alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Duke of Exeter's daughter

The Duke of Exeter's daughter was a torture rack in the Tower of London. Its presence is said to have been due to John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, the constable of the Tower in 1447, whence it got its name.

Blackstone wrote in c. 1765 (Commentaries, ii. sec. 326):

References

European instruments of torture
Modern instruments of torture 
Individual instruments of torture
M. Frederick Hawthorne

Marion Frederick Hawthorne (August 24, 1928 – July 8, 2021) was an inorganic chemist who made contributions to the chemistry of boron hydrides, especially their clusters.

Early life and education
Hawthorne was born on August 24, 1928, in Fort Scott, Kansas. He received his elementary and secondary education in Kansas and Missouri. Prior to high school graduation, he entered the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri through examination as a chemical engineering student. He then transferred to Pomona College, where he received a B.A. degree in chemistry in 1949. While there he conducted research with Corwin Hansch. Hawthorne completed his Ph.D. in organic chemistry under Donald J. Cram at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1953. He conducted postdoctoral research at Iowa State University with George S. Hammond, before joining the Redstone Arsenal Research Division of the Rohm and Haas Company in Huntsville, Alabama.

Professional career
At the Redstone Arsenal, he worked on the chemistry of boron hydrides making several notable discoveries.  In 1962, he moved to the University of California, Riverside as professor of chemistry. He moved to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1969. In 1998, he was appointed University Professor of Chemistry at UCLA.  He then returned to his home state of Missouri as head of the International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine at University of Missouri.

Hawthorne was long associated with the journal Inorganic Chemistry, and was its longest serving editor-in-chief.

Research 

Hawthorne's contributions focused on the chemistry of boron hydride clusters.  He discovered dodecaborate anion (B12H122−) and metal complexes of the dicarbollide anion.  His group subsequently discovered the perhydroxylation of B12H122−.

Recognition
Hawthorne has been widely recognized, including with election to the US National Academy of Sciences.

 1992 – Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences at Uppsala University, Sweden
 1994 – Chemical Pioneer Award from the American Institute of Chemists
 2009 – Priestley Medal from the American Chemical Society
 2011 – National Medal of Science

External links 

 Interview with Richard Eisenberg for the Voices of Inorganic Chemistry (2011)

References

1928 births
2021 deaths
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Pomona College alumni
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
University of California, Riverside faculty
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
Hawthorne, M. Frederick
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Fort Scott, Kansas
Chemists from Missouri
National Medal of Science laureates
Inorganic chemists
Columbus International Film & Animation Festival

The Columbus International Film + Animation Festival is a Columbus, Ohio, United States annual film festival which is designed to encourage and promote the use of film and video in all forms of education and communication. 

It is the first and oldest film festival in the United States, having existed since 1952. The 2020 festival will be held April 17-18, 2020, in Columbus, OH at the Gateway Film Center. 

The present organization has been known as the Columbus International Film + Animation Festival since the 2018. As a competitive festival, it was formally known as 'The Chris Awards'.  The Festival is supported by a number of sponsors including the Ohio Arts Council and the Columbus College of Art & Design.

The Columbus Film Festival has existed since 1952, but was preceded by the foundation of the Columbus Film Council.

A number of awards are presented for each of the following categories:
The Arts
Animation
Basement Film
Broadcast Journalism
Education & Information
Narrative
The Humanities
Mental Health +Physical Health
Music Videos
Experimental Shorts
Religion + Spirituality
Science + Technology
Social Issues
Student Competition

References

External links
website
Columbus International Film and Video Festival Awards Records, The Ohio State University Libraries

Film festivals in Ohio
Culture of Columbus, Ohio
Tourist attractions in Columbus, Ohio
November events
Film festivals established in 1952
Maslak

Maslak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sarıyer, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 12,260 (2022). It is one of the main business districts of Istanbul, located on the European side of the city. It was formerly an exclave of the municipality of Şişli, though being far north and actually closer to the municipalities of Sarıyer and Beşiktaş. In 2012, the jurisdiction of the Maslak district was shifted from Şişli to Sarıyer.

Maslak is in direct competition with the nearby Levent business district for new skyscraper projects. At the present, the tallest completed skyscraper in Maslak is the 47-floor Spine Tower which reaches a structural height of 202 meters; while the tallest skyscraper currently under construction in Maslak (as well as Istanbul and the rest of Turkey) is the Diamond of Istanbul, which comprises three centrally-connected towers, the tallest of which will have 53 floors above ground and will reach a structural height of 270 meters (thus surpassing the current tallest completed skyscraper in Istanbul, the 54-floor, 261 meters tall Istanbul Sapphire in the nearby Levent business district.) The Diamond of Istanbul will also be the first steel skyscraper in Turkey, where (as opposed to the situation in the United States) constructing with steel costs more than constructing with concrete. The reason for choosing steel was its relative strength in resisting earthquakes (Istanbul is located along the North Anatolian Fault), whereas concrete is more fire-resistant.

The stations İTÜ-Ayazağa and Atatürk Oto Sanayi of the M2 line of the Istanbul Metro serve the Maslak business district and its surrounding neighborhoods.

ITU Ayazağa Campus in Maslak 

One of the five campuses of the Istanbul Technical University, the Ayazağa Campus, is located in Maslak.

