alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Maharao

Maharao is a variation on the Indian (mainly Hindu) royal title Maharaja, also meaning 'great king' in Hindi. It is composed of Maha- 'great' and the royal title Rao, a variation on Raja.

Ruler title in British India

Salute states (all in present India)
The gun salutes enjoyed by princely states that acceded to the Dominion of India on 14 August 1947, included the following Maharaos:
Hereditary salute of 17-guns (19-guns local): the Maharao of Cutch
Hereditary salute of 17-guns: the Maharao of Kotah
Hereditary salute of 17-guns: the Maharao Raja of Bundi
Hereditary salute of 15-guns: the Maharao Raja of Alwar

Non-salute states
(probably quite incomplete)
Sirohi (Rao till 1889)

Other use
"Maharao" is also used as a given name and a surname in India:
 Dnyanesh Maharao (born 1960), writer and editor from Maharashtra
 Maharao Raghuveer Singh (born 1943), Indian historian

Sources
Indian princely states

Indian feudalism
Heads of state
Royal titles
Noble titles
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Titles in India
Rhinolith

A rhinolith is a stone present in the nasal cavity.  The word is derived from the roots rhino- and -lith, literally meaning "nose stone". It is an uncommon medical phenomenon, not to be confused with dried nasal mucus. A rhinolith usually forms around the nucleus of a small exogenous foreign body, blood clot or secretion by slow deposition of calcium and magnesium carbonate and phosphate salts. Over time, they grow into large irregular masses that fill the nasal cavity. They may cause pressure necrosis of the nasal septum or lateral wall of nose. Rhinoliths can cause nasal obstruction, epistaxis, headache, sinusitis and epiphora. They can be diagnosed from the history with unilateral foul-smelling blood-stained nasal discharge or by anterior rhinoscopy. On probing, the probe can be passed around all its corners. In both CT and MRI a rhinolith will appear like a radiopaque irregular material. Small rhinoliths can be removed by a foreign body hook. Whereas large rhinoliths can be removed either by crushing with Luc's forceps or by Moore's lateral rhinotomy approach.

Signs and symptoms
Rhinoliths present as a unilateral nasal obstruction. Foul-smelling, blood-stained discharge is often present. Nosebleed and pain may occur due to the ulceration of surrounding mucosa.

Management
They are removed under general anaesthesia. Most can be removed through anterior nares. Large ones need to be broken into pieces before removal. Some particularly hard and irregular ones may require lateral rhinotomy.

References

External links 

Medical signs
Nose disorders
Florida Film Festival

The Florida Film Festival, produced by Enzian Theater in Maitland, Florida, is an annual international film festival.

Overview

The Festival includes narrative and documentary features and shorts, animation, midnight movies, and educational forums, parties, and other events. The festival has also included highly experimental new media works.

History

Past guests include Peter Falk, Susan Sarandon, Oliver Stone, Barry Levinson, Emma Stone, Paul Sorvino, Tippi Hedren, Cloris Leachman, Gabriel Byrne, Famke Janssen, Jason Lee, Christopher Walken, Dennis Hopper, Leelee Sobieski, Steve Buscemi, Campbell Scott, and William H. Macy.

Oscar qualification

A win at the festival qualifies a film for Academy Award consideration.

See also
Film in Florida
Florida Film Critics Circle

References

External links
 Enzian Theatre
 Florida Film Festival

Film festivals in Florida
Festivals in Orlando, Florida
Tourist attractions in Orange County, Florida
Maitland, Florida
Year of establishment missing
Film festivals established in 1991
1991 establishments in Florida
2nd Gibraltar Brigade

The 2nd Gibraltar Brigade was a British Army garrison brigade during the Second World War.

History
After serving as part of the Garrison of Gibraltar from  24 April 1941 to 1 December 1943, it was redesignated as the 28th Infantry Brigade and as such saw action in and Italy as part of the 4th Infantry Division with the British Eighth Army. From December 1944 through to August 1945 the 28th Infantry Brigade served in Greece during the Greek Civil War with Lieutenant General Ronald Scobie's III Corps.

Formation

As 2nd Gibraltar Brigade
 2nd Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry
 4th Battalion, Devonshire Regiment
 7th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
 1st Battalion, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
 2nd Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)

As 28th Infantry Brigade
 2nd Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)
 2nd Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry
 1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
 2/4th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment

External links 
 
 
 Garrison of Gibraltar Nov.1942

Gibraltar
Gibraltar in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1941
1941 establishments in Gibraltar
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943
Bocom Financial Towers

The Bocom Financial Towers () are two conjoined skyscrapers which reach 265 metres (869 feet) in height. They are located in the Pudong District of Shanghai, China and are split into the North and South Towers. Both towers were designed by ABB Architekten. The North tower is the 810th tallest existing building in the world when measured up to the highest architectural point.

An atrium connects the two towers together and reaches a height of 163.4 metres. A swimming pool offering views over all of Shanghai is located on the 48th floor of the North Tower.

North Tower statistics
Construction of the tower began in 1997 and was completed in 2002. It is 52 stories tall with four basement levels. The height to the top of spire is 265 metres and it has a roof height of 230 metres. At its widest point, the tower is 15.8 metres wide and at its narrowest it is 9.75 metres wide. It has a length of 31 metres.

