alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Ljubiša Simić

Ljubiša Simić (; born 27 February 1963 in Smederevo, SR Serbia, then Yugoslavia) is a former boxer from Yugoslavia, who competed in two Summer Olympics for his native country: in 1984 and in 1988. In both occasions he had an early exit from the tournament. Simić became professional in 1993, and recorded thirteen wins (six knock-outs) and three losses.

Amateur Highlights 
1984 Summer Olympics represented Yugoslavia as a Bantamweight. His result was:
Lost to Pedro Nolasco (Dominican Republic) in the Round of 64 by decision, 0-5
1985 European Amateur Champion at Bantamweight
1988 Summer Olympics represented Yugoslavia as a Featherweight. His results were:
1st round bye
Lost to Mikhail Kazaryan (Soviet Union) 0-5

External links
 Profile on Boxing-Records
 

1963 births
Serbian male boxers
Olympic boxers for Yugoslavia
Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Living people
Sportspeople from Smederevo
Yugoslav male boxers
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia
Competitors at the 1991 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
Bantamweight boxers
Serbia and Montenegro boxers
Western Courier

Western Courier may refer to:

 The Western Courier, the school newspaper at Western Illinois University
 a British Rail Class 52 locomotive, D1062, Western Courier
Miss New Mexico Teen USA

The Miss New Mexico Teen USA competition is a pageant that selects the representative for the state of New Mexico in the broader Miss Teen USA pageant. It is directed by Laura's Productions based in El Paso, Texas.

New Mexico has seen six state teens place in the Miss Teen USA pageant with three of these placements occurring during the 1980s, which and made New Mexico one of the more successful states in that decade. Not a single New Mexico teen had placed from 1988 until Brittany Toll made the finals in 2005.

Five New Mexico teens have triumphed at the Miss New Mexico USA and compete at Miss USA. More unusually, two have also competed at Miss America. In 2003, former New Mexico teens held both the Miss New Mexico USA and Miss New Mexico (America) titles.

Asia Simpson of Hobbs, New Mexico was crowned Miss New Mexico Teen USA 2022 on June 4, 2022 at the NMSU Center for the Arts in Las Cruces, New Mexico. She will now represent New Mexico for the title of Miss Teen USA 2023.

Results summary

Placements
Top 10: Cheryl Douds (1984), Carolee Hanson (1986), Jill Vasquez (1988), Brittany Toll (2005)
Top 16: Jacqueline Cai (2012)
New Mexico holds a record of 6 placements at Miss Teen USA.

Awards
Best State Costume: Emily Lehr (2021; 2nd place)

Winners 

1 Age at the time of the Miss Teen USA pageant

References

New Mexico
Women in New Mexico
Imago (The Butterfly Effect album)

Imago is the second full-length album by the Brisbane band The Butterfly Effect. It was recorded by the line-up of Clint Boge on lead vocals, Glenn Esmond on bass guitar, Kurt Goedhart on lead guitar and Ben Hall on drums, with Joe Barresi producing. It was released on 17 June 2006 and debuted on the ARIA Albums Chart at number 2, which is the group's first top 10 album.

Background
The track "Phoenix", which was released to Australian radio in 2005 prior to Imagos release, did not make the cut for the album, but appeared as a b-side on the lead single, "A Slow Descent" (June 2006).

Sound and composition
The sound of Imago is more progressive than their previous album and is less heavy. The album shows the band have all but lost their earlier nu-metal influences which has made them more popular. Clint Boge's vocals are also more refined and as a result, his range is higher and more diverse than the previous releases. The title track, "Imago", is an instrumental.

Reception
The album was listed at number 88 on the Triple J Hottest 100 Albums of All Time.

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

Personnel

Band
 Clint Boge  – lead vocals
 Kurt Goedhart  – lead guitar
 Glenn Esmond  – bass guitar
 Ben Hall  – drums

Production
Joe Barresi  – producer

References

The Butterfly Effect (band) albums
2006 albums
Albums produced by Joe Barresi
Lunascape (band)

Lunascape was a Belgian trip hop band founded in the mid-1990s by Kyoko Baertsoen and Walter Hilhorst. The group was initially formed under the name Calyx, but changed it to avoid confusion with a London drum and bass group by the same name.

Baertsoen and Hilhorst originally met at the television and film academy in Brussels in 1993, and began working on small-scale musical projects at that time, but their collaboration was interrupted in 1997 when Baertsoen joined the group Hooverphonic and toured Europe with them. On her return she resumed working with Hilhorst on the project that would become Lunascape. Their first two albums, Reflecting Seyelence and Mindstalking, were released only in Europe, but in 2005, their first North American release, Reminiscence, from Dancing Ferret Discs's Noir label, combined tracks from both the previous albums, bringing their music to a new audience. Tracks from Reflecting Seyelence were used in the IMAX 3D movie Haunted Castle.

Citing influences ranging from goth pioneers The Sisters of Mercy and Bauhaus to psychedelic acts like Pink Floyd to the ethereal pop of the Cocteau Twins, Lunascape create lush, moody soundscapes, dominated by Baertsoen's distinctive ethereal vocals. Many listeners first encountered them when Rhys Fulber's electronic music project Conjure One recorded a cover of Lunascape's "Tears from the Moon" in 2003, with Sinéad O'Connor on vocals.

