alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Mathews Phosa

Nakedi Mathews Phosa (born 1 September 1952) is a South African attorney and politician and was also an anti-apartheid activist. He is a former premier of Mpumalanga as well as a member of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress (ANC). Phosa ran for President of the ANC in 2017 lost to Cyril Ramaphosa.

Early life and education
Phosa was born in Mbombela township, Nelspruit. However, he grew up with his grandfather in a rural area near Potgietersrus (Mokopane). He matriculated at Orhovelani High School in Thulamahashe, Bushbuckridge.

Political career
He was one of the first four members of the ANC to enter South Africa from exile in 1990 in order to start the process of negotiation with the National Party government.

As a result of the first fully inclusive democratic elections in 1994, Phosa was appointed as the first premier of Mpumalanga, a position which he held until 1999. During his time in office, Phosa pioneered planning interaction between the private sector and government. He also spearheaded Nelson Mandela's reconciliation initiatives between the government and the Afrikaans speaking community. Phosa was elected as a member of the National Executive Committee of the ANC in 1999.

In 2001, Cyril Ramaphosa, Tokyo Sexwale and Phosa were investigated in connection with an alleged plot to oust Mbeki. They were cleared.

During the 2007 Conference of the ANC (the 52nd National Conference) held in Polokwane in the Limpopo Province, Phosa was elected to the post of Treasurer General for the Organisation.

Business career
Since 1999 Phosa has served as a business consultant for various local and international businesses. In addition, Phosa currently holds chairman, vice-chairman or board member positions at more than ten prominent South African institutions and companies, including the University of South Africa, Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut, Special Olympics South Africa, Value Logistics, EOH (Pty) Ltd, SA Golden Leaf and Hans Merensky Holdings.

Presidential ambitions

Phosa unsuccessfully ran for the post of ANC Deputy President in 2012. Cyril Ramaphosa received 3,018 votes and was elected deputy president of the ANC, convincingly defeating Mathews Phosa, who received 470 votes and Human Settlements Minister Tokyo Sexwale, who received 463. On April 29, 2017, Phosa announced that he had accepted a nomination for the ANC Presidency and would be a candidate at the 54th ANC conference in December.

On June 11, 2017, Phosa officially announced his intention to seek the Presidential nomination in December 2017.

Works
 Deur die oog van 'n naald (1996, Tafelberg)

External links
 Official ANC website

1952 births
Afrikaans-language poets
Living people
People from Bushbuckridge
Northern Sotho people
African National Congress politicians
Premiers of Mpumalanga
Members of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature
Small Farmer's Journal

The Small Farmer's Journal is a large (11 x 14 inch) quarterly magazine published by a family-owned business in Sisters, Oregon since 1976. The publication covers agriculture as well as general topics including rural life and humor. Lynn Miller was the publisher and editor of the magazine in 2013 when the number of the subscribers was nearly 20,000.

References

External links

1976 establishments in Oregon
Agricultural magazines
Business magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1976
Magazines published in Oregon
Sisters, Oregon
Allan Green (barrister)

Sir Allan David Green, KCB, KC (born 1 March 1935) is a retired barrister in England and Wales. He was Director of Public Prosecutions and second head of the Crown Prosecution Service from 1987 to 1992.

Career
He was called to the bar in 1959 and rose to become a recorder (part-time judge) in 1979. Among his cases was the trial of the so-called 'Muswell Hill Murderer', serial killer Dennis Nilsen. After a successful career as a prosecution counsel, he was appointed Director of Public Prosecutions in 1987. In this role he was responsible for the majority of criminal prosecutions in England, and in his term of office he had to deal with the appeals against conviction of the Guildford Four and the Birmingham Six. Green resigned in October 1991, when he was spotted kerb-crawling in Kings Cross, London.

Green continued with his career, however, both prosecuting and defending in important cases, particularly murders. Between 2000 and 2004, he represented ten British soldiers in the inquiry into the 1972 Bloody Sunday massacre, when 27 people were shot, 14 fatally, by British troops in Northern Ireland. In answer to a question in Parliament in 2005, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland said that Sir Allan had been paid £1.5 million for his work on the inquiry.

Green is a member of Inner Temple, and remained a practising barrister in London until his retirement in 2013.

In popular culture 
Green was portrayed by Jamie Parker in Des, a 2020 docudrama focusing on Dennis Nilsen.

References

Living people
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Lawyers awarded knighthoods
Members of the Inner Temple
English barristers
English King's Counsel
Lawyers from London
Directors of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)
1935 births
Volcan Army

The Volcan Army was a Chadian insurgent rebel group that was active during the Chadian Civil War. The movement was founded in 1970 by the Arab insurgent leader Mohamed Baghlani, who had been expelled in June from the FROLINAT by the organization's secretary-general Abba Siddick. The new group was islamist and mainly composed of Arabs who shunned Siddick's leadership of the FROLINAT; it was based in Libya. For several years, until about 1975, the Volcan Army had little force on the ground, but after that it slowly expanded. Among the new members in 1976, Ahmat Acyl who attacked Baghlani's authority with the support of Libya in January 1977. When Baghlani died in a car accident in Benghazi on March 27, Acyl became the new leader of the militia with the full support of the Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi, and Acyl became his most loyal man in Chad.