South Tower statistics
Construction of the South Tower was completed in 1999, three years before the North Tower. It has 42 floors above ground and four below ground level. It has a roof height of 197.4 metres and the top floor is located 171.6 metres up. At its widest point, the tower is 15.8 metres wide and at its narrowest, it is 9.75 metres wide. It has a length of 31 metres.

In popular culture
It was one of the three buildings part of the filming of Mission: Impossible III starring Tom Cruise. Ethan Hunt was shown sliding down the angled roof of the south tower.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Shanghai

References

External links
 
 

Bank of Communications
2002 establishments in China
Office buildings completed in 1999
Office buildings completed in 2002
Twin towers
Skyscraper office buildings in Shanghai
Lu Sidao

Lu Sidao (; 531–582) was a Chinese poet of the Sui dynasty.  He was from Fanyang Commandery which is now part of modern Beijing.

References

Sui dynasty poets
Sui dynasty government officials
531 births
582 deaths
Poets from Beijing
Politicians from Beijing
6th-century Chinese poets
Male poets
Lu clan of Fanyang
6th-century Chinese writers
Reading services

Reading services comprises a pair of adjacent motorway service areas on the M4 motorway to the south of the town of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. The two areas are on opposite sides of the motorway, with Reading West services serving westbound traffic and Reading East services serving eastbound traffic. 

Reading services are operated by Moto. Co-located with each of the two service areas is a Travelodge budget hotel.

The services are within the civil parish of Burghfield. There is no direct vehicular or pedestrian link between the two service areas, whilst each area has its own access to the local road network that is gated and restricted to authorised vehicles.

References

Further reading

External links 

Moto official website — Reading East
Moto official website — Reading West
Motorway Services Online — Reading

Transport infrastructure completed in 1993
M4 motorway service stations
Buildings and structures in Berkshire
Moto motorway service stations
Services
Transport in Berkshire
Burghfield
Chieveley services

Chieveley services is a UK motorway service station just off the M4 motorway at Chieveley near Newbury in Berkshire, England. It is owned by Moto. It is situated on the A34 between Oxford and Winchester just off Junction 13 of the M4 (so that there is just one service area and not twin services on each side of the motorway). Thus it is used by traffic on both roads.

History
This service area was not originally signed along the M4 as it was not operating 24 hours a day. Since the upgrade of the motorway junction, it is now signed.

Incidents 

 Murder of Céline Figard

References

External links
Moto official website — Chieveley
Motorway Services Online - Chieveley
Motorway Services Info — Chieveley

Buildings and structures completed in 1986
M4 motorway service stations
Moto motorway service stations
Buildings and structures in Berkshire
Transport in Berkshire
Chieveley
Pan Lei

Pan Lei () (1646 – 1708) was a Qing dynasty scholar.  He wrote the prefaces for a number of works that appeared in his time.  In the preface to writer Qu Dajun's book Guangdong Xinyu, widely regarded as a valuable source on the economic and social conditions of Guangdong in 1700, Pan wrote about the beauty, natural resources, and unique history of East Guangdong.  Pan was also involved in the study of mathematics.  In the preface to Mei Wending's Fangchenglun, a treatise on linear algebra written in 1690, he wrote:

Although mathematics is the last of the Six Arts (liui ), it has wide applications. Without mathematics, it is impossible to understand the measurement of Heaven and the
survey of the Earth; it is impossible to regulate taxes and to manage finances; it is impossible to raise armies and dispose troops; it is impossible to administer civil engineering.

Pan Lei's collected works also included the opinions of women who believed that poetry writing was considered unnecessary for women, which led to their works being kept secret.

References

1646 births
1708 deaths
Qing dynasty poets
Qing dynasty government officials
Politicians from Suzhou
Writers from Suzhou
Poets from Jiangsu
Membury services

Membury services is a motorway service station on the M4 motorway, located on the original site of RAF Membury in the civil parish of Lambourn in the English county of Berkshire, close to the border with Wiltshire,  west of Junction 14. It is owned by Welcome Break and is situated adjacent to the Membury Radio Mast.

History
The service area was built by Ross Group, after Leicester Forest East, with Hartshead Moor services.

Construction
The services were built by Monk. Planning consent had been given in July 1970.

Food
It was designed by Howard V Lobb, to have three restaurants
 truckers, 80 seats
 general self-service cafeteria area, 180 seats
 grill room, with waitress service, 120 seats

Opening
It opened for petrol and toilets in February 1972, the eastbound side only, but there were no meals until October 1972. The westbound side opened on Thursday 15 June 1972, with a snack bar, in a portakabin. By March 1973, it was announced that the full service area would open at the end of May 1973.