The Lunascape track "Surrender" received recognition thanks to being the title score for the popular police series Flikken in Belgium and the Netherlands. Dancing Ferret released Lunascape's last album Innerside in April 2008. The band split in December 2008.

Discography
Reflecting Seyelence (2002)
Mindstalking (2004)
Reminiscence (2005)
Innerside (2008)

References

External links
Official site
Noir Records

Trip hop groups
Nichya

Nichya (Ничья in Russian Cyrillic; translates as "No one's"), is a singing, songwriting and producing duet consisting of Elena Kiper and Oleg Borschevsky. The group has released four singles, and one album to date.

History
Elena Kiper became known for her songwriting talents as a songwriter for another duo, t.A.T.u.

Kiper had written one last song for t.A.T.u., however it was discarded by the group. So, she decided to record it on her own. The song is known as "Ya Ne Glotayu" and sometimes "Ty Soshel S Uma". When Kiper met up with Oleg Borschevsky, they recorded a final version of the song with new music and lyrics and titled it "Nichya", which would become the duo's name.

Discography

Singles
"Nichya"
"Nachinai Menya"
"Nikomu.Nikogda"
"Navsegda!"
"Mozhno Lyubit"

Albums
 НАВСЕГДА! (August 30, 2004)
 Pora (2007)

Russian pop music groups
Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metres

The 100 metres at the 2006 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme were held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on Sunday 19 March and Monday 20 March 2006.

The top three runners in each of the initial eight heats automatically qualified for the second round. The next eight fastest runners from across the heats also qualified. Those 32 runners competed in 4 heats in the second round, with the top four runners from each heat qualifying for the semifinals. There were two semifinals, and only the top four from each heat advanced to the final.

Records

Medals

Qualification

Going into the event, the top ten Commonwealth athletes as ranked by the International Association of Athletics Federations were:

Results
All times shown are in seconds.
 Q denotes qualification by place in heat.
 q denotes qualification by overall place.
 DNS denotes did not start.
 DNF denotes did not finish.
 DQ denotes disqualification.
 NR denotes national record.
 GR denotes Games record.
 WR denotes world record.
 PB denotes personal best.
 SB denotes season best.

Round 1

Round 2

Semi-finals

Final

References
Results

Men's 100
2006
List of United States Navy weapons



Shipboard systems
 Aegis combat system
 Ship Self-Defense System
 MK 45 5-inch gun
 Phalanx CIWS 
 RGM-84 Harpoon
 Naval Strike Missile
 AGM-158C LRASM
 BGM-109 Tomahawk 
 RIM-66 Standard (SM-1MR/SM-2MR)
 RIM-67 Standard (SM-1ER/SM-2ER)
 RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
 RIM-161 Standard (SM-3)
 RIM-174 Standard (SM-6)
 RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile
 RUM-139 VL-ASROC
 Mark 46 torpedo
 Mark 48 torpedo
 Mark 50 torpedo
 Mark 54 torpedo
 Mark 60 Captor Mine
 Trident (D5) Ballistic missile

Aircraft systems
 M61 Vulcan
 AGM-84 Harpoon
 AGM-88 HARM
 AGM-65 Maverick
 AGM-119 Penguin
 AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon
 AIM-9 Sidewinder
 AIM-7 Sparrow
 AIM-120 AMRAAM
 AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER
 JDAM GPS-guided bombs
 Paveway laser-guided bombs
 CBU-100 Cluster Bomb
 B61 nuclear bomb
 Mark 82 dumb bomb
 Mk 77 incendiary bomb
 SCALPEL

See also
Electromagnetic Personnel Interdiction Control, prototype weapon

References
Globalsecurity.org Munitions section

Weapons
Weapons list
Naval weapons of the United States
Kim In-mun

Kim Inmun (629–694) was a noted aristocrat, scholar, and official of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. He was the son of Muyeol and the younger brother of Munmu, the twenty-ninth and thirtieth kings respectively of Silla.

Biography
In 651, as a young man of twenty-three, Kim Inmun was dispatched by his father, King Muyeol, to Tang China and entered into the service of Tang Gaozong, where he soon won that emperor's trust and esteem. In 653 King Muyeol entrusted his son Inmun with the diplomatic mission of securing a Tang military alliance against Silla's rival Baekje. Kim Inmun mobilized with the Tang troops that subsequently marched on Baekje, and participated in the campaign that ended in the destruction of Baekje and the capture of its last king Uija.  Kim Inmun would go on to serve as a regular mediary between the Tang and Silla courts in the years of Korea's unification wars and for a short period thereafter, living much of his life in the Tang capital.

In 674, in the wake of Silla's unification of the peninsula and the subsequent deterioration of the Silla-Tang alliance, Kim Inmun was actually named King of Silla by the Tang emperor and ordered to return to Silla to replace his brother on the throne. It was while en route back to Silla that an embassy from Silla was met proffering apologies to Tang and seeking forgiveness. Kim's title was rescinded and he returned to the Tang capital.

The 12th century Korean history Samguk Sagi contains a brief biography of Kim Inmun. There it states that he died of illness in the Tang capital of Chang'an in the fourth month of 694, a detail confirmed in the Tang histories. The Tang emperor sent a special delegation to conduct Kim's body back to Silla. In Silla he was granted the posthumous title of Taedae gakgan (태대각간, 太大角干) and was buried on the western plain of the Silla capital of Gyeongju.

