alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Tidal scour

Tidal scour is "sea-floor erosion caused by strong tidal currents resulting in the removal of inshore sediments and formation of deep holes and channels". Examples of this hydrological process can be found globally.  Two locations in the United States where tidal scour is the predominant shaping force is the San Francisco Bay and the Elkhorn Slough. Tidal force can also contribute to bridge scour.

Historical Perspective and Relevance 
Research on tidal scour is largely centered at Elkhorn Slough in California. The slough was directly exposed to tidal flux beginning in 1947 with the creation of the Moss Landing Harbor. Multiple studies have been done on the slough since tidal exposure to catalog the morphological change and determine how long it will take for the system to reach equilibrium.

Formation 
Tidal scours are formed in tide-dominated deltas and estuaries with the changing of the tide. As the tide changes from low to high or high to low, water is transported through the channel taking sediment with it. With increasing erosion, there is increasing tidal volume creating a self-perpetuating system. Tidal scour is most apparent when a barrier is breached due to natural or anthropogenic forcing.

Anatomy

Bathymetry 
Tidal scour can be determined by looking at the change in bathymetry over time. Bathymetry of tidal channels is determined using multi-beam sonar or LiDAR. By comparing cross-sections of channel bathymetry over several years and at various distances in the tidal channel, the amount of tidal scour can be quantified.

Grain Size Distribution 
Sediment grab samples show that in areas demonstrating tidal scour, there is an increase in grain size from surrounding areas.

Ecological Significance 
With direct influence from the Ocean, slough morphology can change significantly making it difficult for native species to persist. This can be seen in:
Increased transport of agricultural runoff, such as DDT-laden sediment, introduced by increased tidal scour.
The erosion of marshes and eelgrass beds.
The loss of benthic organisms as the channels deepen more than organisms can persist.

See also

References

Geological processes
Geology
Geomorphology
Hamengkubuwono I

Hamengkubuwono I (Javanese script: ꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦏꦸꦧꦸꦮꦤꦆ, Bahasa Jawa: Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I), born Raden Mas Sujana (Kartasura, 16 August 1717Yogyakarta, 24 March 1792), was the first sultan of Yogyakarta. He reigned from 1755 to 1792.

References

Further reading
 Ricklefs, M.C. (1974) Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi, 1749–1792: A History of the Division of Java. London Oriental Series, vol. 30. London: Oxford University Press (Revised Indonesian edition 2002).
 Ricklefs MC. 2001. A History of Modern Indonesia: 3rd Edition. Palgrave and Stanford University Press.
 Purwadi. 2007. Sejarah Raja-Raja Jawa. Yogyakarta: Media Ilmu.
 Heryanto F. 2004. Mengenal Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat. Yogyakarta: Warna Grafika.

1717 births
1792 deaths
18th-century Indonesian people
Burials at Imogiri
Indonesian Muslims
Indonesian royalty
National Heroes of Indonesia
Sultans of Yogyakarta
List of business newspapers

The following is a list of daily business newspapers, divided by country and region.

International
Financial Times
The Wall Street Journal

Top circulation

Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Japan - 4,635,000
Financial Times, United Kingdom - 2,205,000
The Wall Street Journal, United States - 2,107,000
The Economist, United Kingdom - 1,600,000
The Economic Times, India - 805,940 
Il Sole 24 Ore, Italy - 334,076
Mint, India - 226,000
Business Standard, India - 217,000
Handelsblatt, Germany - 148,319
Les Échos, France - 120,546
The Australian Financial Review, Australia - 64,861

Afghanistan

Algeria

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belorusy i rynok

Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Bulgaria

Burma (Myanmar)

Canada

Chile

China, People's Republic of

Cuba

Czech Republic

Hospodářské noviny
E15

Denmark

Egypt

Estonia
Äripäev (Business Day)

Finland

Kauppalehti (Business Newspaper)

France

Le Nouvel Économiste (with an arrangement for article-sharing with Financial Times, London and The Economist.)

Les Échos

Germany

Handelsblatt

Greece and Cyprus

Guatemala

Hong Kong 

Hong Kong Economic Journal
Hong Kong Economic Times
South China Morning Post
The Standard

Hungary

India

Business Standard 
The Economic Times [No-1] [3.7 Million Readership]
Financial Chronicle
Financial Express
The Hindu Business Line
Mint

Indonesia

Bisnis Indonesia
Investor Daily
Kontan

Iran

Donya-e-Eqtesad
Financial Tribune
Tejarat-e-Farda

Ireland

The Sunday Business Post

Israel

Globes
TheMarker
ice.co.il
Calcalist

Italy

Il Sole 24 Ore
Italia Oggi
MF Milano Finanza

Japan

Nihon Keizai Shimbun

Mexico

Netherlands

Het Financieele Dagblad - 85,000

New Zealand

Norway

Dagens Næringsliv
Finansavisen

Pakistan

Peru

Philippines

 BusinessWorld
 BusinessMirror
 Chinese Commercial News
 Malaya Business Insight

Poland

Portugal

Jornal de Negócios

Romania

 Bursa
Ziarul financiar

Russia
Kommersant
The Moscow Times
RBC Daily
Vedomosti

Serbia

Poslovni dnevnik

Singapore

Business Times

Slovenia

South Africa

Business Day

Spain

 Expansión
 Cinco Días

Sri Lanka

Sweden

 Dagens Industri

Switzerland

Taiwan

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Turkey

Ukraine

Delovaya Stolitsa

United Arab Emirates 

 Arabian Business
 Business24-7

 Gulf Business
 Zawya

United Kingdom

City A.M.
The Economist
Financial Times

United States

American City Business Journals
Crain's Chicago Business
Finance & Commerce
Inside Business
Investor's Business Daily
The Journal of Commerce
Miami Today
The Wall Street Journal