Under Acyl's leadership the group rapidly expanded, coordinating its activities with Oueddei Goukouni's larger People's Armed Forces (FAP) in the prefectures of Biltine and Salamat. While it remained much smaller in numbers than both the FAP and the Armed Forces of the North (FAN), its 400-500 men were reputed to be among the most resolute fighters of the insurgency. Its expansion represented the participation in the civil war of the populations of central Chad, especially of the major Bedouin tribes. The Volcan Army was often accused of tribalism, with its deep suspicion for the zuruq, the blacks, and in particular for the Gorane (i.e. Toubou) which dominated the FAP and FAN.

These suspicions erupted in the summer of 1978 when the Volcan forces attacked, sobilliated by Qaddafi, the FAP's positions at Faya-Largeau, but were easily repelled. Since the Volcan Army had become by the first months of the year the group most heavily supported by Libya, Goukouni readily understood that the Libyans were behind the acretaliated by breaking all ties with Qaddafi.

Relations between Acyl and Goukouni were still frosty in 1979, when Goukouni temporarily allied himself with Hissène Habré in February during the battle of N'Djamena, in which the southern-dominated government disintegrated.

The international community, led by Nigeria, tried to bring order to the expanding chaos in Chad through a series of international peace conferences. But the first peace conference held in March excluded minor factions, like the Volcan Army; as a reaction they created the Front for Joint Provisional Action (FACP), a counter-government supported by Libya and opposed to the new Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT). As the first compromise proposals failed, the FACP swiftly renamed itself Democratic Revolutionary Council (CDR), and assumed as its leader Ahmat Acyl. By this moment the Volcan Army was to be known as the CDR.

References 

Chadian–Libyan War
Rebel groups in Chad
Michael Learns to Rock (1991 album)

Michael Learns to Rock is the eponymous debut album of the Danish soft rock and pop rock band Michael Learns to Rock. The album was released in September 1991 through Medley Records in Denmark. It sold 180,000 copies in Scandinavia, and 250,000 copies in the rest of the world. The album includes their signature song "The Actor", which charted at number one in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links
Michael Learns To Rock official website

1991 debut albums
Michael Learns to Rock albums
Judiciary of South Africa

The judiciary of South Africa is the body of judges and magistrates who sit in the courts of South Africa. The judiciary is an independent branch of the government, subject only to the Constitution of South Africa and the laws of the country. The Judiciary interprets the law of South Africa, using as the basis of its interpretation the laws enacted by the South African Parliament as well as explanatory statements made in the legislature during the enactment.

Chapter 8 of the Constitution of South Africa defines the structure of the South African judicial system. This chapter also guarantees the independence of the courts and requires other organs of the state to assist and protect the courts in order to ensure their "independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness". In addition, Chapter 2 of the Constitution guarantees every person the right to have a dispute or trial heard by a fair, impartial and independent court.

The judiciary of South Africa consists of:
 The Chief Justice of South Africa, the Deputy Chief Justice and the other judges of the Constitutional Court
 The President, Deputy President and other judges of the Supreme Court of Appeal
 The Judge President, Deputy Judge President and other judges of each of the High Courts
 Regional and district magistrates of the Magistrates' Courts
 The judges of other courts established by Act of Parliament.

Permanent judges in the higher courts are appointed by the President of South Africa, in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission as well as the leaders of the political parties represented in South African National Assembly. The appointment of magistrates fall under the separate Magistrates' Commission

There is also a single national prosecuting authority that is responsible for the institution of criminal proceedings on behalf of the state.

Judicial Service Commission

The South African Judicial Service Commission plays an important role in the appointment of judges and also advises the country's national government on any matters relating to the judiciary and the administration of justice. It is a body established in the Constitution of South Africa "to advise the national government on any matter relating to the judiciary or the administration of justice" and for which separate legislation has been enacted.

National Prosecuting Authority

The National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) is responsible for the institution of criminal proceedings on behalf of the state. The NPA is headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions, who is appointed by the President. The Constitution of South Africa states that legislation enacted by the South African Parliament must ensure that the NPA performs its functions without fear, favour or prejudice.

See also
 Government of South Africa
 Department of Justice and Constitutional Development
 Law of South Africa
 Courts of South Africa

References

External links
 The South African Judiciary
Vincent Woods

Vincent Woods (born 1960) is an Irish poet and playwright.

His life
Woods was born in County Leitrim. He studied Journalism in the College of Commerce, Rathmines. Woods lived in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia and worked as a journalist with RTÉ, hosting The Arts Show on RTÉ Radio 1 until 1989, and then Arts Tonight. Woods' radio play, The Leitrim Hotel, won the P. J. O'Connor award for radio drama, and he also won The Stewart Parker Award for Drama in 1993.

His works
His poetry collections include Lives and Miracles and The Colour of Language. Woods is a member of Aosdána. His playwriting credits include A Cry from Heaven, At the Black Pig's Dyke, John Hughdy and Tom John, and Song of the Yellow Bittern.

He wrote songs for Irish singer Mary McPartlan for her album Petticoat Loose. The songs are "Sanctuary", "Kiss the Moon" and "Petticoat Loose."

References

External links
  A Lecture by Vincent Woods at Indiana University

1960 births
Living people
Aosdána members
Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male poets
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Irish poets
Writers from County Leitrim
RTÉ newsreaders and journalists
RTÉ Radio 1 presenters
Alumni of Dublin Institute of Technology
Broadcasters from County Leitrim
Alberto Gollán

Alberto Gollán (born February 24, 1918 – November 24, 2014 ) was an Argentine media businessman from Rosario, province of Santa Fe. He was the head of Televisión Litoral S.A., the largest media conglomerate in Argentina outside Buenos Aires, which includes the local TV channel Canal 3, and the radio stations LT2 (Radio Dos), FM Vida, and Radio Cataratas. Gollán started Televisión Litoral S.A. in 1965.

Gollán was the mayor of Rosario for four months, between 18 May and 23 September 1971, during the military dictatorship presided by Alejandro Agustín Lanusse. 

After the coup d'état of 1976 that deposed Isabel Perón and started the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, he continued to support the military government. In a reception held on 28 December 1976 in the Officers' Mess, Gollán spoke to Commander of the 2nd Army Corps Leopoldo Galtieri in the name of the press: "We are proud to be able to stand by you and the force you represent in the task you are undertaking. We the journalists will always support this labor."

Through Televisión Litoral, Gollán started in 1977 the Ibero-American Advertising Festival (Festival Iberoamericano de Publicidad, or FIAP), which has continued to be celebrated annually, with the participation of producers from Spain, Portugal and several Latin American countries.

On 15 March 2005 Gollán was awarded an honorary membership of the Order of the British Empire, which was delivered by British Ambassador John Hughes, "for his service, because he is a friend of the British Embassy and visitors". Gollán is the First Vice-Deacon of the Consular Corps of Rosario and the Honorary Consul of the United Kingdom.

References
 Grupo Televisión Litoral S.A..
 Municipality of Rosario, official website. List of mayors of Rosario.
 
 La Capital, 2005-03-16. Alta distinción de la corona inglesa para Alberto Gollán.
 Province of Santa Fe, official website. Cuerpo Consular acreditado en las Ciudades de Santa Fe y Rosario.

1918 births
Argentine businesspeople
Mayors of Rosario, Santa Fe
People from Rosario, Santa Fe
2014 deaths
Five thieves

In Sikhism, the Five Thieves (, pronunciation: ), also called the five evils or the five vices (Punjabi: ਪੰਜ ਬੁਰਾਈਆਂ paja burā'ī'āṁ), are the five major weaknesses of the human personality at variance with its spiritual essence, and are known as "thieves" because they steal a person's inherent common sense. These five thieves are kaam (lust), krodh (wrath), lobh (greed), moh (attachment) and ahankar (ego or excessive pride).

See also
 Ahankar
 Kaam
 Krodh
 Lobh
 Moh
 Six Enemies (Hinduism)
 Kashaya (Jainism)
 Kleshas (Buddhism)
 Five hindrances (Buddhism)

References

Further reading 
 Sher Singh, The Philosophy of Sikhism. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee
 Nirbhai Singh, Philosophy of Sikhism. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distri, 1990
 Nripinder Singh, The Sikh Moral Tradition. Delhi: Manohar, 1990
 Teja Singh, Essays in Sikhism. Lahore: Sikh University Press, 1944
 Wazir Singh, Philosophy of Sikh Religion. Delhi: Ess Ess Publications, 1981
 Avtar Singh, Ethics of the Sikhs. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1970

Sikh terminology
Sin
Edna Payne

Edna Payne (December 5, 1891 – January 31, 1953) was an American silent screen motion picture actress. She was not in any feature-length films, but is regarded as a "pioneer" in the film industry because she was in many short films from 1911 through 1917.

Career
Her parents were both stage actors, so Payne began her career as a child in vaudeville, making her movie debut in Higgenses Versus Judsons (1911). She played the lead in reel dramas, and later in a few reel westerns including The Girl Stage Driver (1914).   Although her film career was confined to the 1910s, she took part in countless productions.

Family
She was married to actor Jack Rollens, whom she divorced in 1925.  She had two children, Edna J, born in 1919, and Jack A, born in 1921.

Notes

External links

1891 births
1953 deaths
American silent film actresses
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American actresses
Eugene Washington

Eugene Washington (born Eugene Washington Norman Walker; 7 August 1974) is a British actor of stage and screen.

Early life
Washington was born in Hammersmith, London, England, UK.

Career
He was last seen on stage in 2010 playing the title role in Shakespeare's Othello in a 9-month world tour in a joint venture for American Drama Group Europe (ADGE) and TNT Theatre, which saw him perform to audiences in Israel, Japan, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Isle of Man, Jersey, Costa Rica, El Salvador and China.

Eugene has also played the part of Henry Angell in Agatha Christie's The Unexpected Guest (No.1 UK Tour) alongside Casualty's Simon MacCorkindale and EastEnders''' Dean Gaffney for Bill Kenwright Ltd (making Eugene the first black actor to star in a professional Agatha Christie production in the UK).

He also played Dog Fox in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe for The Royal Shakespeare Company in Stratford-upon-Avon and was in the cast for the world premiere of Howard Brenton's play Paul at the Royal National Theatre.