The 13th century Samguk Yusa relates that Kim Inmun died on board ship en route back to Silla, but considering the rather detailed account of Kim's death and subsequent funeral embassy found in the Tang histories and repeated in the Samguk Sagi, this account seems doubtful.

Popular culture
 Portrayed by Jeon Kwang-jin in the 2012-2013 KBS1 TV series The King's Dream.

See also
History of Korea

Silla people
Silla Buddhists
Korean princes
629 births
694 deaths
Shoshannim

Shoshannim (Hebrew ששנים, 'lilies') is mentioned in Psalm 45 and Psalm 69.  Its meaning in these Psalms is uncertain.  Some believe it to be a kind of lily-shaped straight trumpet, a six-stringed instrument, a word commencing a song or the melody to which these psalms were to be sung.

The Hebrew root word used is Psalm 45 and 69 according to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance is Strong's #7799 defined as "probably any lily-like flower".

The tenor bell of St Peter's Church, Chertsey (England), cast in 1670 by Bryan(?) Eldridge of Chertsey (maybe in itself a recasting of an earlier Chertsey Abbey bell), was recast in 1859 by George Mears of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry at the expense of Angela Burdett-Coutts, and by her specially named "Shoshannim".

References

Psalms
Ronald Bell

Ronald Bell may refer to:
Ronnie Bell (1907–1996), British physical chemist
Sir Ronald Bell (politician) (1914–1982), British Conservative Member of Parliament, 1945 and 1950–1982
Ronald Bell (cricketer) (1931–1989), English cricketer for Middlesex and Sussex
Ronald Bell (musician) (1951–2020), American singer-songwriter with Kool & the Gang
Ronald D. Bell, Justice of the Tax Court of Canada
Ronnie Bell (American football) (born 2000), American football player
Nising

Nissing or Nissang is a town near Karnal, Haryana (India) on Karnal-Kaithal highway.

Cities and towns in Karnal district
Karnal
Roman Court

Roman court can refer to either:

the court of the secular ruler in Rome, notably the Roman Emperor
the Roman Curia, the ecclesiastical court of the Pope of Rome
West Uvean language

West Uvean (also Uvean or Faga Ouvéa; Fagauvea in the vernacular) is a Polynesian outlier language spoken on the island of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty island group of New Caledonia, and in the capital of Nouméa. It has long been in contact with Iaai, the Southern Oceanic language also spoken on the same island. Consequently, four vowels have been added, and the syllable structure has become complex, allowing for final consonants.

West Uvea is the only Polynesian language to use a quinary numeral system. It is probably the original decimal Polynesian people influenced by the nearby Iaai people who used a quinary numeral system, and changed from a decimal system to a quinary one. There are two sets of numerals from 11 to 20, the second way was the archaic form. The word 'tupu' means 'sum', 'teanua' in 'tahi a teanua' means 'human body', 'nea' in 'tahi enea' means 'man'. Nowadays, the West Uvea or Faga Uvea people use French or Iaai numeral systems more frequently.

Name
The speakers designate their language by the name Fagauvea, which is also the name used in French.
The name West Uvean sometimes used in English is meant to distinguish the language from the related East Uvean or Wallisian, spoken on Wallis Island (Uvea).

Phonology

// is only heard in intervocalic position.

References

Futunic languages
Languages of New Caledonia
Surface subgroup conjecture

In mathematics, the surface subgroup conjecture of Friedhelm Waldhausen states that the fundamental group of every closed, irreducible 3-manifold with infinite fundamental group has a surface subgroup.  By "surface subgroup" we mean the fundamental group of a closed surface not the 2-sphere. This problem is listed as Problem 3.75 in Robion Kirby's problem list.

Assuming the geometrization conjecture, the only open case was that of closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds.  A proof of this case was announced in the summer of 2009 by Jeremy Kahn and Vladimir Markovic and outlined in a talk August 4, 2009 at the FRG (Focused Research Group) Conference hosted by the University of Utah. A preprint appeared in the arxiv.org server in October 2009. Their paper was published in the Annals of Mathematics in 2012.  In June 2012, Kahn and Markovic were given the Clay Research Awards by the Clay Mathematics Institute at a ceremony in Oxford.

See also
Virtually Haken conjecture
Ehrenpreis conjecture

References

3-manifolds
Conjectures
Kill You (Eminem song)

"Kill You" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his third album The Marshall Mathers LP (2000). It was released as a promotional single from the album in 2001, and was featured on the deluxe edition of his 2005 greatest hits album, Curtain Call: The Hits. The song peaked at #2 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.

Background 
"Kill You" discusses the controversy that surrounded the Eminem's first album, nightmares of "ladies' screams", and being raised by a single mother. In the song, Eminem also talks of raping his mother, and "notes the irony of magazines trumpeting his mother-raping self on their covers'." The song was written when Eminem heard the track playing in the background while talking to Dr. Dre on the phone and developed an interest in using it for a song. He then wrote the lyrics at home and met up with Dr. Dre and the two recorded the song together. The lyrics were written to show that he was still as "fucked up" as he was on The Slim Shady LP.

The song was listed as "**** You" on the back cover of the censored version of the album.

Controversies 
At a United States Senate hearing, Lynne Cheney criticized Eminem and sponsor Seagram for "promot[ing] violence of the most degrading kind against women", labeling him as "a rap singer who advocates murder and rape". She specifically cited lyrics from "Kill You", explaining, "He talks about murdering and raping his mother. He talks about choking women slowly so he can hear their screams for a long time. He talks about using O.J.'s machete on women, and this is a man who is honored by the recording industry".

