident & Emergency department. It is located between Woking and Chertsey near junction 11 of the M25 motorway and is managed by Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

History
The hospital has its origins in an Emergency Medical Service hospital established in the grounds of Botleys Mansion in September 1939. After the war the hospital was managed by Surrey County Council as an acute general hospital until it joined the National Health Service in 1948. The hospital was redeveloped in the late 1960s with the first phase, which included five new operating theatres, being opened by the Duchess of Kent in September 1967 and the second phase, which included a maternity block, being opened in 1970. A new out-patients department was opened by Geoffrey Pattie MP in 1981 and the Abraham Cowley Unit for mental health opened in 1988.

The Duchess of Kent Wing, which included a Postgraduate Education Centre and modern well-equipped wards, was opened by the Duchess of Kent in 1992. The Prince Edward Wing, which included the accident & emergency department, the ITU and the orthopaedic unit was opened by Prince Edward in the summer of 1998. The Duchess of Kent Wing was extended to include two further wards in 2006.

In March 2022 it was announced that the 53 bed Abraham Cowley Unit, which had dormitory bedrooms and communal bathrooms, was to be demolished and replaced.

Services
The hospital radio station, Radio Wey started broadcasting to patients and staff from St Peters in 1965 and today also serves an area beyond the hospital's main catchment area.

Transport
St Peter's Hospital is  SSW of Chertsey railway station and has regular bus services to a wide range of towns. A free shuttle service is also available for patients, staff and visitors between Ashford Hospital and St Peter's Hospital.

See also
 List of hospitals in England

References

External links
Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Hospital radio station - Radio Wey

Hospital buildings completed in 1939
Hospitals in Surrey
NHS hospitals in England
Hospitals established in 1939
Waikawa River

The Waikawa River flows east then south through the Catlins, an area of the southern South Island of New Zealand. Its total length is , and it flows into the Pacific Ocean at Waikawa. Close to its mouth, it cascades over a small series of cataracts, ironically named Niagara Falls.

The river's source is  east of Fortrose.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "bitter water" for .

References

Rivers of Southland, New Zealand
Rivers of New Zealand
Camus (musician)

David Sale is an American singer-songwriter, who, after releasing "Sins of the Father" on Atlantic Records under the name Camus, and co-writing and producing other projects, he started investigating wrongful convictions. The transition landed him on the front page of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, when he got involved in the case of Mark Woodworth, a rural farm boy who was framed for murder by questionable characters. He was called to a case in the mountains of Tennessee. Adam Braseel, a young man visiting old high school friends, who was framed for murder back in 2007, but exonerated by Governor Bill Lee of Tennessee.

Sale used his creative talents when he setup a Horror Movie to investigate in a place where few wanted to talk at first. Sale then got a call from Wayne Grimes from prison and has been working to free him as well as a few others.

Sale, achieved notability back in the 90's as Camus with "sins of the Father", a release on Atlantic Records. The album includes the song Ouch which was featured on the Baywatch episode "Out of the Blue" alongside Cyndi Lauper. In this project he had the opportunity to collaborate with Producers David Kahne and Kevin Killin. He still writes music for short films he puts out on the cases.

History
Previous to the Camus project, Sale was active in New Orleans operating the successful Street Records, an indie label featuring local and regional new indigenous music from 1992 to 1997. He also produced, engineered or consulted on projects for diverse musicians such as Rowland Howard, Willie Deville, Winton, Branford Marsalis and BeauSoleil to name a few during this period.

Sale wrote and produced former Squirrel Nut Zippers vocalist Katharine Whalen's 2007 release Dirty Little Secret on Koch Records. Dirty Little Secret was also cited by No Depression Magazine as a "Genre Busting Beauty". Appearing on World café.

Mr Sale co-directed the documentary On the Bus with Barnaby Greenburg, as well as several music videos for major labels. He has created and directed commercials. He co wrote the film Dark Star with d'Philip Chalmers (in pre-production). Sale's music work was cited as dazzling and seductive by NPR's David Dye.

Recent career

In 2014 Sale formed a production company to develop film and book properties based on his work in the legal system as an investigator and promoter of innocence. The first two cases being "The One Innocent Man" about a Missouri farm boy who wound up being the patsy in a rural crime ring. Spending nearly twenty years in prison. And "Fear the Hills" the story of a young man named Adam Braseel, imprisoned for a murder and assault that took place in Tracy City – in the foothills of Tennessee.