Eugene's screen credits include Law & Order: UK, Casualty, plus an appearance in the 2006 season of Doctor Who in an episode entitled "School Reunion", playing a creepy alien teacher named Mr. Wagner. He has also appeared in Doctors, Judge John Deed and had a lead guest role as Captain Rogan in Star Hyke'' in an episode entitled "Lucy In The Sky".

Personal life
Eugene graduated from The Academy Drama School, London in 2001.

Filmography

Film

Television

External links 
 

Washington, E
Living people
Alumni of the Academy Drama School
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
Black British male actors
1978 births
Central Wisconsin State Fair

The Central Wisconsin State Fair is a state fair held annually in Marshfield, Wisconsin. The Central Wisconsin State Fair Round Barn on the fairgrounds has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1997.

See also
Northern Wisconsin State Fair
Wisconsin State Fair

References

Wisconsin State Fair - Northern
Wisconsin State Fair - Northern
Tourist attractions in Wood County, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Marathon County, Wisconsin
Festivals established in 1997
Pseudo-Plutarch

Pseudo-Plutarch is the conventional name given to the actual, but unknown, authors of a number of pseudepigrapha (falsely attributed works) attributed to Plutarch but now known to have not been written by him.

Some of these works were included in some editions of Plutarch's Moralia. Among these are: 
the Lives of the Ten Orators (; Latin: Vitae decem oratorum), biographies of the Ten Orators of ancient Athens, based on Caecilius of Calacte, possibly deriving from a common source with the Lives of Photius
The Doctrines of the Philosophers (; Latin: Placita Philosophorum)
De Musica (On Music)
Greek and Roman Parallel Stories (), also known as the Parallela Minora (Minor Parallels)
Pro Nobilitate (Noble Lineage)
De fluviis (On Rivers/About the Names of Rivers and Mountains; Greek: Περὶ ποταμῶν καὶ ὀρῶν ἐπωνυμίας)
De Homero (On Homer)
De Unius in Re Publica Dominatione (On the Rule of One in the Republic)
Consolatio ad Apollonium (Consolation to Apollonius)

These works date to slightly later than Plutarch, but almost all of them date to Late Antiquity (3rd to 4th century AD). D. Blank has recently shown that Pro Nobilitate was written by Arnoul Le Ferron (Arnoldus Ferronus) and first published in 1556.

One pseudepigraphal philosophical work, De Fato (On Fate; included in editions of Plutarch's Moralia), is thought to be a 2nd-century Middle Platonic work.

Stromateis (Στρωματεῖς, "Patchwork"), an important source for pre-Socratic philosophy, is also falsely ascribed to Plutarch.

Some works ascribed to Plutarch are likely of medieval origin, such as the "Letter to Trajan."

References

Sources
Aalders G. J. D. "Plutarch or Pseudo-Plutarch? The authorship of De unius in re publica dominatione" Mnemosyne XXXV (1982):72-83.
Boscherini, S. 1985 "A proposito della tradizione del Pro nobilitate pseudo-plutarcheo" in R. Cardini, E. Garin, L. C. Martinelli, G. Pascucci, eds., Tradizione classica e letteratura umanistica. Per Alessandro Perosa. Vol.I. II. (Humanistica.3.4.). (Roma): 651-660.
Conti Bizzarro, Ferruccio "Note a Ps.-Plutarch. de musica" MCr 29 (1994): 259-261.
Hillgruber, Michael 1994 Die pseudoplutarchische Schrift De Homero. (Stuttgart).
Jurado, E.A. Ramos "Quaestiones ps.-Plutarcheae" in Pérez Jimenez 1990:123-126.
Seeliger, Friedrich Konrad 1874 De Dionysio Halicarnassensi Plutarchi qui vulgo fertur in vitis decem oratorum auctore. Dissertation—Leipzig. (Budissae).
Smith, Rebekah M. 1992 "Photius on the ten orators" GRBS 33: 59-189.
Tieleman, Teun 1991 "Diogenes of Babylon and Stoic embryology: Ps. Plutarch, Plac. V 15.4 reconsidered." Mnemosyne 44:106-125.

External links
 Bibliography on Plutarch
 Complete text of the Placita: Greek and French, English and French

Ancient Greek pseudepigrapha
Latin pseudepigrapha
Plutarch
Unidentified people
Year of birth unknown
Velama

Velama is a caste found mainly in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The earliest occurrence of Velama as a term for a community dates from the 17th century.

Origin and history
The Velamas are described by that name from the 17th century and in the following century some held zamindari positions under the kings of Golconda, which gave them considerable powers over small regions in Telangana. The kings chose to distinguish between these various Velama groups by adopting a system of ranks. This caused a competitive emphasis to be placed on the status and trappings of Velama communities, resulting in rivalries based on recognition of wealth and honours that had been historically granted. Among those that came to dominate were the Velugotis of Venkatagiri, in the coastal Nellore district, and the Appa Raos of Nuzvid. Both of these laid claims to be recognised as royal clans, while other significant groups included the Pitapuram Raos and the Ranga Raos. The Velugotis traced their history to the 12th century and had lived in various places before settling in Nellore district in 1695; their prestige became such that in the 1870s their sons were adopted as heirs by rival Velama clan leaders, such as the Pittapores, whose own lineage otherwise faced extinction due to infertility or early death of male children. Such arrangements enhanced the status of the adopter and the influence of the Velugotis..velamas carry the title Rao and Dora.The Velamas will not engage themselves as hired labourers and their women will not work in fields.