On October 26, 2000, Eminem was to perform at a concert in Toronto's SkyDome. However, Ontario Attorney General Jim Flaherty argued that Canada should stop Eminem at the border. "I personally don't want anyone coming to Canada who will come here and advocate violence against women", he said. Flaherty claims to have been "disgusted" when reading transcriptions of "Kill You", which includes lines like "Slut, you think I won't choke no whore/till the vocal cords don't work in her throat no more?" Eminem's fans argued that this was a matter of free speech and that he was unfairly singled out. Eminem was later granted entry into Canada.

In 2002, French jazz pianist Jacques Loussier filed a $10 million lawsuit against Eminem and Dr. Dre, claiming the beat for "Kill You" was stolen from his song "Pulsion". He unsuccessfully demanded that all sales of the album be halted and any remaining copies destroyed.

Track listing 
Japanese CD single

Notes
 signifies a co-producer.

Charts and certifications

Charts

Certifications

Personnel 
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and Tidal

 Eminem – vocals
 Dr. Dre – mixing and production
 Richard "Segal" Huredia – engineering
 Mike Elizondo – bass
 Mel-Man – production
 Jim McCrone – engineering assistance
 Thomas Coster Jr. – keyboards
 Sean Cruse – guitar

References 

2001 singles
Eminem songs
Songs written by Dr. Dre
Songs written by Eminem
Song recordings produced by Eminem
Aftermath Entertainment singles
Interscope Records singles
2000 songs
American hip hop songs
Hardcore hip hop songs
LGBT slogans

LGBT slogans are catchphrases or slogans which express support for members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities and LGBT rights.

Slogans

See also
 Gay pride
 Pride parade
 LGBT symbols

Notes

References
 

LGBT culture
LGBT rights
LGBT-related lists
Lists of slogans
Athlete Assistance Program

The Athlete Assistance Program (or carding program) is a program where the Government of Canada (through Sport Canada) provides funding assistance to elite level Canadian athletes.  Athletes who are receiving this assistance are called carded athletes.

To qualify the athlete has to be one of the top 16 in the world in their sport, or to have the potential of reaching the top 16.  Athletes are nominated by their National Sports Organization.  Only athletes in sports that are funded by Sport Canada, will be considered.  

Monthly funding is provided directly to the athletes and the tuition at a post secondary institution is also paid for.  The funding (in 2006 either $900 or $1500 per month) is not intended to cover living expenses, but only to cover some of the additional expenses that elite athletes have for training and competing.

External links
 Athlete Assistance Program from the Sport Canada website
 CBC Digital Archives - Funding of Amateur Sports

Sports organizations of Canada
No Surrender

No Surrender may refer to:

Politics
 "No Surrender!", a British Unionist slogan originating from Siege of Derry now used in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and England
No Surrender (to the IRA), a political chant since used by England football fans

Books
 No Surrender, 1911 novel by suffragette Constance Maud
 No Surrender (novel), a 1942 thriller novel by Martha Albrand
 No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War, an autobiography by World War II Japanese holdout Hiroo Onoda

Film and TV
 No Surrender, a 2002 short film by Richard James Allen
 No Surrender (film), a 1985 comedy starring Michael Angelis
 Impact Wrestling No Surrender, a professional wrestling pay-per-view event
 "No Surrender, No Retreat" (Babylon 5), a 1997 episode of Babylon 5
Karmouz War, released in English as No Surrender (2018), Egyptian war/action film

Crime
No Surrender (gang), a gang in the Netherlands, founded 2013

Music
 No Surrender, No Retreat (album), a 1998 album by Bushwick Bill

Songs
"No Surrender", an Ulster pipe tune AKA "The Crimson Banner"
 "No Surrender", a 1943 song composed by Eisler for Hangmen Also Die!
 "No Surrender" (song), a 1984 song by Bruce Springsteen

See also
 No Retreat, No Surrender, a 1986 martial arts film
 No Retreat, No Surrender: One American's Fight, a 2007 book by Tom DeLay and Stephen Mansfield
 Van Morrison: No Surrender, a 2005 biography on Van Morrison by Johnny Rogan
 Never Surrender (disambiguation)
Code: Selfish

Code: Selfish is a 1992 LP by British rock band The Fall. Their 14th full-length studio album, it entered the UK chart at number 21, although it spent only one week on the chart.

The album is characterised by its harsher sound in relation to the previous year's Shift-Work, and is influenced by techno music (techno fan Dave Bush had been added on keyboards and computers). Despite this, the album also has some notably mellow moments, with "Time Enough At Last" (named after an episode of The Twilight Zone) and "Gentlemen's Agreement" being at odds with the overall sound of the album.

Largely recorded in a converted church in Glasgow, Code: Selfish features the group's only self-penned Top 40 single, "Free Range". The album would prove to be their last for the Phonogram label, as the group were dropped following the release of the Ed's Babe EP later in 1992. Simon Ford reports in his Fall biography Hip Priest that Phonogram had to compensate the band for the early termination of their five-album deal and that these funds were used to record what became The Infotainment Scan.

The album was re-released by Voiceprint in 2002 under licence from Phonogram, and also appeared in a double-CD set coupled with an edition of Shift-Work on the same label in 2003. This edition added "Ed's Babe" and "Free Ranger" to the track listing. It was reissued again in expanded and remastered form by Universal in May 2007.