See also 
 Levent
 Bankalar Caddesi
 Istanbul International Finance Center
 List of tallest buildings in Istanbul
 List of tallest buildings in Turkey
 Architecture of Turkey

References

External links 

 Ground temperature variation with depth at different months for Maslak/Istanbul
 Maslak: Maslak Plazem
 Maslak Haberleri: Maslak Haberleri, Maslak Bilgileri
 Emporis: Skyscrapers of Maslak financial district

Neighbourhoods of Sarıyer
Istanbul Central Business District
ECATT

eCATT (extended Computer Aided Test Tool) is a tool for software test automation developed by SAP. eCATT offers a graphical user interface with ABAP script editor and its own command syntax. The capability for recording and for parameterizing the test components is also present.

External links 
 Another blog for SAP eCATT tool
 eCATT Community on Orkut
 eCATT Tutorial

Software testing tools
SAP SE
Torus tubarius

The torus tubarius (or torus of the auditory tube) is an elevation of the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx formed by the underlying base of the cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube (auditory tube). The torus tubarius is situated behind the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube. 

The torus tubarius is very close to the tubal tonsil, which is sometimes also referred to as the tonsil of (the) torus tubarius. Two folds run anteriorly and posteriorly to the torus tubarius: the salpingopalatine fold (anteriorly), and the salpingopharyngeal fold (posteriorly).

See also
 Tubarial salivary gland

References

External links
 
 

Ear
1993 Tippeligaen

The 1993 Tippeligaen was the 49th completed season of top division football in Norway. Each team played 22 games with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Number eleven and twelve are relegated. The winners of the two groups of the first division were promoted, as well as the winner of a series of play-off matches between the two second placed teams in the two groups of the first division and number ten in the Tippeligaen.

Teams and locations
''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.

League table

Relegation play-offs
The qualification play-off matches were contested between Molde (10th in Tippeligaen), Strømsgodset (2nd in the First Division - Group A), and Bryne (2nd in the First Division - Group B). Strømsgodset won both their games and were promoted to Tippeligaen.

Results
Match 1: Molde 0–2 Strømsgodset
Match 2: Bryne 2–2 Molde
Match 3: Strømsgodset 2–0 Bryne

Results

Season statistics

Top scorers

Attendances

References 

Eliteserien seasons
Norway
Norway
1
K. K. Birla Foundation

The K.K. Birla Foundation was established in 1991 by Krishna Kumar Birla in Delhi. Its mission is to promote literature (especially Hindi literature) and the arts, as well as education and social work. It regularly gets mentioned in the media for the awards it confers, including:

 the Saraswati Samman  for literary work in any Indian language(22), 
 the Vyas Samman  for prose/poetry work in Hindi, 
 the Bihari Puraskar  for prose/poetry work in Hindi/Rajasthani, only authors from Rajasthan are eligible,
 the Shankar Puraskar  for a work in Hindi concerning Indian philosophy, culture and/or art,
 the Vachaspati Puraskar  for any work in Sanskrit,
 the G.D. Birla Award for Scientific Research .

Saraswati Samman a literary recognition given
annually by the KK Birla Foundation. Saraswati
Samman carries a cash award of 15 lakh rupees, a
citation and a plaque. Besides the Saraswati Samman,
two other awards have been instituted by the KK Birla
Foundation – the Vyas Samman (for Hindi works by
Indian citizens) and Bihari Puraskar (for
Hindi/Rajasthani works by Rajasthani writers) —, a
literary and cultural organisation

Noted Sindhi writer Vasdev Mohi will be honoured
with 29th Saraswati Samman. He has been selected
for his short stories collection:- Chequebook,
published in 2012. This short stories collection talks
about the agonies and sufferings of marginalized
sections of the society. He has authored 25 books of
poetry, stories and translations. He has also received
the Sahitya Akademi Award.

See also
Birla family
Manipuri Sahitya Parishad
Sahitya Akademi

References

External links
 Official website

1991 establishments in Delhi
Organizations established in 1991
Foundations based in India
Birla family
Indic literature societies
Organisations based in Delhi
All the Way (TV series)

All the Way was an Australian television series made by Crawford Productions for the Nine Network in 1988.

The series was set in the 1960s. The first episode took place on the date of the John F. Kennedy assassination. The series examined the life of an Australian family during the decade of Lyndon B. Johnson, the Vietnam War, civil rights activism and The Beatles, linked by three sisters (played by Diana Davidson, Maggie Millar and Rowena Wallace).

A young Dannii Minogue was in the cast. All the Way started as a six-part TV mini-series during April 1988.

A follow-on series screened out of ratings period starting in November 1988. It failed to catch on with audiences and was cancelled after 32 episodes.

Cast
Brenda Addie as Mrs. Birch
Bruce Atkins 		
Kim Beissel as Medical student
Nikki Coghill as Terry O'Rourke
Vince Colosimo as Joe Bianchi
Ralph Cotterill as Mr. Bower
Diana Davidson as Madeleine
Joe Dolce as Franco
Brenton Foale 	as Journalist
Stephen Hall as Richard Dodds
Marion Heathfield as Mrs. Hart
Lisa Hensley as Christine Scott
Jim Howes as Professor Thompson
John Lee as Sir Peter Edwin
George Mallaby as George Cutler
Robert Mammone as Mr. Bianchi
Dominic McDonald as Barry Scott
Jacqueline McKenzie as Penelope Seymour
Ben Mendelsohn as Lindsay Seymour
Maggie Millar as Lorna Scott
Dennis Miller as Ray Scott
Dannii Minogue as Penny Seymour
Martin Redpath as Dr. Hart
Marie Redshaw as Miss McKinnon
Wyn Roberts as Maynard
Martin Sacks as Alan Scott
Joy Smithers as Gillian Porter
Peter Sumner as Phillip Seymour
Grigor Taylor as Mike O'Brien
Rowena Wallace as Elaine Seymour
Tim Burns as Student

Reception
The Age called it "awful".