Relationship with the Padmanayakas
According to Cynthia Talbot, who has debunked the theories of historians in the British Raj era, the terms Velama and Padmanayaka are not synonyms and Padmanayaka was a status that could be claimed by Telugu warriors of different backgrounds. Velama and Padmanayaka were listed as separate communities in Bhimeswara Puranamu.

Culture
Velamas are Hindus and belong to Vaishnavism section of Hinduism.

See also
Koppula Velama

References

Further reading
 
 
 Katten, Michael; Making Caste In Nineteenth-Century India: A History of Telling the Bobbili Katha & Velama Identity, University of California at Berkeley, USA
 Roghair, Gene H; 1982, The epic of Palnadu: a study and translation of Palnati virula katha, a Telugu oral tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India, Oxford University Press
 
 

Indian castes
Social groups of Telangana
Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
South Indian communities
Dharmakīrtiśrī

Dharmakīrtiśrī (Tibetan: Serlingpa; ; , literally "from Suvarnadvīpa"), also known as Kulānta and Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakīrti,  was a renowned 10th century Buddhist teacher remembered as a key teacher of Atiśa. His name refers to the region he lived, somewhere in Lower Burma, the Malay Peninsula or Sumatra.

See also
Lojong

References

Further reading
 Skilling, Peter (1997). Dharmakirti of Suvartabhumi, Journal of the Siam Society 85, 187-194

External links
 Sinklair, Iain (2021). Dharmakirti of Kedah: His Life, Work and Troubled Times. ISEAS, Yusof Ishak Institute

Indonesian scholars of Buddhism
Madhyamaka scholars
10th-century Asian people
10th-century Buddhists
Invacar

The Invacar (abbreviated from "invalid carriage") was a small single-seater microcar vehicle designed for use by disabled drivers, and distributed for free in the UK.

History 

In 1948, Bert Greeves adapted a motorbike for exclusively manual control with the help of his paralysed cousin, Derry Preston-Cobb, as transport for Preston-Cobb. In the number of former servicemen disabled in the Second World War they spotted a commercial opportunity and approached the UK government for support, leading to the creation of Invacar Ltd. The British Ministry of Pensions distributed Invacars free to disabled people from 1948 until the 1970s.

Most early vehicles were powered by an air-cooled Villiers 197 cc engine with Dynastart, but when production of that engine ceased in the early 1970s it was replaced by a more powerful 4-stroke 500 cc or 600 cc Steyr-Puch engine, giving a reported top speed of . During the 1960s and 70s the Invacar, with its modern fibreglass shell and ice-blue colouring, nicknamed Ministry Blue after the Ministry of Health, was produced in the tens of thousands. Developments, including an extended wheelbase, widened track and use of Austin Mini wheels, saw the Invacars through to the end of the final DHSS contract in 1977. More than 50 variants were produced. Half of the Invacars were made by AC Cars in Dutton, with the rest made by Invacar Ltd in Thundersley, Essex.

On 31 March 2003, all Invacars owned by the government were recalled and scrapped because of safety concerns. The vehicle did not meet modern-day government regulations, which required approval under the Motorcycle Single Vehicle Approval scheme as part of a standard set by the European Union.  There were still around 200 Invacars in the UK before the 2003 recall and scrapping programme. Hundreds of stockpiled Invacars in government warehouses were scrapped, along with all their spare parts. A few examples survive with private owners and museums. Invacars can still be used on UK roads; only vehicles owned by the government were scrapped. As of 2022, there were 59 examples registered in the UK.

All Invacars were owned by the government and leased to disabled drivers as part of their disability benefit.  Their use had been in decline since the introduction of the Motability scheme, which offers disabled drivers a conventional car with modified options. In 2018, it featured in BBC 4 programme The NHS: A People's History with Alex Brooker.

See also 
 Bath chair
 Greeves Motorcycles
 Invalid carriage
 SMZ cyclecar (a similar vehicles in the USSR)
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Notes

References

External links 
 The Thundersley/AC INVACAR
 Invacar Ltd from The Invalid Carriage Register
 More about Invacars and other cars with a backward slanted rear window
 'My car was so small my date sat on the floor' - BBC News

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Microcars
Companies based in Essex
Cars introduced in 1948
Vehicle manufacturers operating in Essex
Inferior mesenteric plexus

The inferior mesenteric plexus is derived chiefly from the aortic plexus.

It surrounds the inferior mesenteric artery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz., the left colic and sigmoid plexuses, which supply the descending and sigmoid parts of the colon; and the superior hemorrhoidal plexus, which supplies the rectum and joins in the pelvis with branches from the pelvic plexuses.

Additional images

See also
 Inferior mesenteric artery
 Superior mesenteric plexus

References

External links
  ()
 
 

Nerve plexus
Nerves of the torso
Roman pot

The Roman pot is the name of a technique (and of the relevant device) used in accelerator physics. Named after its implementation by the CERN-Rome collaboration in the early 1970s, it is an important tool to measure the total cross section of two particle beams in a collider. They are called pots because the detectors are housed in cylindrical vessels. The first generation of Roman pots was purpose-built by the CERN Central Workshops and used in the measurement of the total cross-section of proton-proton inter-actions in the ISR.