References

American male singer-songwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mount Pye (New Zealand)

Mount Pye is a rugged hill in the southeast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the highest point in the area known as the Catlins, rising to  720 m (2361 ft). It is located 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Gore, and forms part of the border between the Otago and Southland regions. The headwaters of many of the Catlins' rivers are located on the slopes of Mount Pye.

References
 
 New Zealand 1:50000 Topographic Map sheet CG13 - Chaslands

Mountains of Southland, New Zealand
Mountains of Otago
The Catlins
Clutha District
Huang Guangyu

Huang Guangyu, () (born 24 June 1969) is a Chinese businessman and the former Chairman of GOME Group, which is the largest consumer electronics retailer in China. He had a net worth of US$1.7 billion as of 2005, according to Forbes magazine's world's richest people ranking. In 2005, he was the richest man in China according to Time magazine. He was born and raised as a Christian.

In 2006, he was forced by regulations to sell off 25% of GOME Group, as listed in Hong Kong, making his net worth US$2.5 billion, according to some sources. His ambitious goals include "making Gome one of the 500 largest companies in the world by 2008". Huang was listed as the richest person in Mainland China in 2007, with a net worth estimated at $6.3 billion, according to the 2008 China Rich List by Hurun. He was surpassed by Yang Huiyan in 2009, with a net worth of $7.1 billion.

Stock market manipulation
On November 24, 2008, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange indefinitely halted trading shares of GOME, amid reports of a police investigation of Huang Guangyu, the company's Chairman, executive director and Controlling Shareholder. Furthermore, Huang was reported to be charged with alleged stock market manipulation, on which police declined to comment, according to the state-run China Daily newspaper. He resigned from the post of chairman on 16 January 2009.

Sentencing
In 2010, a Chinese court sentenced Huang Guangyu to 14 years in prison, a punishment that observers considered likely to be seen as a warning to the country's business executives.

Business behind bars
In April 2011, Chairman Chen Xiao, who succeeded Huang when he was sentenced to prison, resigned after a seven-month campaign by Huang to reassert control.

On July 12, 2011, Eagle Vantage Asset Management, controlled by Huang, bid on his behalf for the decommissioned British Royal Navy aircraft carrier, HMS Ark Royal. According to reports, the plan is to create the world's largest buoyant luxury shopping mall.

On June 24, 2020, Huang was released on probation from prison after his term was reduced by 22 months for good behaviour. His probation period ended on February 16, 2021.

References

Forbes
Times

1969 births
Living people
Billionaires from Guangdong
Chinese company founders
Chinese Christians
People from Chaoyang District, Shantou
Businesspeople from Guangdong
21st-century Chinese businesspeople
Renmin University of China alumni
Donald Æneas MacDonell

Donald Aeneas MacDonell (July 31, 1794 – March 11, 1879) was a soldier and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in Charlottenburgh Township in Upper Canada in 1794, the son of Miles Macdonell, and studied with John Strachan in Cornwall. He served in the British Army during the War of 1812, reaching the rank of lieutenant. In 1834, he was appointed justice of the peace for the Eastern District and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada; he was reelected in 1836 but ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1841. 

He was elected to the assembly in 1844 and then defeated again in 1848. He also served in the local militia, serving as commanding officer of the 1st Battalion of Stormont from 1846 to 1850. He also led an expedition to Beauharnois during the Lower Canada Rebellion.

In 1848, he became warden for the Kingston Penitentiary and he served until 1869.

He retired in Brockville, where he died in 1879.

References 

1794 births
1879 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
People from the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
Hilding Hagberg

Karl Hilding Hagberg (28 October 1899 – 17 December 1993) was a Swedish communist politician. He was the leader of the Communist Party of Sweden from 1951 to 1964.

History 
Hagberg was born in Gällivare in Norrbotten County. As a miner working in Malmberget he joined the Communist Party of Sweden in his youth. He was editor of the communist newspaper Norrskensflamman from 1930 to 1935, and political editor of the Communist Party's main newspaper Ny Dag from 1943 to 1964. He was a member of the executive board of the Communist Party of Sweden from 1930 to 1964, and a member of the lower house of the Parliament of Sweden from 1933 to 1964.

As leader of the Communist Party of Sweden, Hagberg upheld a clearly pro-Soviet line. He supported the Soviet crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and he also defended the building of the Berlin Wall as "serving the cause of peace".

In the municipal elections in 1962, the Communist Party hit a record low of 3.8% of the votes, and critics within the party blamed this on the party's pro-Soviet line. In 1964, Hagberg was replaced as party chairman by C.-H. Hermansson. When a pro-Soviet faction broke away from the party in 1977 to form the Workers' Party - the Communists, Hagberg joined them. 

Hagberg died in his home in Luleå on 17 December 1993. His memoirs, titled Jag är och förblir kommunist ("I am and will remain a communist"), were published in 1995.

References 

1899 births
1993 deaths
People from Gällivare Municipality
Members of the Riksdag from the Left Party (Sweden)
Swedish communists
Leaders of political parties in Sweden
Members of the Andra kammaren
Swedish miners
Swedish newspaper editors
Hamming space

In statistics and coding theory, a Hamming space (named after American mathematician Richard Hamming) is usually the set of all  binary strings of length N. It is used in the theory of coding signals and transmission.

More generally, a Hamming space can be defined over any alphabet (set) Q as the set of words of a fixed length N with letters from Q. If Q is a finite field, then a Hamming space over Q is an N-dimensional vector space over Q. In the typical, binary case, the field is thus GF(2) (also denoted by Z2).

In coding theory, if Q has q elements, then any subset C (usually assumed of cardinality at least two) of the N-dimensional Hamming space over Q is called a q-ary code of length N; the elements of C are called codewords. In the case where C is a linear subspace of its Hamming space, it is called a linear code. A typical example of linear code is the Hamming code. Codes defined via a Hamming space necessarily have the same length for every codeword, so they are called block codes when it is necessary to distinguish them from variable-length codes that are defined by unique factorization on a monoid.

The Hamming distance endows a Hamming space with a metric, which is essential in defining basic notions of coding theory such as error detecting and error correcting codes.

Hamming spaces over non-field alphabets have also been considered, especially over finite rings (most notably over Z4) giving rise to modules instead of vector spaces and ring-linear codes (identified with submodules) instead of linear codes. The typical metric used in this case the Lee distance. There exist a Gray isometry between  (i.e. GF(22m)) with the Hamming distance and  (also denoted as GR(4,m)) with the Lee distance.

References

Coding theory
Linear algebra
Charles Monro

Charles Monro may refer to:
Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet (1860–1929), Governor of Gibraltar
Charles Monro (rugby union) (1851–1933), initiator of rugby union in New Zealand
Charles Henry Monro (1835–1908), English author, jurist and benefactor

See also
Charles Monroe (disambiguation)
Charles Munroe
Treaty of Saigon (1862)

The Treaty of Saigon (, , referring to the year of "Yang Water Dog" in the sexagenary cycle) was signed on 5 June 1862 between representatives of the French Empire and the last precolonial emperor of the House of Nguyen, Emperor Tự Đức. Based on the terms of the accord, Tự Đức ceded Saigon, the island of Poulo Condor and three southern provinces of what was to become known as Cochinchina (Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh, and Dinh Tuong) to the French. The treaty was confirmed by the Treaty of Huế signed on 14 April 1863.

See also
Western imperialism in Asia

References 

The Encyclopedia of the Nations – Country Data – Vietnam
C'est arrivé un jour – 5 Juin

1862 in Vietnam
1862 in France
19th century in Vietnam
Saigon
Treaties of the Second French Empire
Treaties of the Nguyen dynasty
France–Vietnam relations
1862 in the French colonial empire
Saigon
TuxOnIce

TuxOnIce (formerly known as Suspend2) is an implementation of the suspend-to-disk (or hibernate) feature which is available as patches for the 2.6 Linux kernel. During the 2.5 kernel era, Pavel Machek forked the original out-of-tree version of swsusp (then at approximately beta 10) and got it merged into the vanilla kernel, while development continued in the swsusp/Suspend2/TuxOnIce line. TuxOnIce includes support for SMP, highmem and preemption. Its major advantages over swsusp are:

 It has an extensible architecture that allows for arbitrary transformations on the image and arbitrary backends for writing the image;
 It prepares the image and allocates storage before doing any storage and accounts for memory and storage usage very carefully, thereby becoming more reliable;
 Its current modules for writing the image have been designed for speed, combining asynchronous I/O, multithreading and readahead with LZF compression in its default configuration to read and write the image as fast as hardware is able;
 It has an active community supporting it via a wiki, mailing lists and irc channel (see the TuxOnIce website);
 It is more flexible and configurable (via a /sys/power/tuxonice interface);
 Whereas the current swsusp (and uswsusp) implementations support writing the image to one swap device only, TuxOnIce supports multiple devices in any combination of swap files and swap partitions. It can also write the image to an ordinary file, thereby avoiding potential race issues in freeing memory when preparing to suspend.
 It supports encryption by various methods;
 It can store a full image of memory (resulting in a more responsive system post-resume), while uswsusp and swsusp write at most half the amount of RAM.

TuxOnIce was originally called 'Suspend2' because after the beta releases (at the time when Pavel forked the code base), there was a 1.0 release and then a 2.0 release. The name 'Suspend2' was developed as a contraction of 'Software Suspend 2.x'.

Some efforts have been made over time to merge TuxOnIce into the vanilla kernel, but these have been opposed by Pavel, primarily (it seems) because Pavel believes much of the suspend-to-disk process can and should be run from userspace (see uswsusp), while Nigel Cunningham thinks this code belongs in the kernel. Nigel has stated both his desire and frustration in getting the TuxOnIce specific features merged back into mainline and is currently not actively pursuing it.

See also 
swsusp
Hibernate (OS feature)
uswsusp

References

External links 

Interview with Nigel Cunningham

Third-party Linux kernel modules
Tameness theorem

In mathematics, the tameness theorem states that every complete hyperbolic 3-manifold with finitely generated fundamental group is topologically tame, in other words homeomorphic to the interior of a compact 3-manifold.

The tameness theorem was conjectured by . It was proved by  and, independently, by Danny Calegari and David Gabai. It is one of the fundamental properties of geometrically infinite hyperbolic 3-manifolds, together with the density theorem for Kleinian groups and the ending lamination theorem.
It also implies the Ahlfors measure conjecture.

History 

Topological tameness may be viewed as a property of the ends of the manifold, namely, having a local product structure. An analogous statement is well known in two dimensions, that is, for surfaces. However, as the example of Alexander horned sphere shows, there are wild embeddings among 3-manifolds, so this property is not automatic.

The conjecture was raised in the form of a question by Albert Marden, who proved that any geometrically finite hyperbolic 3-manifold is topologically tame.  The conjecture was also called the Marden conjecture or the tame ends conjecture.

There had been steady progress in understanding tameness before the conjecture was resolved. Partial results had been obtained by Thurston, Brock, Bromberg, Canary, Evans, Minsky, Ohshika. An important sufficient condition for tameness in terms of splittings of the fundamental group had been obtained by Bonahon.

The conjecture was proved in 2004 by Ian Agol, and independently, by Danny Calegari and David Gabai. Agol's proof relies on the use of manifolds of pinched negative curvature and on Canary's trick of "diskbusting" that allows to replace a compressible end with an incompressible end, for which the conjecture has already been proved. The Calegari–Gabai proof is centered on the existence of certain closed, non-positively curved surfaces that they call "shrinkwrapped".

See also 

 
 Tame topology

References 

 .
 .
 
 .
 
 .

3-manifolds
Conjectures that have been proved
Differential geometry
Hyperbolic geometry
Kleinian groups
Manifolds
Theorems in geometry
Julian Carr

Julian Carr may refer to:
 Julian S. Carr (1845–1924), North Carolina industrialist, philanthropist, and white supremacist
 Julian Carr (politician) (1824–1886), Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council
 Julian Carr (skier, entrepreneur) (born November 9, 1978), of Salt Lake City, Utah.
Turgutreis

Turgutreis is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Bodrum, Muğla Province, Turkey. Its population is 6,041 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is the second largest town on the Bodrum peninsula. The town is a popular holiday destination with 5 kilometres of sandy beaches, waterfront restaurants and bars, and is considered a resort town.

The town is named after the Ottoman admiral Turgut Reis who was born there in 1485. Also known as Dragut, Turgut Reis was famous for his expeditions on the coasts of Spain, France, Italy, and North Africa, and for his participation in the Ottoman siege of Malta, in which he was killed. There is a memorial to Turgut Reis a few kilometres from the town centre located in Sabanci Park. The town was formerly named Karatoprak before being renamed in Reis's honour in 1972.

The coastline consists of several inlets, with steep mountains running parallel to the coast. There are 14 Turkish islets around Turgutreis including Küçük Kiremit, Büyük, Fener, Çatal, Yassı, Tüllüce, Kargı, Köçek, Kadıkalesi, and Sarıat, as well as the bigger Greek islands of Kos and Kalimnos. The town has a marina which provides access to the nearby Greek island of Kos via ferry.

Famous residents
 Burhan Doğançay

See also
 Tourism in Turkey
 Turkish Riviera
 Blue Cruise
 Marinas in Turkey
 Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey

References

External links
 
 Bodrum City Guide
 Pictures of Turgutreis
 Sun City Turgutreis

Gallery

Neighbourhoods in Bodrum District
Turkish Riviera
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Fishing communities in Turkey
Spanish Train and Other Stories

Spanish Train and Other Stories is the second album by Chris de Burgh, released by A&M Records in 1975.

Releases in some markets, like in North America, used different cover art from those in Europe. Rather than the simple white-on-black text of the European releases, the North American releases depicted an image of a distant train moving along under an evening sky.

Ban in South Africa
The title track is a story about a train carrying the souls of the dead to the Underworld. God and Lucifer are playing Poker – gambling with the souls. Lucifer cheats and wins the game. The song finishes with the stanza:

The song was deemed blasphemous in South Africa, and a ban was ordered. A&M records sued to get the ban overturned – the suit was eventually successful. However, while the suit was in progress, A&M released the album under the title Lonely Sky and Other Stories (without "Spanish Train"). This album is considered a collector's item today – copies are extremely rare. Perversely, the ban only applied to the LP record, so the cassette issue of "Spanish Train" was always freely available.

Track listing
All songs written by Chris de Burgh.
 "Spanish Train" – 5:00
 "Lonely Sky" – 3:52
 "This Song For You" – 4:14
 "Patricia the Stripper" – 3:30
 "A Spaceman Came Travelling" – 5:10
 "I'm Going Home" – 3:34
 "The Painter" – 4:20
 "Old Friend" – 3:40
 "The Tower" – 5:22
 "Just Another Poor Boy" – 4:46

Personnel
 Chris de Burgh – lead and all backing vocals, acoustic guitars, acoustic piano (3, 9)
 Ray Glynn – electric guitars
 Tony Reeves – bass guitar, string bass (5)
 Chris Laurence – string bass
 Tony Hymas – keyboards
 David Hentschel – ARP synthesizer (5), synthesizer arrangements (5)
 Ken Freeman – string synthesizer
 Phillip Goodhand-Tait – harmonium
 Chris Mercer – saxophone (7)
 Mick Eves – saxophone (7)
 Barry de Souza – drums
 Lennox Laington – percussion
 The Strings, Choir, Recorders and Ocarinas on "The Tower" and "Lonely Sky" were arranged by Robert Kirby who also arranged the brass for "Old Friend" and "This Song For You".
 Richard Hewson arranged the strings and brass for "Just Another Poor Boy" and "Spanish Train".

Production 
 Producer and Engineer – Robin Geoffrey Cable
 Assistant Engineers – Mark Dobson, Ian Major and John Kelly.
 Mixed at Scorpio and AIR Studios (London, UK).
 Mastered by Denis "BilBo" Blackham at Master Room (London, UK).
 Front and Back Illustrations – Bill Imhoff
 Inside Photography – Clive Arrowsmith
 Art Direction – Fabio Nicoli
 Design – Junie Osaki

Chart positions

References

External links
 The official Chris de Burgh site
 Album site on cd-lexikon.de (German)

Chris de Burgh albums
1975 albums
Albums arranged by Robert Kirby
A&M Records albums