According to keyboard player Dave Bush, the song "Immortality" was partly inspired by Milan Kundera's 1990 novel of the same name .

Track listing

2007 reissue 
Disc one
 as per original edition

Disc two

Personnel 
The Fall
 Mark E. Smith – vocals, tapes, production
 Craig Scanlon – lead and rhythm guitars
 Steve Hanley – bass guitar
 Simon Wolstencroft – drums, keyboards
 Dave Bush – keyboards, machines
Additional personnel
 Craig Leon – keyboards, production
 Simon Rogers – keyboards, production
 Cassell Webb – backing vocals
 Pascal Le Gras – cover art
 Dale Griffin – production on John Peel sessions
 The Fall – production on "Legend of Xanadu" (recorded at Suite 16, Rochdale, Greater Manchester)

References

External links 
 Lyrics

1992 albums
The Fall (band) albums
Albums produced by Craig Leon
Fontana Records albums
Old French law

Old French law, referred to in French as , was the law of the Kingdom of France until the French Revolution. In the north of France were the Pays de coutumes ('customary countries'), where customary laws were in force, while in the south were the Pays de droit écrit ('countries of written law'), where Roman law had remained paramount. Roughly speaking, the line separating the two areas was the river Loire, from Geneva to the mouth of the Charente, although this was not a firm border between the two categories of law. As worded by George Mousourakis, "in both zones, the law in force also included elements derived from royal, feudal, and canonical sources."

Pays de coutumes
 
In the north existed a variety of customs "with a Frankish-Germanic character."

The coutumes were asserted and enforced under feudalism during the Middle Ages and in the early modern period by the French kings and their vassals, especially in the lands of the Île-de-France, to the exclusion of Roman law. A number of regional coutumes starting from the 13th century: e.g. the Coutumes de Beauvaisis, compiled by Phillipe de Remy. By the 16th century, the Coutume de Paris, first published in 1510, eventually extended to all of the Parliament of Paris' jurisdiction and beyond in cases of lacunae in the local customs. Antoine Loysel published a work of 958 legal maxims developed over a period of 40 years distilling the coutumes in his  in 1607.  Further development of customary law had been halted by the late 16th century.

For example, Claude de Ferrière commented that "community of goods" ("a partnership between married persons of all personal property, and of all real property acquired during the marriage state") prevailed "throughout all customary France, except Normandy, Rheims and Auvergne."

Pays de droit écrit
As worded by George Mousourakis, "after the revival of Roman law in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries and the spread of its study from Bologna to Montpellier and other parts of France, the Roman law of Justinian came to be accepted in southern France as the living law of the land", even though, as emphasized by Ernest Glasson, "coutumes did develop in those southern regions, and they often contradicted Roman law." "Prior to this, the pays de droit écrit in the south followed pre-Justinian Roman law, based primarily on the Code of Theodosius II (A.D. 438)", as reissued in the Alarician Breviary. As  wrote,

Attempts to codify

In the 18th century, Voltaire declared that in travelling through France one changed the laws as often as one changed horses.

When the Napoleonic Code entered into force in 1804 all coutumes were abolished. However, French customary law was incorporated into the substance of the code.

North America

In 1664, under the royal act creating the French East India Company, the Custom of Paris became the only law of the land in New France. In 1866 the Civil Code of Lower Canada was adopted in Lower Canada. The majority of the Code's rules borrowed heavily from the Custom of Paris.

See also
 Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France
 Legal history of France

References

 
Customary legal systems
Custom
Communicate (The Feelers album)

Communicate, released on 12 October 2001, is the second album by New Zealand rock band The Feelers. Singles include "Communicate", "As Good As It Gets", "Astronaut", "Fishing for Lisa", "The Web" and "Anniversary". It has sold over twice platinum on the New Zealand music charts.

Track listing

2001 albums
The Feelers albums
Eddie Powell

Eddie Powell (9 March 1927 – 11 August 2000) was a British stuntman and actor.

Powell performed stuntwork in several films for Hammer Studios, serving as a regular stunt double for Christopher Lee. His credits during this time included portraying Thompson in Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. (1966) and the Mummy in The Mummy's Shroud (1967). He also appeared in several James Bond films.

Powell portrayed the Aliens for stuntwork in Alien (1979) and Aliens (1986). He also did stunts in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), Batman (1989), and Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991). He had an uncredited part as The Goat of Mendes in The Devil Rides Out (1968).

Personal life
He was married to Hammer's wardrobe-mistress Rosemary Burrows, and was the brother of Joe Powell, also a film stuntman.

Death
Powell died on 11 August 2000 at Berkshire, England, UK the age of 73 caused complications by heart failure

Filmography

External links
 

1927 births
2000 deaths
Male actors from London
British male television actors
English stunt performers
Johann Christian Buxbaum

Johann Christian Buxbaum (no later than 5 October 1693 – 7 July 1730), was a German physician, botanist, entomologist and traveller. 

He was born in Merseburg and studied medicine at the Universities of Leipzig, Wittenberg, Jena, and Leyden.

In 1721 he was invited by Peter the Great, tsar of Russia, to take up a position as botanist in the Physical Garden, at the Medical Collegium in St Petersburg. In 1724 he became a member of the St Petersburg Academy of Arts and Sciences and a professor at the Academic Gymnasium. 