Roman pots are located as close to the beamline as possible, to capture the accelerated particles which scatter by very small angles.

Roman pots used at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Roman pots were first used in the TOTEM experiment and later by the ATLAS and the CMS collaborations at the LHC. The figure below shows a detector used on the beamline near IP5 (interaction point 5), the location of the CMS detector. Three of these are used per Roman pot unit. Each is shoved into place to within 10 microns of the beamline. Two detectors are placed above and below the beamline, and a third to the side. These detectors will record any protons that are not travelling precisely along the beamline, and thus record the elastic scattering of the protons. This is used to measure the total elastic cross-section, including Coulomb scattering as well as diffractive scattering (i.e. diffraction because the protons are not point particles, and have an internal structure (i.e. quarks)). Effectively, these are detectors for studying Regge theory. The goal is to search for elastic scattering effects beyond the Standard Model, such as hypothetical "colorless gluons", as well confirming ideas of pomeron exchange, and the possible existence of an odderon.

Odderons were potentially observed only in 2017 by the TOTEM experiment at the LHC. This observation was later confirmed in a joint analysis with the DØ experiment at the Tevatron.

The figure below shows a single Roman pot unit, located about 220 meters forward of the IP5 interaction point.  The detectors are the bulkiest bits wrapped in insulation.

References

Experimental particle physics
Particle accelerators
CERN
Five virtues

In Sikhism, the Five virtues are fundamental qualities which one should develop in order to reach , or to reunite or merge with God. The Sikh Gurus taught that these positive human qualities were  (truth),  (compassion),  (contentment),  (humility), and  (love).

is the virtue of truthful living, which means practising "righteousness, honesty, justice, impartiality and fair play."

, or contentment, is freedom "from ambition, envy, greed and jealousy. Without contentment, it is impossible to acquire peace of mind."

The exercise of , or compassion, involves "considering another's difficulty or sorrow as one's own and helping to relieve it as far as possible. Compassion also includes the overlooking of imperfections and mistakes of others, for to err is human."

, translated as "humility", "benevolence", or "humbleness", is the fourth virtue.

requires Sikhs to be filled with the love of God.

See also
 Five precepts (in Buddhism)

References

Sikh terminology
Sikh beliefs
Sikh philosophy
Virtue
Santokh

(, pronunciation: , meaning contentment) is one of five virtues that is vigorously promoted by the Sikh Gurus. The other four qualities in the arsenal are: "Truth" (), "Compassion" (), "Humility" () and "Love" (). These five qualities are essential to a Sikh and it is their duty to meditate and recite the  so that these virtues become a part of their mind.

Terms 
The common term used is  but another term used is .

Description 
Contentment is another very important virtue in Sikhism. Instead of constantly thinking of how to satisfy personal desires, Sikhs try to accept the circumstances of their lives and concentrate on acting in accordance with God’s Will (). They try to remember that all aspects of life are a result of God’s Will. Contentment leads to freedom from care, fear and worry. It is a divine quality, a deep godly "priceless jewel", which is acquired by those souls who move on the path of .

When desires vanish the state of contentment is reached, "". Desires are the reason for our sorrows and pains; it is a search for an escape from these sorrows and pains. In fulfilling desires the person gets momentary happiness; unfulfilled desires bring disappointment. A continuous string of disappointments leads to depression and to mental and physical sicknesses.

Desires lead to mental and physical distortion of the mind, whereas contentment brings peace and calmness to the mind. Calmness and fulfilment bring us closer to the Almighty, because complete peace allows the mind to focus on the ultimate reality, the .

 is expounded as the solution for  (greed).

Scriptural excerpts

References

Sikh terminology
Mental nerve

The mental nerve is a sensory nerve of the face. It is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve, itself a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It provides sensation to the front of the chin and the lower lip, as well as the gums of the anterior mandibular (lower) teeth. It can be blocked with local anaesthesia for procedures on the chin, lower lip, and mucous membrane of the inner cheek. Problems with the nerve cause chin numbness.

Structure 
The mental nerve is a branch of the posterior trunk of the inferior alveolar nerve. This is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It emerges from the mental foramen in the mandible. It divides into three branches beneath the depressor anguli oris muscle. One branch descends to the skin of the chin. Two branches ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. These branches communicate freely with the facial nerve.

Function 
The mental nerve provides sensation to the front of the chin and the lower lip. It also provides sensation to some of the gums of the anterior mandibular (lower) teeth.

Clinical significance

Anaesthesia 
The mental nerve can be blocked with local anesthesia. This can be used in surgery of the chin, the lower lip, and the buccal mucosa from midline to the second premolar. In animals, it can be used in surgery of the lower lip, and lower teeth anterior to the site of administration. Local anesthetic is injected into the soft tissue surrounding the mental foramen, or more rarely into the mental foramen itself (although this can cause damage).

Chin numbness 
Problems with the mental nerve can cause numbness over the chin. This can be caused by many different illnesses.

Reflexes 
When the mental nerve is stimulated with electricity, muscles that close the jaw (particularly temporalis muscle and masseter muscle) are inhibited. This is a brainstem reflex.