References

External links
 
 Crawford Productions
All the Way at the National Film and Sound Archive

1988 Australian television series debuts
1988 Australian television series endings
Australian television soap operas
Television series by Crawford Productions
Nine Network original programming
Television series set in the 1960s
English-language television shows
Travel + Leisure

Travel + Leisure is a travel magazine based in New York City, New York. Published 12 times a year, it has 4.8 million readers, according to its corporate media kit. It is published by Dotdash Meredith, a subsidiary of IAC, with trademark rights belonging to Travel + Leisure Co., a timeshare company capitally separate from IAC but licensing trademark to. Its main competitor is Condé Nast Traveler.

History
Initially published in 1937 as U.S. Camera and Travel, the magazine later assumed the name Travel + Leisure in 1971. The predecessor titles focused on travel photography, but the name change signaled a shift toward travel coverage in general.

The magazine specializes in leisure travel and often features articles written by novelists, poets, artists, designers and non-travel journalists. It is known for its travel photography and covers featuring models lounging in upscale environments.

Its World's Best Awards, an annual reader survey rating airports, cities, cruise ships, hotels and islands have been announced every August since 1995. Votes added by the magazine's readers are taken into consideration to recognize and give out the awards. Other annual features include the T+L 500, a list of the world's top 500 hotels, and America's Favorite Cities, where readers rank U.S. cities in different categories.

Travel + Leisure magazine was purchased from American Express Publishing by Time Inc. (which would later be acquired by Meredith Corporation) on October 1, 2013.

In 2021, Wyndham Destinations acquired Travel + Leisure from Meredith Corporation. The Travel + Leisure magazine is published independently by Dotdash Meredith under a long-term license agreement. Travel + Leisure Co. sells rights to manufacture, market, and sell products bearing the Travel + Leisure trademark to licensees.

International editions
Current and defunct international editions:
 Travel + Leisure Australia / New Zealand (launched October 2005), ceased after December 2009 issue
 Travel + Leisure China (launched October 2005)
 Travel + Leisure Mexico (launched October 2002)
 Travel + Leisure Russia (launched September 2003, defunct as of late 2007)
 Travel + Leisure Turkey (launched April 2005)
 Travel + Leisure Southeast Asia (launched December 2007)
 Travel + Leisure South Asia (launched September 2006)
 Travel + Leisure India (launched January 2008)

References

External links
 

IAC (company)
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Magazines reestablished in 1971
Magazines established in 1937
Magazines published in New York City
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Tourism magazines
P4000

The P4000 is a low-cost, low-profile terminal server produced by Lantronix during the mid-1990s. As the industry's first compact design terminal server, it found it way to shops that were looking for low-cost access methods to a fast-growing base of DEC VAX server products. The P4000 was fixed in port count (16) and housed in a plastic shell with the industry's first terminal server with LCD status screen.

Minicomputers
Campsey

Campsey or Campsie ( or Camasaigh, meaning "River Bends") is a small village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 195 people. It is near Derry city and within the Derry and Strabane district area.

Campsey is an industrial zone with a business park.

References 

NI Neighbourhood Information System

Villages in County Londonderry
Derry and Strabane district
NSS-6

NSS-6 is a communications satellite owned by SES WORLD SKIES.

NSS-6 covers the whole of Asia with six high-performance Ku band beams, which can deliver broadband media to small businesses, ISPs or domestic rooftop antennas in those markets. The satellite delivers Direct-To-Home power and performance, as well as significant inter-regional connectivity. High-gain uplink performance (i.e. high receiver G/T figures) allows the use of small uplink antennas and/or amplifiers.

 Manufacturer: Lockheed-Martin
 Original Orbital Location: 95° East
 Current Orbital Location: 86.85° West
 Launch date: December 17, 2002
 Launch Vehicle: Ariane 4
 Number of Transponders (physical): Ku band: 50
 Number of Transponders (36 MHz Equivalent): 60
 Saturated EIRP Range: Ku band: 44 to 55 dBW
 Frequency Band: Ku band uplink: 13.75 to 14.50 GHz
 Frequency Band: Ka band uplink: 29.5 to 30.0 GHz
 Frequency Band: Ku band downlink: 10.95 to 11.20 GHz, 11.45 to 11.70 GHz, 12.50 to 12.75 GHz

References

External links

 SES.com
 ITC Global uses NSS-6 for enterprise grade private networks in (e.g.) Australasia
 www.gilat.net

Lockheed Martin satellites and probes
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2002
SES satellites
NSS-06
Woodlawn (Leon County)

Woodlawn was a large plantation of  located in northern Leon County, Florida, United States established by Dr. Griffin Holland in 1834. Holland was married in 1839 to Margaret Whitaker.