On 22 December 1971, a fifty-mile stretch of the M4 was opened between Badbury, Wiltshire near Swindon, and the Holyport Interchange on the A423(M); the M4 section was opened at 11am by Michael Heseltine, and his daughter Alexandria, at the Holyport Interchange. The M4 section was the longest stretch of motorway to be opened, in England, since the M1 in 1959. The service area is on the Theale to Shefford Woodlands section, being sixteen and a half miles long; the route was announced in December 1966, but altered in November 1967 after objections. The only services on the M4 in December 1971 were at Heston and Aust; Membury would open in February 1972; more service areas had been planned, but never built. The Winnersh Interchange would not be opened in December 1971, with the two-and-a-half mile A329(M), until early 1973.

Buildings
Shell would run the pumps.

Planned services on the M4
Other M4 service areas were planned at Warren Copse near Shurlock Row and Waltham St Lawrence (B3018), Furze Hill (B4009, Hermitage, Berkshire), and Ashes Copse near Bradfield, Berkshire; in June 1972, Berkshire County Council looked at Upper Wood Farm on Cutbush Lane in Earley, owned by the University of Reading.

Facilities
Membury is one of five services which have a Starbucks drive-thru: the others are Fleet (Northbound only) M3, Warwick (Southbound only) M40, Hartshead Moor (Eastbound only) M62 and Gordano M5.

The service station is one of fourteen for which large murals were commissioned from artist David Fisher in the 1990s, designed to reflect the local area and history.

The services were constructed along with this section of the M4 between 1969 and 1971 by Arthur Monk and Co Ltd.

The Iron Age hillfort, Membury Camp, lies to the immediate southwest of the old airfield and the services.

References

External links 
Motorway Services Online - Membury

Buildings and structures in Berkshire
M4 motorway service stations
Welcome Break motorway service stations
Lambourn
Sports teams from Iowa

The state of Iowa does not have any major league sports teams, however has many minor league teams based throughout the state.

Baseball

Basketball
Cedar Rapids Silver Bullets
Cedar Valley Jaguars - IBL 2005–2006
Des Moines Dragons - IBA 1997–2001
Des Moines Heat - IBL 2005–2006
Frontier City River Dogz - MBA
Iowa Cornets - WBL 1978–1980
Iowa Wolves - NBA G League 2007–present
Tri-Cities Blackhawks - NBL, NBA 1946–1951 (now the Atlanta Hawks)
Waterloo Kings - IBL 2005–2006
Waterloo Hawks - NBL 1948-1949, NBA 1949-50, NPBL 1950-51

College
Drake Bulldogs
Iowa State Cyclones
Northern Iowa Panthers
Iowa Hawkeyes
Central Dutch
Simpson Storm
Loras Duhawks
Dubuque Spartans
Coe Kohawks
Buena Vista University

Hockey
Cedar Rapids RoughRiders, United States Hockey League 1999–present
Des Moines Capitols, International Hockey League 1972–1975
Des Moines Buccaneers, United States Hockey League 1980–present
Des Moines Ice Hawks, United States Central Hockey League 1958–1961
Des Moines Oak Leafs, United States Hockey League 1961–1963, International Hockey League 1963–1972
Dubuque Fighting Saints, United States Hockey League 1980–2001
Dubuque Fighting Saints, United States Hockey League 2010–present
Dubuque Thunderbirds, Minnesota Junior Hockey League 2001–2006, Central States Hockey League 2006–2010
Iowa Heartlanders, ECHL 2021-present
Iowa Stars/Chops, American Hockey League 2005–2009
Iowa Stars,  Central Hockey League 1969–70
Iowa Wild, American Hockey League 2013–present
North Iowa Huskies, United States Hockey League 1983–1999
North Iowa Outlaws, North American Hockey League 2005–2010
River City Lancers, United States Hockey League 2002–2004
Sioux City Musketeers, United States Hockey League 1972–present
Sioux City Sunhawks, American Amateur Hockey League 1951–52
Waterloo Black Hawks, United States Hockey League 1962–present

Soccer

Volleyball
Iowa Blizzard NVA

Mixed Martial Arts
Quad City Silverbacks  IFL (International Fight League)

Wrestling (RPW)
Iowa Stalkers

References
Misty Daniels

Misty Daniels is an American stage actress with over 20 years of experience in acting. She is a native of Pikeville, Kentucky and has performed locally for the Jenny Wiley Theatre in around 40 productions, including Disney's Beauty in the Beast, The Wizard of Oz, and My Fair Lady. She has also performed in such locations as New York City, Nashville, Philadelphia, and Florida and has done a variety of other works besides stage acting such as voiceovers, commercial work, and studio recording.

Her most notable voice role is Sae Sawanoguchi in the anime series Magic User's Club, which she was nominated in the American Anime Awards for "Best Actress in a Comedy".

References

External links

Living people
People from Pikeville, Kentucky
American stage actresses
American voice actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Actresses from Kentucky
21st-century American women
Full Circle (Hieroglyphics album)

Full Circle is the second studio album by American hip hop collective Hieroglyphics.  It was released by Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings on October 7, 2003. It peaked at number 155 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Critical reception
John Bush of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, calling it "the best record of their career."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

 Domino – production (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 16)
 Amp Fiddler – keyboards (1, 2, 3, 8, 10), background vocals (3, 8), vibraphone (4), piano (9, 12), bassline (9)
 Opio – keyboards (2, 8, 9), production (2, 8, 9, 10)
 Toure – turntables (2)
 Merlo Podlewski – bass guitar (4, 5, 6)
 Casual – bells (5), production (11)
 A-Plus – production (7, 13, 15), turntables (15)
 Eric McFaddin – guitar (9)
 Space Boy Boogie – production (14)
 Frank Friction – co-production (14)
 Matt Kelley – engineering, editing
 Ken Lee – mastering
 James Sheehan – design
 Block – photography

Charts

References

External links
 

2003 albums
Hieroglyphics (group) albums
Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings albums
Albums produced by A-Plus (rapper)
List of crossings of the Missouri River

The list of crossings of the Missouri River includes bridges over the Missouri River, which spans from the Mississippi River, upstream to its sources.

Crossings

See also

 List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River
 List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River

References

External links

Missouri River
Magor services

Magor services (in Welsh: Gwasanaethau Magwyr) is a motorway service station on the M4, located just off junction 23A, at Magor near Newport, in Monmouthshire, South Wales.

History
The services opened in 1996 along with the Second Severn Crossing and was first operated by the Granada group. Subsequently managed by First, the services became dilapidated and lacking in facilities and in April 2007 were voted the worst in Britain by members of Vans United. In August 2011, it was announced that Magor services had been sold to Roadchef.

References

External links 
Motorway Services Online — Magor

1996 establishments in Wales
M4 motorway service stations
Buildings and structures in Monmouthshire
Transport in Monmouthshire
Motorways in Wales
Deathmatch

Deathmatch commonly refers to:

 A particularly brutal type of hardcore wrestling
 Deathmatch (video games), a free-for-all video game mode

Death Match may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
Tom Clancy's Net Force Explorers: Death Match (2003), a young adult novel series
Death Match, a 2004 novel by Lincoln Child
Death Match, a 2001 album by Garlic Boys
Deathmatch, a comic book series by Boom! Studios

Sports
The Death Match, a wartime football match in 1942 in Kiev between a local team and Nazi soldiers

See also
 Funeral Games (disambiguation)
 Game of Death (disambiguation)
Cardiff West services

Cardiff West services () is a motorway service station on junction 33 of the M4 motorway and the Capel Llanilltern junction of the A4232 near Cardiff, Wales. It is owned by Moto. In 2008, the services won the AA Patrol Approved Awards for best toilet.

The services has previously acted as a site for escorting fans to Cardiff City FC games, because of travelling restrictions imposed on away fans visiting the city. These restrictions were relaxed in 2010, but the services continued to act as a sales point for match vouchers. Subsequently, the services has become well known to Cardiff City fans, particularly after a prominent appearance in the situation comedy Gavin & Stacey.

In 2004, the services was the site of several protests over the rise in fuel duty. In May, 50 heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) entered the services' car park as the ending point of a "go slow" demonstration along the M4. In June, the site was chosen as a meeting place for another protest. 150 HGVs made a journey from the services to the centre of Cardiff.

In 2010, rugby player Andy Powell was arrested at the services for allegedly driving a stolen golf buggy while intoxicated.

References

External links 

Motorway Services Online - Cardiff West
Motorway Services Info - Cardiff West

M4 motorway service stations
Moto motorway service stations
Motorways in Wales
Transport in Cardiff
MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.

MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382, 111 N.E. 1050 (1916) is a famous New York Court of Appeals opinion by Judge Benjamin N. Cardozo that removed the requirement of privity of contract for duty in negligence actions.

Facts
The plaintiff, Donald C. MacPherson, a stonecutter, was injured when one of the wooden wheels of his 1909 Buick Runabout collapsed. The defendant, Buick Motor Company, had manufactured the vehicle but not the wheel, which had been manufactured by another party but installed by defendant. It was conceded that the defective wheel could have been discovered upon inspection. The defendant denied liability because the plaintiff had purchased the automobile from a dealer, rather than directly from the defendant.

Judgment
In the earlier precedent, duty had been imposed on defendants by voluntary contract via privity as in an English case, Winterbottom v. Wright.   which is the precursor rule for product liability. The portion of the MacPherson opinion in which Cardozo demolished the privity bar to recovery is as follows:

See also
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, where Lord Atkin cited the decision with approval in the House of Lords.

Notes

External links

New York (state) state case law
United States tort case law
1916 in United States case law
Product liability case law
1916 in New York (state)
Buick
General Motors litigation
Sarn Park services

Sarn Park services () is a motorway service station on the M4 motorway in Bridgend County Borough, Wales. It is situated at junction 36 of the motorway, north of the town of Bridgend, and is owned by Welcome Break. Bridgend Designer Outlet is on the opposite side of the motorway.

The service station has a Burger King restaurant, a Starbucks coffeehouse and a WHSmith bookshop, as well as a Days Inn hotel.

References

External links 
 
Motorway Services Online - Sarn Park

M4 motorway service stations
Welcome Break motorway service stations
Motorways in Wales
1986 establishments in Wales
Commercial buildings completed in 1986
New York State Route 164

New York State Route 164 (NY 164) is a short state highway located entirely in the town of Patterson in northeastern Putnam County, New York, in the United States. It is a short, two-lane back road that does not pass through any major populated areas and serves primarily as a connector between NY 311 and NY 22. NY 164 also allows for faster passage from Interstate 84 (I-84) to the Putnam Lake area via NY 311. The route was originally designated as NY 312 during the 1930s and later became part of NY 216. NY 164 was established on January 1, 1970, following the truncation of NY 216 to its current eastern terminus.

Route description

In the west, NY 164 splits off from NY 311 a short distance east of I-84. It crosses under the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line tracks three times, including two one-lane underpasses with limited sight to the other side. It passes along the northern base of a small mountain and turns slightly southward. The highway turns due eastward and intersects with County Route 64 in the hamlet of Towners. Just to the north is Mandel Pond, and the route makes a series of erratic turns around small mountains, passing south of Cornwall Hill as it does so. NY 164 turns south-southeast and ends at NY 22 in Patterson, east of the East Branch Croton River.

History
The entirety of modern-day NY 164 was originally designated as NY 312 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. When the NY 312 designation was shifted south to its current location in the town of Southeast , its former routing in Patterson became part of an extended NY 216, which connected with its current routing by way of modern NY 311, NY 292 and NY 55. NY 216 was truncated to its current length on January 1, 1970. The portion of its former alignment between NY 311 and NY 22 was then redesignated as NY 164.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

164
Transportation in Putnam County, New York
Frysztak

Frysztak  (; ) is a village in the Gmina Frysztak, Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland,  from Krosno. Frysztak lies in historic Lesser Poland. It is located on a hillock near the river Wisłok, on the road from Rzeszów to Krosno.

History
Frysztak was mentioned in a 1259AD document as a town with Magdeburg Rights given by King Bolesław V the Chaste and named after the German Freistadt, literally "Freestead", but the Polish PWN encyclopedia says that Frysztak received city rights (act of city location) in 1366. For centuries, it was a private town, administratively located in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province.

In 1474, the town was completely destroyed by Hungarian army of King Matthias Corvinus, after which Frysztak declined. Its German-speaking population of the Walddeutsche became Polonized in the course of the time.

The Hasidic leader Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Rimanov (1745–1815) lived and worked there for many years. In 1772, it was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland and included within its newly formed province of Galicia. Following World War I, Poland regained independence and control of the town. Frysztak was stripped of its town charter due to population decline in 1932. Its residents twice tried to change this decision (in 1952 and 1975), but without success.

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, it was occupied by Germany. Its Jewish population was concentrated in the Frysztak Ghetto and eventually murdered during the Holocaust. A preserved remnant of the local Jewish minority is the Old Jewish Cemetery.

Notable people
 Ludwik de Laveaux (1891–1969), brigadier general of the Polish Army

References

Villages in Strzyżów County
1366 establishments in Europe
Populated places established in the 1360s
Lesser Poland
Lwów Voivodeship
Holocaust locations in Poland
14th-century establishments in Poland
Historic Jewish communities in Poland
Swansea services

Swansea services (, "Swansea West services") is a motorway service station on the M4 motorway at Junction 47 near Penllergaer, Swansea, Wales. It is owned by Moto and features BP gas station. Amenities include, Burger King, Costa Coffee & Express, Greggs, WHSmith, with accommodations by Travelodge and Full House.

References

External links 
 
Swansea Services - Motorway Services Online

M4 motorway service stations
Moto motorway service stations
Transport in Swansea
Motorways in Wales
Edy Reinalter

Edy Reinalter (24 December 1920 – 19 November 1962) was an Alpine skier and 1948 Olympic champion in Slalom. He is the first Swiss athlete to win a gold medal at an Olympic Games held in Switzerland.

References 
 

1920 births
1962 deaths
Swiss male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Switzerland
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Pont Abraham Services

Pont Abraham Services is a Motorway service area in Carmarthenshire, Wales, near Pontarddulais at the western end of the M4 motorway at junction 49, where the motorway meets the A48 and A483 on a roundabout. It has come under regular criticism for high fuel costs.

Location
The services are at a roundabout at the end of the M4, where the A48 (and later the A40) takes over the main traffic route to West Wales. It can be accessed from any direction the vehicles are travelling.

History
The location of the services was originally a bridge over the River Gwili on what later became the A48, and was known as Gwili Bridge.

The services were first proposed in 1975, while the M4 bypass of Pontarddulais was under construction. They were opened by the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Wales, John Stradling Thomas on 17 June 1983. The following year, Stradling Thomas was also asked if there would be further picnic areas provided on the M4, as there were at Pont Abraham, but replied that it was a matter for the private sector.

Fuel
The services have been regularly criticised on review websites such as TripAdvisor. One such review said the facilities were "about as much fun as telling the kids the dog's been put to sleep". A common complaint is high fuel prices. This may be because motorists think it is the last place they could easily find to refuel a vehicle, though there are other nearby petrol stations, such as one on the A48 at Cross Hands four miles away.

In 2005, the price of diesel reached 99p per litre, which invited comparisons with sunflower oil generated biodiesel which a local driver said could cost half the price. In 2022, the services were one of the first in the country to reach £2 per litre, when it was charging 202.9p for unleaded petrol. It has also being criticised for its high prices to recharge electric vehicles.

