alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Kent Roach

Kent Roach  is a professor of law at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law. He is well known for his expertise and writings on criminal law, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and more recently anti-terrorism law. He is a graduate of the university and served as a law clerk to Justice Bertha Wilson of the Supreme Court of Canada. Roach is a recipient of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Fellowship (2013). He was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2015.

Career
Roach studied political science as an undergraduate student in the 1980s at the University of Toronto. He studied under Peter H. Russell, the research director on the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP, and completed his undergraduate thesis in 1984 on the then-newly created Canadian Security Intelligence Service.

Roach served as director of research for the public inquiry investigating Air India Flight 182 and was also on the research advisory committee for the inquiry on Maher Arar's case.

Professor Roach's current research involves the comparative study of miscarriages of justice, comparative judicial review and comparative anti-terrorism law and policy. He is the editor-in-chief of the Criminal Law Quarterly, and member of the advisory committee for both the Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar and the Ipperwash Inquiry into the killing of Dudley George.

His book Canadian Policing: Why and How It Must Change was a nominee for the 2022 Balsillie Prize for Public Policy.

Select publications
 Canadian Justice, Indigenous Injustice: The Gerald Stanley and Colton Boushie Case. McGill University Press, 2019 
Criminal Law and Procedure: Cases and Materials Emond Montgomery Publications, 11th ed, 2015
 Criminal Law Irwin Law, 3rd ed, 2004
 Brian Dickson: A Judge's Journey University of Toronto Press, 2003 (with Robert Sharpe)
 The Supreme Court on Trial: Judicial Activism or Democratic Dialogue, Toronto, Irwin Law, 2001

References

External links
Kent Roach - University of Toronto - Faculty of Law
Kent Roach at McGill discussing the Royal Prerogative and Omar Khadr

Canadian legal scholars
Clerks of the Supreme Court of Canada
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Toronto Faculty of Law
University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni
Members of the Order of Canada
Yale Law School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Oh Canada! Oh Quebec!

Oh Canada! Oh Quebec! Requiem for a Divided Country is a book by Canadian novelist Mordecai Richler. Published in 1992, it parodied the evolution of language policy in Quebec, and spoofed the Canadian province of Quebec's language laws that restrict the use of the English language. The book, a best-seller, grew out of a long article published in a September 1991 issue of The New Yorker.

According to the book cover:

With a sure satirical eye, Richler takes a look at what he calls "the western world's goofiest and most unnecessary political crisis. English-speaking Quebecers endure Draconian language laws prohibiting English or bilingual signs in Montreal because they are seen as an affront to the city's visage linguistique.

Reaction
Following the publication of Oh Canada! Oh Quebec! Richler faced a great deal of criticism from Quebec nationalists in the French media and some in English-Canada. Pierrette Venne, a Bloc Québécois MP called for the book to be banned. Daniel Latouche compared the book to Mein Kampf. Jean-François Lisée said "The contempt that he has for Quebecers, and for the facts, that trickles from every page, hurt me, as a Quebecer, [...] as a journalist also, as an author, the intellectual dishonesty with which he plays with the facts, he makes comparisons that are absolutely unacceptable, it gave me an enormous headache to read this book, it stopped me from sleeping. [...] Evidently, here in Quebec, we know that he exaggerates, but someone has to say it to English Canadians". He did so in a televised debate on the then-fledgling CBC Newsworld network, facing Richler.

Nadia Khouri believes that there was an anti-semitic undertone in some of the reaction to Richler, emphasizing that he wasn't "one of us," as Richler was Jewish.  or that he wasn't a "real Quebecer." Additionally some passages were deliberately misquoted, such as the section about Quebec women being like "sows". Other French writers also thought there had been an overreaction, including Jean-Hugues Roy, Étienne Gignac, Serge-Henri Vicière, and Dorval Brunelle.

See also 

 Charter of the French Language
 Delisle-Richler controversy

References

1992 non-fiction books
Antisemitism in Quebec
Books by Mordecai Richler
Canadian nationalism
Canadian political books
Quebec language policy
Books about cultural politics
Graphium evemon

Graphium evemon, the blue jay, lesser jay, or pale green triangle is a species of tropical butterfly found in India, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

Subspecies
G. e. evemon Java
G. e. albociliatis  (Fruhstorfer, 1901)  (Assam - North Laos, North Vietnam)
G. e. igneolus (Fruhstorfer, 1901)  (Nias)
G. e. eventus (Fruhstorfer, 1908)   (South Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaya, Langkawi Island, Sumatra, Banka, Borneo)
G. e. orithia  Jordan, 1909   (Philippines (Mapun))
G. e. hetaerias (Jordan, 1937)  (Siberut)
G. evemon lebar (Page & Treadaway 2011)   Karimati Island, Indonesia

See also

Papilionidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

References

evemon
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1836
Ahmad Shah

Ahmed Shah or Ahmad Shah is the name of:

Kings
Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah (r. 1433–1435), Sultan of Bengal
Ahmad Shah Durrani (r. 1722–1772), founder of the Durrani dynasty and also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali
Ahmad Shah Bahadur (r. 1748–1775), a Mughal emperor of northern India
Ahmad Shah Qajar (r. 1898–1930), last ruler of Iran's Qajar dynasty
Ahmad Shah (Sultan of Malacca)

Rulers of Pahang
Ahmad Shah I of Pahang (r. 1475–1495)
Ahmad Shah II of Pahang (r. 1590–1592)
Ahmad Shah of Pahang (r. 1974–2019), 5th Sultan of modern Pahang and one of the heads-of-state of Malaysia

Rulers of Gujarat Sultanate during the rule of Muzaffarid dynasty were named Ahmad Shah
Ahmad Shah I (1411-1442) who founded Ahmedabad, India
Ahmad Shah II (1451-1458)
Ahmad Shah III (1554-1567)

Other individuals
Ahmad Shah (Taliban) (nom de guerre Mohammad Ismail, died 2008), Taliban leader in northeastern Afghanistan; the focus of Operation Red Wings
Ahmad Shah Khan, claimant to the abolished throne of Afghanistan
Ahmad Shah Massoud (1953–2001), leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance
Ahmed Shah (Afghan cricketer) born 1983, Afghan cricketer
Ahmed Shah (Indian cricketer) born 1995, Indian cricketer

See also
 Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I (reigned 1480–1509, died 1510), Nizam of Ahmadnagar
David Chapman

David Chapman may refer to:

David Chapman (journalist) (born 1976), writer/producer covering video games, comic books, and other pop culture interests
David Chapman (chemist) (1869–1958), English physical chemist
David Chapman (cricketer) (1855–1934), former first-class cricketer
David C. Chapman (1876–1944), led initiative to create the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
David Chapman (handballer) (1975–2017), American handball player
Dave Chapman (athlete) (born 1936), British steeplechase runner
Dave Chapman (actor) (born 1973), English actor and television presenter
Mark David Chapman (born 1955), murderer of John Lennon
David Chapman (sport shooter) (born 1965), Australian rapid fire pistol shooter
David Chapman (British sport shooter) (born 1963), British sports shooter
Sir David Chapman, 3rd Baronet (born 1941), British investment banker
David Chapman (American hotelier), owner of Cataract House in Niagara Falls, New York
David Chapman (physicist) (born 1953), Canadian physicist after whom asteroid 10047 Davidchapman was named
Bertrand Narvesen

Bertrand Narve Louis Narvesen (April 29, 1860 – March 7, 1939) was a Norwegian businessman and merchant. He was the founder of the Norwegian chain of newsagents Narvesens Kioskkompagni (Later shortened to Narvesen). Today, Narvesen is one of the largest chains of convenience stores in Norway, and Norway's leading retailer of international newspapers and periodicals.
 
Bertrand Narvesen was born in the parish of Brunlanes in Larvik, Vestfold, Norway. Narvesen first joined the National Postal Service (Posten Norge).  In 1887 he applied, and received the railway's permission to run a news agency at Larvik station and to sell Kristiania based newspapers. Narvesen left the postal service in 1893. In 1894, he received approval from the Norwegian State Railways to takeover the sale of newspapers, magazines and travel literature on the national railways.  Narvesens Kioskkompagni became a nationwide company and  a joint stock company in 1928. 
Narvesen retired from the daily management in 1902, and continued as  chairman until his death at Ringebu in 1939.

References

External links
Narvesen website

1860 births
1939 deaths
People from Larvik
Norwegian company founders
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, formerly Amravati University, named after Sant Gadge Baba, is a public state university located at Amravati in the Vidarbha region of the state of Maharashtra, India. Today, it is one of the largest universities in the country with 382 affiliated colleges and about 3.5 lakh students.

History 

The university was established on 1 May 1983 through the partitioning of Nagpur University.

The university campus is spread over an area of 225 hectares, and the university is home to 20 post-graduate departments offering 25 courses in different disciplines.

It has jurisdiction over five districts of Maharashtra: Akola, Amravati, Buldhana, Washim and Yavatmal.

Affiliations

Amravati University is recognized under Section 12(B) of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act of the Ministry of Education, Government of India. The University received NAAC accreditation in  2002. 127 colleges are affiliated with Amravati University, with an enrollment of over 90,000 students for the undergraduate and graduate courses, together, in different faculties.

Amravati University is an associate member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, London.

Colleges
 Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati
 Government College of Engineering, Amravati
 Pankaj Laddad Institute of Technology, Buldhana
 Sipna College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati
 Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Technology and Research, Amravati
 Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research, Badnera - Amravati
 Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad
 Shivaji Engineering College, Akola
 Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli
 Prof. Ram Meghe College Of Engineering & Management, Badnera - Amravati
 P. R. Patil College of Engineering
 G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering & Management
 Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal's College of Engineering and Technology, Amravati
 Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering, Shegaon
 Model Degree College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Buldhana

References

External links
 

 
Universities in Maharashtra
Education in Amravati
Educational institutions established in 1983
1983 establishments in Maharashtra
Newton Faller

Newton Faller (January 25, 1947–October 9, 1996) the son of Kurt Faller and Ada Faller from Rio Grande do Sul, was a Brazilian computer scientist and electrical engineer. He is credited with the discovery of adaptive Huffman codes while an employee of IBM do Brasil in Rio. He was later the head of the Brazilian UNIX development project at the Electronic Computing Center of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NCE/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro.

He started his career working with data compression, studying the classical Huffman Codes and was the first to propose the "adaptive Huffman codes". This discovery became his Master's thesis and was later published in:

Newton Faller, "An Adaptive System for Data Compression," Record of the 7th Asilomar Conference on Circuits, Systems and Computers, pp. 593–597, 1973.

Later, Robert G. Gallager (1978) and Donald Knuth (1985) proposed some complements and the algorithm became widely known as FGK (from the initials of each of the researchers).

Later, Faller went to study in the United States from 1976 to 1981 and received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences from the University of California, Berkeley in 1981.

He was married to Maria Ester Kremer Faller and had two daughters, Maria Clara Kremer Faller and  Ana Luisa Kremer Faller. He spent his childhood in Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro, and had two younger sisters: Ana Maria Faller and Angela Faller.

Faller died in 1996 and today the Brazilian equivalent of the Turing Award is called the "Newton Faller Award".

References

D. A. Huffman, "A Method for the Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes," Proc. IRE, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 1098–1101, 1952.
Robert G. Gallager, "Variations on a Theme by Huffman," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 668–674, Nov. 1978.
Donald E. Knuth, "Dynamic Huffman Coding," Journal of Algorithms, Vol. 6, pp. 163–180, 1985.

1947 births
1996 deaths
Brazilian people of German descent
Brazilian computer scientists
20th-century Brazilian engineers
People associated with Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Birol Ünel

Birol Ünel (18 August 1961 – 3 September 2020) was a Turkish-German actor who played in German and Turkish films, television, and theatrical productions. He was perhaps best known for his role as the alcoholic Cahit Tomruk in Fatih Akin's 2004 drama film Head-On, for which he received the German film prize for Best Actor.

Life and career
Ünel was born in Silifke, Mersin, in southern Turkey. In 1968, his family moved to Brinkum near Bremen in Germany. He studied acting at the Musikhochschule Hannover.

Ünel began as a theatre actor at the Berlin Tacheles where he played the lead and also directed the play Caligula. Ünel made his film debut in 1988's The Passenger. He played a private detective in the film  which he followed up with a role in Fatih Akin's In July. He  then portrayed the alcoholic Cahit Tomruk in Akin's Head-On (Gegen die Wand), which won the Golden Bear at the Berlinale 2004 and brought him international recognition. Ünel also won the German film prize for Best Actor for this performance.

In 2005 Ünel acted in the hit Turkish film Hırsız var!; his later films included Transylvania (2006), Seven Heroes and Soul Kitchen (2009). His career declined after struggles with alcohol and he was also in the news with minor criminal charges and homelessness.

Ünel died at a hospital in Berlin on 3 September 2020, aged 59, after suffering from cancer. He also suffered from alcoholism.

References

External links 
 
 

1961 births
2020 deaths
People from Silifke
Turkish emigrants to West Germany
German male film actors
German male stage actors
German male television actors
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male stage actors
Turkish male television actors
German people of Turkish descent
German Film Award winners
Deaths from cancer in Germany
People from Leer (district)
Itajá

Itajá may refer to the following places in Brazil:

 Itajá, Goiás
 Itajá, Rio Grande do Norte

See also
 Itajaí,a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil
California State Route 265

State Route 265 (SR 265) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that is part of both Business Loop 5 and Weed Boulevard in the City of Weed in Siskiyou County. SR 265 runs from U.S. Route 97 to Interstate 5.

Route description

The route spurs out of U.S. Route 97 in Weed while carrying Business Loop 5 from that intersection to Interstate 5.  It was once part of U.S. Route 99. For many years the route was hidden, but was signed in 2005 in anticipation of a complete redesign - reconstruction of Weed Boulevard. Previously, the only visual proof of the route was the bridge ID that was spraypainted on the base of the Interstate 5 overpass, i.e. "265 overcrossing".

SR 265 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

Major intersections

See also
Business routes of Interstate 5

See also

References

External links

California @ AARoads.com - State Route 265
California Highways: SR 265

265
State Route 265
U.S. Route 99
State highways in the United States shorter than one mile
The Maori Troubadours

The Maori Troubadours were a Māori-based showband which performed in Australia and Southeast Asia, beginning in 1958 and continuing well into the 1960s. The three original members were Prince Tui Latui (aka Tui Teka), Matt Tenana and Johnny Kealoah (real name Johnny Nicol). Drummer Neville Turner joined the band not long after its inception. They were a popular act, playing at Chequers and the Rex Hotel (Sydney), the Theatre Royal (Brisbane) as well as a host of centres on the Australian country show circuit.  They also toured as support band with the Mickey Mouse Show and the Harlem Globetrotters.

Johnny Nicol became a solo performer, playing throughout the US and England in the late 1960s, and Southeast Asia in the 1970s. He is recognised as one of the finest jazz singer-guitarists in Australia.  Originally from North Queensland he currently lives on the Gold Coast and is still performing regularly both solo and with various jazz/swing bands.

References 

Australian world music groups
New Zealand Māori musical groups
Lists of schools in Sri Lanka

The following is a list of schools in Sri Lanka.

 List of schools in Central Province, Sri Lanka
 List of schools in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
 List of schools in Northern Province, Sri Lanka
 List of schools in North Central Province, Sri Lanka
 List of schools in North Western Province, Sri Lanka
 List of schools in Sabaragamuwa Province
 List of schools in Southern Province, Sri Lanka
 List of schools in Uva Province
 List of schools in Western Province, Sri Lanka

See also 

 List of the oldest schools in Sri Lanka
Excalibur (novel)

Excalibur is a 1973 Arthurian fantasy novel by American writer Sanders Anne Laubenthal. It was first published by Ballantine Books as the sixtieth volume of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in August, 1973, and has been reprinted a number of times since.

Plot summary
The novel is set in modern times against the background of the legendary Medieval Welsh colonization of Mobile, Alabama under the prince Madoc in the 12th century. The modern Pendragon, King Arthur's secret successor, must recover Arthur's famed sword Excalibur.

Critical reception
John Clute praised Excalibur as "a powerful fantasy which conflates the matter of Britain with an American Gothic version of Mobile, Alabama."

References

1973 American novels
1973 fantasy novels
Modern Arthurian fiction
American fantasy novels
Novels set in Mobile, Alabama
Ballantine Books books
Kim Herring

Kimani 'Kim' Masai Herring (born September 10, 1975) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL).

High school years
Herring attended Solon High School (Solon, Ohio) and was a letterman in football and track.

NFL career
A second round draft pick in the 1997 NFL Draft, the 6'0", 212 lb. Herring played in 54 games for the Baltimore Ravens, including a victory and an interception in Super Bowl XXXV. After racking up 178 tackles, 2 sacks and 3 interceptions in his four seasons with Baltimore, he signed as a free agent with the St. Louis Rams in 2001. There he made another Super Bowl appearance that season in a 20-17 loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI.

Herring started his first 32 games for the Rams until an injury forced him to spend the 2003 season on injured reserve. After signing with the Cincinnati Bengals in 2004, injuries continued to plague Herring. He played in 12 games for Cincinnati in 2004, but was sidelined for the entire 2005 season with a shoulder injury, and was released by the Bengals on March 31, 2006 in a salary cap move.

References 

1975 births
Living people
Players of American football from Detroit
American football safeties
Baltimore Ravens players
Cincinnati Bengals players
St. Louis Rams players
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
People from Solon, Ohio
Players of American football from Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Critical line

Critical line may refer to:

In mathematics, a specific subset of the complex numbers asserted by the Riemann hypothesis to be the locus of all non-trivial zeroes of the Riemann zeta function
Critical line theorem, a mathematical theorem saying that the proportion of nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lying on the critical line is greater than zero
Critical line (thermodynamics), a higher-dimensional equivalent of a critical point
Critical Line, an art exhibition
Critical line method, a procedure in Portfolio optimization
Kitsumkaylum Indian Reserve No. 1

Kitsumkaylum is an Indian reserve under the governance of the Kitsumkalum First Nation of the Tsimshian people, located near the city of Terrace in the Skeena Country of northwestern British Columbia, Canada.

References

Indian reserves in British Columbia
Skeena Country
Tsimshian
Graeme Sturges

Graeme Lindsay Sturges (born 31 May 1955) is an Australian politician. He was a Labor Party member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 2002 to 2010 and 2011 to 2014, representing the Hobart-based electorate of Denison. He was elected twice before losing his seat in 2010, regained it in a countback following the resignation of David Bartlett in 2011, and retired at the 2014 election. He was the state Minister for Infrastructure from 2008 until 2010.

Early life
Sturges was born in Hobart. Prior to entering Parliament, he worked as the State Secretary for the Tasmanian branch of the Communications, Electrical and Plumbing Union.

Political career
Sturges entered Parliament when he was elected to the seat of Denison at the 2002 state election.

Sturges retained his political seat in the 2006 state election and continued his role as Government Whip whilst also remaining involved in community groups such as the RSPCA, Disabled Riders Association, Pensioners Union, French Car Club of Tasmania and the boxing community.

Sturges was appointed the Minister for Infrastructure in David Bartlett's cabinet following the resignation of the Premier, Paul Lennon.

During his time as Minister, Sturges attracted vigorous comment as to his handling of both rail infrastructure and ports as services either failed or were proven to have significant deterioration due to inactivity over many years. The absence of available Federal stimulus funding to alleviate these issues was also commented upon with Sturges admitting that the government had failed to apply for financial support.

During his time in parliament, Sturges was reported to have made several "gaffes". In March 2009, he was accused of misusing his position by raising an incident between his son and a bus driver with the management of Metro Tasmania. In another widely reported incident, Sturges reportedly shouted at a TT-Line security guard, stating "Don't you know who I am? I'll have your job." Sturges apologised to the guard, but later denied he had made the statements attributed to him, and said that his apology had been forced by the Premier's media advisors.

Sturges subsequently lost his seat in the Tasmanian state election in March 2010 gaining only 1,185 primary votes. He was then appointed Chairman of the Board of TasBuild.

In May 2011, former Premier David Bartlett resigned from parliament, triggering a "countback" (or recount of 2010 votes) for Denison. Of Labor's unsuccessful candidates at that election, Lisa Singh had been elected to the Australian Senate, leaving Sturges and Madeleine Ogilvie as the eligible Labor candidates. The recount took place on 26 May, and Sturges was re-elected with 5,362 votes to Ogilvie's 4,197.

References

External links
 
 Graeme Sturges' maiden speech to parliament

1955 births
Living people
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Tasmania
21st-century Australian politicians
The Murder Game (novel)

The Murder Game is a BBC Books original novel written by Steve Lyons and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Second Doctor, Ben, and Polly.  The novel is notable for introducing an alien threat known as the Selachians, who reappear later in the Past Doctor Adventures.

References

External links

The Cloister Library - The Murder Game

1997 British novels
1997 science fiction novels
Past Doctor Adventures
Second Doctor novels
Novels by Steve Lyons
Stoned (film)

Stoned, also known as The Wild and Wycked World of Brian Jones in the United Kingdom, is a 2005 biographical film about Brian Jones, one of the founding members of The Rolling Stones. The film was directed by Stephen Woolley, and written by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade. Leo Gregory played the role of Brian Jones and Paddy Considine as Frank Thorogood.

Plot
The film is a cinematic work of historical fiction, taking as its premise the idea that Jones was murdered by Frank Thorogood, a builder who had been hired to renovate and improve Jones's house Cotchford Farm in East Sussex, though there is a curious ghost-epilogue where Jones comes back to earth to thank chauffeur/minder Tom Keylock – not Thorogood – for making him into an immortal martyr. The film also paints a picture of Jones's use of alcohol and drugs, his estrangement from his bandmates, and his relationships with Anita Pallenberg and Anna Wohlin.

Cast
 Leo Gregory as Brian Jones
 Paddy Considine as Frank Thorogood
 David Morrissey as Tom Keylock
 Ben Whishaw as Keith Richards
 Luke de Woolfson as Mick Jagger
 Tuva Novotny as Anna Wohlin
 Amelia Warner as Janet
 Monet Mazur as Anita Pallenberg
 Ras Barker as The Lodger
 Gary Love as Jeff
 Will Adamsdale as Andrew Loog Oldham
 Josef Altin as Bill Wyman

Reception
The film was poorly received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a rating of 16% from 51 reviews with the consensus: "Poorly cast and sloppily assembled, Stoned turns one of rock 'n' roll's most darkly fascinating mysteries into a cinematic tragedy all its own."

References

External links
  Stoned at British Council–Film
  Stoned at BFI
  Stoned at Lumiere

2005 films
2005 directorial debut films
2000s biographical films
Biographical films about musicians
British biographical films
British rock music films
Cultural depictions of the Rolling Stones
Films based on multiple works
Films scored by David Arnold
Films set in East Sussex
Films set in the 1960s
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films with screenplays by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
Number 9 Films films
The Rolling Stones films
Vertigo Films films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
IS 456

IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice is an Indian Standard code of practice for general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete. The latest revision of this standard was done in year 2000, and reaffirmed 2021. This code uses the limit state design approach as well as the working stress design approach. However the Code recommends use of the limit state design approach.  It is written for use in India. It gives extensive information on the various aspects of concrete.

It contains five sections and eight annexes:
 Section 1: General
 Section 2: Materials, workmanship, inspection and testing
 Section 3: General design considerations
 Section 4: Special design requirements for structural members and systems
 Section 5: Structural design (limit state method)

The structural practice handbook SP:16-1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS:456-1978 has tables and charts that help structural engineers to design simple sections rapidly. Even though the design aid is based on the 1978 code, it continues to be used without revision as there have been no major changes to Section 5, on which the design aid is based.

The IS 456:2000 code must be read along with other Indian standard codes which supplement it:
 IS:13920-2016 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic Forces - Code of Practice
 SP:34-1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing (This handbook needs to be revised based on the changes to the detailing clauses of IS:456-2000)

References

External links
IS 456:2000

Standards of India
Building materials
List of Minnesota companies

The following list of Minnesota companies includes notable companies that are, or once were, headquartered in Minnesota.

Companies based in Minnesota

0–9
 3M

A
 Abdallah Candies
 Allina Health
 AmeriPride Services
 Ameriprise Financial
 Andersen Corporation
 Arctic Cat
 ATS Medical
 Aveda
 Anytime Fitness

B
 Ballistic Recovery Systems
 Bellisio Foods
 Bemidji Airlines
 Bemidji Woolen Mills
 Best Buy

C
 C. H. Robinson
 Cambria
 Cargill
 Caribou Coffee
 Carlson Companies
 Canterbury Park Holding Company
 Ceridian
 Chase Bliss Audio
 CHS Inc.
 Cirrus Aircraft
 CodeWeavers
 Compass Airlines
 Cub Foods

D
 Dairy Queen
 Deluxe Corporation
 Department 56 
 Digi International 
 Digi-Key
 Digital River
 Donaldson Company
 Duluth Pack

E
 Ecolab
 Econofoods
 Edina Realty
 Endeavor Air
 Entrust Datacard

F
 Faribault Woolen Mill Company
 Famous Dave's
 Fantasy Flight Games
 Farley's & Sathers Candy Company
 Federated Mutual Insurance Company

G
 Geek Squad
 General Mills
 Glassbridge Enterprises
 Graco
 Great Clips

H
 Hazelden Foundation
 HealthEast Care System
 HealthPartners
 Hennepin County Medical Center
 Holiday Stationstores
 Hormel
 Horton Holding
 Hutchinson Technology

I
 IMRIS

J
 Jamf
 Jefferson Lines
 Jostens

L
 Land O'Lakes
 Lawson Software
 Life Time Fitness
 Lifetouch
 Lunds & Byerlys

M
 M Health Fairview
 MacSoft
 Maxfield Research
 Maurices
 Mayo Clinic
 Medtronic
 Minco Products
 Mosaic
 MTS Systems Corporation
 My Pillow

N
 Nordic Ware
 Northern States Power Company

O
 Old Dutch Foods

P
 PaR Systems
 Park Tool
 Patterson Companies
 Pearson's Candy Company
 Piper Jaffray
 Polaris Industries
 Post Consumer Brands
 Perforce Software

Q
 Quality Bicycle Products

R
 Radisson Hotels
 Regions Hospital
 Regis Corporation
 Red Wing Shoes

S
 Schwan's Company
 Securian Financial Group
 Sleep Number
 Slumberland Furniture 
 Soo Line Railroad
 Summit Brewing Company
 Sun Country Airlines
 Supercuts
 Surly Bikes
 Surly Brewing Company

T
 Target Corporation
 Taylor Corporation
 Thrivent Financial
 Toro

U
 U.S. Bancorp
 Uni-Systems
 United Hardware Distributing Company
 UnitedHealth Group

W
 Watkins Incorporated
 Wilsons Leather
 Wings Financial Credit Union
 World Wide Pictures

X
 Xcel Energy

Companies formerly based in Minnesota

A
 Acorn Stores
 ADC Telecommunications
 Alliant Techsystems

B
 Buffets, Inc.

C
 Champion Air
 Control Data Corporation
 Christopher & Banks

D
 Dayton's

F
 Fair Isaac Corporation

G
 Grand Casinos
 Green Giant
 Greyhound Lines
 Griswold Signal Company

J
 Johnson Boat Works

L
Lawson Software

M
 MAIR Holdings
 Mesaba Airlines
 Minneapolis-Moline
 Minnesota North Stars
 MOM Brands
 MoneyGram
 Musicland

N
 Nash Finch Company
 Northland Organic Foods Corporation
 North Central Airlines
 Northwest Airlines
 Norwest Corporation

P
 Pentair
 PepsiAmericas
 Petters Group Worldwide
 Pillsbury Company

R
 Republic Airlines

S
 St. Jude Medical
 SuperAmerica
 SuperValu

T
The Travelers Companies

U
 Unicel

V
 Valspar

References

 
Minnesota
Graphium cloanthus

Graphium cloanthus, the glassy bluebottle, is a common, non-threatened tropical butterfly of the family Papilionidae.

Description
Upperside, forewing: costal margin up to a line through the anterior half of the cell to the apex of the wing and the terminal margin broadly black; the medial portion of the wing pale hyaline (glass like) greenish yellow interrupted anteriorly by the following irregular black bands that join the black on the costa to the black on the termen: a band across middle of cell and along vein 4, another at apex of cell and along vein 5, and two shorter and more oblique nearer the apex of the wing; the hyaline spot left close to the apex much smaller than those below; lastly, a pale subterminal, somewhat obscure broad line. Hindwing: an even black band along the dorsum in continuation of the black on the costal margin of the forewing, joined below to a very broad black band on the terminal margin; the remaining triangular medial portion of the wing and a transverse subterminal series of large spots hyaline greenish-yellow; the dorsal margin of the wing with long soft pale hairs and touches of grey scaling on the tornal area. Underside: similar, with on the hindwing a series of slender crimson markings at extreme base of wing along vein 1, broadened at the tornal angle and in interspaces 2 to 5; lastly, admarginal white slender lines at the tornal angle and in interspaces 2 and 3. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black, the thorax with lateral dark grey pubescence; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with dingy white, the abdomen with three lateral whitish stripes Male has abdominal fold within grey, studded with a brush of long white hairs as in Graphium sarpedon.

Larva
"Widest at the 5th segment, from which it tapers gradually to the 13th segment. The ridge over the head is furnished with two tubercles, black in front, white posteriorly. The 5th segment has a yellow bar which projects on each side beyond the body and has the appearances of a yoke. The points of the yoke are black. Colour green. The 13th segment is of a pale transparent blue-green. A pale yellow subdorsal line and an almost white spiracular line are the only markings. Head of a greenish-yellow. Legs, claspers and abdomen of the same colour as the 13th segment. The 13th segment ends in two sharp points which join at the end, so that the division between them is visible only on a close examination." (Robson quoted in Bingham 1907)

See also
Papilionidae
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

References

cloanthus
Insects of Pakistan
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Taxa named by Pieter Cramer
Butterflies described in 1775
Optical manufacturing and testing

Optical manufacturing and testing spans an enormous range of manufacturing procedures and optical test configurations. 

The manufacture of a conventional spherical lens typically begins with the generation of the optic's rough shape by grinding a glass blank. This can be done, for example, with ring tools. Next, the lens surface is polished to its final form. Typically this is done by lapping—rotating and rubbing the rough lens surface against a tool with the desired surface shape, with a mixture of abrasives and fluid in between. 
Typically a carved pitch tool is used to polish the surface of a lens.  The mixture of abrasive is called slurry and it is typically made from cerium or zirconium oxide in water with lubricants added to facilitate pitch tool movement without sticking to the lens. The particle size in the slurry is adjusted to get the desired shape and finish.  

During polishing, the lens may be tested to confirm that the desired shape is being produced, and to ensure that the final shape has the correct form to within the allowed precision. The deviation of an optical surface from the correct shape is typically expressed in fractions of a wavelength, for some convenient wavelength of light (perhaps the wavelength at which the lens is to be used, or a visible wavelength for which a source is available). Inexpensive lenses may have deviations of form as large as several wavelengths (λ, 2λ, etc.). More typical industrial lenses would have deviations no larger than a quarter wavelength (λ/4). Precision lenses for use in applications such as lasers, interferometers, and holography have surfaces with a tenth of a wavelength (λ/10) tolerance or better. In addition to surface profile, a lens must meet requirements for surface quality (scratches, pits, specks, etc.) and accuracy of dimensions.

Fabrication techniques

Glass blank manufacturing
 Batch mixing
 Casting techniques
 Annealing schedules and equipment
 Physical characterization techniques
 Index of refraction measurements and calculation of melt pedigree
Diamond shaping techniques
 Diamond wheel curve generation processes and equipment
 Diamond edging processes and equipment
Loose grit fabrication techniques:
 Rough grinding
 Fine grinding
 Polishing and figuring
Single-point diamond turning processes and equipment
Glass moulding techniques
 Precision glass moulding

Testing techniques
 Direct surface profile measurement
 Direct surface surveying (no intervening optics, for example Foucault knife-edge test, Ronchi test, Caustic test)
 Auxiliary optics (null correctors, computer-generated holograms, etc.)
 Interferometric testing

See also
Optical lens design
Vapor polishing

Notes and references 

Malacara, D., Optical Shop Testing - 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1992,

External links 
 Virtual Lens Plant, Canon Camera Museum Instructional videos of the processes, within a flash web interface.

Optics
Optical components, fabrication
Glass engineering and science
Goa cricket team

The Goa cricket team is first-class cricket team based in Goa, India, has competed in the Ranji Trophy since the 1985–86 season.

Playing history
Goa lost all five matches in their first season, and did not win until 1996–97, in their 56th match, when they defeated Karnataka by an innings.

Venues 
Goa's home grounds are the Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium, Margao, and the Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground, Porvorim.

International venues

Domestic venues

Current squad 

Updated as on 24 January 2023

Coaching staff 
 Head Coach – Prakash Mayekar
 Under-19s Coach – Vinod Dhamasker
 Ranji Physio – Danny Pereira
 Ranji Trainers – Prabhakar Bairgond

References

External links
Cricinfo's Complete History of the Indian Domestic Competitions
Goa at CricketArchive
Goa Cricket Association website

Indian first-class cricket teams
Cricket in Goa
1985 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu
Cricket clubs established in 1985
Atrophaneura aidoneus

Atrophaneura aidoneus, the lesser batwing, is an Asian species of butterfly that belongs to the batwings group of Atrophaneura, comprising tailless black swallowtail butterflies.

Description
 Wingspan: 112–162 mm.
 Male: Tailless. Above, the butterfly is bluish black and unmarked. It has a white scent patch in a square dorsal fold, which is pink or red on its marginal edge. This white scent patch is smaller than that of the common windmill.
 Female: Tailless. Above, the butterfly is grey brown. It has dark stripes between the veins.

Resembles Atrophaneura varuna race astorion, but differs as follows: Cell of forewing proportionately not quite so long; abdominal fold to the hindwing in male not so broad, its lower margin not square, rounded; the specialized scales within the fold white, with an edging of pink. Female larger. Upperside: ground colour olivaceous brown, never black; abdomen with a broad white, not crimson, lateral stripe.

Range
Northern India, Bhutan, Burma, northern Vietnam, northern Laos, southern China (including Hainan (Guangdong province)).

In India, it is found in Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland.

Status
The butterfly is not common but not regarded as threatened.

Taxonomy
No subspecies.

Habitat
The lesser batwing flies from April to November and frequents forests up to the altitude of .

Habits
The lesser batwing is a shade-loving forest butterfly. It has a slow and graceful flight. Both sexes frequent flowers, often Lantana.

See also
Swallowtail butterfly
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

Cited references

References

External links
 Image of reliably identified specimen

Atrophaneura
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies described in 1845
California State Route 267

State Route 267 (SR 267), known as North Shore Boulevard, is a state highway in the U.S. state of California. It connects Interstate 80 in Truckee with State Route 28 in Kings Beach on Lake Tahoe's shoreline. It serves as an alternate route to State Route 89 for connecting between Interstate 80 and State Route 28 near the Nevada border. SR 267 also serves the Northstar California ski resort.

Route description

The route begins at Interstate 80 in Truckee with an interchange. It then continues through Nevada County until it reaches the county line. In Placer County, it meets its east end at SR 28 in Kings Beach.

SR 267 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. The route from I-80 to Brockway Road is named the CHP Officer Glenn Carlson Memorial Bypass after CHP officer Glenn W. Carlson, who was killed along the route in 1963.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

California @ AARoads.com - State Route 267
California Highways: SR 267

267
State Route 267
State Route 267
Truckee, California
Edge cover

In graph theory, an edge cover of a graph is a set of edges such that every vertex of the graph is incident to at least one edge of the set.
In computer science, the minimum edge cover problem is the problem of finding an edge cover of minimum size. It is an optimization problem that belongs to the class of covering problems and can be solved in polynomial time.

Definition 
Formally, an  edge cover of a graph  is a set of edges  such that each vertex in  is incident with at least one edge in . The set  is said to cover the vertices of . The following figure shows examples of edge coverings in two graphs (the set  is marked with red).

A minimum edge covering is an edge covering of smallest possible size.  The edge covering number  is the size of a minimum edge covering. The following figure shows examples of minimum edge coverings (again, the set  is marked with red).

Note that the figure on the right is not only an edge cover but also a matching. In particular, it is a perfect matching: a matching  in which each vertex is incident with exactly one edge in . A perfect matching (if it exists) is always a minimum edge covering.

Examples 
 The set of all edges is an edge cover, assuming that there are no degree-0 vertices.
 The complete bipartite graph  has edge covering number .

Algorithms 
A smallest edge cover can be found in polynomial time by finding a maximum matching and extending it greedily so that all vertices are covered. In the following figure, a maximum matching is marked with red; the extra edges that were added to cover unmatched nodes are marked with blue. (The figure on the right shows a graph in which a maximum matching is a perfect matching; hence it already covers all vertices and no extra edges were needed.)

On the other hand, the related problem of finding a smallest vertex cover is an NP-hard problem.

Looking at the image it already becomes obvious why, for a given minimal edge Cover  and maximum matching , the following is true: . Counting the edges in the minimal edge cover duplicates the edges in the maximum matching, summing to  (equaling the number of vertices in the matching), but also counts the unmatched vertices, because they have to be adjacent to an edge in the edge cover.

See also 
 Vertex cover
 Set cover – the edge cover problem is a special case of the set cover problem: the elements of the universe are vertices, and each subset covers exactly two elements.

Notes

References 
 
 .

Computational problems in graph theory
Polynomial-time problems
Covering problems
Jharkhand cricket team

The Jharkhand cricket team is a first-class cricket team based in the Indian state of Jharkhand. When the old state of Bihar was split into Jharkhand state and Bihar state, the Jharkhand team took the place of the Bihar cricket team,  as much of the former's state's cricketing infrastructure was in Jharkhand.

History 
Jharkhand State Cricket Association was formed on November 15, 2000 and the team made its first-class debut in November 2004 against Saurashtra in the 2004/05 Ranji Trophy at Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground, Rajkot. The match was drawn.

The team won the 2010/11 Vijay Harare Trophy against Gujarat at the Holkar Cricket Stadium in Indore. Jharkhand batted first and were boosted by several useful contributions from their batsmen while Gujarat in their reply failed to measure up against a dominating bowling performance to sink to a 159-run defeat.

In 2021, Jharkhand have scored 422 runs losing 9 wickets in the first innings. It is the highest ever total in 50 over domestic cricket in India. In March 2022, in the preliminary quarter-final match against Nagaland in the 2021–22 Ranji Trophy, Jharkhand made their highest team total in a first-class cricket match with 880, the fourth-highest team total in the Ranji Trophy.

Home grounds

Notable players

Players from Jharkhand who have played Test cricket for India, along with year of Test debut:
Mahendra Singh Dhoni (2005)
Varun Aaron (2011)
Shahbaz Nadeem (2019)
Ishan Kishan (2021)

Players from Jharkhand who have played ODI but not Test cricket for India, along with year of ODI debut :
Saurabh Tiwary (2010)

Notable players at the domestic level:
Ishank Jaggi
Rahul Shukla

Current squad 

Players with international caps are listed in bold.

Updated as on 31 January 2023

Coaching staff
Coaching staff have one head coach.
 Head Coach :- S.S.Rao 
Assistant Coach :- Satish Singh

See also
 Jharkhand State Cricket Association
 Bihar Cricket Association
 Bihar cricket team

References

External links 
 Official website of Jharkhand State Cricket Association
 Jharkhand at CricketArchive

Indian first-class cricket teams
Cricket in Jharkhand
2004 establishments in Jharkhand
Cricket clubs established in 2004
Elementary divisors

In algebra, the elementary divisors of a module over a principal ideal domain (PID) occur in one form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain.

If  is a PID and  a finitely generated -module, then M is isomorphic to a finite sum of the form

where the  are nonzero primary ideals.

The list of primary ideals is unique up to order (but a given ideal may be present more than once, so the list represents a multiset of primary ideals); the elements  are unique only up to associatedness, and are called the elementary divisors.  Note that in a PID, the nonzero primary ideals are powers of prime ideals, so the elementary divisors can be written as powers  of irreducible elements. The nonnegative integer  is called the free rank or Betti number of the module .

The module is determined up to isomorphism by specifying its free rank , and for class of associated irreducible elements  and each positive integer  the number of times that  occurs among the elementary divisors. The elementary divisors can be obtained from the list of invariant factors of the module by decomposing each of them as far as possible into pairwise relatively prime (non-unit) factors, which will be powers of irreducible elements. This decomposition corresponds to maximally decomposing each submodule corresponding to an invariant factor by using the Chinese remainder theorem for R. Conversely, knowing the multiset  of elementary divisors, the invariant factors can be found, starting from the final one (which is a multiple of all others), as follows. For each irreducible element  such that some power  occurs in , take the highest such power, removing it from , and multiply these powers together for all (classes of associated)  to give the final invariant factor; as long as  is non-empty, repeat to find the invariant factors before it.

See also
 Invariant factors

References
   Chap.11, p.182.
 Chap. III.7, p.153 of 

Module theory