References

External links 
  - "Anatomy of the Superficial Face - Nerves"
 
  ()

Nerves
Fort San Andres

Fort San Andres is the last surviving fortification from the period of the Spanish Occupation of Trinidad, which came to an end in 1797 with the capture of the island by the British.

As early as 1733, a fortification called Fort San Andres was planned to replace a redoubt of fascines and earth, which was the only defense to Port of Spain. This however was not completed until 1787. The redoubt was located more or less where Royal Bank now stands. Port of Spain or as it was known to the Spanish, Puerto de los Hispanioles, initially was restricted to a few streets east of the St. Ann's or Tragarete River which at that time ran west along what is now Park Street and south to the foreshore through what is now Woodford Square and Chacon Street.

St. Ann's River, now better known as the Dry River, was diverted to its present course by the Spanish Governor Chacón and completed in 1787. The new fort was constructed as a mole linked to the mainland by a wooden bridge. The fort mounted five cannon and was "useful in maintaining good order among shipping anchored off-shore".

In 1845, the Port of Spain Town council approved the filling of the Port of Spain waterfront to the northern side of Fort San Andres. Late in the nineteenth century the shoreline was again filled to its present line, completely land-locking the Fort.

The Fort fell into disuse and later a structure was built on the old fort to house the Harbour Master and various other government offices, including the Police Service Traffic Branch. In 1995 the building was restored and converted to a museum of the City of Port of Spain. Several of the original cannons survive and the foundations bear the date 1785.

References

Fort San Andres to Protect T&T Heritage - Roger Ramcharitar, Trinidad Guardian

Buildings and structures in Port of Spain
Spanish colonial fortifications
Spanish period of Trinidad and Tobago
Forts in Trinidad and Tobago
List of Miss USA titleholders

Miss USA is an American beauty pageant that has been held annually since 1952 to select the entrant from United States in the Miss Universe pageant.

Titleholders 
Nine Miss USA winners have gone on to become Miss Universe and are indicated in bold face. Since 1965, a runner-up has been selected to replace any Miss USA titleholder who wins the Miss Universe pageant.

Key

Gallery

Winners by state

The state later won the Miss Universe title indicated in bold
The state later inherited the Miss USA title after the original titleholder crowned Miss Universe indicated in italics

Debut wins
Not including states who were inherited the title.

States have yet to win Miss USA
There have been no Miss USA winners from the following states: 

  Alaska
  Colorado
  Delaware
  Georgia
  Indiana
  Maine
  Montana
  New Hampshire
  New Jersey
  North Dakota
  Oregon
  South Dakota
  West Virginia
  Wisconsin
  Wyoming

Notes

References

External links

Miss USA official website

Miss USA titleholders
Miss USA titleholders
Miss USA titleholders
Lateral root of median nerve

The lateral root of median nerve is one of the two sources of the median nerve.

Nerves of the upper limb
Medial root of median nerve

The medial root of median nerve is one of the two sources of the median nerve, the other being the lateral root of median nerve.

References

Nerves of the upper limb
Valentina Zimina

Valentina Zimina (1 January 1899 – 3 December 1928) was a silent screen actress.

Biography
Russian-born, the daughter of a Moscow stage actress, Zimina served with the Women's Battalion of Death for three years. She was in a Siberian prison, from which she escaped and made her way across Asia and onto Hollywood. The rest of her family were killed in the Russian Civil War. She made her credited screen debut opposite Bessie Love and Warner Baxter in Victor Fleming's A Son of His Father, followed by five more 1920s romantic melodramas. Zimina died of influenza just before her last film was released.

Filmography
 Gerald Cranston's Lady (1924) (uncredited)
 A Son of His Father (1925)
 La Bohème (1926)
 Rose of the Tenements (1926)
 Many Scrappy Returns (1927)
 The Woman on Trial (1927)
 The Scarlet Lady (1928)

External links

1890s births
1953 deaths
American silent film actresses
American film actresses
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Actresses from the Russian Empire
White Russian emigrants to the United States
Russian women of World War I
20th-century American actresses
20th-century Russian women
CDC display code

Display code is the six-bit character code used by many computer systems manufactured by Control Data Corporation, notably the CDC 6000 series in 1964, the 7600 in 1967 and the following Cyber series in 1971.  The CDC 6000 series and their successors had 60 bit words.  As such, typical usage packed 10 characters per word.  It is a six-bit extension of the four-bit BCD encoding, and was referred to as BCDIC (BCD interchange code.)

There were several variations of display code, notably the 63-character character set, and the 64-character character set.  There were also 'CDC graphic' and 'ASCII graphic' variants of both the 63- and 64-character sets.  The choice between 63- or 64-character character set, and between CDC or ASCII graphic was site-selectable.  Generally, early CDC customers started out with the 63-character character set, and CDC graphic print trains on their line printers.  As time-sharing became prevalent, almost all sites used the ASCII variant - so that line printer output would match interactive usage.  Later CDC customers were also more likely to use the 64-character character set.

A later variation, called 6/12 display code, was used in the Kronos and NOS timesharing systems in order to support full ASCII capabilities.  In 6/12 mode, an escape character (the circumflex, octal 76) would indicate that the following letter was lower case.  Thus, upper case and other characters were 6 bits in length, and lower case characters were 12 bits in length.

The PLATO system used a further variant of 6/12 display code.  Noting that lower case letters were most common in typical PLATO usage, the roles were reversed.  Lower case letters were the norm, and the escape character preceded upper case letters.

The typical text file format used a zero-byte terminator to signify the end of each record.  The zero-byte terminator was indicated by, at least, the final twelve bits of a 60-bit word being set to zero.  The terminator could actually be anywhere from 12- to 66-bits long - depending on the length of the record.  This caused an ambiguity in the 64-character character set, when a colon character needed to be the final character in a record.  In such cases a blank character was typically appended to the record after the trailing colon.

Display code characters (64-character character set version)

6/12 display code 

The NOS 6/12 display code is one of the character sets used on CDC Cyber NOS computers to represent all ASCII characters.

Further reading

External links
 Charsets for CDC machines

Character sets
Control Data Corporation software
Deep temporal nerves

The deep temporal nerves are typically two nerves (one anterior and one posterior) which arise from the mandibular nerve (CN V3) and provide motor innervation to the temporalis muscle.

Structure

Origin 
They usually arise from (the anterior division of) the mandibular nerve (CN V3).

Course 
They pass superior to the superior border of the lateral pterygoid muscle. They ascend to the temporal fossa and enter the deep surface of the temporalis muscle.

Distribution 
The deep temporal nerves provide motor innervation to the temporalis muscle. The deep temporal nerves also have articular branches which provide a minor contribution to the innervation of the temporomandibular joint.

Variation 
Number

There are usually two deep temporal nerves - the anterior deep temporal nerve and posterior deep temporal nerve. Occasionally, a third one is present - the middle deep temporal nerve.

Origin

The anterior one may arise from the buccal nerve, and the posterior one may arise from the masseteric nerve.

References

Mandibular nerve
Palijo

Palijo / Palejo / Paleejo / Palija / Paleja / Paleeja () is a Samaat Sindhi tribe of Sindh province, Pakistan. People bearing the surname include:

Rasul Bux Palejo Senior politician, scholar, advocate, and writer.
Ayaz Latif Palijo President Qaumi Awami Tahreek (QAT), Leader of main opposition alliance in Sindh Grand Democratic Alliance (GDA), Human Rights Lawyer and writer.
Sassui Palijo is an elected senator on women's reserved seat in the Senate of Pakistan. She was twice elected member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from Mirpur Sakro, Thatta.

References

Sindhi tribes
Sindhi names
Samma tribes
Social groups of Sindh
Sindhi-language surnames
Infratrochlear nerve

The infratrochlear nerve is a branch of the nasociliary nerve (itself a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)) in the orbit. It exits the orbit inferior to the trochlea of superior oblique. It provides sensory innervation to structures of the orbit and skin of adjacent structures.

Structure 
The nasociliary nerve terminates by bifurcating into the infratrochlear and the anterior ethmoidal nerves. The infratrochlear nerve travels anteriorly in the orbit along the upper border of the medial rectus muscle and underneath the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle. It exits the orbit medially and divides into small sensory branches.

Distribution 
The infratrochlear nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the eyelids, the conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, lacrimal caruncle, and the side of the nose superior to the medial canthus.

Communications 
The infratrochlear nerve receives a descending communicating branch from the supratrochlear nerve.

Etymology 
The infratrochlear nerve is named after a structure it passes under. Infratrochlear means "below the trochlea". The term trochlea means "pulley" in Latin. Specifically, the trochlea refers to a fibrocartilaginous loop at the superomedial surface of the orbit called the trochlea, through which the tendon of the superior oblique muscle passes.

Additional images

References

External links
 
  ()

Ophthalmic nerve
David Haugh

David Haugh (born May 22, 1968) is an American columnist, radio, and television personality. Haugh worked with the Chicago Tribune from 2002 to 2020, serving as the primary Chicago Bears columnist since 2009.

In July 2018, Haugh replaced Brian Hanley as the host of Mully & Hanley on WSCR. He joined retained host Mike Mulligan on the newly branded Mully & Haugh.

Education
Haugh was raised in North Judson, Indiana. He obtained his degree from Ball State University, where he played football and was an All-Mid-American Conference safety and Academic All-American. He later received his master's degree from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.

Career
Haugh worked for the South Bend Tribune starting in 1993, primarily covering Notre Dame football. In February 2003, Haugh began working for the Chicago Tribune. He began as the beat writer and later columnist for the Chicago Bears. In 2009, he became the Chicago Tribunes 17th "In the Wake of the News" columnist. On January 28, 2020, Haugh was fired from the Chicago Tribune after 17 years with the newspaper.

Haugh was also the co-host of the now-defunct "Kap and Haugh Show," which aired on Comcast SportsNet Chicago and WGN Plus. He partnered with longtime Chicago sports broadcaster David Kaplan on the program from 9 am-noon on weekdays. Haugh is also a regular post-game contributor on Chicago SportsTalk Live on NBC Sports Chicago following Bears games.

Awards and honors
Haugh has received several locals, state, and national writing awards. He was chosen as the 1999 Indiana Sportswriter of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association.

Family
He is married to his wife Allison, a yoga instructor. Together they have a son named Blair and two dogs, Ashton and Bear.

References

Sportswriters from Illinois
Chicago Tribune people
Living people
1968 births
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists