alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Scaled sculpin

The scaled sculpins, Icelus, are a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. Most of the fishes in this genus are found in the northern Pacific Ocean but they also occur in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Taxonomy
The scaled sculpin genus, Icelus was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1845 by the Danish zoologist Henrik Nikolai Krøyer when he described Icelus hamatus as a new species from Belsund in Spitsbergen. L. hamatus has since been determined to be  synonym of Cottus bicornis, which had been described by Johan Reinhardt in 1840 from East Greenland. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Artediellus within the subfamily Cottinae of the family Cottidae, however, other authors classify the genus within the subfamily Icelinae of the family Psychrolutidae. Previously this genus was classified as the only genus in the family Icelidae which was proposed in 1923 by David Starr Jordan.

Etymology
The scaled sculpin genus name, Icelus, is the name of one of the sons of Hypnus, a Greek god of sleep and is a reference to the sluggish movements of many northern sculpin species.

Species 
The 17 recognised species in this genus are:
 Icelus armatus (P. J. Schmidt, 1916)
 Icelus bicornis (J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1840) (twohorn sculpin)
 Icelus canaliculatus C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (blacknose sculpin)
 Icelus cataphractus (Pavlenko, 1910)
 Icelus ecornis Tsutsui & Yabe, 1996
 Icelus euryops Bean, 1890
 Icelus gilberti Taranetz, 1936
 Icelus hypselopterus Fukuzawa, Mori, Matsuzaki & Kai, 2022
 Icelus mandibularis Yabe, 1983
 Icelus ochotensis P. J. Schmidt, 1927
 Icelus perminovi Taranetz, 1936 (scaly-belly sculpin)
 Icelus rastrinoides Taranetz, 1936
 Icelus sekii Tsuruoka, Munehara & Yabe, 2006
 Icelus spatula C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912 (spatulate sculpin)
 Icelus spiniger C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (thorny sculpin)
 Icelus stenosomus Andriashev, 1937
 Icelus toyamensis (Matsubara & Iwai, 1951)
 Icelus uncinalis C. H. Gilbert & Burke, 1912

Characteristics
Scaled sculpins are characterised by having a single row of large, spiny plate-like scales underneath the dorsal fins, having spinous tube-like scales on the lateral line, they have scales on the axil of the pectoral fins as well as on the upper part of the eye. They also have a spine or bump on the nuchal bone. These fishes vary in size from the smallest, I. sekii, with a maximum published standard length of , to the largest, I. cataphractus, which has a maximum published total length of .

Distribution
Scaled sculpins are mainly Pacific species, 16 of the 18 species being found in the North Pacific Ocean, with 2 species, the twohorn sculpin (I. bicornis) and the spatulate sculpin (I. spatula) being found in the Atlantic Ocean, the latter also being found in teh Arctic Ocean.

References

Cottinae
 
Taxa named by Henrik Nikolai Krøyer
Rookwood railway station, Sydney

Rookwood was a railway station on Sydney's Main Suburban railway line, which served the Rookwood Cemetery. The station was located between the bridge over Arthur street and the westernmost junction of the Flemington rail yard. It consisted of two single faced platforms, one on the up suburban line and the other on the down suburban line. The adjacent stations were Lidcombe and Flemington.

History
The station opened as Necropolis sometime before 1887. Its name was changed to Rookwood on 1 January 1914. It was closed in 1967.

References

Disused railway stations in Sydney
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1887
Railway stations closed in 1967
1967 disestablishments in Australia
National Workers' Union (Dominica)

The National Workers' Union  is a trade union in Dominica.  It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

References

Trade unions in Dominica
International Trade Union Confederation
Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union

The Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union (WAWU) is a trade union in Dominica.  It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

References

Trade unions in Dominica
International Trade Union Confederation
Port workers' trade unions
Lists of Muslim scientists and scholars

Lists of Muslim scientists and scholars cover scientists and scholars who were active in the Islamic world before the modern era. They include:
List of scientists in medieval Islamic world
List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
List of Muslim Nobel laureates

Scientists and scholars
Lists of religious people lists
Arechis I of Benevento

Arechis I (also Arigis, Aretchis, ) was the second duke of Benevento from 591 to his death in 641, a reign of half a century.

He was from Friuli and was a relative of the dukes there. He was appointed by King Agilulf in the spring of 591, after Dukes Zotto's death; he was possibly Zotto's nephew. Arechis was practically independent because his duchy was separated from northern Italy by a stretch of Byzantine territory.

He conquered Capua and Venafro in the Campania and areas of the Basilicata and Calabria.  He failed to take Naples after a siege (Zotto had failed likewise), but he took Salerno by the late 620s. He spent the last years of his reign establishing good relations with the Roman Catholics of his duchy.  On his death, having survived many a king, his independence was assured and, depsite his recommendation of his adopted sons Radoald and Grimoald, his domain passed to his son Aiulf.

References

641 deaths
Arechis 1
Lombard warriors
7th-century Lombard people
6th-century monarchs in Europe
7th-century dukes in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Macdonald Tobacco

The Macdonald Tobacco Company (initially called McDonald Brothers and Co.), founded in 1858 by William Christopher Macdonald and his brother Augustine, converted tobacco leaf from southern U.S. suppliers to pipe and chewing tobacco in Montreal. After several acquisitions, it is now known as Japan Tobacco International (JTI), which manages flagship brands such as Benson & Hedges, Camel, Glamour, LD, Mevius, Natural American Spirit, Silk Cut, Sobranie, and Winston.

History 
The Macdonald Tobacco Company was founded in 1858 by William Christopher Macdonald and his brother Augustine. While the use of tobacco products was growing in popularity, the American Civil War afforded the fledgling company an opportunity that brought enormous financial success leading to Macdonald Brothers, emerging the preeminent tobacco company in the field in Canada. Since the northern U.S. faced a tobacco shortage due to the Civil War conflict (tobacco growers were located in the south), MacDonald Tobacco, a Canadian company, bought tobacco leaf from the Southern United States and transported it via ocean cargo vessels to Montreal. MacDonald Tobacco further processed it into a finished product, then selling to the northern U.S. tobacco-starved market.

By the early 1870s, the company acquired over 500 employees. During this period, William Macdonald bought out his brother's stock position.

Deeply proud of his Scottish heritage, William C. Macdonald imprinted a Scottish Lass on the product packaging for nearly a century. Macdonald actually disliked tobacco, and upon his death in 1917, he bequeathed his company to Walter and Howard Stewart, the two sons of company manager David Stewart. Walter Stewart, now president, replaced pipe tobacco with "roll your own" cigarettes. In 1922, packaged cigarette production was added, quickly becoming the mainstay of the business. During the 1960s, David M. Stewart (1920–1984), expanded the business into the manufacturing of cigars.

The Macdonald Tobacco company remained in the Stewart family until 1974 when David M. Stewart sold it to the American tobacco giant R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company who, in light of the uncertainty created by the Quebec sovereignty movement, relocated the head office to Toronto, Ontario.  Most of those assets were later purchased by Japan Tobacco.

References

Tobacco companies of Canada
Defunct manufacturing companies of Canada
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
Japan Tobacco
Companies based in Montreal
Centre-Sud
LE

LE or le may refer to:

Businesses

 Le.com (Leshi Internet or Le), a Chinese technology company
 LeEco (Leshi Technology or LE), a former Chinese technology company

Government and military
 Law enforcement, umbrella term for police, courts and prisons
 French Foreign Legion ()

People
 Lê (surname), a Vietnamese surname
 Le (surname), the romanization of several Chinese surnames
 Lê (footballer, born 1964), Ronaldo Francisco Lucato, Brazilian midfielder
 Lê (footballer, born 1979), Leandro Cesar de Sousa, Brazilian defensive midfielder
 Lê (footballer, born 1984), Leonardo Hermes Lau, Brazilian attacking midfielder
 LE (rapper) (born 1991), South Korean music artist and dancer

Places
 LE postcode area, Leicester, United Kingdom
 Province of Lecce (ISO 3166-2:IT code LE), Italy
 London Eye, a ferris wheel on the Thames

Science and technology

Chemistry and physics
 Lattice energy, the energy of formation of a crystal from infinitely-separated ions
 Lewis number, a dimensionless number ratio in physics
 Ligand efficiency, a measure of the binding energy of a ligand to its binding partner

Computing
 Linear Executable, an OS/2 file format
 LE (text editor), a simple text editor for unix-like operating systems
 Let's Encrypt, a non-profit certification authority
 Little-endian, a system that stores the least-significant byte at the smallest address

Other uses in science
 Lunar eclipse, in astronomy
 Lupus erythematosus, autoimmune diseases

Transportation
 Abellio Greater Anglia (National Rail code: LE), a British train operating company
 Level (airline) (IATA designation: LE)
 Limited edition, a naming designator for automobiles
 Long Éireannach (LÉ), ship prefix for Irish naval vessels
 Luxury edition, another naming designator for high-end automobiles

Other uses
 Egyptian pound (), the currency of Egypt
 Le, a la♯ musical note in the solfège solmization

See also

 Lee (disambiguation)
 Leah (disambiguation)
 Leh (disambiguation)
Kumiko Takizawa

was a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan.

Filmography

Anime
Makiko Shikishima in Tetsujin 28-go (1980)
Midori Kurenai in Hell Girl
Hazuki's Grandmother in Ojamajo Doremi
Sawako Sawanoguchi in Magic User's Club (TV)
Grandis Granva in Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water
"Medusa no kimi" Katsuragi in Oniisama e...
Amia in The Ultraman
Akemi Tamano in Wedding Peach
Dunfin in The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Kurama's Mother in Yu Yu Hakusho
Ayame Sujita in Mirai Robo Daltanious

Dubbing
 Gizmo in Gremlins (Japanese dub)
 Newt in Aliens (1988 Japanese dub)
 Annabelle in All Dogs Go to Heaven (Japanese dub)
 Missy in Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey (Japanese dub)
 Nora Carpenter in Final Destination 2 (Japanese dub)
 Frigga in Thor (Japanese dub)
 Frigga in Avengers: Endgame (Japanese dub)
 Tania in Enter the Dragon (Japanese dub)
 Ellis Grey in Grey's Anatomy (Japanese dub)

References

External links
 Kumiko Takizawa at Ryu's Seiyuu Infos
 

1952 births
2022 deaths
Voice actresses from Tokyo
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
81 Produce voice actors
Central General de Trabajadores (Dominican Republic)

The Central General de Trabajadores (CGT) is a trade union centre in the Dominican Republic.  It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

References

Trade unions in the Dominican Republic
International Trade Union Confederation
Save Each Other, the Whales Are Doing Fine

Save Each Other, the Whales Are Doing Fine is the debut studio album by American rock band Patent Pending. The original name of the CD was Save The Children, The Whales Are Doing Fine, but it was changed due to a threat to sue by the Save the Children Foundation. The title reflects the environmental concept of save the whales. Because the band didn't have the budget to fight their case in court, they were forced to change the name. Because of the changing of the name, and a few other minor legal and technical issues, the CD/DVD was pushed back one month. It came out on June 6, instead of May 9.

The CD was released with a bonus DVD which was filmed on January 13, 2006 at Alley Katz in Richmond, Virginia with some portions filmed on February 24, 2006 at Calvary Lutheran Church in East Meadow, New York.

Song changes
Some song names were changed from their previous state when they were put on this CD.
This Can't Happen Again was originally called Robert Ragosta Is a Sellout.
The L-Town Shakedown was originally called Levittown Is For Lovers.
Lights Out In Mississippi was originally called Vegas Baby, Vegas.
Mississippi Reprise was originally called Vegas Reprise.

Album credits
Michael Ragosta - Vocals
Joe Ragosta - Guitar, Vocals
Drew Buffardi - Bass
Anthony Mingoia - Drums
Brad Blackwood - Mastering 
Joshua Dicker - Vocals, Guitar, Songwriting
Joe Pedulla - Mastering, Production 
Justin Borucki - Photography  
Melissa Cross - Vocal Coach  
Andrew Everding - Percussion, Vocals  
Erin Farley - Bass, Guitar, Vocals, Engineer, Production Assistant  
Benny Horowitz - Vocals  
Joe Pedulla - Engineer  
Robert Ragosta - Vocals, Guitar
Tucker Rule - Percussion, Vocals  
John Fell Ryan - Sax (Tenor/Baritone)
Jon Degen - Sax (Tenor)
Nick Fox - Trombone (Tenor) 
Kyle Evan Zwyer - Trumpet
Dan 1- Trombone (Tenor)
Jeremy Stein (Guitar)

Track listing
Los Angeles  – 3:29
This Can't Happen Again  – 2:50
Decemberween  – 4:28
Lights Out In Mississippi  – 2:34
Demo for Dayna  – 4:24
Cheer Up Emo Kid  – 2:51
Old And Out of Tune  – 3:03
Samantha the Great  – 3:43
Sleep Well My Angel  – 2:43
The Safety of Sleeping In  – 2:47
The L-Town Shakedown  – 3:43
The June Spirit  – 3:32 
Bonus Tracks:
30 Seconds of Silence (Bonus Track)  – 0:31
Mississippi Reprise (Bonus Track)  – 0:40
Robert Ragosta Is a Ringtone (Bonus Track)  – 1:03

Trivia
The song title "Decemberween" is referring to a fictional holiday celebrated on www.homestarrunner.com
The bonus track "Robert Ragosta is a Ringtone" is a ringtone version of "This Can't Happen Again," without the lyrics.
The song "Cheer Up Emo Kid" is a new version, rerecorded without the saxophone.
During the band's legal battle with We Put Out Records, the album stopped being printed, causing the band to have no copies to sell on previous tours and currently. The record can still be purchased through certain retailers, and is available digitally.

References

2006 albums
Patent Pending (band) albums
Laddie Gale

Lauren "Laddie" Gale (April 22, 1917 – July 29, 1996) was an American collegiate and professional basketball player.

NCAA championship
A native of Oakridge, Oregon, the 6'4" Gale played forward for the University of Oregon under head coach Howard Hobson. He was the second-tallest player (behind 6'8" Urgel "Slim" Wintermute) on the team, which was dubbed "The Tall Firs."

Gale led the Ducks in scoring in 1938 and 1939, earning All-Pacific Coast Conference honors in each season. In 1939, Gale led the Ducks to a national championship in the first-ever Division I men's basketball tournament.

Professional career and later years
After graduation, Gale played professionally in 1939 and 1940 for the Detroit Eagles of the National Basketball League. He left the Eagles in to serve in World War II, reportedly after being the first Oregon draftee selected by lottery. After the war, he played on several semi-pro teams and retired from basketball in 1949.

He died in Gold Beach, Oregon on July 29, 1996.

Halls of Fame
For his stellar collegiate play, for being the first college player regularly to employ a one-handed shot, and for helping to popularize the sport of basketball in the American West, Gale was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1977 and was an inaugural inductee of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1980. He is also a member of the University of Oregon Hall of Fame.

References

External links
 

1917 births
1996 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
Basketball players from Oregon
American men's basketball players
Detroit Eagles players
Forwards (basketball)
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Oregon Ducks men's basketball players
People from Oakridge, Oregon
American military personnel of World War II
Come Give Your Love to Me

"Come Give Your Love to Me" is the second single from Janet Jackson's self-titled debut album Janet Jackson (1982). The song was written by Glen Barbee and Charmaine Sylvers.

It peaked at number fifty-eight on the U.S. pop chart, seventeen on the R&B chart, and thirty on the dance chart. Following Janet's breakthrough in 1986 with the album Control, the song was included as a b-side on the 1986 single "When I Think of You".

Critical reception
Billboard called it "a lean rock number in the electronic new-music style, sparsely arranged."

Live performances
Other than a few television appearances at the time of its release. To date, Jackson has never performed the song on any of her tours.

Charts

References 

1983 singles
Janet Jackson songs
1982 songs
A&M Records singles
Rookwood Cemetery railway line

The Rookwood Cemetery Line used to be a part of the Sydney suburban network. The line serviced Rookwood Cemetery and was built in 1864, opening on 22 October 1864.<ref
name="list_of_openings">List of Opening Dates of N.S.W. Rail Lines Prior to June 1942: Compiled from listings in The Retired Rail and Tramwayman, 1942</ref>

History

With the closure of the Town Hall and Devonshire Cemeteries by the mid-19th century and an ever-increasing population, a decision was made to purchase a huge area of land (250 acres) in 1862 to establish the Necropolis at Haslem's Creek in 1867. The term "necropolis" comes from the Greek "nekropolis" or "city of the dead".

As this location was some distance from the centre of Sydney and from the main-line train station at Haslem's Creek, now Lidcombe station, it was considered necessary to establish a railway station at the centre of the cemetery. This line would run as a spur line from the existing station at Haslem's creek and allow easier movement into and out of the cemetery.  The railway line construction began in November 1864 and from 1 January 1865 trains began their run into the cemetery.  However, The Sydney Morning Herald advertised the first regular services from 1 April 1867. The times advertised were for services at 8.30am and 4.15pm. Later this was changed to 9.15am and 3pm. It stopped at prearranged stations on the journey from central Sydney in order to pick up mourners and coffins. Some stations, such as Newtown had special platform areas and buildings reserved for mourners and coffins.

At the time of its opening, the line went as far as Cemetery Station No. 1. On 26 May 1897, an extension of the line to Cemetery Station No. 3 was opened. The extension required the removal of a waiting room on the rear wall of the Cemetery Station No. 1, so the line could pass right through the building. A final extension, to Cemetery Station No. 4 opened on 19 June 1908. The line closed in 1948.

Closure

The last trains that ran funeral processions all but ceased in the late 1930s. Following this, they were only used for visitors on Sundays and Mother's Day. The service was briefly revived during World War II during petrol rationing. The last railway timetable was recorded in 1947 and read Sydney 2.17 p.m. to Strathfield 2.33 p.m. to Rookwood #1, 2.50 p.m.

On 3 April 1948, the service was officially terminated while the spur was recorded as closed on 29 December 1948. The tracks remained until the 1980s, with the line used to transport stonework.

Rookwood Cemetery line stations 
Station names are based on the current name of the station, or the name of the station when it was closed.
 Regent Street
 Cemetery Station No. 1
 Cemetery Station No. 2
 Cemetery Station No. 3
 Cemetery Station No. 4

References

Further reading 
 The Rookwood Cemetery Line Singleton, C.C. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, February 1960 pp. 17–28

External links
 Rookwood Cemetery line in OpenStreetMap.

Closed railway lines in Sydney
Standard gauge railways in Australia
Railway lines opened in 1864
Railway lines closed in 1948
Redfield College (South Dakota)

Redfield College was an institution of higher learning located in Redfield, South Dakota. The college was sponsored by the "Northern Association of Congregational Churches," an alliance of Congregational groups in the north-central area of South Dakota. Redfield College opened in  and graduated its first class in 1894.

History
The first Redfield College classes were held in the town's Congregational Church, but the school soon purchased an old hotel building located in a nearby town, and moved the structure to Redfield to house the college. That building partially burned in 1896, and was reconstructed at a cost of $25,000. Ultimately the campus included two major buildings—a main building which included a library, kitchen, reading room and dormitory; and a gymnasium which also included laboratory, music, and classroom space. A nearby boarding house provided accommodations for female students.

Redfield College offered both high school and college classes, and in addition to an academic curriculum offered classes in teacher training, business, music, and theology. By 1904 the school had an enrollment of 166 students. One of them was Grace Ingalls, the youngest sister of author Laura Ingalls Wilder (Little House on the Prairie).

The school later encountered financial difficulties, however, and by 1928 its future was clearly threatened.  A $50,000 fundraising program was announced that year, but the effort proved futile, and the school was permanently closed in .  Redfield's theology program was transferred to Yankton College at that time. In 1934, the school's campus was converted into a home for elderly and indigent members of the Order of the Eastern Star, and the buildings served in that capacity until 1975. Eventually, the structures were razed.

College records (correspondence) from 1913–1933 are held by the South Dakota Conference of the United Church of Christ Archives at Augustana University in Sioux Falls.

References

External links
 City of Redfield, South Dakota

Defunct private universities and colleges in South Dakota
Educational institutions established in 1887
Schools in Spink County, South Dakota
Educational institutions disestablished in 1932
1887 establishments in Dakota Territory
Out of Gas (video game)

Out of Gas is a 1992 action game developed by Realtime Associates for the Game Boy.

Gameplay
In this video game, the player's spaceship is out of gas. Eric and his unnamed girlfriend need to stop on certain tiles in order to refuel so they can return home from their date in outer space. This gas allows the celestial cruise to regain full power. However, these gas tanks must be collected in the proper numerical order or they cannot be used, similar to the gameplay found on the NES version of Fun House.

Shooting signs in a certain order is sometimes required to clear a level. Enemy tanks will also fire laser weapons from their sprinkler guns directly at the player; causing them to wildly evade them in order to escape destruction. There are 64 levels in this game to find gasoline and the game balances a mixture of space explorating, galactic action and cerebral puzzles.

Passwords allow players to resume the action at any time.

Reception
Allgame gave this video game a rating of 2.5 out of 5.

External links

Out of Gas at GameFAQs
Out of Gas at IGN

1992 video games
Action games
Game Boy-only games
North America-exclusive video games
Realtime Associates games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in outer space
Game Boy games
Aiulf I of Benevento

Aiulf I (also Aione) was the duke of Benevento from 641 to his death in 642 as the son and successor of Arechis I.  However, he was mentally unstable and his adoptive brothers Radoald and Grimoald were regents for him. Aiulf had reigned for a year and five months, when in 642, Slavic plunderers landed near Siponto on the Adriatic. Aiulf personally led his forces against the intruders, but his horse fell into a pit dug by the Slavs around their camp and he was surrounded and killed.  He was succeeded by his brother Radoald.

References
 

646 deaths
Aiulf 1
Lombard warriors
7th-century Lombard people
7th-century dukes in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Moscow uprising of 1682

The Moscow uprising of 1682, also known as the Streltsy uprising of 1682 (), was an uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments that resulted in supreme power devolving on Sophia Alekseyevna, the daughter of the late Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich and of his first wife Maria Miloslavskaya. Behind the uprising lurked the rivalry between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin relatives of the two wives of the late Tsar Aleksey, who died in 1676, for dominant influence on the administration of the Tsardom of Russia.

Course of events 
The death of Tsar Feodor III of Russia on 27 April (7 May N.S.) 1682 triggered the uprising. The Naryshkin brothers of Tsarina Natalia Naryshkina availed themselves of the interregnum and persuaded the Patriarch to proclaim her ten-year-old son Peter as the new Tsar of Russia. The Miloslavsky party, which comprised the relatives of the late Tsarina Maria Miloslavskaya, spread rumours that the Naryshkins had strangled Maria's son, Peter's elder half-brother Ivan, in the Moscow Kremlin.

The Miloslavsky conspirators stirred up riots in the streets of the capital. They exploited the discontent of the Moscow regiments against their commanding officers. On 11 May 1682 the mob of the Streltsy took over the Kremlin and lynched the leading boyars and military commanders, whom they suspected of corruption—Artamon Matveev, Mikhail Dolgorukov, and Grigory Romodanovsky.

A few days later, on 17 May, the rebels again stormed the royal residence and killed a number of Naryshkin supporters, including two of the Naryshkin brothers, Kirill and Ivan, in the presence of the young tsar Peter, their nephew. Mobs of poor people joined with the Streltsy, and the streets of Moscow saw several days of looting. The May uprising led to the proclamation of Peter's older half-brother Ivan V as the "first" tsar and the relegation of the young Peter I to second position, with Sophia, Ivan's full sister and Peter's half sister, acting as a regent for them both.

In the fall of 1682 Prince Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky (Tararui)—Sophia's close associate and one of the leaders of the rebellious Streltsy—turned against her. Supported by the Old Believers, Khovansky—who supposedly wanted to install himself as the new regent—demanded the reversal of Nikon's reforms. Sophia and her court had to flee the Moscow Kremlin and sought refuge in the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. Eventually, Sophia managed to suppress the so-called Khovanshchina (Khovansky affair) with the help of Fyodor Shaklovity, who succeeded Khovansky in charge of the Muscovite army.

See also
 Copper Riot
 Khovanshchina, an opera by Modest Mussorgsky based on the events of the uprising.
 Streltsy uprising

References
  "Moscow Uprising of 1682" in the History of Russia by Sergey Solovyov

1682 riots
1682 in Russia
17th century in Moscow
Moscow rebellions
Riots and civil disorder in Russia
17th-century rebellions
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation

The Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation reaction is a chemical transformation that involves the halogenation of a carboxylic acid at the α carbon. For this reaction to occur the  α carbon must bear at least one proton. The reaction is named after the German chemists Carl Magnus von Hell (1849–1926) and Jacob Volhard (1834–1910) and the Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953).

An example of the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction can be seen in the preparation of alanine from propionic acid.  In the first step, a combination of bromine and phosphorus tribromide (catalyst) is used in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction to prepare 2-bromopropanoic acid, which in the second step is converted to a racemic mixture of the amino acid product by ammonolysis.

Mechanism 
The reaction is initiated by addition of a catalytic amount of PBr3, after which one molar equivalent of Br2 is added.

PBr3 replaces the carboxylic OH with a bromide, resulting in a carboxylic acid bromide. The acyl bromide tautomerizes to an enol, which reacts with the Br2 to brominate at the α position.

In neutral to slightly acidic aqueous solution, hydrolysis of the α-bromo acyl bromide occurs spontaneously, yielding the α-bromo carboxylic acid in an example of a nucleophilic acyl substitution.  If an aqueous solution is desirable, a full molar equivalent of PBr3 must be used as the catalytic chain is disrupted.

If little nucleophilic solvent is present, reaction of the α-bromo acyl bromide with the carboxylic acid yields the α-bromo carboxylic acid and regenerates the acyl bromide intermediate. In practice a molar equivalent of PBr3 is often used anyway to overcome the slow reaction kinetics.

The mechanism for the exchange between an alkanoyl bromide and a carboxylic acid is below.
The α-bromoalkanoyl bromide has a strongly electrophilic carbonyl carbon because of the electron-withdrawing effects of the two bromides.

By quenching the reaction with an alcohol, instead of water, the α-bromo ester can be obtained.

See also 
Reformatsky reaction

References 

Halogenation reactions
Substitution reactions
Name reactions
Fort Proctor

Fort Proctor is a ruined 19th century fort in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, USA. It is also known as Fort Beauregard or Beauregard's Castle (after P.G.T. Beauregard, who supervised its construction with the architect J.G. Totten). The fort is on the shore of Lake Borgne just north of the mouth of Bayou Yscloskey. At the time it was built in the 1850s, there was also an adjacent railroad port called "Proctorville".

The fort was intended to be part of the fortifications protecting water routes towards New Orleans. In 1814, the British Army had attacked New Orleans after their navy advanced up Lake Borgne and defeated a small flotilla of gunboats belonging to the New Orleans Squadron of the U.S. Navy, in the Battle of Lake Borgne.

Due to delays caused by hurricane damage, and then the outbreak of the American Civil War, the fort was never garrisoned. By the end of the Civil War, improvements in artillery had made the design of the fort obsolete.

In the 1940s and 1950s, before it was engulfed by Lake Borgne, the ruins of the fort were a popular gathering place for teenagers seeking a spot where they would not be supervised.

The construction of the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal in the 1960s cut off all land access to the fort site. It can be seen in the distance from Shell Beach, Louisiana. In 1978, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now completely surrounded by water about one foot deep. Before Hurricane Katrina, there remained one small piece of dry land inside of the fort.

The fort was unusual in its design for two innovations:  the inclusion of comfortable living quarters including bathrooms, and the extensive use of structural iron in its construction.

References

Further reading

External links

 Fort Proctor at American Forts Network
 Fort Proctor at FortWiki.com

Buildings and structures in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Proctor
National Register of Historic Places in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Sandro Gamba

Alessandro "Sandro" Gamba (born 3 June 1932) is an Italian former professional basketball player and coach. Gamba was a finalist for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2005, and was elected as a member in 2006. He was inducted in 2006 to the Italian Basketball Hall of Fame.

Playing career

Clubs career
During his club career, Gamba spent most of his career with Olimpia Milano, they won ten LBA championships (1951–1954, 1957–1960, 1962–1963). He finished his career with Milano 1958.

Italy national team
Gamba debuted with the Italy national team in 1952 and captained at the 1960 Summer Olympic Games.

Coaching career
Gamba retired from playing in 1965, and became a coach in the top-tier level Italian professional league (LBA) where he coached teams like Olimpia Milano (assistant coach, 1965–1973), Varese (1973–1977), Auxilium Torino (1977–1980), and Virtus Bologna (1985–1987). He led Varese to two LBA championships (1974 and 1977), and two FIBA European Champions Cup (EuroLeague) titles (1975 and 1976).

From 1979 to 1992, except for a hiatus in 1985–1987, Gamba was the head coach of the Italy national team, and led them to a silver medal at the Summer Olympic Games in 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992. He also coached the national team at the EuroBasket seven times, winning a gold in 1983, a bronze in 1985, and a silver in 1991.

He was selected as a coach of the FIBA European Selection teams in 1991. He also worked as the coach of the "Rest of the World" team, at the Nike Hoop Summit.

See also 
 List of FIBA EuroBasket winning head coaches
 List of EuroLeague-winning head coaches

References

External links

FIBA Player Profile 1
FIBA Player Profile 2
FIBA Europe Player Profile
Basketball Hall of Fame Profile
Italian League Coach Profile 

1932 births
Living people
Auxilium Pallacanestro Torino coaches
Basketball players from Milan
Italian basketball coaches
Italian men's basketball players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Basketball players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olimpia Milano players
Olympic basketball players for Italy
FIBA EuroBasket-winning coaches
EuroLeague-winning coaches
Pallacanestro Milano 1958 players
Pallacanestro Varese coaches
Virtus Bologna coaches
Small forwards
Radoald of Benevento

Radoald (also Raduald) (died 647) was the duke of Benevento (the southernmost Lombard duchy in medieval Italy) from 642 to his death in 647. His elder brother, Aiulf, was mentally unstable and Radoald and their younger brother Grimoald served as regents. Radoald and Grimoald were brothers and younger sons of Gisulf II of Friuli and Romilda of Friuli. They were adopted sons of Arechis I of Benevento, of whom Aiulf was a natural son.

In 642, Slavic plunderers landed near Siponto on the Adriatic. Aiulf personally led his forces against the intruders, but his horse fell into a pit dug by the Slavs around their camp and he was surrounded and killed. Radoald knew the Slavic language and having conversed with them, they lowered their guard; whereupon his forces fell on them with great slaughter, causing them to depart. With the support of King Rothari, Radoald succeeded Aiulf.  

The Romans of Salernum negotiated a truce with Beneventum.

Radoald was succeeded by Grimoald.

References

651 deaths
Dukes of Benevento
Lombard warriors
7th-century Lombard people
7th-century dukes in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Area code 830

Area code 830 is the telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the Texas Hill Country and most of San Antonio's suburbs. It completely surrounds area codes 210 and 726, which serve most of San Antonio itself along with its innermost suburbs.

It was created July 7, 1997, in a split from 210. A few outer portions of the city moved to 830, making San Antonio one of the few cities split between multiple area codes.  This split occurred only five years after 210 split from 512.  However, San Antonio's rapid growth and the proliferation of cell phones and pagers forced the entire suburban ring around San Antonio to change its numbers for the second time in a decade.

Geographically, the area code covers the north-western portions of South Texas.

Prior to October 2021, area code 830 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.

Counties served by this area code:
Atascosa, Bandera, Bastrop, Bexar, Blanco, Burnet, Caldwell, Comal, De Witt, Dimmit, Edwards, Frio, Gillespie, Guadalupe, Karnes, Kendall, Kerr, Kinney, La Salle, Live Oak, Llano, Maverick, Medina, Real, Uvalde, Val Verde, Wilson, and Zavala

Towns and cities served by this area code:
Artesia Wells, Asherton, Bandera, Barksdale, Batesville, Belmont, Bergheim, Big Wells, Bigfoot, Blanco, Boerne, Brackettville, Bulverde, Camp Wood, Campbellton, Canyon Lake, Carrizo Springs, Castroville, Catarina, Center Point, Charlotte, Christine, Cibolo, Comfort, Concan, Cost, Cotulla, Crystal City, D'Hanis, Del Rio, Devine, Dilley, Doss, Eagle Pass, Ecleto, El Indio, Falls City, Fischer, Floresville, Fowlerton, Fredericksburg, Geronimo, Gillett, Gonzales, Harper, Harwood, Hobson, Hondo, Horseshoe Bay, Hunt, Hye, Ingram, Johnson City, Jourdanton, Karnes City, Kendalia, Kenedy, Kerrville, Kingsbury, Knippa, LaCoste, La Pryor, La Vernia, Lackland AFB, Leakey, Leesville, Leming, Luling, Lytle, Marble Falls, Marion, McQueeney, Medina, Mico, Moore, Mountain Home, Natalia, New Braunfels, Nixon, Ottine, Pandora, Panna Maria, Pearsall, Peggy, Pipe Creek, Pleasanton, Poteet, Poth, Quemado, Rio Frio, Rio Medina, Rocksprings, Rosanky, Round Mountain, Runge, Sabinal, San Antonio, Schertz, Seguin, Smiley, Spofford, Spring Branch, Stockdale, Stonewall, Sutherland Springs, Tarpley, Utopia, Uvalde, Vanderpool, Waring, Westhoff, Whitsett, Willow City, Wrightsboro, and Yancey

See also
List of Texas area codes

References

External links

List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com, 830 Area Code

830
830
San Antonio
GVU Center at Georgia Tech

The GVU Center at Georgia Tech (formerly the Graphics, Visualization and Usability Center) is an interdisciplinary research center located near Technology Square in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, and affiliated with the Georgia Institute of Technology. It was founded by James D. Foley, the Center's first director, on October 15, 1992. According to U.S. News & World Report, it is one of the best such facilities in the world. The GVU Center's current director is W. Keith Edwards, Georgia Tech alum and Professor in the School of Interactive Computing.

The GVU Center focuses on human-computer interaction, ubiquitous computing, mixed/augmented reality, computer animation/graphics, wearable computing, information visualization, educational technologies (learning sciences and technology), new media, communications, intelligent systems, human robot interaction, computer supported cooperative work, social computing, and online communities.

History
In 1988, two Georgia Tech faculty members, Larry Hodges and Bill Ribarsky, created the Georgia Tech Computer Graphics Interest Group. The popularity of this group led Hodges and Ribarsky to expand it into a Scientific Visualization Lab. This lab later merged with the Biomedical Visualization Lab, Animation Lab, and Video Lab to form the Georgia Tech Imaging Consortium. Professor James Foley renamed this entity the Graphics, Visualization, and Usability (GVU) Center in early 1991. The GVU Center moved into a 3,000 square foot research space in 1992, provided by the Georgia Tech College of Computing. In 2006, the GVU Center relocated to expanded facilities in the Technology Square Research Building (TSRB).

Directors

Five people have served as directors of the GVU Center since its founding:

 James D. Foley (1991-1996)
 Jarek Rossignac (1996-2001)
 Aaron Bobick (2001-2005)
 Elizabeth D. Mynatt (2005-2011)
 W. Keith Edwards (2011–present)

See also
 Georgia Institute of Technology School of Interactive Computing

References

External links
 GVU Center @ Georgia Tech
 GVU Center 2012 Annual Report

Organizations based in Atlanta
Education in Atlanta
Georgia Tech
Multimodal interaction
1991 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Research institutes in Georgia (state)
SING!

SING! is an annual student-run musical production put on by some high schools in New York City. It is a theater competition between the various grades, with the setup between grades differing from school to school (such as sophomore-freshman vs. seniors vs. juniors, senior-sophomore vs. junior-freshman or freshman-senior vs. sophomore-junior).

SING! was conceived by Bella Tillis (1913–2013), a music teacher at Midwood High School in Brooklyn, New York in 1947. 

A Library of Congress archive of the papers of entertainer Danny Kaye, who went to high school with Tillis, contains playbills of SING! performances at Midwood High School from the years 1953–1957.

The 1989 film Sing is based on a fictional SING! production. According to The New York Times review of the movie, the film's production notes say that Paul Simon, Neil Diamond, Barbra Streisand, Carole King and Neil Sedaka, who attended various Brooklyn and Queens high schools in the mid to late 1950s, took part in SING! productions. Other SING! celebrities include Stuyvesant High School's Tim Robbins and Paul Reiser.

Inter-SING
Inter-SINGs are SING competitions held between different high schools. They have been held in Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island and Long Island. Sheepshead Bay High School had a long string of victories in the three-school competition called InterSchool SING (or Inter-SING) during the 1970s and 1980s, punctuated by wins by Lincoln High School.

Inter-Sing first started on Staten Island in the late 1970's between Tottenville and Susan Wagner High Schools. More recently, Susan E. Wagner High School won the Staten Island competition in 2007 with their Junior production of "The JSV Circus"; Staten Island Technical High School won in 2008 with their Senior-Sophomore production entitled "Carnicus"; and Tottenville High School, which participated for the first time, won in 2009 with Senior Sing X's production of "Narneville", a twisted fairy tale.
 Recent
Brooklyn Inter-SING winners include Edward R. Murrow High School (2014-2015) and Midwood High School (2016). Inter-SING 2015 in Brooklyn was broadcast on live TV in Brooklyn.

References

Public education in New York City
Theatre in New York City
King's Variety Store

King's Variety Store was a chain of discount stores founded in 1915 by M.H. King in Burley, Idaho. At its peak, King's had 27 stores in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming.

A typical King's store ranged from  to  and carried a wide variety of value priced merchandise. Most King's stores were located in smaller towns that only had a grocery store as its major retail store.

In February 2017, King's announced it would close all of its stores, and ceased operations that May.

References

Companies based in Idaho
Economy of the Northwestern United States
Defunct discount stores of the United States
Retail companies established in 1915
Retail companies disestablished in 2017
1915 establishments in Idaho
Virtual Magnifying Glass

Virtual Magnifying Glass is an open-source, screen magnification tool for Microsoft Windows and Linux.

Virtual Magnifying Glass is designed for the visually impaired and others who need to magnify part of the computer display. Unlike most similar programs, it does not open a separate program window for the magnification but instead puts a movable magnifying glass on the screen.

Virtual Magnifying Glass  works on a variety of platforms (Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS) due to being developed with the Free Pascal compiler. There is no charge for the software.

See also

 Screen magnifier

External links
 Virtual Magnifying Glass on SourceForge.net

References 

Screen magnifiers
Software using the GPL license
Cross-platform free software
Utilities for Linux
Utilities for macOS
Utilities for Windows
Performance report

A performance report is a report on the performance of something.  They are routinely produced by government bodies which, being financed by public money, are required to show that the money was spent efficiently and usefully.  Such reports will contain performance indicators which measure the achievements of the organisation and its programmes.  For example, for a police department, the report might show the number of arrests, number of convictions by crime category and the change in the crime rate.

Health care
In the Clinton health care plan of 1993, it seemed that performance reports for hospitals and other health care providers would be national policy and many prototypes were developed and tested.

References

Public economics
House of Miracles (communal house)

The House of Miracles was a series of Christian communal houses established during the early Jesus Movement under the auspices of Pastor Chuck Smith and Calvary Chapel in Costa Mesa, California.  The House of Miracles was the group from which sprang the largest (and one of the longest lasting) of the Jesus People communal groups, the Shiloh Youth Revival Centers, which had 100,000 members and 175 communal houses spread across the United States and Canada during its lifespan.

On May 17, 1968 John Higgins, Sr. and Lonnie Frisbee opened the first House of Miracles in Costa Mesa on 19th St.  There were twenty houses eventually involved as Houses of Miracles throughout California: one each in Costa Mesa, Huntington Beach (Philadelphia House), Corona, Downey, Lompoc, Garlock, Long Beach, Muscoy, Oxnard, Pacific Grove, Ridgecrest, Southgate and Whittier; two houses apiece in Fontana, Riverside and Santa Ana; and one in Phoenix, AZ.  All gradually closed throughout 1969 and 1970 as members moved to Oregon to form Shiloh Youth Revival Centers: the last House of Miracles (in Oxnard) closed in July 1970.

Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity
Christianity in California
Calvary Chapel Association
Bad Azz (rapper)

Jamarr Antonio Stamps (November 27, 1975 – November 11, 2019), better known by his stage name Bad Azz, was an American rapper and member of hip-hop group D.P.G.C.

Life and career 
Jamarr Antonio Stamps was born in Hawaiian Gardens, California, and grew up in Long Beach. He began his career rapping at house parties and joined the LBC Crew. After having a guest verse on the Tupac song "Krazy" in 1996 he was set to sign to Tupac's proposed record label,  Makaveli Records. After being briefly signed to Snoop Dogg's label Doggystyle Records, Bad Azz made various guest performances before debuting on Priority Records in 1998 with Word on tha Streets.

In 2001, he followed up with Personal Business whose single "Wrong Idea" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Kokane, and Lil' ½ Dead) reached #75 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Billboard chart.

In 2009, he released an album with Bizzy Bone, Thug Pound. In mid-2010, he recorded and released a new single "For As Long As I Can". In March 2013, Bad Azz got into a fight with Snoop Dogg's cousin Ray J; Bad Azz said it was revenge for getting jumped by Suge Knight and his entourage a decade earlier.

He appeared on the 2011 album Haven't You Heard? (We Givin' Something Bacc To Tha Street), which was released by Death Row Records and WideAwake on February 8, 2011.

In 2014, Bad Azz released a music video for a song titled "Baby Wut'z Up", featuring Turf Talk.  He announced a new album title The Nu Adventures of Bad Azz, which has released in 2018.

Death 
Stamps died unexpectedly on November 11, 2019, at age 43. He had been arrested and jailed at the Southwest Correctional Center in Murrieta, California, on domestic violence charges four days earlier.

Discography

Studio albums 
 Word on tha Streets (1998)
 Personal Business (2001)
 Money Run (2003)
 Executive Decision (2003)
 The Nu Adventures of Bad Azz (2018)

Collaboration albums 
 Thug Pound with Bizzy Bone (2009)
 Haven't U Heard... with LBC Crew (2011)

References 

1975 births
2019 deaths
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
G-funk artists
Gangsta rappers
Musicians from Long Beach, California
Priority Records artists
Prisoners who died in California detention
Rappers from Los Angeles
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians