alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Multitape Turing machine

A multi-tape Turing machine is a variant of the Turing machine that utilizes several tapes. Each tape has its own head for reading and writing. Initially, the input appears on tape 1, and the others start out blank.

This model intuitively seems much more powerful than the single-tape model, but any multi-tape machine—no matter how many tapes—can be simulated by a single-tape machine using only quadratically more computation time. Thus, multi-tape machines cannot calculate any more functions than single-tape machines, and none of the robust complexity classes (such as polynomial time) are affected by a change between single-tape and multi-tape machines.

Formal definition 
-tape Turing machine can be formally defined as a 7-tuple , following the notation of a Turing machine:
  is a finite, non-empty set of tape alphabet symbols;
  is the blank symbol (the only symbol allowed to occur on the tape infinitely often at any step during the computation);
  is the set of input symbols, that is, the set of symbols allowed to appear in the initial tape contents;
  is a finite, non-empty set of states;
  is the initial state;
  is the set of final states or accepting states. The initial tape contents is said to be accepted by  if it eventually halts in a state from .
  is a partial function called the transition function, where L is left shift, R is right shift. 

A -tape Turing machine  computes as follows. Initially,  receives its input  on the leftmost  positions of the first tape, the rest of the first tape as well as other tapes is blank (i.e., filled with blank symbols). All the heads start on the leftmost position of the tapes. Once  has started, the computation proceeds according to the rules described by the transition function. The computation continues until it enters the accept states, at which point it halts.

Two-stack Turing machine 
Two-stack Turing machines have a read-only input and two storage tapes. If a head moves left on either tape a blank is printed on that tape, but one symbol from a "library" can be printed.

See also 
 Turing machine
 Universal Turing machine
 Alternating Turing machine
 Probabilistic Turing machine
 Turing machine equivalents

References 

Turing machine
Dying in the Sun

Dying in the Sun is a BBC Books original novel written by Jon de Burgh Miller and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Second Doctor, Ben, and Polly.

Synopsis
Los Angeles, 1947. LAPD detective Robert Chate is convinced that the man who calls himself 'The Doctor' has something to do with the murder of multi-millionaire movie producer Harold Reitman.

The Doctor aids the police in their investigation, while looking into 'Star Light Pictures'. The Doctor is convinced there is a powerful threat hidden somewhere in the soon to be released film 'Dying In the Sun'. He decides to stop the release any way he can and faces opposition from the Hollywood power structure.

TARDIS
In the novel not only does the TARDIS not appear, but it is not even mentioned that the characters have travelled through time to the story's setting.

References 

Fiction set in 1947
2001 British novels
2001 science fiction novels
Past Doctor Adventures
Second Doctor novels
British science fiction novels
Novels by Jon de Burgh Miller
BBC Books books
Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department
Hollywood novels
Yearning (album)

Yearning (1995) is a collaborative album by ambient musician Robert Rich and sarod player Lisa Moskow. It is based on the classical Indian musical form known as alap. Alap is the first and slowest section of a raga. The music on this album consists of Moskow’s sarod solos set against Rich’s classic droning ambiences.

Track listing
”part 1: Bija” – 10:30
”part 2: Suspension” – 9:50
”part 3: Nada” – 8:50
”part 4: Kali” – 7:50
”part 5: A Thousand Tears” – 11:40
”part 6: The Mirror” – 10:56

Personnel
Robert Rich – flutes, electronics, gliss guitar, santur, percussion, sound design
Lisa Moskow – sarod

References

External links
Hearts of Space Records Album Page

Robert Rich (musician) albums
1994 albums
Hearts of Space Records albums
Collaborative albums
Nicho

Nichos (singular: "nicho", meaning "niche") are a type of folk art popular throughout Central and South America, often devotional but sometimes merely quirky. Resembling dioramas, they are made from common household objects and craft material and traditionally combine elements from Roman Catholicism, mestizo spirituality, and popular culture. Nicho objects have different names in different places: they may be called retablo or have local names. Peruvian Retablos are a style that encompasses several different portable forms not discussed here.

In South America it is common to see decorative boxes called "nichos" set upon tables and pedestals to display religious icons. These boxes may serve as a religious altar (to mark a significant religious event) or to honor a patron saint. Common structural conventions include hinged doors, carved borders, and multiple panels.  Within the box there is a central figure or object for whose honor the nicho has been created. They are usually painted with striking colors, often contrasting bright and dark, and tend towards garish.

Forms
Nicho art originated as a popular adaptation of the Roman Catholic retablo tradition of painting patron saints on wood or tin.  Unlike the large, flat panels of retablo, nichos are small and built in shadow box style. Within the box there is a key object or central figure for whose honor or memory the nicho has been created. 
In addition to painted designs, nichos are decorated with all variety of images and objects from religious and popular culture, especially depictions of the Virgin Mary, saints, the sacred heart, figures from loteria, Dia de los Muertos characters and objects, and folk heroes.

Materials
Nichos are made of objects that can be easily purchased or scavenged in the home or community.  The media are characteristically humble for a religious object, especially compared to the typically ornate icons of the Catholic Church.  The shadow box itself is easily converted from a cigar box or other mass-produced wooden container, but can also be constructed from any lightweight wood, recycled tin, or glass.  The colorful designs on the box and borders are created not only with paint, but also with sequins, glitter, chain, thread or rope, paper mache, and any small bric-a-brac.  Other ornaments within nichos include milagro charms, beads, stones, nails, and other manufactured and found objects.

Themes
Thematically, traditional nichos are part or extensions of household altars, and depict patron saints, ancestors, or an ex-voto.  They can act as shrines, protection, or devotional objects, and may be part of active religious practice.  The most common central figure is the Virgin Mary, and in Central America especially the Virgin of Guadalupe.  Contemporary nichos have expanded into more non-traditional subject matter, including the secular or the humorous, but continue to represent themes and figures in popular Latin American culture.

See also
Bathtub madonna

Further reading

Decorative arts
Folk art
Latin American culture
Johnson, Ontario

Johnson is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario, located within the Algoma District. The township had a population of 751 in the Canada 2016 Census, up from 750 in the 2011 census.

Communities

Desbarats, the main community in the township, is located on Highway 17,  east of Sault Ste. Marie.

Located in Desbarats is Central Algoma Secondary School, a high school of 250+ students which serves a catchment area extending from Echo Bay to Thessalon. In 2013 a grade 7 and 8 program was put into place in CASS.

West of Desbarats on Highway 17 is Ripple Rock, a unique rock cut that was uncovered with the blasting of the rock cuts through northern Ontario for the creation of the Trans-Canada Highway. The ripples in the rock were created two billion years ago by waves in a shallow body of water.  It was buried and through pressure it became sandstone.

Puddingstone Road in Johnson Township was named for a type of puddingstone locally known as Jasper conglomerate and often found in the area as well as at nearby St. Joseph Island. Puddingstone is a mixture of different sized grains and pebbles held together by finer sand. The type found in this area is St. Joseph Island Puddingstone, which contains red and brown pieces of jasper.

Since the early 2000s, about 20 Mennonite families from Southern Ontario moved to the Desbarats area. Along with other local farmers, they sell their produce at the Desbarats Farmers' Market on Friday evenings and Saturday mornings.

Demographics 
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Johnson had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Population trend:
 Population in 2016: 751
 Population in 2011: 750
 Population in 2006: 701
 Population in 2001: 658
 Population in 1996: 729
 Population in 1991: 685

Transportation

Ontario Northland provides intercity motor coach service to the main community of Desbarats as a stop along its Sault Ste. Marie–Sudbury–North Bay–Ottawa route, with one bus a day each headed eastbound and westbound from Sunday to Friday, with no service on Saturdays.

See also
List of townships in Ontario

References

External links

Municipalities in Algoma District
Single-tier municipalities in Ontario
Township municipalities in Ontario
The Eighth Day

The Eighth Day may refer to:

Observances 
 Octave (liturgical)
 Shemini Atzeret, the eighth day of the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles
 The eighth day (Christian)

Film 
 Gattaca, a 1997 film with working title The Eighth Day
 On the 8th Day (1984 film), a documentary about nuclear winter
 The Eighth Day (1996 film), a Belgian film, directed by Jaco Van Dormael

Literature 
 The Eighth Day (novel), a 1967 novel by Thornton Wilder
 The Eighth Day (Westphal book), by Euler Renato Westphal

Music 
 8th Day (Jewish band), an American Hasidic pop rock band
 8th Day (R&B group), an American R&B group active in the 1970s
 "8th Day" (song), by Canadian country music artist Dean Brody
 "The Eighth Day" (The Damned song), a song by The Damned on their 1985 album Phantasmagoria
 "Eighth Day (Hazel O'Connor song)", a song by Hazel O'Connor from the album Breaking Glass
 The 8th Day (album), by American underground nerdcore rapper Raheem Jarbo
 "The Eighth Day", a song recorded by Screamin' Jay Hawkins

See also
Eighth Day Books, a bookstore in Wichita, Kansas
Octava Dies
Stalker (album)

Stalker is a collaborative album by ambient musicians Robert Rich and B. Lustmord. It was inspired by the 1979 Soviet film of the same name, directed by Andrei Tarkovsky. The cover image is a photograph by landscape photographer Brad Cole. It is a work from 1988 titled Remnants of Resonance 2.

Track listing

References

External links
Hearts of Space Records Album Page
 

Robert Rich (musician) albums
Lustmord albums
1995 albums
Hearts of Space Records albums
Dark ambient albums
Music based on films
Marinus van Dam

Marinus van Dam (October 24, 1929 – January 6, 1997) was one of the first employees at The Herman Goelitz Candy Company. He is considered by some sources to have been the inventor of the jelly belly jelly bean.

Marinus van Dam was born in Ooltgensplaat, a township in Oostflakkee, Netherlands. He immigrated to the United States after obtaining a candy manufacturing degree in the Netherlands and soon went to work for the Herman Goelitz candy company after arriving in the United States.  He rose to the level of vice president before moving on to other companies and finally starting his own business Marich Confectionery.

When Marinus was asked how he developed the manufacturing of the Jelly Belly, he answered that most jelly beans at the time were cheap candy that had a 56% sugar content and were sold as penny candy. All jelly beans started out with plain, uncolored starch centers that were merely sweetened with sugar. Only the outer candy coating was colored and flavored. He wondered how he could bring this candy to the adult market which David Klein had envisioned, and his solution was to enhance the jelly beans so that they would appeal to everyone. The centers for the new jelly bean were colored and flavored with real fruit juices and natural flavors. This flavor enhancing process was also used on the outer candy shell.  The finished Jelly Belly contained about half the sugar of the regular jelly bean, was more flavorful, and consequently healthier than the generic jelly beans sold in stores. Marinus developed the recipes under David Klein's direction of concept. David Klein's the inventor and founder of Jelly Belly® jelly beans .David Klein sold the first Jelly Belly jelly beans in a small ice cream parlor in Alhambra, California in 1976. The first flavors were Very Cherry, Tangerine, Lemon, Green Apple, Grape, Licorice, Root Beer, and Cream Soda. Marinus died on January 6, 1997, but the candy he helped create continues.

Sources

1929 births
1997 deaths
Businesspeople in confectionery
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Dutch emigrants to the United States
People from Oostflakkee
20th-century American businesspeople
Fred Weary (offensive lineman)

Fred Edward Weary Jr. (born September 30, 1977) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the third round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tennessee.

Professional career

Houston Texans
He was drafted in the 2002 NFL Draft by the Texans and started 12 of the 16 games he played in as a rookie.

He suffered a broken leg on December 2, 2007 in a game against the Tennessee Titans. In the 2008 preseason, he was placed on season-ending injured reserve. The Texans released him on October 14.

Cleveland Browns
Weary was signed by the Cleveland Browns on August 9, 2009. Within a few short weeks the Browns released him with an undisclosed injury settlement.

References

External links
Cleveland Browns bio

1977 births
Living people
American football centers
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Cleveland Browns players
Houston Texans players
Players of American football from Montgomery, Alabama
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Facial canal

The facial canal (also known as the Fallopian canal) is a Z-shaped canal in the temporal bone of the skull. It extends between the internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen. It transmits the facial nerve (CN VII) (after which it is named).

Anatomy 
The facial canal gives passage to the facial nerve (CN VII) (hence the name). Its proximal opening is at the internal auditory meatus; its distal opening is the stylomastoid foramen. In humans, the canal is approximately 3 cm long, making it the longest bony canal of a nerve in the human body. It is located within the middle ear region.

The facial nerve gives rise to three nerves while passing through the canal: the greater petrosal nerve, nerve to stapedius, and the chorda tympani.

Structure

Horizontal part 
The proximal portion of the facial canal is termed the horizontal part. It commences at the introitus of facial canal at the distal end of the internal auditory meatus. The horizontal part is further subdivided into two crura: the proximal/medial anteriolaterally directed medial crus (or labyrinthine segment), and the distal/lateral posteriolaterally directed lateral crus (or tympanic segment); the two crura meet at a sharp angle at the genu of facial canal (geniculum canalis facialis) where the geniculate ganglion is situated (at the genu, the greater petrosal nerve leaves the facial canal through the hiatus of the facial canal).

Descending part 
The lateral crus of horizontal part ends by turning sharply inferior-ward, commencing the distal-most descending part (or mastoid segment) of facial canal which passes vertically inferior-ward, ending distally at the stylomastoid foramen. The descending part presents two openings through each of which a branch of the facial nerve passes: the nerve to stapedius enters the canaliculus for nerve to stapedius, and the chorda tympani enters the posterior canaliculus of chorda tympani (canaliculus chordae tympani, or iter chordae posterius).

Relations 
The labyrinthine segment is situated superior to cochlea.

The canal traverses the medial wall of the tympanic cavity superior to the oval window; here, the prominence of the facial canal (or prominence of the aqueduct of Fallopius) upon the medial wall indicates the position of the superior portion of the facial canal. The canal then curves nearly vertically inferior-ward along the posterior wall. The tympanic segment is closely related to the posterior and medial walls of the tympanic cavity; it passes superior to the oval window and inferior to the lateral semicircular canal.

Clinical significance 
The facial canal may be interrupted in some people. This may lead to the facial nerve being split into 2 or 3 fibres, or it may be poorly formed or congenitally absent on one side.

History 
The facial canal was first described by Gabriele Falloppio. This is why it may also be known as the Fallopian canal.

Gallery

See also 
 Facial nerve
 Prominence of the facial canal
 Hiatus of the facial canal

References 

Foramina of the skull
Ear
A Troubled Resting Place

A Troubled Resting Place (1996) is a compilation album by the American ambient musician Robert Rich. The first five tracks were originally released on multi-artist compilations. The sixth and final track is Rich’s 1994 mini-CD release Night Sky Replies.

In spite of the wide variety of sources of the material in this compilation, there is a constant style throughout the album. It consists of dark, turbulent  organic atmospheres.

Track listing
”The Simorgh Sleeps on Velvet Tongues” – 10:14
(Originally released on The Throne of Drones, 1995.)
”Calling by Stormlight” – 5:10
(Originally released on Twilight Earth II, 1995.)
”Buoyant on Motionless Deluge” – 8:00
(Originally released on Swarm of Drones, 1995.)
”Bioelectric Plasma” – 16:42
(Originally released on DeepNet, 1996.)
”Black Skies” – 5:19
(Originally released on The Promises of Silences, 1993)
”Night Sky Replies”
”A Ripple of Sand” – 3:22
”Night Spinning Inward” – 6:28
A Wheel Questions the Ground” – 7:10
”The Night Sky Replies” – 4:20
(Originally released on Night Sky Replies, 1994)

External links
Hearts of Space Records Album Page

Robert Rich (musician) albums
1996 compilation albums
Hearts of Space Records albums
Acoustic meatus

Acoustic meatus may refer to:
 Internal acoustic meatus (or internal auditory meatus)
 External acoustic meatus (or ear canal)
Liberty Belle

Liberty Belle may refer to:

Entertainment
Liberty Belle (film), a 1983 French film
"Liberty Belle" (song), a song by  Katastrophy Wife
"Liberty Belle" (Fontaines D.C. song), from their debut album, Dogrel
Liberty Belle and the Black Diamond Express, a 1986 music album by The Go-Betweens
Liberty Belle (comics), the name of three superheroes; two in DC Comics, one in Charlton Comics
Liberty Belle (GLOW), character in TV series

Other
Liberty Belle (aircraft), a former restored B-17 Flying Fortress, destroyed by an engine fire in June 2011
Liberty Belle, former name of a riverboat in the Gateway Clipper Fleet
Liberty Belle riverboat, a riverboat at Walt Disney World Resort  
USS Liberty Belle (IX-72), a 1910 experimental ship of the United States Navy during World War II
Philadelphia Liberty Belles, a football team of the Women's Football Alliance

See also
Liberty Bell (disambiguation)
The Dreams of Children

The Dreams of Children is the fourth studio album by new-age group Shadowfax, the third for Windham Hill Records.

Track listing
 "Another Country" (Chuck Greenberg) – 4:20
 "Snowline" (Greenberg) – 4:30
 "The Big Song" (David C. Lewis, G. E. Stinson) – 4:00
 "The Dreams of Children" (Greenberg) – 4:50
 "Word from the Village" (Stinson) – 4:40
 "Kindred Spirits" (Stinson) – 4:15
 "Shaman Song" (Phil Maggini) – 5:20
 "Above the Wailing Wall" (Stinson) – 4:50

Personnel
G. E. Stinson – 6- and 12-string guitar, effects vocals
Chuck Greenberg – Lyricon, tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, stone flute
Phil Maggini – bass
Stuart Nevitt – drums, percussion, boobams
Jamii Szmadzinski – violin, baritone violin
David C. Lewis – Yamaha DX7, Memorymoog, Steinway grand piano

Additional personnel
Morris Dollison – vocal on 5, guitar on 1
Michael Spiro – bàtá drums on 1, crotales on 1 2, caxixi on 1, bells on 2, chimes on 2
Hara Lambi A. – vocal on 8
Adam Rudolph – shekere on 5 7, talking drums on 5, clay pots on 7, caxixi on 7, turtle shell on 7, fra fra bell on 7 8, berimbau on 7, clay drums on 8, angklung on 8, cowbells on 8, rattles on 8

Charts

References 

Shadowfax (band) albums
1984 albums
Windham Hill Records albums
Auricular branch

Auricular branch (in Latin, "ramus auricularis") can refer to any one of several different structures having to do with the ear or hearing:
Nerves
The auricular branch of the vagus nerve - "ramus auricularis nervi vagi" (also known as the Alderman's nerve)
The auricular branch of the posterior auricular nerve - "ramus auricularis nervus auricularis posterioris"
Arteries
The auricular branch of the occipital artery - "ramus auricularis arteriae occipitalis"
The auricular branch of the posterior auricular artery - "ramus auricularis arteriae auricularis posterioris"
The anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery - "rami auriculares anteriores arteriae temporalis superficialis"
Salih Uyar

Salih Uyar is a citizen of Turkey who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba.  Salih Uyar was repatriated on April 18, 2005.

Casio watch

When the Department of Defense was forced to comply with US District Court Justice Jed Rakoff's court order to release the documents from the Guantanamo detainees's Combatant Status Review Tribunals Uyar's name came to light.'

One of the reasons he was detained was that he was captured wearing a Casio F91W digital watch.

Uyar asked his Tribunal: "If it's a crime to carry this watch, your own military personnel also carry this watch, too, Does that mean that they're just terrorists as well?"

On March 3, 2006, in response to a court order from Jed Rakoff the Department of Defense published a summarized transcript from his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

Press reports
On July 12, 2006 the magazine Mother Jones provided excerpts from the transcripts of a selection of the Guantanamo detainees.
The article informed readers:

More than a dozen detainees were cited for owning cheap digital watches, particularly "the infamous Casio watch of the type used by Al Qaeda members for bomb detonators."

The article quoted Uyar, and three other watch owners:

If it is a crime to carry this watch, your own military personnel also carry this watch. Does this mean they're just terrorists as well?

Determined not to have been an Enemy Combatant

According to The Washington Post'' Uyar was one of the detainees who was determined not to have been an "enemy combatant" after all.
They report that Uyar has been released.

References

External links
 The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (6) – Escape to Pakistan (Uyghurs and others) Andy Worthington

Living people
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
Turkish extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
1962 births
Betty Francisco

Betty Francisco (born Elizabeth Barton; September 26, 1900 – November 25, 1950) was an American silent-film actress, appearing primarily in supporting roles. Her sisters Evelyn and Margaret were also actresses.

Early years 
Francisco was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. As a child, she acted in stock theater companies. When she was older, she became an artists' model.

Career

Francisco is credited in more than 50 films from 1920 to 1934, after which it appears she retired from motion picture acting. Her first film credit was in the 1920 film A Broadway Cowboy.

Selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars in 1923, she nevertheless continued to be cast in secondary roles and rarely played the lead. She was often cast as the "other woman", as in Across the Continent (1922), Fair Play (1925), and The Spirit of Youth (1929). Her work included a wide range of genres; in 1923, for example, she was cast in the costume drama Ashes of Vengeance, the contemporary melodrama Flaming Youth, and the western Double Dealing. She is seen in the Harry Langdon comedy Long Pants (1927).

Her career continued into the sound era. She appears in some of the earliest movie musicals: Broadway (1929), Smiling Irish Eyes (1929), and Cecil B. DeMille's Madam Satan (1930). Her last film was Romance in the Rain (1934).

Personal life
In 1930, Francisco married Fred Spradling, a stock broker.

She died at her Corona ranch on November 25, 1950 at 50 years old and was interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery in Glendale, California.

Partial filmography

 A Broadway Cowboy (1920)
 The Furnace (1920)
 Greater Than Love (1921)
 Straight from Paris (1921)
 A Guilty Conscience (1921)
 Midsummer Madness (1921)
 Across the Continent (1922)
 Her Night of Nights (1922)
 Double Dealing (1923)
 Ashes of Vengeance (1923)
 The Old Fool (1923)
 Poor Men's Wives (1923)
 Crinoline and Romance (1923)
 Flaming Youth (1923)
 A Noise in Newboro (1923)
 The Love Piker (1923)
 Maytime (1923)
 Gambling Wives (1924)
 The Wife of the Centaur (1924)
 Big Timber (1924)
 East of Broadway (1924)
 On Probation (1924)
 How to Educate a Wife (1924)
 Jimmie's Millions (1925)
 Wasted Lives (1925)
 Fair Play (1925)
 Private Affairs (1925)
 Seven Keys to Baldpate (1925)
 Irene (1926)
 Don Juan's Three Nights (1926)
 The Phantom of the Forest (1926)
 The Gingham Girl (1927)
 Long Pants (1927)
 Too Many Crooks (1927)
 The Gay Retreat (1927)
Queen of the Chorus (1928)
 The Spirit of Youth (1929)
 Broadway (1929)
 Smiling Irish Eyes (1929)
 Street of Chance (1930)
 Madam Satan (1930)
 The Widow from Chicago (1930)
 Charlie Chan Carries On (1931)
 Romance in the Rain (1934)

References

External links

1900 births
1950 deaths
Actresses from Little Rock, Arkansas
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
WAMPAS Baby Stars
Keikavus

Keikavus () was the ruler of the Ziyarid dynasty from ca. 1050 to 1087. He was the son of Iskandar and grandson of Qabus. During his reign, he had little power, due to his status as a vassal to the Seljuqs. He is the celebrated author of the Qabus nama, a major work of Persian literature.

Biography 
Keikavus was born in 1021, during the reign of his uncle Manuchihr. In 1041/1042, the Seljuq Sultan Tughril conquered Tabaristan. He then appointed a Seljuq noble to govern the region, but let Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali keep his status as nominal ruler of those territories. During this period, Keikavus spent his time traveling around the Middle East; he stayed for eight years at Ghazni and even married a daughter of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud, who later bore him Gilanshah. Keikavus then took performed a pilgrimage to Mecca, where he afterwards traveled to the court of the Shaddadid emir Abu'l-Aswar Shavur at Ganja in Arran, and aided him in his invasion of Ani. In 1050, Anushirvan died, and was succeeded by Keikavus as the ruler of Tabaristan. Keikavus' long and peaceful reign certainly encouraged his domains to more cultural activities. Keikavus later died in 1087, and was succeeded by his son.

Qabus nama 
Keikavus was not only a ruler, but also a poet; in 1082, he wrote the Qabus nama, which he named after his grandfather Qabus. The book was written in Persian, the native language of Keikavus. The book contains forty-four chapters.

In the book, Keikavus recalls his noble origins. He tells about the genealogy of his father, saying that he was a descendant of Arghush Farhadan, the king of Gilan, who lived during the time of Kai Khosrow.

Keikavus states in the book, that the grandmother of his father, was descended from Sasanian king Khosrau I. He also states that his mother was a Ghaznavid princess, and that his great-grandmother of his father's side was the daughter of Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, a noble of Tabaristan and a relative of Makan ibn Kaki.

The first four chapters of the book tells about the creation of the world, and God's is religious duties. The fifth chapter is about duties towards parents. The next two deal with the cultivation of the mind and the power of speech. The next chapters talks about youth and old age; moderation in food; consumption of wine; chess and backgammon; love; the pleasures of life; having a hot bath; sleep and rest; hunting; polo; war; accumulation of wealth; trust in words; the purchase of slaves; the purchase of properties; the purchase of horses; marriage; children's education; the choice of friends; how to deal with enemies; forgiveness; punishment and favors; studies and legal functions; commercial law; medicine; astrology and mathematics; poetry; the art of minstrelsy; the service of kings; the qualities of a courtier, secretaries, viziers, generals and king; farming and agriculture; and finally about generosity.

In the book, Keikavus also says the following about his grandfather:

References

Sources

Further reading
 

Ziyarid dynasty
11th-century monarchs in Asia
11th-century Iranian people
11th-century Persian-language poets
1087 deaths
Tar Tunnel

The Tar Tunnel is an abandoned tunnel located on the north bank of the River Severn in the Ironbridge Gorge at Coalport, England. It is one of ten Ironbridge Gorge Museums attractions administered by the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust.

Miners struck a gushing spring of natural bitumen, a black treacle-like substance, when digging a canal tunnel for the Coalport Canal in 1787, or else digging a level in search of coal. The plan, proposed by William Reynolds, was to connect the canal alongside the River Severn to the lower galleries of the mines below the Blists Hill area. After digging around  into the hill the canal project was abandoned in favour of bitumen extraction.

The tunnel was a great curiosity in the eighteenth century and bitumen still oozes gently from the brick walls today.  Bitumen's chief commercial use at the time was to treat and weatherproof ropes and caulk wooden ships, but small amounts were processed and bottled as 'Betton's British Oil', a panacea remedy for rheumatism and scurvy. After the canal project was abandoned the Hay Inclined Plane was built instead, its base being alongside the canal basin.

In the past visitors were provided with hard hats and were able to enter the first  of the brick-lined tunnel as far as an iron gate. Electric lighting is provided. Due to a build up of gas in the tunnel, it is unsafe to enter but visitors can still get a view along part of its length from the entrance.

References

 www.shropshiretourism.info - Coalport Tar Tunnel

External links

 Tar Tunnel at Ironbridge Gorge Museums
 Pictures inside the Tar Tunnel

1787 establishments in England
Museums in Shropshire
Industry museums in England
Archaeological museums in England
Industrial archaeological sites in Shropshire
Tourist attractions in Shropshire
History of Shropshire
Tunnels in Shropshire
Ironbridge Gorge
Underground mines in England
Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust
Tunnels completed in 1787
Disused tunnels
Julius Marinus

Julius Marinus was the father of Roman Emperor Philip the Arab and Philip's brother Gaius Julius Priscus.

Life
He was deified by his son. Scholar Pat Southern writes that this deification was unusual because Marinus was not an emperor, but it gave Philip's reign more legitimacy.

He was a Roman citizen from what is today Shahba, about  southeast of Damascus; in the Trachonitis district and then in the Roman province of Arabia.

In life Marinus was possibly of some importance. By descent from Marinus, Philip held Roman citizenship.

References

3rd-century Romans
3rd-century Arab people
3rd-century Asian people
Deified ancient Roman men
Marinus, Julius
Philip the Arab
Christoph Schaffrath

Christoph Schaffrath (1709 in Hohnstein  7 February 1763 in Berlin) was a German musician and composer of the late Baroque to Classical transition era.

Career
Schaffrath was born in Hohnstein.  He applied to be organist at the Sophienkirche in Dresden, but did not receive this position (Wilhelm Friedemann Bach was favoured for it). He did serve in the court of the Crown Prince Frederick (Frederick the Great) as a harpsichordist in the orchestra. From 1741, however, he was strictly the musician to the King's sister, Amalia.

As a composer Schaffrath limited himself to instrumental music including symphonies, keyboard pieces, sonatas and concertos. Schaffrath's music can be considered transitional, including pieces which are stylistically galant (between the Baroque and the Classical). The majority of his works may now be found in the state library in Berlin.

He composed many types of music. He was most notable for overtures, symphonies, harpsichord concerti, quartets, trios, duets for a solo instrument and obbligato harpsichord, and sonatas for harpsichord.

External links

1709 births
1763 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century German people
German Baroque composers
German Classical-period composers
People from Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
German male classical composers
18th-century German composers
18th-century German male musicians
Rosie Bonds

Rosie Bonds Kreidler (born July 7, 1944) competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics for the United States in the Women's 80 metre hurdles. She finished in 1st place in the fourth heat of the first round (10.6 seconds), in 4th place in the first semifinal (10.8 seconds), and in 8th place in the final race (10.8 seconds) after crashing the second hurdle. After retiring from athletics two years later, she started a career in nursing.

She is the sister of Bobby Bonds and the aunt of Barry Bonds, Ricky Bonds and Bobby Bonds Jr.

In May 1973, Kreidler was arrested on suspicion of murdering a Wilmington, Los Angeles tavern owner. She was held for six days without being charged. She subsequently sued the city for wrongful arrest.

In 2002, the automobile in which she was traveling was rammed by a tractor-trailer, breaking her neck, back and ribs. The injury prevented her from continuing her work as a nurse. When her insurance stopped paying for physical therapy in 2005, Kreidler lived in her car and in the St. Mary's Center homeless shelter. She said she was too proud to ask family members for help. She then became an advocate for better care for seniors in Alameda County.

References

External links
Bonds' aunt clearing life's hurdles

1944 births
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Living people
American female hurdlers
Track and field athletes from California
21st-century American women
African-American female track and field athletes
Honey Barbara

Honey Barbara is an American rock band from San Antonio, Texas.

Overview
The band is characterised by its distinctive sound. In reviews, its music has been described as progressive, moody, atmospheric and hypnotic. Combining this with its ethnic sound, the band could be regarded as a prime example of neo-psychedelica. The band's music has been released by the Emigre type foundry; the album I-10 & W. AVE. was part of issue 60 of the Emigre magazine, along with a magazine featuring typographic projects.

Honey Barbara “Wave Grass” (Gifted Amateur Recordings) released 11 May 2015.

The album "Wave Grass" finds the band Honey Barbara exploring a mix of pure instrumentals with a sprinkling of tracks that feature vocals.

The surprisingly close, tactile-and, then again dynamic-nature of the acoustic and electric instrumentation resonates well with wholesome sounds and deja-vu-like reverberations that reveal here a country, or there a psychedelic accent all woven in together.

Core members James Sidlo (guitars, etc.), Ross Marlow (vocals, keyboards), and Terry Orff (bass) are joined by Dan Tellez (formerly of Aqua Pedestrian) on guitar and Robert Potter (formerly of Pulsating Love Flower) on drums.

Additional musicians, as well, join the band on various tracks to further extend the album's sound.

Band members on "Reveries"
Current band members:
James H. Sidlo: electric and acoustic stringed instruments.
Ross Marlow: vocals, keyboards, bass and percussion
Terrence Orff: bass guitar
Dan Tellez: electric and acoustic guitars
Robert Potter: drums and percussion
Don Stewart: percussion

Band members on "Wave Grass"
Current band members:
James H. Sidlo: electric and acoustic stringed instruments.
Ross Marlow: vocals, keyboards, bass and percussion
Terrence Orff: bass guitar
Dan Tellez: electric and acoustic guitars
Robert Potter: drums and percussion

Past and present band members are:
James H. Sidlo: rhythm, lead, bass guitars and violin
Ross Marlow: vocals, guitar, keyboards and drum "de-programming"
Terrence Orff: bass guitar and guitars
Lisa Christine Kuehl: drums and other percussion
Lupe Ann Wilburn: bass guitar and violin

Discography

Albums
 FeedLotLoopHole (Emigre Records, 1993)
 I-10 & W. AVE. (Emigre, 2001)
 Wave Grass (Gifted Amateur Recordings 2015)
 “Reveries” (Gifted Amateur Recordings 2020)

Tracks also appear on Emigre music sampler releases.

References

External links
James Sidlo's website, includes an interview
Emigre issue 60, with information on I-10 & W. AVE.
A detailed review of I-10 & W. AVE.
The Muse's review of I-10 & W. AVE.

Rock music groups from Texas
Musical groups from San Antonio
Frank Chamberlin

Frank Jacob Chamberlin (January 2, 1978 – November 17, 2013) was an American football linebacker. Chamberlin attended Mahwah High School, in Mahwah, New Jersey. He was a four-year letterman and two-year starter for Boston College who made 126 tackles as a senior, earning second-team All-Big East honors.  He also won the team's Scanlan Award, the highest honor for a B.C. football player.  

Chamberlin was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the fifth round (160th overall) of the 2000 NFL Draft. He played in 43 games for the Titans from 2000 to 2002. He later played for the Cincinnati Bengals (2003) and Houston Texans (2005). He played a total of 57 games in the NFL, making a total of 45 combined tackles, one sack and two forced fumbles. He died on November 17, 2013, aged 35, after a year-long battle against brain cancer.

References

External links
NFL Player profile
ESPN.com profile

1978 births
2013 deaths
Mahwah High School alumni
People from Mahwah, New Jersey
Players of American football from Los Angeles County, California
American football linebackers
Tennessee Titans players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Houston Texans players
Boston College Eagles football players
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Players of American football from New Jersey
Mastoid canaliculus

In the lateral part of the jugular fossa of the temporal bone is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve.

Additional images

References

External links
 

Foramina of the skull
Souf

Souf (سوف) is a town in Jerash Governorate, Jordan, set over a series of mountains at an altitude of 1,000 meters. Souf is situated 35 miles north of Amman, the capital of Jordan. The total population of Souf exceeds 14,000 people, while it covers a wide area of agricultural land, considered the widest in Jerash.

For many centuries, Souf was the centre of al-Meradh region; which has been called المعراض in Arabic, because it defeated Bedouins used to attack on north Jordan during the 19th century. Later, this region was the base for the governorate of Jerash which was created according to the kingdom's new administrative divisions. A number of villages are considered an extension of the old town of Souf including: Kufr Khall, Balila, Thughretasfour, Jaba, Zagreet, Majar, and Megbleh. Recently, Souf has been attached to greater city of Jerash due to its proximity to the new city.

People

Some Natives of Souf live in the city of Jerash and comprise small minorities in Amman and Irbid.  During the last century, some Soufanian individuals have emigrated to the Arabian Peninsula, Europe and to the United States.

The main profession in Souf was agriculture for centuries, but during the last decades, a growing number of people are working in higher education, government, the military and business.

Traditions 

The women in Souf (Muslims, and Christians) used to wear a long black dress embroidered with colourful stripes called "The Costume" or Eshorsheh Essoufaniieh  or Soufanian Dress. The dress has a unique design that reflect the special identity of Souf.

The men used to wear a special type of robe which comes in two forms: an open style called Maznook which is tightened to the body using a leather belt, and a closed style called Doshdash.  They also wear a special type of wide trousers called Serwal, and a head cover comes in white and red called Kufeiieh, Hattah or Selk which is fixed to the head using a black headband called Eqall.  In special celebrations and ceremonies they wear a special type of cloak made of camel hair called Abaah comes in black, brown or beige. The costume is found in other regions in the north of Jordan with slight differences depending on the place.

Agriculture 

Al-Magasel () is located in Souf.  A wide range of fruits is grown in Souf, including olives, grapes, figs, peaches, pears, plums, apples, apricots, almonds, and cherries.  Beside the irrigated lands in Souf valley, there is a wide area of non-irrigated lands scattered over a number of hills and mountains which depend on seasonal rains. Locales include Manarah, Koom, Mrab'ah, Sabatah, Sahlat, Fanadeg, Mansoura, and Wadi Warran.

References

Populated places in Jerash Governorate
Troy Evans (American football)

Troy Evans (born December 3, 1977) is an American football linebacker and special teams.  Evans previously played for the St. Louis Rams, Houston Texans, and New Orleans Saints, winning a Super Bowl ring with the Saints in 2009 against the Indianapolis Colts.

High school career
Born in Bay City, Michigan, Evans moved to Cincinnati, Ohio when he was 11, and attended Lakota High School in West Chester Township, north of Cincinnati, where he won All-State honors in both football and basketball.

College career
Evans was a four-year letterman and two-year starter at outside linebacker for the University of Cincinnati. As a senior, he was a second-team All-Conference USA selection and posted 4.5 sacks and 107 tackles. As a junior, he made 96 tackles.  He graduated from Cincinnati in 2000 with a business finance degree.

Professional career
Signed as an undrafted free agent, Evans played on the practice squad of the 2001-2002 St. Louis Rams, who lost Super Bowl XXXVI to the New England Patriots.

The following year, Evans was signed as free agent by the Texans. He remained with the team until the 2007 season, when he signed a two-year deal with the New Orleans Saints. He has been used as a special teams player during his career.  Evans was selected as Saints special teams captain in 2008 and 2009.  As one of the Saints' team captains, Evans was the player who called the pregame coin toss before the Saints' victory in Super Bowl XLIV.

The Saints released Evans on August 24, 2010.

In June 2011, Evans told his home town school board that he was starting a private school bus service for students who were losing their school service due to budget cuts.

References

External links
 New Orleans Saints bio page

1977 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Cincinnati Bearcats football players
St. Louis Rams players
Houston Texans players
New Orleans Saints players
People from Bay County, Michigan
St. Laurent (grape)

St. Laurent (also Saint Laurent, or Sankt Laurent in German) is a highly aromatic dark-skinned wine grape variety grown in cool climate regions of central Europe, mainly Austria and the Czech Republic. Its origin is uncertain, but the long-held belief that it is related to Pinot noir has been confirmed by DNA analysis, which shows it is an offspring of Pinot noir and a second parent, possibly Savagnin.

St. Laurent is the second-most widely planted red grape variety in the Czechia, grown in all wine subregions in both Moravia and Bohemia. It comprises approximately 6% of total vineyards, or .

In Austria, St. Laurent is the third most popular red grape variety and is primarily grown in Lower Austria and Burgenland. In 2008, Austrian plantations stood at , and have expanded in the 2000s as a part of general red wine trend in Austria, after having declined somewhat during the 1990s.

Offspring
 Zweigelt was created in 1922 by Fritz Zweigelt by crossing Blaufränkisch and St. Laurent.

 André was bred in 1960 by J. Horák by crossing St. Laurent and Blaufränkisch, and entered into the Czech State Register of Grape Varieties in 1980.
 Neronet is (St. Laurent x Blauer Portugieser) x (Alicante Bouschet x Cabernet Sauvignon), where Alicante Bouschet x Cabernet Sauvignon was given the name Alibernet.
 Rondo is Zarya Severa x St. Laurent. It was initially labelled Gm 6494-5, as it was number 5 in a series of similar crosses. Other members of the Gm 6494 population were used to create Bronner, Baron, Cabernet Carbon, Prior and Souvignier gris.

Synonyms
St. Laurent is known under the following synonyms: Blauer Saint Laurent, Chvartser, Laourentstraoube, Laurenzitraube, Laurenztraube, Lorentstraube, Lorenztraube, Lovrenac Crni, Lovrijenac, Lovrijenac Crni, Saint Laurent noir, Saint Lorentz, Sankt Laurent, Sankt Lorenztraube, Sant Lorentz, Schwarzer, Schwarzer Lorenztraube, Sent Laourent, Sent Lovrenka, Sentlovrenka, Shentlovrenka, Shvartser, St. Laurent, Svati Vavrinetz, Svatovavřinecké, Svatovavrinetske, Svatovavrinetzke, Svätovavrinecké, Svaty Vavrinec, Szent Lőrinc, Szent Lőrinczi, Szent Loerine, Szentlőrinc, Vavrinak

References

Further reading
 
 
 

Kaj Björk (2014) "Alla dessa druvor" 

Red wine grape varieties
Czech wine
Austrian wine
Hola

Hola (Spanish for "hello" or "hi") or HOLA may refer to:

Places
 Hola, Kenya, a capital of the Tana River county

Art and entertainment
 Hola/Chau, a double-live album by Los Fabulosos Cadillacs
 ¡Hola!, a weekly Spanish-language magazine
 Hola (card game), a Polish and Ukrainian trick-taking game related to Sedma 
 "Hola", a song by Miranda! from El Disco de Tu Corazón
 "Hola!", a song by Panda from La Revancha Del Príncipe Charro

Other uses
 Hola (VPN), a web and mobile application
 holA, a bacterial gene
 Hola Airlines, a Spanish airline based in Palma de Mallorca, Majorca
 Cyclone Hola, a strong tropical cyclone of the Pacific
 Hola Mohalla, a Sikh festival 
 Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors, a not-for-profit, arts service and advocacy organization

Surname
 Holá, feminine form of the Czech surname Holý
 Jindra Holá (born 1960), Czech ice dancer
 Peter Hola (born 1999), Australian-New Zealand rugby league footballer
 Pierre Hola (born 1978), Tongan rugby union footballer

See also
 
 Holla (disambiguation)
 Hola Hola (disambiguation)