Property history
In 1826, John Phinzy of Georgia purchased Lot 4 of Section 22, Township 3 North, Range 1 East. In 1827, Samuel Bryan purchased Lot 1, Section 22 and Island 3 on Lake Iamonia within Section 22.

In 1834, Dr. Griffin W. Holland, of Virginia purchased Lots 2 and 3 of Section 22, Township 3 North, Range 1 East naming the property Woodlawn.

Location
Woodlawn would now be a good portion of County Road 12, Gallen Drive, Henry Beadel Drive including Tall Timbers Research Station, Iamonia Landing Road including the small African-American neighborhoods located on Waterfront Drive, Pelican Lane, Seagull Lane, and Annabelle Lane.

Plantation statistics

The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that Woodlawn had the following:
 Improved Land: 
 Unimproved Land: 
 Cash value of plantation: $30,000
 Cash value of farm implements/machinery: $1200
 Cash value of farm animals: $7000
 Number of slaves: 95
 Bushels of corn: 7000
 Bales of cotton: 225

The owner
G.W. Holland was a signee to the Southern Rights Association of Centreville District on secession from the Union for the protection of Southern interests and the vindication of Southern rights to preserve and protect the Constitution in its purity as the basis of Federal compact, and the only foundation on which the Union of the States was made, or on which that Union should be preserved.

Purchase of Woodlawn
Dr. Holland lived on the property until about 1844. Having fallen on hard times during and post-Civil War, Holland sold the land to Alexander Mosely in 1871 for $6,760.47 (~$ in ). Mosely was a 30-year-old farmer and Civil War veteran from Leon County and had a wife, Mary L. Moseley and a young son, William. During his 9 years on Woodlawn, Mosely would also become Leon County Sheriff. Mosely's new occupation led to the Mosely's selling Woodlawn and moving to Tallahassee.

In 1880 Mosely sold Woodlawn to Eugene H. Smith, a storekeeper from Thomasville, Georgia for $4000 (~$ in ). Smith then renamed the property Hickory Hill. The Smiths lived at Hickory Hill for 15 years before Mrs. Eugene Smith sold the property.

In 1895 Hickory Hill was purchased for $8000 by Edward Beadle of New York City and became a quail hunting plantation called Tall Timbers Plantation. It would be passed down to Beadle's nephew and then later become the property of Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.

References

1834 establishments in Florida Territory
Plantations in Leon County, Florida
Cotton plantations in Florida
Tasali Snack Foods

Tasali Foods is the second largest snack food company in Saudi Arabia. In 2001, it was acquired by PepsiCo. They now produce Tasali potato chips, as well as distributing other Pepsi brands such as Lay's and Cheetos.

Flavors 
These are Tasali flavors:
 Ketchup
 Chili
 Chili-Ketchup
 Cumin & Lemon
 Flamin' Hot: Black Lemon

Former 
 Chili Cheese
 BBQ
 Cheddar Cheese
 Yogurt and Herbs
 Popcorn: Butter
 Popcorn: Cheddar Cheese

Notes

References

External links
News about the purchase

Food and drink companies of Saudi Arabia
PepsiCo subsidiaries
Saudi Arabian brands
Douglas Netter

Douglas Netter (May 23, 1921 – May 8, 2017) was a United States television industry executive, his credits largely being in the field of science fiction. He was first credited as associate producer of the 1967 Matt Helm (Dean Martin) movie The Ambushers which involved a US-government built flying saucer.

Biography 
Between 1970 and 1975 Netter was the Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer at MGM Studios. It was a controversial period at the studio with many filmmakers unhappy with the treatment they received from Netter and studio president James Aubrey.

In 1975 he produced the Dean Martin crime movie Mr. Ricco, and in 1978 was co-producer of the African mercenary movie The Wild Geese. The next year he began a period when he concentrated on the Western genre, producing The Sacketts, a TV miniseries based on Louis L'Amour's Sackett family and serving as executive producer of the NBC TV movie Buffalo Soldiers. Over the next two years he also executive produced Wild Times and L'Amour's The Cherokee Trail.

1987 saw Netter's first involvement with J. Michael Straczynski, when he was producer of Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future that was story-edited and partially written by Straczynski, after which he was executive producer of the Babylon 5 TV series and various spin-offs (sharing equal executive producer credit with Straczynski). A still photo of Netter shows him portraying the Babylon 5 character of Earth Alliance President Luis Santiago (The A-Z Guide to Babylon 5, ).

Between the third and fourth seasons of Babylon 5, he founded and appointed himself CEO of Netter Digital, a CGI special effects company. Netter Digital then replaced Foundation Imaging as the special effects studio for the series, doing all the CGI work for the final season of that show, as well as several of the Babylon 5 telefilms, and did all the effects for its short-lived spinoff, Crusade. He was also an executive producer for the only season of Hypernauts in 1996.

With the cancellation of Crusade in 1999, Netter Digital lost its only client. Unable to promptly replace it with other customers, the company went out of business in 2000.

In 2006, Netter began executive producing Babylon 5: The Lost Tales, the latest venture set in the Babylon 5 universe.  The direct-to-DVD publication was released on July 31, 2007. Netter died on May 8, 2017.

His grandson Jason Netter was an associate editor on Babylon 5 and has gone on to produce a number of shows including Preacher (2016-2019) for AMC and The Boys for Amazon Prime.