In 2023, a poll found that Pont Abraham was the second worst service area in the UK, just above Bothwell services.

Employee scandal
The services had a long-running share ownership scheme, provided by RoadChef. In 2014, former employees at the services won a court case after shares they owned in a company scheme were transferred. However, a full payout was never made.

References

External links 

RoadChef official site - Pont Abraham
Motorway Services Online - Pont Abraham

M4 motorway service stations
RoadChef motorway service stations
Transport in Carmarthenshire
Motorways in Wales
Sir John Wood, 1st Baronet

Sir John Wood, 1st Baronet DL (8 September 1857 – 28 January 1951) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stalybridge from 1910 to 1918 and then for Stalybridge and Hyde from 1918–1922. He was created a baronet, of Hengrave, Suffolk, on 14 February 1918.

Educated at Rugby School and at Magdalen College, Oxford, Wood was a barrister, called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1883. He married twice, firstly in 1883 to Estelle Benham. His second marriage was in 1892 to Gertrude Emily Bateman (died 1927), third daughter of the 3rd Baron Bateman; they had two sons and one daughter. His elder son, John Arthur Haigh, succeeded to the baronetcy, and his younger son Edmund
was MP for Stalybridge and Hyde from 1924 to 1929.

References

Sources 
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035535/http://usenet.lineages.co.uk/article.php?id_article=2674&grp_id=1

External links 
 

1857 births
1951 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Deputy Lieutenants of Herefordshire
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
People from Stalybridge
Members of the Inner Temple
Place of birth missing
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Stalybridge and Hyde
Paul J. Medford

Paul Junior Medford is a British actor. He is best known for playing the role of Kelvin Carpenter in the BBC soap opera EastEnders from the show's inception in 1985 to 1987. He has since appeared in numerous West End musicals, including a long stage show Five Guys Named Moe.

Early life 
Medford is from Ealing, West London and is of Barbadian descent. He attended the Barbara Speake Stage School and the Italia Conti Academy for ten years.

Career
Medford appeared in several feature films and television programmes, including Return of the Saint (1978) and The Professionals (1983).

In 1985 Medford became one of the original cast of the BBC's new soap opera, EastEnders. He played Kelvin, the son of Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), for over two years. During his stint on EastEnders Medford managed minor musical chart success with fellow EastEnders actor Letitia Dean, who played Sharon Watts. A song penned for the pair as part of a plotline in the show prompted them to release a single entitled "Something Outa Nothing", which made number 12 in the UK singles chart in November 1986.

Kelvin was one of the more popular characters in the show's early years and Medford remained in the serial following the departures of all of his on-screen family. He eventually quit the role in 1987 in order to follow his ambition of becoming a singer/dancer.

Medford is a trained singer with a "high baritone" range and his dancing repertoire includes tap, ballet, jazz, contemporary and Latin. Following his departure from EastEnders, Medford found success on stage. He has appeared in several West End musicals, including The Lion King as Banzai the Hyena; as Little Mo in Five Guys Named Moe; as Fitzroy in The Queen And I and as Hud in Hair among others. Medford earned a Laurence Olivier Award nomination in 1991 for Best Actor in the Musical Five Guys Named Moe and in 1995 he received the Society of Black Arts Achievement Award.

He played Mr. Beauregarde in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical at Drury Lane in May 2013.

Medford's other television credits include: This Life (1997), Invasion: Earth (1998); Casualty (2003) and as the presenter 'Blake Wordsworth' in the children's BBC programme The Story Makers (2004).

Medford was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Musical by whatsonstage.com in 2010.

In June 2019, Medford was named Vice President of Unscripted, Current Series at Nickelodeon.

References

Bibliography
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 369.

External links 

Agency Profile

Living people
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
BBC Records artists
Black British male actors
English male child actors
English male musical theatre actors
English male soap opera actors
English people of Barbadian descent
Male actors from London
Actors from Ealing
Year of birth missing (living people)
Dialogue with Death

Dialogue with Death, a book by Arthur Koestler, was originally published in 1937 as a section (Part II) of his book Spanish Testament, in which he describes  his experiences during the Spanish Civil War. Part II of the book was subsequently decoupled from Spanish Testament and, with minor modifications, published on its own under the title Dialogue with Death (see quotation below).  The book describes Koestler’s prison experiences under sentence of death. The book was written in the late autumn of 1937 immediately after his release from prison, when the events were still vivid in his memory.

In the second volume of his autobiography The Invisible Writing, written by Koestler fifteen years later, the following footnote appears:

Background
Koestler made three trips to Spain during the civil war and on the third occasion he was captured, sentenced to death and imprisoned by the Nationalist forces of General Franco. He was at that time working on behalf of the Comintern and as an agent of the Loyalist Government's official news agency, using for cover accreditation to the British daily News Chronicle.

Koestler had taken an ill-considered decision to stay at Málaga in southern Spain when the Republican forces withdrew from it. He had only narrowly escaped arrest by Franco’s army on his previous sojourn into Nationalist territory, when on his second day in Nationalist-held Seville he was recognised by a former colleague of his from Ullstein’s in Berlin, who knew that Koestler was a Communist. This time he was less fortunate and was arrested, summarily sentenced to death and sent off to imprisonment in Seville.

The book describes Koestler's time in the prison, in the company of numerous political prisoners - most of them Spanish Republicans. Prisoners lived under the constant threat of summary execution without trial, without warning and without even any evident logic in the choice of victims. Every morning, prisoners would wake to find that some of their number had been executed during the night.

The book was written in German, except for the prison diary, which Koestler wrote in English to avoid attracting the Gestapo's attention.

Influence on later work
Koestler's prison experience contributed psychological insight for his subsequent best-selling anti-Communist novel Darkness at Noon, published in 1941.

Publications

References

Books by Arthur Koestler
Spanish Civil War books
Memoirs of imprisonment
1937 non-fiction books
1942 non-fiction books
Seville
Macmillan Publishers books
Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (Minority)

Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (Minority) () was an Iranian Marxist–Leninist organisation. An offshoot of the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, it split from the majority faction, adhering to its original militant policy of opposing the Tudeh Party and challenging the Islamic Republic.

In January 1982, it was joined by the Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian-Majority Left Wing led by Moṣṭafā Madani, an offshoot of Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority) that broke away from the latter in October 1980.

The group was engaged in guerrilla warfare in the forests of northern Iran and Kurdistan Province. Its policy was against the Soviet Union and considered the Soviet Union of post-Stalin era as a revisionist state.

See also

References

Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
Defunct communist parties in Iran
Militant opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran
Banned communist parties
Banned political parties in Iran
1980 establishments in Iran
Political parties established in 1980
Political parties disestablished in 1987
Left-wing militant groups in Iran
Shenzhen Special Zone Press Tower

Shenzhen Special Zone Press Tower () is a  tall skyscraper located in the Futian borough of Shenzhen, China. The tower was completed in 1998 and has 47 floors above ground and 3 underground floors.

It is 187 metres to the roof and 167 metres to the main roof above the curved glass curtain.

See also
 List of skyscrapers

References

External links
 SkyscraperPage.com's entry
 Emporis.com - Building ID 121573

Skyscraper office buildings in Shenzhen
Office buildings completed in 1998
Frankley services

Frankley services is a motorway service station on the M5 motorway between Junctions 3 (A456, Quinton Interchange) and 4 (A38, Lydiate Ash), near Birmingham, and taking its name from the nearby village of Frankley.

History
It is owned by Moto. It was one of the first service stations of its kind when it was opened in 1966 by Granada Motorway Services to serve the new motorway which by 1977 gave the Midlands an unbroken motorway link with Devon. 

The £612,000 contract for the site was awarded on 22 December 1964 to Higgs and Hill. It was planned to be finished by the end of 1965. It was Granada's second motorway service station, after Toddington; its third would be Heston in 1968. There would be room for 640 people in the restaurants, and 300 parking spaces.

The 2019 Motorway Services User Survey found that Frankley's southbound side was in the bottom five motorway services in the UK for customer satisfaction.

Structure
It has been updated over the years and fitted with new retail and fast food outlets, but the original building remains intact. It is in Bromsgrove District; it marks the northernmost point of the M5 in Worcestershire; to the north is the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, and to the north-east is Birmingham. Nearby New Frankley, to the south, is one of only two civil parishes in Birmingham. 

It is possible to enter both sides of the service station from Bartley Green. It is inadvisable to drive onto the South side, however the North non-motorway entrance is possible.

Electric car charging
There is one electric car charging point at the Northbound services, and one at the Southbound services. Both are operated by Gridserve.

References

External links 
Moto Official Site - Frankley
Motorway Services Online - Frankley
Motorway Services Info - Frankley

1966 establishments in England
Bromsgrove
Buildings and structures in Worcestershire
Commercial buildings completed in 1966
Economy of Worcestershire
M5 motorway service stations
Moto motorway service stations
Transport in Worcestershire
Transport infrastructure completed in 1966
Iowa Oaks

Iowa Oaks may refer to:

 Iowa Oaks (baseball), a Minor League Baseball team in Des Moines, Iowa, during 1969–1981; later known as the Iowa Cubs
 Iowa Oaks (Prairie Meadows), a Grade III thoroughbred horse race at Prairie Meadows in Altoona, Iowa
Joint Policy Board for Mathematics

The Joint Policy Board for Mathematics (JPBM) consists of the American Mathematical Society, the American Statistical Association, the Mathematical Association of America, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 

The Board has nearly 55,000 mathematicians and scientists who are members of the four organizations. 

Each April, the JPBM celebrates Mathematics and Statistics Awareness Month (previously, the month was called Mathematics Awareness Month) to increase public understanding of and appreciation for mathematics and statistics. The event was renamed by the JPBM in 2017. To simplify coordination efforts, the JPBM also decided in 2017 that there will no longer be an annual assigned theme for the month. This celebration of mathematics, and now mathematics and statistics, began as Mathematics Awareness Week in 1986.

JPBM Communications Award
Each January at the Joint Mathematics Meeting the JPBM gives its Communications Award to a journalist or other communicator for bringing accurate mathematical information to non-mathematical audiences.