Venezuela

References

External links
Newspaper index
Business Finance Newspapers
The Business Times
The Economic Revolution
Financial Newspapers India

Business newspapers

Newspapers
Ectopic beat

Ectopic beat is a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm frequently related to the electrical conduction system of the heart, in which beats arise from fibers or group of fibers outside the region in the heart muscle ordinarily responsible for impulse formation (i.e., the sinoatrial node). An ectopic beat can be further classified as either a premature ventricular contraction (PVC), or a premature atrial contraction (PAC).

Some patients describe this experience as a "flip" or a "jolt" in the chest, or a "heart hiccup", while others report dropped or missed beats. Ectopic beats are more common during periods of psychological stress, exercise or debility; they may also be triggered by consumption of some food like carbohydrates, strong cheese, or chocolate.

It is a form of cardiac arrhythmia in which ectopic foci within either ventricular or atrial myocardium, or from finer branches of the electric transduction system, cause additional beats of the heart. Some medications may worsen the phenomenon.

Ectopic beats are considered normal and are not indicative of cardiac pathology. Ectopic beats often remain undetected and occur as part of minor errors in the heart conduction system. They are rarely indicative of cardiac pathology, although may occur more frequently or be more noticeable in those with existing cardiac abnormalities. Ectopic beats are a type of cardiac arrhythmias, which is a variety of cardiac abnormalities relating to rate or rhythm of the cardiac cycle.

Ectopic beats may become more frequent during anxiety, panic attack, and the fight-or-flight response due to the increase in sympathetic nervous activity or due to parasympathetic failure, stimulating either more frequent or more vigorous contractions and increasing stroke volume. The consumption of nicotine, alcohol, epinephrine and caffeine may also increase the incidence of ectopic beats, due to their influence on the action of cardiomyocytes.

See also
 
 Ectopia (disambiguation)
 Junctional escape beat
 Palpitation
 Premature junctional contraction
 Ventricular escape beat

References

External links 

Cardiac arrhythmia
James Rogers Armstrong

James Rogers Armstrong (April 17, 1787 – July 13, 1873) was a businessman and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in Dorchester (Iberville) in Quebec in 1787, he was a grandson of Loyalist, Col. James Rogers and studied in Vermont after both his parents died during the early 1790s. He settled in Hallowell Township in Prince Edward County in Upper Canada in 1807. He later went into business as a merchant in Picton and Kingston and, in 1828, opened a store in York (Toronto). In 1836, he was elected to the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada representing Prince Edward. He was appointed a justice of the peace in the Home District in 1837. In the 1840s, he opened a foundry which manufactured stoves. His son, also named James Rogers Armstrong, took over the family business in 1856, when his father retired to Whitby. James Senior died in Whitby in 1873.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1787 births
1873 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Canadian justices of the peace
Rocky road (dessert)

Rocky road is a type of no-bake slice made up of milk chocolate and marshmallows along with other ingredients, which tend to vary by country. In British influenced areas, Rocky Road is a type of tiffin or traybake (other non-Rocky Road tiffins/traybakes exist but these are not called Rocky Road) but the Australian/American name is becoming more common. It is usually served in individual portions such as a brownie, or in American cuisine, as an ice cream flavor.

It is made by mixing melted chocolate with other ingredients, before refrigerating to set. It can then be cut into bars or square pieces.

History
The origin of the dessert is debated; many American companies claim to have invented rocky road in the 19th century.

Australia

The main ingredients in traditional Australian rocky road are:
 glace cherries or raspberries
 milk chocolate (sometimes dark or white chocolate is used)
 desiccated or shredded coconut
 nuts, particularly peanuts
 marshmallow

The most famous commercial brand of rocky road in Australia, is the Darrell Lea "original recipe" version, sold as "Rocklea Road". This version does not have cherries or raspberries, instead having bigger marshmallow chunks and more coconut. A raspberry version is also available.

United Kingdom
The main ingredients in traditional British Rocky Road are:
 dried fruit
 biscuit (usually digestives)
 milk chocolate (sometimes dark or white chocolate is used)
 a light dusting of icing sugar on the top (optional)

United States 

The main ingredients in traditional American Rocky Road are:
 milk chocolate
 marshmallow
 walnuts or almonds

The most popular version of rocky road in the U.S. is in ice cream form, which consists of chocolate ice cream, marshmallows (or sometimes a "marshmallow swirl"), and nuts.
Although not as popular, slabs of rocky road can also be found at confectioner's shops. The Annabelle Candy Company manufactures a candy bar called "Rocky Road" that has marshmallow, a thin covering of chocolate, and cashews. Betty Crocker has its own recipe for "Rocky Road".

See also
Tiffin
Hedgehog slice
Rocky road (ice cream)
Rocky Road (candy bar)

References

Australian desserts
Confectionery
Chocolate desserts
Stoiber-Reed-Humphreys Mansion

The Stoiber-Reed-Humphreys Mansion is located within the Humboldt Street Historic District in Denver, Colorado. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 29, 1978. The mansion is considered "the largest and most imposing residence in the district."

Stoiber Mansion

Stoiber Mansion, also called Stoiberhof, was built in 1907. The three-story Renaissance Revival house was designed by the Denver architectural firm Marean and Norton. The 30-room house was intended to be a social center, with a 50-foot entrance hall, a main-floor drawing room of 40 feet, and more than 16,000 square feet in total. The dining room can easily seat 50 people. There are nine bedrooms and nine baths. The house was built with a basement swimming pool, a bowling alley, and a barber shop. It also has an elevator to the second floor. On the exterior, there is a glass and metal canopy over the front door, as well as dormers and balustrades eaves.

The design for Stoiber Mansion is based upon drawings by Edward G. Stoiber, a German mining engineer and owner of the Silver Lake Mine in Silverton, Colorado. After he died in Paris, his wife Lena commissioned Albert J. Norton and Willis A. Marean to use the sketches to design the mansion. They were the architects for the Cheesman-Boettcher Mansion, now the Colorado Governor's Mansion, and other notable buildings in Denver. In 1909, Lena Stoiber married Hugh Rood, who died on the RMS Titanic. Rood was a wealthy businessman from Seattle.

Verner Z. Reed
After her husband's death, Lena Stoiber Rood sold the house to Verner Z. Reed and his wife, Mary, who were philanthropists. Reed developed and owned Salt Creek oil fields in Wyoming. He was also a banker, mining man, and art collector. They had just returned from living abroad when they bought the mansion, where they frequently entertained.

After her husband's death, Mrs. Reed built a Tudor mansion at 475 Circle Road in the Country Club Historic Neighborhood. Among her philanthropic pursuits, Mary Reed established the Margery Reed Mayo Day Nursery and the Mary Reed Library at the University of Denver.

Albert and Ruth Humphreys
The house was sold to Albert and Ruth Boettcher Humphreys in 1920. Albert E. Humphreys was the vice president of Humphreys Engineering Company and the president of the Humphreys Gold Company. The daughter of Charles Boettcher, Ruth was a well-educated philanthropist and an early supporter of the Denver Art Museum. The couple raised their daughters, Charline and Ruth Augusta, in the mansion. They were members of an elite group in Denver called the "Sacred 36". Ruth died in 1959 and Albert married the widow of Henry C. Van Schaack. Albert died in 1968 and since then the mansion has had several owners.

References

Houses in Denver
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Renaissance Revival architecture in Colorado
Houses completed in 1907
Historic house museums in Colorado
Robert Karvelas

Robert Karvelas (April 3, 1921 – December 5, 1991) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Larabee in the television series Get Smart (1965–1970).

Biography 
Karvelas was born in New York City with a twin brother and grew up in Charleroi, Pennsylvania. His mother was of Irish descent and his father was of Greek descent. His mother and Don Adams' mother were sisters. Karvelas was a Golden Gloves boxing champion while serving in the United States Marines during World War II  and later worked as a stockbroker.

Wanting his cousin to remain close to him, Adams initially gave Karvelas several uncredited bit parts on Get Smart. One such part was an assistant to the Chief, which would evolve into the character of Larabee.  Karvelas actually ended up appearing in all five seasons of the show.  The character "Larabee" would go on to have the distinction of being just as bumbling as Maxwell Smart, if not more so. In Episode 21, Season 5, Smart tells the Chief, "People ask if Larabee and I are related."  Robert's character part, and his generally sweet, unassuming nature, enhanced the joviality of Get Smart.

After the cancellation of Get Smart, Karvelas again joined his cousin Adams on the sitcom, The Partners, which starred Adams and Rupert Crosse and co-starred Dick Van Patten. The show was cancelled after one season. He continued to appear in small bit parts on television before dropping out of acting in 1976. He reprised the character of Larrabee in The Nude Bomb and Get Smart, Again!

Karvelas died in 1991 in Los Angeles and was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California.

Filmography

References

External links
 
 

1921 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American identical twin actors
American male boxers
American male comedy actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
American people of Greek descent
American people of Irish descent
American stockbrokers
Boxers from New York (state)
Burials at Riverside National Cemetery
Identical twin male actors
Male actors from New York City
National Golden Gloves champions
PSR J1748−2446ad

|-
! style="background-color: #FFFFC0;" colspan="2" | Astrometry
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| Distance 
| 18,000 Ly

PSR J1748−2446ad is the fastest-spinning pulsar known, at 716 Hz (times per second), or 43,000 revolutions per minute. This pulsar was discovered by Jason W. T. Hessels of McGill University on November 10, 2004 and confirmed on January 8, 2005.

If the neutron star is assumed to contain less than two times the mass of the Sun, within the typical range of neutron stars, its radius is constrained to be less than 16 km.  At its equator it is spinning at approximately 24% of the speed of light, or over 70,000 km per second.

The pulsar is located in a globular cluster of stars called Terzan 5, located approximately 18,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Sagittarius. It is part of a binary system and undergoes regular eclipses with an eclipse magnitude of about 40%. Its orbit is highly circular, with a 26-hour period. The other object in the system is at least 0.14 solar masses, with a radius of 5–6 solar radii. Hessels et al. state that the companion may be a "bloated main-sequence star, possibly still filling its Roche Lobe". Hessels et al. go on to speculate that gravitational radiation from the pulsar might be detectable by LIGO.

See also 

 PSR J0901–4046 longest period pulsar known
 PSR J0952–0607 second-fastest-spinning pulsar known

References

External links
 XTE J1739−285, Integral points to the fastest spinning neutron star 
 Evolution of millisecond pulsars

18
Sagittarius (constellation)
Astronomical objects discovered in 2004
Vermont Route 279

Vermont Route 279 (VT 279), often referred to as the Bennington Bypass, is a freeway bypass of Bennington in Bennington County, Vermont, in the United States. It extends for roughly  from the New York state line northwest of Bennington to an intersection with VT 9 east of the downtown district. At its west end, VT 279 connects to New York State Route 915G (NY 915G), an unsigned reference route leading to NY 7 in Hoosick, New York.

The section of VT 279 west of U.S. Route 7 (US 7) officially opened to traffic in 2004; however, portions of the route have been open in some capacity since the 1970s. An extension of VT 279 southeast to VT 9 was completed in 2012.

Route description

VT 279 begins at the New York–Vermont state line, where the road continues west to NY 7 in Hoosick, New York, as NY 915G, a reference route signed as "To VT 279" eastbound and "To NY 7" westbound. As VT 279, the highway heads northeast from the state line, passing through rural northwest Bennington as a three-lane road. It bypasses William H. Morse State Airport to the north and passes over a pair of local roadways on its way toward downtown Bennington, where the route crosses the Walloomsac River and meets VT 67A at a parclo interchange north of downtown.

Past VT 67A, the bypass widens to four lanes and becomes a divided highway as it passes over VT 7A and approaches a complex interchange with US 7. The route briefly overlaps with the freeway before continuing eastward as a two-lane highway toward the western edge of Green Mountain National Forest. After , VT 279 turns southward, loosely paralleling the forest's west boundary as it bypasses the northeastern section of downtown Bennington. The route crosses the Roaring Branch of the Walloomsac River before ending at a half-completed single-point urban interchange (SPUI) with VT 9 east of downtown.

History

The four-lane portion of VT 279 between VT 67A and US 7 was built in the early 1970s and designated VT 67A Connector in 1974. However, construction did not begin on the remainder of the route west of VT 67A (including the short continuation into Hoosick, New York) until the early 2000s. Work on the bypass concluded with the opening of VT 279 on October 12, 2004. The number "279" was chosen because it provides a bypass for both US 7 and VT 9.

Construction on an extension of VT 279 southeast to VT 9 began in July 2007. The highway was built as a two-lane undivided roadway, similar to that constructed between Hoosick and Bennington. It was officially opened on August 30, 2012, and cost roughly $70 million to build. Construction plans for the northern segment called for the existing interchange between US 7 and VT 279 to be reconfigured to accommodate a welcome center located within the exit that was completed and officially opened on October 11, 2013.

Exit list
This list includes VT 279's continuation into New York as NY 915G.

See also

List of reference routes in New York

References

External links

VT 279 at Alps' Roads

279
Bennington, Vermont
Transportation in Bennington County, Vermont
Bernardo Daddi

Bernardo Daddi ( 1280 – 1348) was an early Italian Renaissance painter and the leading painter of Florence of his generation. He was one of the artists who contributed to the revolutionary art of the Renaissance, which broke away from the conventions of the preceding generation of Gothic artists, by creating compositions which aimed to achieve a more realistic representation of reality.  He was particularly successful with his small-scale works and contributed to the development of the portable altarpiece, a format that subsequently gained great popularity.

Life and work
Daddi's birth date remains unknown. He is first mentioned in 1312. He may have been a pupil of Giotto.

Daddi's style is derived from Giotto's work. His early works also show a close link with followers of Giotto such as the Master of Santa Cecilia and other Florentine masters of the first quarter of the 14th century. His later style is highly refined and shows a certain influence by Maso di Banco.

Daddi likely operated a large workshop, as a great number of paintings in his style have surfaced which show the various hands of his pupils and assistants.   Despite his high level of craftsmanship, his lyrical elegance is somewhat dampened by a certain academic and mechanical hardness.

Daddi focused on religious motifs and altarpieces. A triptych he painted in 1328 is in the Uffizi, and there are several panels in National Gallery of Art and the Walters Art Museum. The Pinacoteca of the Vatican Museums houses his Martyrdom of Saint Stephen, a predella in eight panels painted about 1345. He was also influenced by the Sienese art of Lorenzetti.

Daddi's last work dates from 1347, and it is believed he died the next year.

Selected works

 The Martyrdom of St Stephen (1324, unverified)
 Madonna and Two Saints, or Ognissanti Triptych (1328)
 Processional Cross (1330s), National Gallery of Victoria
 St. Ursula (1333)
 Madonna and Child (1335), Orsanmichele, Florence
 Nativity and Annunciation to the Shepherds (1336), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 Four Musical Angels, part of the altarpiece The Coronation of the Virgin, Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford
 The Marriage of the Virgin (1336–1340)
 Polyptych of S. Pancrazio (1336–1340)
 The Assumption of the Virgin (1337–1339)
 Triptych: The Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (1338), Courtauld Institute of Art
 Triptych with Madonna and Christ Child (1339), Minneapolis Institute of Art
 The Coronation of the Virgin (ca. 1340–1345), National Gallery
 Polyptych: The Crucifixion and Saints (1348), Courtauld Institute of Art
  " Madonna and Christ Child With Saints,Crucifixion,Annunciation(1330's),[Frick Art Museum,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania]

Notes

External links
Bernardo Daddi at the National Gallery of Art

1280s births
1348 deaths
People from Borgo San Lorenzo
13th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
14th-century Italian painters
Trecento painters
Painters from Florence
Gothic painters
Year of birth uncertain
Culex jenseni

Culex jenseni is a species of mosquito in the genus Culex.  It is endemic to Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. C. jenseni is placed in the subgenus Lophoceraomyia.  In its larval stage, C. jenseni develops in the pitchers of Nepenthes species, especially N. rajah. As such, it is considered a nepenthebiont.

References
 Two New Mosquito Species from a Pitcher Plant of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo.  Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu,! p. 39.

jenseni
Insects described in 1910
Nepenthes infauna
Domestic product

Domestic product may refer to:

Gross domestic product, the total value of all the goods and services produced inside a nation over a certain period.
Net domestic product, the gross domestic product minus depreciation on a country's capital goods.

fr:Production domestique
Radbourne

Radbourne may refer to:

 Radbourne, Derbyshire, a village and civil parish in England
 Radbourne Hall, a country house
 Radbourne, Warwickshire, a civil parish near Ladbroke, Warwickshire, England
 Upper and Lower Radbourne, a former civil parish in the defunct Southam Rural District

See also
 Radbourn, a surname
 Rodbourne, a suburb of Swindon, Wiltshire, England
North Wales Mineral Railway

The North Wales Mineral Railway was constructed in Wales in 1844, during the early years of the Railway Mania. It was originally intended to link Chester via Wrexham to the industrial areas around Ruabon; there were branches to Brymbo and Minera from Wheatsheaf junction via a tunnel and inclined plane. The initial plan (as indicated by the name) was to tap the mineral reserves of the area.

Shrewsbury and Chester Railway

With the realisation that it could become part of a through route, a second Act of Parliament was sought in 1845 to extend the line southwards to Shrewsbury: the title of the line then became the Shrewsbury and Chester Railway (S&CR). in 1854 the railway was taken over by the Great Western Railway (GWR), much to the consternation of the London and North Western Railway, who saw the line as being within their sphere of influence. There followed much legal wrangling and hostility concerning access agreements to Chester railway station; but this did not prevent the line becoming part of the G.W.R. main line to Birkenhead.

Track gauge
Although part of the GWR, the S&CR was never converted to Brunel's Broad Gauge;  but it did contribute to the ending of the Brunel system because it meant that the company had to operate two different systems and tranship goods.

Rolling stock
The S&CR rolling stock was overhauled at Wolverhampton railway works.

The line today
The line now forms part of the Shrewsbury to Chester Line.

References

For more information on the intensive workings of railways in the Wrexham area, see:
 Forgotten Railways-North and Mid Wales, by Rex Christiansen (David & Charles, 1984)
 Wrexham's Railways volumes 1 and 2 (Bridge Books)

Early Welsh railway companies
Railway lines opened in 1844
Railway companies established in 1844
British companies established in 1844
Railway companies disestablished in 1854
Standard gauge railways in Wales
Great Western Railway constituents
1844 establishments in Wales
British companies disestablished in 1854
Nature Nanotechnology

Nature Nanotechnology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Publishing Group. It was established in October 2006. The editor-in-chief is Alberto Moscatelli. It covers all aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

 Chemical Abstracts Service
 Science Citation Index
 Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
 Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
 Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 38.3.

References

External links 
 

Nature Research academic journals
Nanotechnology journals
Academic journals established in 2006
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Henry Please Come Home

"Henry Please Come Home" was the ninth episode of the first season of the TV series M*A*S*H. It originally aired on November 19, 1972. It was written by Laurence Marks and was directed by William Wiard.

Guest cast is Odessa Cleveland as Ginger, Patrick Adiarte as Ho-Jon, Timothy Brown as Spearchucker Jones, John Orchard as Capt. 'Ugly John' Black, Bob Gooden as Boone, Bill Svanoe as Aide, Noel Tey as Mama San, Jean Fleet as Nurse, Kasuko Sakuro as Cho-Cho, and G. Wood as Brigadier Gen. Hamilton Hammond.  Though the character of Gen. Hammond would continue to be mentioned in a few subsequent episodes, this episode features Hammond's final appearance on the show.

Overview
Henry receives a citation for the camp achieving the best efficiency rating of any M*A*S*H unit, and then Brigadier General Hammond reassigns him to Tokyo. Frank then changes the camp to be more military, and he confiscates Hawkeye's and Trapper's still. They use forged passes to go to Tokyo to convince Henry to come back and end up pretending Radar is sick. Their ruse is revealed but Henry decides to return anyway.

Notes

External links
 

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
1972 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by William Wiard
CCIS

CCIS may refer to:
 Centennial Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, a building at the University of Alberta
 Cleveland Council of Independent Schools
 Common Channel Interoffice Signaling
 Comprehensive Case Information System, in the Florida justice system
 The College of Computer and Information Science, one of the colleges at Northeastern University in Boston, United States.
I Hate a Mystery

"I Hate a Mystery" was the tenth episode of the first season of the TV series M*A*S*H. Originally airing on November 26, 1972 and repeated on June 10, 1973, it was written by Hal Dressner and was directed by Hy Averback.

Guest cast is Patrick Adiarte as Ho-Jon, Timothy Brown as Spearchucker Jones, Odessa Cleveland as Ginger, Linda Meiklejohn as Lt. Scorch, and Bonnie Jones as Lt. Barbara Bannerman.

Overview

A rash of thefts breaks out in the camp. Missing pieces include Frank's silver picture frame, Margaret's hair brush, and Trapper's watch. The camp is searched and everything is found in Hawkeye's locker, leaving the other MASH personnel suspicious of, and disappointed in, Hawkeye.

Hawkeye manages to let it be known to the camp the location where the recovered items are being stored (Lt. Col. Blake's desk). When the items disappear yet again, Hawkeye summons many of the MASH personnel to the mess tent in the middle of the night in order to reveal the identity of the criminal. After parodying countless detective stories by revealing possible motives others might have to frame him (jealousy, resentment, etc.), he tells the assembled staff that he has treated the items with a chemical which, when it comes into contact with a human being, turns that person's fingernails blue.

When Ho-Jon hides his hands, Hawkeye knows he has found the criminal. (The chemical treatment story was merely a bluff.) Ho-Jon is not punished, however, as he has stolen the items only to raise money to bribe border guards to bring his family from the north to the south. 

The plot was presumably inspired by a similar ruse used by the mathematician John Napier to identify a thief among his household staff.

The episode's title is a reference to one of the most popular radio serials of the golden age, I Love a Mystery, created by Carlton E. Morse.

References

External links

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
1972 American television episodes
Roulette (disambiguation)

Roulette is a popular game of chance in casinos.

Roulette may also refer to:

Places
Roulette, Pennsylvania
Roulette Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania, in the United States

Films
Roulette (2011 film), an American independent film
Roulette (1924 film), an American silent drama film

Music
Roulette (band), a popular Russian-International Emo / Hard Rock band
Roulette Records, a disco / French house label eventually sold to EMI
The Roulettes, English rock band
Roulette (album), a 2013 album by Blue
""Roulette" (instrumental), an instrumental that was a UK number-one hit for Russ Conway in 1959
"Roulette", a song by Bon Jovi from their 1984 debut album Bon Jovi
"Roulette", a song by Brotherhood of Man from the 1978 album B for Brotherhood
"Roulette", a song by Bruce Springsteen on the album Tracks
"Roulette", a song by Katy Perry from the 2017 album Witness
"Roulette", a song by Machine Gun Kelly from his album Hotel Diablo
"Roulette", a song by System of a Down off the album Steal This Album!

Other uses
Roulette (comics), Marvel Comics character and DC character
Roulette (curve), a kind of curve used in differential geometry
Roulette, a small cut used for paper separation, see Postage stamp separation
Roulette or Marseille Roulette, a French term for an association football trick otherwise called the Marseille turn
Roulette Intermedium, an arts organisation and performing arts venue in Brooklyn, New York
Roulettes, Royal Australian Air Force formation aerobatic display team
Russian roulette (Russkaya ruletka), an analogy for or the actual lethal game of chance in which a player places a single round in a revolver, spins the cylinder, places the muzzle against his or her head, and pulls the trigger

See also
Roulet, a surname
Greenwich Time

Greenwich Time may refer to:
 Greenwich Mean Time, the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.
 Greenwich Time Signal, a time calibration service.
 Greenwich Time (newspaper), a Connecticut newspaper.
 The Greenwich Time Lady, Ruth Belville who ran a time setting business from 1892 - 1940.
 G:MT - Greenwich Mean Time, a 1999 British drama film
Dear Dad

"Dear Dad" was the 12th episode  of the first season of the TV series M*A*S*H. It originally aired on December 17, 1972 and was repeated on May 20, 1973.

Plot 

Hawkeye writes home to his father during the Christmas season, relating a number of amusing and personal anecdotes including Radar's effort to mail home a jeep piece-by-piece, the monthly morality lecture, Trapper's local medical philanthropy, and the ongoing non-secret relationship between Frank and Hot Lips. Hawkeye dresses to play Santa Claus for the local children, but is required to go to the front line via helicopter to treat an emergency, which he does in-costume.  

This was one of the first M*A*S*H episodes to challenge the traditional sitcom format by combining dramatic elements (specifically, the "war is hell" message) with comedic situations.

In the voiceover of Hawkeye writing to his father, he mentions "Christmas in Korea, as with you in Vermont".  In later episodes during the first three seasons, he would continue to cite Vermont as where he grew up.  However, starting in Season 4, that was changed to Crabapple Cove, Maine.

References

External links 
 

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
American Christmas television episodes
1972 American television episodes
Edwina (M*A*S*H)

"Edwina" was the 13th episode of the first season of the TV series M*A*S*H. It originally aired on December 24, 1972. It was written by Hal Dresner, directed by James Sheldon and guest starred Arlene Golonka in the title role.

Plot
Edwina "Eddie" Ferguson, an attractive but clumsy nurse, who often accidentally injures potential suitors, cannot find romance at the 4077th—or anywhere else, for that matter, as she confides to Margie Cutler. The other nurses at the Double Natural discuss her problem and agree to put their romantic relationships with the doctors and corpsmen on hold until someone agrees to date Eddie.

Eventually, to end the romantic drought the doctors draw straws to be her date for an evening, and Hawkeye draws the short straw. Hilarity ensues as his best smooth operator technique collides head on with Eddie's innate klutziness.

Guest cast
Arlene Golonka – Edwina Ferguson
Marcia Strassman – Margie Cutler

References

External links

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
1972 American television episodes
Love Story (M*A*S*H)

"Love Story" was episode #14 of the first season of the TV series M*A*S*H. It originally aired on January 7, 1973.

Radar has received a "Dear John" recording from his fiancée and he has consequently become depressed. This is until a new nurse arrives at the camp and it is love at first sight for him. However, Majors Burns and Houlihan want to break them up because their relationship is against regulations, forgetting that Radar's isn't the only romance against regulations. 

The episode is named after the film Love Story, which was released the same year as the film MASH.

References

External links

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
1973 American television episodes
Nature Photonics

Nature Photonics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group. The editor-in-chief is Oliver Graydon. The journal covers research related to optoelectronics, laser science, imaging, communications, and other aspects of photonics and was established in January 2007. Nature Photonics publishes review articles, research papers, News and Views pieces, and research highlights summarizing the latest scientific findings in optoelectronics. This is complemented by a mix of articles dedicated to the business side of the industry covering areas such as technology commercialization and market analysis. The papers that have been published in this journal are internationally acclaimed for maintaining high research standards. The journal is regarded as top-ranking in the field of photonics.

Nature Photonics is indexed in the NASA Astrophysics Data System and Science Citation Index.

External links 
 

Nature Research academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2007
Optics journals
Wheatsheaf Junction

Wheatsheaf Junction was the name given to the location where a branch of the North Wales Mineral Railway to Brymbo connected with Shrewsbury and Chester line between Wrexham and Gresford.

The junction, which was  from Wrexham General station, was built in 1844 during the period known as Railway Mania. It was designed to facilitate the connection between the mineral areas of Brymbo with Chester, Wrexham and Ruabon. The junction takes its name from the Wheatsheaf public house in Gwersyllt (at ) under which the line ran. The branch, which was very straight in places, went directly up Gwersyllt Hill through the  Summerhill Tunnel to Westminster Colliery. It then continued to the other side of Moss Valley through the  Brymbo Tunnel to Brymbo Steelworks. Due to the steepness of the line, wagons on these sections were worked on incline planes using a two-rope pulley system known locally as 'brakes'.

In 1862, the Wheatsheaf branch was superseded by a new branch line from the locomotive yard and works at Croes Newydd just south of Wrexham General. The railway, which was called the Wrexham and Minera Branch, connected both Brymbo and the mines and quarries at Minera. It was also a great improvement over the Wheatsheaf line because it could be worked throughout by steam engines. By 1882, the Moss Branch had opened connecting Westminster Colliery at Gwersyllt to Croes Newydd.

Progressively parts of the original Wheatsheaf branch fell into disuse throughout the latter part of the 19th century. By 1918 only a yard for 269 wagons on the branch between Wheatsheaf Junction and Westminster Colliery (at ) remained in operation. The junction was closed and the remaining line lifted after the colliery closed in 1925.

References

External links
http://www.penmorfa.com/Wrexham/guide.html

Rail junctions in Wales
Wrexham
Transport in Wrexham County Borough
1844 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newmarket North Mall

Newmarket North Mall was a mall located in Hampton, Virginia, that was developed by The Hahn Company and opened in 1975. Its three anchors were Leggett, Miller & Rhoads, and Sears.

In 1989, Goodman Segar Hogan bought the property and began a two-year, $9 million renovation and expansion project.  In 1990, when the renovation was nearly complete, the mall was renamed "Newmarket Fair."

Due to Patrick Henry Mall's opening in bordering Newport News, Virginia in 1987, Newmarket Fair languished, leaving Sears, which was among 235 properties Sears Holdings spun off in 2015 into Seritage Growth Properties, is the only remaining retail anchor tenant. However, on October 15, 2018 this location was announced as one of a number of stores closing as part of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filing by Sears Holdings. The store ultimately closed on January 6, 2019.
There is one remaining retail establishment left, Piccadilly Cafeteria, which is the only remaining Piccadilly in Virginia.

In 2000, Washington, D.C.-based companies NetCenter Partners and Hampton Partners purchased the  property on  and converted it into a business center with supporting retail, personal services and food service amenities called NetCenter.

References

External links
 Deadmalls.com write up on the mall
 NetCenter's webpage

Shopping malls established in 1975
Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
Shopping malls in Virginia
Defunct shopping malls in the United States
Dear Dad...Again

"Dear Dad...Again" is the eighteenth episode of the first season of the American television series M*A*S*H. It originally aired on February 4, 1973.

Plot
Hawkeye writes to his father again about several crazy events that take place at the 4077th, including his bet with Trapper John that he could walk into the mess tent naked and nobody would notice (he loses), the arrival of Captain Adam Casey (portrayed by Alex Henteloff), a Demara-esque fraud masquerading as a doctor, Frank becoming drunk, and Margaret's attempt to sing "My Blue Heaven" at the camp "No-Talent Show".

Hawkeye's line, "I have always relied upon the kindness of strangers" (at minute 6:49), is a reference to Tennessee Williams' play A Streetcar Named Desire, with the line spoken by the character Blanche DuBois.

Hawkeye asks his father to "kiss sis, and Mom" in his letter to him. This is contradicted in later episodes which reveal Hawkeye as an only child with his mother deceased. He also mentions in "The Moose" that he always wanted a sister.

References

External links

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
1973 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Jackie Cooper
Pier glass

A pier glass or trumeau mirror is a mirror which is placed on a pier, i.e. a wall between two windows supporting an upper structure.  

It is therefore generally of a long and tall shape to fit the space.  It may be as a hanging mirror or as mirrored glass affixed flush to the pier, in which case it is sometimes of the same shape and design as the windows themselves. This was a common decorating feature in the reception rooms of Neoclassical 18th-century houses. 

A pier table or console table typically stood below the pier glass; very often these were made as a matching set.

Trumeau mirrors

A trumeau mirror is a type of wall mirror originally manufactured in France in the later 18th century. It takes its name from the French word trumeau, which designates the space between windows. Such a mirror, usually rectangular, could also hang above an overmantel. A decorative carved or painted scene was the prominent characteristic, and could dominate the actual mirror.

Notes
 

Furniture
Mirrors
18th century
The Longjohn Flap

"The Longjohn Flap" was episode #19 of the first season of the TV series M*A*S*H. It originally aired on February 18, 1973, and was the first episode of M*A*S*H to be written by series star Alan Alda.

Plot 
In the middle of a cold snap, Hawkeye receives a pair of longjohns from home. Hawkeye gives them to an ill Trapper out of sympathy and Trapper loses them to Radar in a poker game. The longjohns proceed to pass through the hands of almost everyone in the camp: Radar gives them to the mess cook (played by Joseph V. Perry) in exchange for a whole lamb roast with mint jelly, and the cook bribes Frank with them to avoid being demoted because of the unsanitary conditions of the kitchen. Frank gives the longjohns to an intimidating Margaret as a sign of devotion to her, before Klinger steals the longjohns from Margaret's tent. A remorseful Klinger then gives the longjohns to Father Mulcahy, who in turn gives them to Henry (but not until after he spends the night wearing them). Henry claims he will return the longjohns to their rightful owner but gets caught putting them on by Hawkeye and Trapper. Henry rebuffs Hawkeye's demand that the longjohns be returned but later gives them back to Hawkeye in gratitude for saving his life via an appendectomy.

Themes 
Like other M*A*S*H episodes, this episode deals with the absurdities of army bureaucracy: specifically, a supply error which results in warm-weather clothes being delivered to the camp in the midst of winter.

In this episode, as well as the earlier "Sometimes You Hear the Bullet", a more fully developed character for Henry emerges—he is not as buffoonish as in earlier episodes, as when he explains the intricacies of military bureaucracy to Radar.

In his autobiography, Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: and Other Things I've Learned, Alan Alda says that for this episode, he borrowed the structure from La Ronde. "In my version, the object that's passed from couple to couple is a pair of long johns during a cold spell in the Korean winter."

References

External links 
 

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
1973 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by William Wiard
The Army-Navy Game (M*A*S*H)

"The Army–Navy Game" is the 20th episode of the first season of the TV series M*A*S*H, originally airing on February 25, 1973; its repeat on September 9, 1973 was the last official telecast in M*A*S*Hs first season on CBS. The episode was co-written by cast member McLean Stevenson ("Lt. Col. Henry Blake").

Plot
Excitement runs high in the camp on the day of the Army-Navy football game, with several members of the 4077th putting money into a betting pool. As the game starts, the unit comes under enemy attack, causing some damage and injuries. When a bomb falls into the compound but does not detonate, the entire camp is thrown into a panic. Lt. Col. Blake starts calling various branches of the military, trying to find out who dropped the bomb, but the people he talks to are more interested in following the game. He eventually learns that the bomb was dropped by the CIA, then sends Hawkeye and Trapper out to defuse it. However, the poorly written defusing instructions cause them to accidentally start the timer on the bomb – which explodes and fires hundreds of propaganda leaflets into the air. As life in the camp settles down, Father Mulcahy wins the football pool, having placed the only bet on Navy.

Notes
 In this episode the theme song is a different recording than prior episodes, with a much more carefree arrangement that emphasizes woodwind instruments, brass and percussion.
 The game heard and referenced in this episode is fictional, depicting a final score of Navy 42, Army 36. As of the 2022 contest, no actual Army–Navy Game has finished with this score.
 Though not acknowledged in the credits, game show host Tom Kennedy is the voice of the football commentator heard throughout this episode. Kennedy verified this in a 2003 interview.
 The radio announcer (Game show host Tom Kennedy) says it is the 53rd Army–Navy game. The 53rd game was played in 1952, with Navy winning 7–0.

References

External links
 

M*A*S*H (season 1) episodes
1973 American television episodes