In his capacity as a physician, Buxbaum in 1724 was called upon to accompany Alexander Rumyantsev to Constantinopolis, in a Russian diplomatic mission to Turkey.  He used this opportunity to visit Greece.  On his way back from Constantinopolis he visited Asia Minor, travelling through Baku and Derbent he reached Astrachan, to return, finally, to St Petersburg (in 1727).  He died in Wermsdorf, Saxony. 

He is commemorated in the moss genus Buxbaumia (also the name of a journal on mosses) and in the names of several species (notably the sedge Carex buxbaumii). His most notable works are:
 Enumeratio plantarum acculatior in argo Halensi vicinisque locis crescentium una cum earum characteribus et viribus (Halle, 1721)
 Plantarum minus cognitarum centuria I. [-V.] complectens plantas circa Byzantium & in oriente observatas (Petropoli : ex typographia Academiae, 1728—1740, partly posthumously published by Johann Georg Gmelin) in five volumes with copperplates.

References

1693 births
1730 deaths
Pre-Linnaean botanists
18th-century German botanists
Botanical illustrators
German entomologists
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
People from Merseburg
Tap guitar

Tap guitar is a class of guitar that is played primarily by tapping on the strings.  Any guitar can be played this way, but there are various specialty brands of instruments that are designed specifically for this technique.

Various approaches to tapping exist, but the most common used by players on these specialty instruments was developed by Emmett Chapman in 1969, and uses both hands tapping with fingers parallel to the frets rather than having the right hand parallel to the strings as on a conventional guitar.

Early pioneers in tapping used the former conventional orientation, like Jimmie Webster and Dave Bunker.

Dedicated tapping instruments
 Megatar
 Chapman Stick
 NS/Stick

See also
 Stanley Jordan
 Tapping

Electric guitars
The Nut

The Nut may refer to:

The Nut, an old extinct volcano near Stanley, Tasmania, a town on the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia.
The Nut (1921 film), an American film produced by, and starring, Douglas Fairbanks
Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan

Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan (in Kurdish: Partîya Pêşeng a Karkerî Kurdistan, PPKK, in Turkish: Kürdistan Öncü İşçi Partisi) was a Kurdish underground political party in Turkey.

The party was founded on April 22, 1975.

PPKK published Pêşeng.

In 1992 PPKK merged with Kürdistan Ulusal Kurtuluşçuları-Sosyalist Eğilim (KUK-SE) and Kurdistan Liberation Organization (Kürdistan Özgürlük Örgütü, KAK), to form the United People's Party of Kurdistan (YEKBÛN).

Banned Kurdish parties in Turkey
Communism in Kurdistan
Far-left politics in Turkey

Kurdish organisations
Kurdish separatism in Turkey
Defunct Kurdish parties in Turkey
H. J. Rose

Herbert Jennings Rose FBA (5 May 1883, in Orillia – 31 July 1961, in St Andrews) was a Canadian-born British classical scholar, best remembered as the author of A Handbook of Greek Mythology, originally published in 1928, which became for many years the standard student reference book on the subject, reaching a sixth edition by 1958. Rose's Handbook was brought up-to-date along the same framework by Robin Hard, in The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology (Routledge 2004), a project that began as a mere revision.

Early life
Rose was born in Orillia, Ontario, Canada, to a family of Scottish descent. He attended McGill University, where he was awarded a Rhodes scholarship, with which he went on to Balliol College, Oxford. He was said to be the first Oxford undergraduate to wear a soft hat on Sundays. He drew a chess game on Board 1 with the famous J R Capablanca in a cable match between American and English universities on 23 March 1907.

For four years he was a fellow and tutor of Exeter College. In 1911 he married Eliza Plimsoll, elder daughter of Samuel Plimsoll, the British social reformer who advocated improved safety standards at sea.

From 1919 - 1927 Rose was Professor of Latin at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth and from 1927 - 1953 he was Professor of Greek at the University of St Andrews. Also during this time in 1934 he became a fellow of the British Academy.

Work
Rose is best remembered as the author of A Handbook of Greek Mythology, 1928. This was his most successful work and is still widely used as a student reference book.

Upon his death it was written in the Glasgow Herald:
"The Scottish Universities have lost one of their most learned personalities by the death of Emeritus Professor H. J. Rose . . . as a lecturer he was much liked by both learned and popular audiences, while as teacher and colleague he was greatly beloved by generations of pupils and colleagues".

Works
 Modern Methods in Classical Mythology (St. Andrews, 1930)
 A Handbook of Greek Literature from Homer to Lucian (1934)
 Hygini Fabulae (1934)
 A Handbook of Latin Literature (1954)
 Primitive Culture in Greece (London, 1925)
 Primitive Culture in Italy (London, 1926; reprint 1971)
 A Handbook of Greek Mythology (1929; sixth reprint 1958)
 Ancient Greek Religion (London, 1948)
 Ancient Roman Religion (London, 1949)
 Gods and Heroes of the Greeks (London, 1957; many reprints)
 A Commentary on the Surviving Plays of Aeschylus, 1957–8
 Outline of Classical Literature for Students of English (London, 1959; reprint 1961)
Mythology and Pseudo-mythology (1935, ), an influential paper, printed as a Presidential Address

References

External links

  BAD LINK

1883 births
1961 deaths
Academics of Aberystwyth University
Classical scholars of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British classical scholars
Canadian Rhodes Scholars
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
McGill University alumni
People from Orillia
Classical scholars of the University of Oxford
Academics of the University of Wales
Fellows of the British Academy
Presidents of the Folklore Society
Adarga

The adarga was a hard leather shield created by the North African Berbers, its name derived from the Berber "adarga" meaning "oryx". An important center of manufacture of the adarga was the city of Fes, Morocco. The adarga was typically made from the hide of the antelope (certainly the Scimitar Oryx) and was extremely resistant to the blows of sword, lance, javelin, and arrow, but other kinds of leather were used as well. Inside, in the center, was a pair of leather grips held in the hand or strapped to the forearm with a small cushion beneath to absorb impact. Originally the adarga was round, then heart shaped, then finally it took the form of a pair of overlapping ellipses or ovals, measuring  in the long axis. Two or more layers of hide were glued and sewn together to make the adarga both rigid and elastic, and often decorated with incised and gilt ornaments, Moorish inscriptions, and metal appliques and borders.

The adarga was a traditional defense employed by the Moorish light horseman, who used it along with the lance. Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries the adarga was also used by Christian Iberian soldiers and nobility, including their own light cavalry (Portuguese: ginetes; Spanish: jinetes), some of whom adopted Moorish fighting patterns. The adarga was in widespread use in Europe until the 16th century and the progression of firearms. The adarga was frequently used by the Conquistadores in the Americas and it continued to be used until the early 19th century by soldado de cuera in New Spain. These adargas were often decorated with the Spanish coat-of-arms.
 
Some impressive examples of the adarga are preserved in the Royal Armoury of the Royal Palace of Madrid, while one unique example is made from a large tortoise shell, taken at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 from the Turks, and is preserved in the armory of the Mons Clara Monastery at Częstochowa, Poland. The majority of surviving adargas are highly ornamental with painted decoration and were used by iberian nobles in tournament cavalry combat, particularly in the juego de las cañas (es) / jogo das canas (pt) ("game of canes"), a sport of the 16th and 17th centuries involving teams of horsemen who hurled javelins made of cane at one another that had to be dodged or deflected with the adarga, imitating past battles against the Moors.

See also
Rodeleros

References

External links
Adarga at History Wired
The Feather Adarga of Philip II in the Real Armeria
The Spanish Adarga
Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Adarga (see index)

Shields
Pearly Beach

Pearly Beach is a village in Overberg District Municipality in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

An area where the southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) comes to calve and mate along its migratory route (June – October). These whales can be seen with their young all along the coastline with Walker Bay just a short distance away. The area is home to the threatened African oystercatcher  which can be seen on the rocky coasts, beaches and at lagoons eating limpets and mussels.  It is close to Bantamsklip which was a proposed site of a nuclear power station. However, Thyspunt in the Eastern Cape seems to be the most likely location.

Geography
Not far from Pearly Beach is Dyers Island, a breeding colony for jackass penguins. Not far from Dyers Island is Geyser Island, a breeding ground for seals.

As the area around these islands teems with an abundance of sea life, it has become a notorious feeding ground for the great white shark which frequents its waters in large numbers.

Dyers Island is named after Samson Dyer, an American who came to the Cape in 1806, and who lived on Dyers Island where he collected guano for fertilizer.

References

Populated places in the Overstrand Local Municipality
Hans Leesment

Hans Leesment (13 February 1873 – 26 August 1944 in Tallinn) was an Estonian general. 
From 1919 up until 1940, he was a founder, and the president, of the Estonian Red Cross. On 24 February 1933 he was promoted to the rank of major general.

References

External links
Terviseleht 

1873 births
1944 deaths
People from Mulgi Parish
People from Kreis Pernau
Estonian Lutherans
Christian People's Party (Estonia) politicians
Members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly
Members of the Riigikogu, 1923–1926
Members of the Riigikogu, 1926–1929
Members of the Riiginõukogu
Estonian major generals
Estonian military doctors
Red Cross personnel
University of Tartu alumni
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian military personnel of World War I
Estonian military personnel of the Estonian War of Independence
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
Recipients of the Cross of Liberty (Estonia)
Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class II
Miles Fothergill

Miles Fothergill is a British actor, best known for his roles in science fiction television.

He played SV7 in the Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death and also appeared in Blake's 7 episode "The Web". Also for BBC TV he appeared in The Olympian Way (Pebble Mill, 1981) and the Francis Durbridge series Breakaway (1980).

On stage he replaced Jeremy Irons as Judas in the original production of Godspell at the Wyndhams Theatre, London and played Rocky in the late-1970s in The Rocky Horror Show during its original run at the Kings Road Theatre in Chelsea.

He was chosen to be the first male presenter and newsreader for Satellite Television in the mid-1980s, which was the forerunner to Sky TV.

After many years in the City as a Media Trainer, he now lives in Spain.

References

External links
 

British male television actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bolletjes Blues

Bolletjes Blues (Gangsta Blues, also known as  Bling!) is a 2006 Dutch musical film with Negativ as the main character, Spike.

Plot

Spike is a young black man from Suriname who lives in the Bijlmermeer. He is a student first, but drops out. In order to have enough money to impress his white girlfriend Rosalie (Sophie van Oers) he joins a gang led by Delano (SugaCane) and commits various robberies.

A related gang operates a cocaine smuggling route from Suriname to the Netherlands with mules swallowing cocaine pellets. As a mule, Spike is arrested on departure from Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport (Zanderij) near Paramaribo, and incarcerated at Santo Boma prison.

Rosalie volunteers as mule also, in order to be able to visit Spike. The film ends after this visit, it does not show whether she actually swallows and smuggles cocaine pellets.

Cast
 Negativ as	Spike
 Sophie van Oers as	Rosalie
 SugaCane as Delano
 Raymzter as Musu
 Mr. Probz as Jimmy
 Adigun Arnaud as Shed Block Thug
 Kimo as Fred
 Derenzo Sumter as Melvin
 Goldie as Zamira
 Salah Edin as Abid Tounssi
 MC Aldrin as Beatboxer
 Verginia Olijfveld as Tante Jennifer
 Reina Linger as Manuela
 Mike Reus as Meester Kees
 Glenn Durfort as Ome edje

Reception
CineMagazine rated the film 2 stars.

VPRO Cinema rated the film 3 stars.

References

External links
 

Dutch musical films
2006 films
2000s musical films
Kazumi Kazui

is a Japanese manga artist. She made her debut in 2000 in a special edition of Petit Comic with Watashi no Iru Basho (The Place Where I Am), and later worked on the manga adaptation of Socrates in Love. Her current work Dōse Mō Nigerarenai has been released in nine volumes by Shogakukan.

Works

References

External links
 

Living people
Women manga artists
Manga artists from Aichi Prefecture
Japanese female comics artists
Female comics writers
21st-century Japanese women writers
Japanese writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mike Katz

Michael Katz (born November 14, 1944) is a former American IFBB professional bodybuilder and former professional football player with the New York Jets, most famous for his appearance with Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1977 bodybuilding documentary film Pumping Iron. He was paid $1,000 to sign a release for appearing in the film.

Mike Katz played football for Southern Connecticut State University and pro football for the New York Jets before ending his football career with a leg injury in 1968.

Katz appeared in the documentary Challenging Impossibility, commenting on the weightlifting odyssey of spiritual teacher and peace advocate Sri Chinmoy. The film was an Official Selection of the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival.

He is Jewish, and was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and Museum.

Early life 
Katz was born in New Haven, Connecticut to Israel George and Anna Elsie Katz, and had an older sister, Linda. Katz's mother was a Swedish immigrant.

Bodybuilding career

Competitive statistics
 Height: 
 Competition Weight: 
 Off Season Weight:

Competitive history
 1963 Mr. Connecticut 2nd
 1963 Mr. Insurance City 9th
 1964 AAU Teen Mr. America; 4th Place
 1964	AAU Teen Mr. America 	Most Muscular, 5th Place
 1965 Mr. New England States 1st
 1969	IFBB Mr. America 	Tall, 2nd Place
 1970	IFBB Mr. America 	Tall & Overall, 4th Place
 1970	AAU Mr. East Coast 	Tall & Overall, 4th Place
 1971	IFBB Universe 	Tall, 3rd Place
 1971 Beat Brandon Lewi for the Heavyweight Championship of the World
 1972	IFBB Mr. International 	Tall, 2nd Place
 1972  IFBB Mr. World tall & Overall 1st
 1972	IFBB Universe 	Tall, 1st Place
 1973	IFBB Universe 	Tall, 3rd Place
 1974	IFBB Mr. International 	Tall, - 4th Place
 1975	IFBB Universe 	Tall, 4th Place
 1976 Mr. Olympia 	Over 200 lbs, 2nd Place
 1980	NBA Natural Mr. America 	Professional, 4th Place
 1980	IFBB World Pro Championships 	Did Not Place
 1980 Retired after losing to Cooper Hayman in the National Strongman Competition
 1981 Mr. Olympia 	15th Place

See also
 List of male professional bodybuilders

References

External links
 

1944 births
Living people
American bodybuilders
New York Jets players
People associated with physical culture
Professional bodybuilders
Southern Connecticut State Owls football players
Sportspeople from New Haven, Connecticut
Players of American football from New Haven, Connecticut
Jewish American sportspeople
21st-century American Jews
Yuanqi

In traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese culture, yuán qì (元氣) or vital qi, innate or prenatal qi. Inborn qi (Jing 精) is differentiated from acquired qi that a person may develop or replenished over their lifetime. Further more traditionally it is said that the Kidneys are the root of qi, Left being Yuan yin and the right being Yuan yang. The transportation of Yuan qi is done via the triple warmer (San Jiao 三膲) in Chinese medicine, and is associated with the adrenal glands as in western medicine.

Porkert describes the concept as "the metaphorical designation of the inborn constitution, the vital potential that is gradually used up in the course of life. It may be conserved but never replenished."

The term has been used since at least the Han Dynasty, where it is found in the chapter 'Lu Li Zhi Shang/律历志上' of the History Book, 'Han Shu.'

Usage in Japanese

In modern times it has come to be used in a colloquial manner in Japanese (where it is pronounced genki (元気)) to mean "healthy" or "energetic", a usage that has more recently been borrowed back into Chinese. This colloquial usage of the term forms the basis of a variety of Japanese expressions, including the standard casual greeting, genki desu ka (元気ですか), which translates to "are you well?". As the equivalent of "How are you doing?" in English, it is a rhetorical question and generally answered in the affirmative.

See also
Jing
Neijia
Glossary of alternative medicine

References

Porkert, The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine  MIT Press (1974) 

Traditional Chinese medicine