JPBM Communications Award winners
2023: Grant Sanderson and Jordan Ellenberg
2022: Talithia Williams
2021: John Bailer, Richard Campbell, Rosemary Pennington, and Erica Klarreich
2020: Christopher Budd and James Tanton
2019: Margot Lee Shetterly
2018: Vi Hart and Matt Parker
2017: Siobhan Roberts, for Expository and Popular Books, and Arthur T. Benjamin, for Public Outreach
2016: Simon Singh, for Expository and Popular Books, and the National Museum of Mathematics, for Public Outreach
2015: Nate Silver
 2014: Danica McKellar
 2013: John Allen Paulos
 2012: Dana Mackenzie
 2011: Nicolas Falacci and Cheryl Heuton
 2010: Marcus du Sautoy
 2009: George Csicsery
 2008: Carl Bialik
 2007: Steven H. Strogatz
 2006: Roger Penrose
 2005: Barry Arthur Cipra
 2003: Robert Osserman
 2002: Helaman Ferguson and Claire Ferguson
 2001: Keith J. Devlin
 2000: Sylvia Nasar
 1999: Ian Stewart
 1998: Constance Reid
 1997: Philip J. Davis
 1996: Gina Kolata
 1994: Martin Gardner
 1993: Joel Schneider
 1991: Ivars Peterson
 1990: Hugh Whitemore
 1988: James Gleick

External links

 JPBM 
 Mathematics and Statistics Awareness Month 
 MAA: JPBM Communications Award 

Mathematical societies
Red-crested turaco

The red-crested turaco (Tauraco erythrolophus) is a turaco, a group of African otidimorph birds. It is a frugivorous bird endemic to western Angola. Its call sounds somewhat like a jungle monkey.

Description 
The red-crested turaco weighs 210-325 g and is 45-50 cm long. It looks similar to the Bannerman's turaco, but differs in crest and face colors. Both sexes are similar.

Behaviour 
They are seen in flocks of up to 30 birds, or in pairs. They usually remain in trees, only coming down to eat or drink.

Voice
A deep barking call. the female's call is slightly higher-pitched than the male's. They are highly vocal, particularly at dawn.

Reproduction
Red-crested turacos are monogamous. Both mates build a flimsy nest 5 to 20 meters above the ground in dense foliage. After laying eggs, both birds incubate the eggs. The young leave the nest at 4-5 weeks old.

As a national bird
The red-crested turaco is the national bird of Angola. It occurs quite commonly along the length of the Angolan escarpment and adjacent forested habitats.

In media
A red-crested turaco was featured in 1998's The Parent Trap, as the bird pecking Meredith's chest shortly before she wakes up to discover Annie and Hallie have floated her camping mattress onto a lake. This scene of the film is set in Northern California, so the choice of this bird species is distinctly out of place.

Gallery

References

red-crested turaco
Endemic birds of Angola
red-crested turaco
red-crested turaco
Fløan Church

Fløan Church (Fløan kirke) was a medieval church that stood in the village of Fløan in the Skatval area of present-day Stjørdal municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The church was located about  northwest of the town of Stjørdalshalsen. Materials from Fløan church are displayed at the Trøndelag Folkemuseum at Sverresborg in Trondheim.

History
The first written record of the church is in the Aslak Bolts jordebok. In 1432 Aslak Bolt, Bishop of the Archdiocese of Nidaros, commissioned this land register which listed lands, estates, and revenues associated with the diocese. The church was closed after the Reformation and finally completely demolished in 1851.

The church has been carbon dated to 1420. Other medieval history indicates that for some time before the current building existed there stood another church at the same location.

References

External links
Trøndelag Folkemuseum official website

Stjørdal
Churches in Trøndelag
15th-century churches in Norway
Demolished buildings and structures in Norway
Buildings and structures demolished in 1851
Former churches in Norway
Viscount Bateman

Viscount Bateman was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 12 July 1725 for William Bateman, previously Member of Parliament for Leominster and the son of Sir James Bateman, Lord Mayor of London from 1716 to 1717. He was made Baron Culmore, in the County of Londonderry, at the same time, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount. He was also a politician and notably served as Treasurer of the Household between 1756 and 1757 and as Master of the Buckhounds between 1757 and 1782. He was childless and the titles became extinct on his death in 1802. As both the barony and viscountcy were Irish peerages, the holders sat in the House of Commons while holding the title.

The family estates were inherited by William Hanbury. He was the son of William Hanbury and Sarah, daughter of William Western and Anne, sister of the first Viscount Bateman. In 1837 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Bateman and the same year the Bateman title was revived when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Bateman. See this title for more information.

The family seat was Shobdon Court, Shobdon, Herefordshire. The 2nd Viscount built Somerset House, in Park Lane.

The Barony of Culmore should not be confused with the earlier Irish Barony of Docwra of Culmore, created in 1621 for Sir Henry Docwra, 1st Baron Docwra of Culmore.

Viscounts Bateman (1725)
William Bateman, 1st Viscount Bateman (–1744)
John Bateman, 2nd Viscount Bateman (1721–1802)

See also
Baron Bateman

References

Extinct viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1725