References

External links

American television executives
1921 births
2017 deaths
Gary Alexander (baseball)

Gary Wayne Alexander (born March 27, 1953) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a catcher from 1975 through 1981 for the San Francisco Giants, Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians and Pittsburgh Pirates. Alexander caught John Montefusco's no-hitter in .

Alexander was traded along with Gary Thomasson, Dave Heaverlo, John Henry Johnson, Phil Huffman, Alan Wirth and $300,000 from the Giants to the Athletics for Vida Blue on March 15, . Mario Guerrero was sent to the Athletics on April 7 to complete the transaction. Alexander was dealt again three months later at the trade deadline on June 15 when he went from the Athletics to the Indians for Joe Wallis. On September 26, 1978, his home run with two outs in the ninth inning ended a no-hit bid by Mike Flanagan of the Baltimore Orioles. 

In a seven-season major league career, Alexander posted a .230 batting average with 55 home runs and 202 RBI in 432 games played. His best statistical season was in 1978 when he hit 27 home runs and had 84 RBI's, 57 runs, 112 hits and 20 doubles in 148 games played, all career-highs. 

Alexander is now a captain in the Los Angeles (CA) Fire Department.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Azules de Coatzacoalcos players
Bradenton Explorers players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Cleveland Indians players
Decatur Commodores players
Fresno Giants players
Great Falls Giants players
Lafayette Drillers players
Leones de Yucatán players
Leones del Escogido players
Los Angeles Harbor Seahawks baseball players
Major League Baseball catchers
Oakland Athletics players
Phoenix Giants players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
San Francisco Giants players
Baseball players from Los Angeles
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Los Angeles Harbor College alumni
Lębork Dretowo railway station

Lębork Dretowo is a non-operational PKP railway station in Lębork (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

Lines crossing the station

References 
Lębork Dretowo article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 27 March 2006

Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Lębork County
Primakov

Primakov is a surname, and may refer to:
Yevgeny Primakov, a Russian politician, former Prime Minister of Russia
Yevgeny Primakov Jr., a Russian politician, member of the State Duma
Vitaly Primakov, commander in Soviet Red Army
Vassily Primakov, Russian concert pianist

See also 
Primakoff
Gamesa

Gamesa (formerly Galletera Mexicana S.A. de C.V. "Mexican Biscuit Company") is Mexico's largest manufacturer of cookies. The company also makes flour, ready to eat cereals and other related products. It is headquartered in San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico, and have production facilities in eight states across Mexico and one in Colombia. In 1990, they were acquired by PepsiCo, also owner of Pepsi, Sabritas and Sonric's in Mexico.

Gamesa also sells cookies in the United States, Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Among their most successful brands are "Marias Gamesa", "Emperador", "Arcoiris", "Mamut", "Chokis", "Cremax", "Marca Gamesa", "Saladitas", "Crackets", among others.

History 
Alberto, Ignacio, and Manuel Santos Gonzalez, three brothers, acquired the majority of the stocks of the pasta and cookie company "Lara" in 1921, which would change name and merge with other companies to create "Gamesa".

References

External links 
 Company website

Monterrey metropolitan area
Manufacturing companies of Mexico
Mexican brands
PepsiCo subsidiaries
Food and drink companies established in 1921
Mexican companies established in 1921
Mexican subsidiaries of foreign companies
Osowo Lęborskie railway station

Osowo Lęborskie is a non-operational PKP railway station in Osowo Lęborskie (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

Lines crossing the station

Resource
Osowo Lęborskie article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 27 March 2006

Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Lębork County
Should I Worry About...?

Should I Worry About...? is a British documentary series that aired on BBC One from 9 September 2004 to 18 August 2005. It was presented by Richard Hammond, where he looked at the science behind headline health scares. The series has been repeated on Dave.

Episode list

Series 1
Episode 1: Mobile Phones – 9 September 2004
Episode 2: Sausages – 16 September 2004
Episode 3: MRSA – 23 September 2004
Episode 4: Water – 30 September 2004
Episode 5: The Office – 7 October 2004
Episode 6: Salmon – 14 October 2004
Episode 7: Flying – 21 October 2004
Episode 8: Spending – 28 October 2004

Series 2
Episode 1: Takeaways – 14 July 2005
Episode 2: Additives – 21 July 2005
Episode 3: Exercise – 28 July 2005
Episode 4: Jabs – 4 August 2005
Episode 5: Drinking – 11 August 2005
Episode 6: Ageing – 18 August 2005

External links

2004 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
BBC television documentaries
Maszewo Lęborskie railway station

Maszewo Lęborskie () is a non-operational PKP railway station in Maszewo Lęborskie (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

Lines crossing the station

References 

Maszewo Lęborskie article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 27 March 2006

Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Lębork County
Govind Mishra

Govind Mishra (born  1 August 1939) is an Indian novelist, who has written more than 53 books.  He was also a civil servant with Indian Revenue Service (IRS) and retired as Chairperson, Central Board of Direct Taxes in 1997. Over the years, he has written  11 novels, 14 short story collections, five travelogues, five literary essays collection, a poem collection and 2 story books for children.

He has been awarded the most prestigious Hindi awards namely Vyas Samman (1998) and Sahitya Akademi Award (2008). He received Saraswati Samman for the year 2013 for his book Dhool Paudho Par published in 2008. This honour made him the second Hindi author to receive the honour after Harivansh Rai Bachchan in 1991.

Biography
He was born on 1 August 1939 in Atarra, Banda, United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). His parents were primary school teachers. His early education was completed in Banda, Uttar Pradesh, thereafter he did his BA and MA (English) from Allahabad University which in those days was known to be the "Oxford of the East". He taught for two years, graduate classes and in 1962 joined the Indian Revenue Service from which he retired in 1997 as Chairman, Central Board of Direct Taxes. Thereafter he shifted to Bhopal.

Vyas Samman was awarded in 1998, to his work "Paanch Anangano Wala Ghar"   which was later translated into various Indian languages and also in English as "House with Five Courtyards", published by Penguin.

Sahitya Akademi Award, given by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, was awarded in 2008 on "Kohre Mein Kaid Rang"  which is also being translated in various regional languages and English by Sahitya Akademi, Ravindra Bhavan, New Delhi. His main publishers are Rajkamal Prakashan, Vani Prakashan and Kitab Ghar in Delhi. A book comprising criticism of his works entitled "Govind Mishra: Shrajan ke Aayam" edited by Dr. Chandrakant Vandivadekar has been published by Vani Prakashan. Another book of criticism on his works entitled "Govind Mishra ka Rachna Lok" is being edited by Dr. Krishnadutt Paliwal and is due to be published by Kitab Ghar. A biography on him entitled "Biyanba Mein Bahar" written by Dr. Urmila Sirish is due for publication from Kitab Ghar Prakashan Delhi.

Govind Mishra was also awarded the Bharat Bharti Samman for the year 2011 - the highest literary award given by the Uttar Pradesh government.

References 

1939 births
Living people
Hindi-language writers
People from Banda district, India
Indian male novelists
Indian male short story writers
Recipients of the Saraswati Samman Award
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi
Indian Revenue Service officers
University of Allahabad alumni
20th-century Indian short story writers
20th-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers
Leningrad (song)

"Leningrad" is a 1989 song written and performed by American singer and songwriter Billy Joel. The song was originally released on his album Storm Front on the Columbia Records label, and went on to be released as a single in Europe only. It was also released on his Greatest Hits, Vol. 3 compilation. The song title is derived from the contemporary name of St. Petersburg, Russia.

Synopsis
The song was written by Joel about a Russian clown named Viktor Razinov, whom he met while touring the Soviet Union in 1987. Throughout the song, major items of Viktor's and Billy's lives are compared to show the cultural differences and similarities of the United States and the Soviet Union.

In the song, Billy describes Viktor's life as one of many Soviet children who lost fathers during World War II, specifically during the siege of Leningrad. He enlisted in the Red Army, drank vodka to fight the pain, and then became a circus clown, bringing joy to Russian children.

Billy described his childhood life as being "born in '49, a Cold War kid in McCarthy time". He briefly describes his life living in Levittown, and the fear of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Billy also makes a reference to the Korean War, a proxy war to the Cold War, as well as the Vietnam War.

In the end, the two meet after Billy's Leningrad concert (Viktor had journeyed across Russia to see all six of the Russian concerts), where Viktor draws a laugh from Billy's daughter Alexa. Billy and Viktor embrace afterwards. In the song's last line, Billy sings: "We never knew what friends we had, until we came to Leningrad."

The quote is printed on the single cover, but not on the cover of the 4-track CD, which instead features the titles of the extra songs: "Goodnight Saigon", "Vienna", and "Scandinavian Skies".

In 2015, Razinov traveled to New York to see Billy Joel's concert in Madison Square Garden. For this reunion, Joel played "Leningrad", which he rarely plays live.

The backup vocals for this song were sung by members of the Hicksville High School Choir. It was a group of students selected by Hicksville High School choir director, Charles "Chuck" Arnold, who wrote the harmonies. Mr. Arnold was retiring in 1989 and had remained in touch with Billy Joel, since Billy had gone to high school in Hicksville before quitting to start his music career. He offered this opportunity to Mr. Arnold's students as a tribute to him and his influence on Billy in his early years. Mr. Arnold was later singled out at a sold out Denver CO show on Thursday, Aug. 8, 2019.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
List of anti-war songs

References

External links
"Leningrad" official video

Billy Joel songs
1989 singles
Songs written by Billy Joel
Songs about cities
Songs about Russia
Columbia Records singles
1989 songs
Cultural depictions of Russian men
Eschershausen

Eschershausen is a municipality in the district of Holzminden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km northeast of Holzminden, and 50 km south of Hanover.

Eschershausen was the seat of the former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Eschershausen.

Personalities

Honorary citizen 
 Wilhelm Raabe (1831-1910), German writer, honorary citizenship in 1901
 Hans Scheibert (1887-1969), founder of the Deutsche Schlauchbootfabrik (Dinghy factory), (DSB), honorary citizenship in 1967

Sons and daughters of the city 

 Wilhelm Raabe (1831-1910), German writer
 Georg Bode (1838-1910), German jurist, naturalist and historian

References

Holzminden (district)
Duchy of Brunswick
Cewice railway station

Cewice is a non-operational PKP railway station in Cewice (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

Lines crossing the station

References 
Cewice article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 27 March 2006

Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Lębork County
Frizatik

Frizatik was a currency minted in Croatia in the twelfth century. It got its name after the town of Friesach in Carinthia (from where it originated).

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061022035043/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/povijest/h-nastavak-3.htm 

Medieval currencies
12th century in Croatia
Currencies of Croatia
Oskowo railway station

Oskowo is a non-operational PKP railway station in Oskowo (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

Lines crossing the station

References 
Oskowo article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 27 March 2006

Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Lębork County
Cali Fair

Cali's Fair (Dec. 25 - 30) is the most important cultural event in Cali, Colombia.  It is a celebration of the region's cultural identity, famous for the Salsa marathon, horse riding parades and dance parties.

Called "La Feria de Cali" (The Fair of Cali). The Fair has been celebrated since 1957, from December 25 to December 30, and it promotes cultural, ethnical, and musical diversity in the region. Tourism around The Fair is a main driver of the city's economy during the end of the year.

In a few occasions The Fair included Vallenato and Merengue groups from Colombian and surrounding Caribbean countries, and samba schools from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Also, the Fair is known as the " (sugar cane fair) and "Feria de la salsa" (Salsa music fair). People enjoy many activities like an opening cabalgata (parade of horseback riders), tascas (international food street), salsa concerts, bullfights (which are under a legal dispute), parades, athletic activities/competitions and cultural exhibitions.

From an international stand point Cali is also known as the "Capital de la Salsa" given the city's infatuation with that type of Afro-Caribbean music. In early July there is also the Summer Salsa Festival which lasts for one week. It usually includes concerts by the world's great remaining salsa bands as well as dance shows and "melomano" competitions in which salsa connoisseurs try to out do each other by digging deep into the archives of salsa music and related sounds to find and reveal long lost tunes.

References

External links
 Official website

Colombian culture
Society of Colombia
Fairs in Colombia
Parades in Colombia
Alexandr Koptsev

Alexander Koptsev (born 1985) is a Russian-born terrorist. On January 11, 2006, Kopstev burst into Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue in Moscow, Russia during evening prayers and stabbed eight people with a hunting knife before being wrestled to the ground by the  congregation's leader, Rabbi Yitzhak Kogan, and his son Yosef Kogan. Four of those injured were in serious condition. On January 13, 2006, Koptsev was charged with racially motivated attempted murder and humiliation of a religious group. He has been described by Russian media as a racist skinhead.

After the incident, Russia's Chief Rabbi Berl Lazar announced he was cutting short a visit to Israel to return to Moscow. Lazar stated that the attack was a symptom of a general climate of intolerance and xenophobia in Russia. Rabbi Kogan and his son were later awarded a medal of bravery by President Vladimir Putin.

On February 28, 2006, Koptsev pleaded not guilty of attempting to murder Jewish worshipers at a synagogue. The official charge against him was attempted murder "motivated by racial hatred", a charge that is rarely brought in Russian courts. Investigators found anti-semitic pamphlets in his home, but insist that he was acting alone. He has been diagnosed with a schizophrenic disorder, but prosecutors said he was still fit to stand trial.

On March 27, 2006, Koptsev was sentenced to 13 years in prison and mandatory psychiatric treatment after being found guilty of attempted murder.

On April 4, 2006, Koptsev's lawyer, Vladimir Kirsanov, appealed to Russia's Supreme Court to have his client's sentence reduced, arguing he was mentally unstable, did not kill anyone, and did not cause any disabling injuries. Prosecution lawyers appealed to include the charge of inciting interethnic hatred, which was dropped by the court.

References

External links
Anti-Semitism alarms Russian Jews - BBC News, February 17, 2005
Russian MPs' letter angers Israel - BBC News, January 25, 2005

Living people
Russian criminals
1985 births
Hate crimes
Russian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Russia
Antisemitic attacks and incidents in Europe
Polle

Polle is a municipality in the district of Holzminden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Weser, approx. 8 km northwest of Holzminden.

References

Holzminden (district)
Exponential discounting

In economics exponential discounting is a specific form of the discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time (with or without uncertainty). Formally, exponential discounting occurs when total utility is given by

where ct is consumption at time t,  is the exponential discount factor, and u is the instantaneous utility function.

In continuous time, exponential discounting is given by

Exponential discounting implies that the marginal rate of substitution between consumption at any pair of points in time depends only on how far apart those two points are.  Exponential discounting is not dynamically inconsistent. A key aspect of the exponential discounting assumption is the property of dynamic consistency— preferences are constant over time. In other words, preferences do not change with the passage of time unless new information is presented. For example, consider an investment opportunity that has the following characteristics: pay a utility cost of C at date t=2 to earn a utility benefit of B at time t=3. At date t=1, this investment opportunity is considered favorable; hence, this function is: −δC + δ 2 B> 0. Now consider from the perspective of date t=2, this investment opportunity is still viewed as favorable given −C + δB> 0. To view this mathematically, observe that the new expression is the old expression multiplied by 1/δ. Therefore, the preferences at t=1 is preserved at t=2; thus, the exponential discount function demonstrates dynamically consistent preferences over time.

For its simplicity, the exponential discounting assumption is the most commonly used in economics. However, alternatives like hyperbolic discounting have more empirical support.

See also
Temporal discounting
Hyperbolic discounting
Intertemporal choice
Keynes–Ramsey rule

References

Intertemporal economics
Maydown

Maydown ( meaning "plain of the stronghold") is a small village and townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is near Derry and Strathfoyle and is within the Derry and Strabane district. In the 2001 Census, it had a population of 270 people.

Industry 

Maydown is an industrial zone and was the site of the first DuPont production facility in Europe. DuPont first invented Kevlar in 1965 and its Maydown manufacturing facility is one of only three places in the world where Kevlar is produced.

The DuPont site at Maydown is now the lead partner in the University of Ulster's Biodiversity Action on Industrial Site (BAIS) project that aims to enhance biodiversity on land close to industrial activity. DuPont has developed  of its Maydown site into wildlife habitats open to the public and a visitor centre used by local schools.

Maydown Precision Engineering was established in 1985.

Places of interest 
It was also the site of Royal Air Force Station Maydown, USAAF airfield and later transferred to the Royal Navy as Royal Naval Air Station airfield, RNAS Maydown, during World War II.

Sport 
Maydown F.C. is the local football team.

2011 Census
On Census day in 2011:
57.5% were from a Catholic background and 38.9% were from a Protestant background

References 

NI Neighbourhood Information System
Maydown wildlife habitats
RAF Maydown

Villages in County Londonderry
Townlands of County Londonderry
Derry and Strabane district
Erv Kanemoto

Erv Kanemoto (born May 7, 1943) is an American former Grand Prix motorcycle mechanic and motorcycle race team owner. He was one of the most successful motorcycle racing tuners and race team crew chiefs of the 1970s through the early 2000s, working with motorcycle racers who won two national championships and six world championships. He is best known for his association with motorcycle racers Gary Nixon and Freddie Spencer.


Motorcycling career
Kanemoto was born in Utah and grew up on a farm near San Jose, California. He began boat racing at the age of 15 then switched to tuning karts raced by his sister. He was hired as a race mechanic by Kawasaki in 1968 and became known for his partnership with motorcycle racer Gary Nixon when they won the 1973 U.S. Road Racing National Championship aboard a temperamental and brutally fast Kawasaki KR750 with a three cylinder, two-stroke engine. The duo competed at the international level in the 1976 Formula 750 championship, laying claim to the Formula 750 world championship until international politics denied them that prize.

When Nixon retired in 1979, Kanemoto joined a young up and coming road racer named Freddie Spencer and won the U.S. 250cc Road Racing National Championship with a Yamaha. He spent the 1980 season with Spencer before moving to Europe in 1981 to be a Yamaha mechanic for former 500cc world champion Barry Sheene.

Kanemoto is perhaps best known for the world championships won with Spencer for the Honda Grand Prix team in 1983 and 1985 when Spencer accomplished the double by winning both the 250cc and the 500cc Road Racing World Championships in the same year, a feat that will never be repeated due to the discontinuation of the 250cc and 500cc classes in current MotoGP competition.

He joined forces with Eddie Lawson in 1989 to win another 500cc World Championship for Honda. Kanemoto also won 250cc World Championships for Honda in 1991 and 1992 with Luca Cadalora as the rider, and in 1997 with Max Biaggi as the rider.

In 2001 Kanemoto was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame. Kanemoto is currently still involved in motorcycle Grand Prix racing as a consultant.

References

External links
 Erv Kanemoto at the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame
 Erv Kanemoto Interview, by Dean Adams, Superbike Planet, February 1990
 Erv Kanemoto Interview, by Dean Adams, Superbike Planet, 1993

1943 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Utah
Sportspeople from San Jose, California
American sportspeople of Japanese descent
Motorcycle racing team owners
Mechanics (people)
The Challenge

The Challenge may refer to:

Film
 The Challenge, a 1916 silent film starring Montagu Love
 The Challenge (1922 film), an American silent film directed by Tom Terriss
 The Challenge (1938 film), a mountain-climbing story starring Robert Douglas
 The Challenge (1948 film), an American film starring Tom Conway
 The Challenge (1958 film), an Italian film by Francesco Rosi, starring José Suárez 
 The Challenge (1960 film), a British crime film featuring Jayne Mansfield and Anthony Quayle
 The Challenge (1970 film), starring Darren McGavin
 The Challenge... A Tribute to Modern Art, a 1974 documentary film
 The Challenge (1982 film), an action movie starring Scott Glenn and Toshirō Mifune
 The Challenge (2003 film), featuring the Olsen twins
 The Challenge (2011 film), based on the book by Jonathan Mahler
 The Challenge (2023 film), a Russian space drama film directed by Klim Shipenko

Television
 "The Challenge" (Yes Minister), a 1982 episode of the British comedy series Yes Minister
 "The Challenge" (Recess episode), a 1998 episode of the Disney animated series Recess
 The Challenge (TV series), a reality game show on MTV, originally titled Real World/Road Rules Challenge
The Challenge: All Stars, a spinoff of the main Challenge series featuring cast members from previous seasons
The Challenge: USA, a 2022 spinoff series featuring former CBS reality contestants
The Challenge: Australia, a 2022 spinoff series featuring former Australian reality contestants and celebrities
 The Challenge (miniseries), a 1986 Australian mini series based on the 1983 America's Cup

Other
 The Challenge (album), a 1968 Hampton Hawes recording
 "The Challenge", a song by Christine McVie from Christine McVie
 The Challenge (novel), a 1937 novel featuring the character Bulldog Drummond
 The Challenge (game show), a high school game show available to Cablevision customers
 The examination sat by entrants to Westminster School who are applying for a Queen's Scholarship

See also
 Challenge (disambiguation)
 Challenger (disambiguation)