alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Math

Accelerated Math is a daily, progress-monitoring software tool that monitors and manages mathematics skills practice, from preschool math through calculus. It is primarily used by primary and secondary schools, and it is published by Renaissance Learning, Inc. Currently, there are five versions: a desktop version and a web-based version in Renaissance Place, the company's web software for Accelerated Math and a number of other software products (e.g. Accelerated Reader). In Australia and the United Kingdom, the software is referred to as "Accelerated Maths".

Research
Below is a sample of some of the most current research on Accelerated Math.

Sadusky and Brem (2002) studied the impact of first-year implementation of Accelerated Math in a K-6 urban elementary school during the 2001–2002 school year. The researchers found that teachers were able to immediately use data to make decisions about instruction in the classroom. The students in classrooms using Accelerated Math had twice the percentile gains when tested as compared to the control classrooms that did not use Accelerated Math.

Ysseldkyke and Tardrew (2003) studied 2,202 students in 125 classrooms encompassing 24 states. The results showed that when students using Accelerated Math were compared to a control group, those students using the software made a significant gains on the STAR Math test. Students in grades 3 through 10 that were using Accelerated Math had more than twice the percentile gains on these tests than students in the control group.

Ysseldyke, Betts, Thill, and Hannigan (2004) conducted a quasi-experimental study with third- through sixth-grade Title I students. They found that Title I students who used Accelerated Math outperformed students who did not. Springer, Pugalee, and Algozzine (2005) also discovered a similar pattern. They studied students that failed to pass the AIMS test in order to graduate. Over half of the students passed the test after taking a course in which Accelerated Math was used to improve their achievement.

The What Works Clearinghouse (2008) within the Institute of Educational Sciences concluded that studies they evaluated did not show statistically significant gains when put through the US government's analysis.

For more research, see the link below.

References

External links
 Accelerated Math: Entrance Rates, Success Rates, and College Readiness research
 Accelerated Math webpage
 Accelerated Math research
 Renaissance Learning research
 2005 and 2006 Readers’ Choice Awards from eSchool News

Alternate usage
For other uses of the term "accelerated math," please see:
 Burris (2003), an article on an accelerated mathematics curriculum
 Shiran (2000), an article on accelerated math operators in JavaScript programming

Educational math software
Renaissance Learning software
Curtis Priem

Curtis R. Priem is an American electrical engineer.

He received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1982. He designed the first graphics processor for the PC, the IBM Professional Graphics Adapter.

From 1986 to 1993, he was a senior staff engineer at Sun Microsystems, where he developed the GX graphics chip.

He cofounded NVIDIA with Jen-Hsun Huang and Chris Malachowsky and was its Chief Technical Officer from 1993 to 2003. He retired from NVIDIA in 2003.

In 2000, RPI named him Entrepreneur of the Year. From 2003 to 2007 he was a trustee of Rensselaer. In 2004 he announced that he would donate an unrestricted gift of $40 million to the Institute. Rensselaer subsequently created the Curtis R. Priem Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center, named in his honor and usually referred to as "EMPAC" for short.

He is also president of the Priem Family Foundation, which he established with his wife Veronica in September, 1999. The foundation is non-operating (i.e., has no office or staff, and therefore, no overhead) and exists only to give money to other foundations or charities.

References

Nvidia people
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American technology company founders
American electrical engineers
American chief technology officers
American philanthropists
The Time Bind

The Time Bind is a book by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1997, The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. The book refers to the blurring distinction between work and home social environments.

Hochschild found in her research that although most working parents, particularly mothers, said "family comes first", few of them considered adjusting their long working hours, even when their workplaces offered flextime, parental leave, remote work, or other "family friendly" policies. She concluded that the roles of home and work had reversed: work had become more attractive, offering a sense of belonging, while home had grown more stressful, becoming a dreaded place with too many demands.

See also
 Double burden
 Work–family balance in the United States
 Work–family conflict
 Work–life balance

References
  Google Print

Family
Sociological terminology
Abbey of Notre-Dame des Neiges

The Abbey of Notre-Dame des Neiges or Our Lady of the Snows () is a Trappist monastery in the Ardèche département of south-central France. It was built in 1850, located on the territory of the commune of Saint-Laurent-les-Bains, about one and a half miles east of the village of La Bastide-Puylaurent (Lozère).

History 
Prior to the French Revolution, there were several Cistercian monasteries in the region, namely Mazan Abbey, Les Chambons Abbey, and Mercoire Abbey. These were however destroyed and sold off during the French Revolution.

In 1791, Jean Chalbos purchased a former barn of Les Chambons. His descendants offered to return the land back to monastic use and offered it to Aiguebelle Abbey, who initially declined the offer, but eventually accepted the second time, having received encouragement from the bishops of Valence and Viviers.

The monastery was officially founded on 5 August 1850, the feast day of Our Lady of the Snows. The priory was elevated to an abbey in 1874, with the election of their first abbot, Polycarpe Marthoud. At the time, there were some 90 members of the abbey.

Robert Louis Stevenson visited in 1878 while on a hiking trip he described in Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes.

The French Third Republic initially planned to expel the monks again in November 1880, however a sudden snowfall prevented this from being executed. With the threat of persecution, the abbot made a foundation in Akbes, Syria, so as to ensure that a refuge was available for the monks should they be expelled again.

In January 1890, Charles de Foucauld entered the monastery as a novice, and was given the religious name "Marie-Albéric". Due to his plea, after some months he was sent to the Syrian abbey of La Trappe at Akbès.

The monastery was burned down in a fire in 1912 and was rebuilt. In January 2022, the Vatican announced that Notre-Dame des Neiges has to be closed due to the lack of novices and the death of two brothers in 2021. According to the newspaper La Croix, the remaining ten brothers made the decision together on Christmas Eve 2021. The abbey will be resettled by Cistercian nuns of the abbey of St Mary's Abbey in Boulaur.

References

External links

Official website (in French)
Hiking trails:
GR 72
GR 7

Trappist monasteries in France
Religious organizations established in 1850
Buildings and structures in Ardèche
Catholic organizations established in the 19th century
19th-century Christian monasteries
1850 establishments in France
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France
Tennyson Guyer

Tennyson Guyer (November 29, 1912 – April 12, 1981) was a member of the United States House of Representatives.  He was a Republican from Ohio for four terms from 1973 to 1981.

Early life and career 
Born in Findlay, Ohio on November 29, either in 1912 or 1913, Guyer was educated in the public schools of Findlay, and performed as an aerialist at a young age with the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus. He lived with his uncle after his father was killed by a heart attack on July 22, 1926.

He received a B.S. from Findlay College in 1934, and afterwards became an ordained minister. Guyer served as mayor of Celina, Ohio, from 1940 to 1944, and later became a member of the state central committee from 1954 to 1966.

Guyer was the public affairs director for Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. in Findlay from 1950 to 1972, and was a member of the Ohio State Senate from 1959 to 1972. He was also a delegate to the Ohio State Republican conventions each year from 1950 to 1957, and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1956.

Congress 
He was elected as a Republican to the Ninety-third and to the four succeeding Congresses, serving Ohio's District 4 in the United States House of Representatives, and served from January 3, 1973, until his death from a heart attack on April 12, 1981, in Alexandria, Virginia.  While serving as Congressman in 1979, he led the Cocaine Task Force as chairman, committed to curbing the drug's use in the US.

As a congressman, he was well known for traveling cross country and internationally to deliver speeches.

Death 
While inside his house in Alexandria, Virginia, he died in his sleep on April 12, 1981 while serving his fourth term in office. A heart problem was suspected as the cause, but was not confirmed immediately following the death. Later sources state his cause of death as a heart attack. He was interred in Maple Grove Cemetery in his hometown of Findlay, Ohio.

See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
 List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee

Sources

External links

1912 births
1981 deaths
Republican Party Ohio state senators
People from Findlay, Ohio
People from Celina, Ohio
Mayors of places in Ohio
20th-century American politicians
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
University of Findlay alumni
Heather Veitch

Heather Veitch (born on March 7, 1974) is an American Christian missionary who worked previously as a stripper but now seeks to help women working in strip clubs leave the adult entertainment industry. She is the founder of the Christian ministry JC's Girls, based out of Las Vegas, Nevada.

Veitch is a frequent speaker, working with both secular and religious audiences throughout the United States. Her expertise and knowledge in reaching out to women working in strip clubs has been utilized throughout the world by organizations seeking to develop like-minded ministries.

JC's Girls 

JC's Girls is an international, faith-based organization that offers spiritual support to women working in the sex industry. Their primary focus includes visiting local strip clubs in order to extend an invitation to attend church. Their approach includes offering small gift packages along with ministry contact information. Additionally, the ministry participates in the annual AVN Adult Entertainment Expo held in Las Vegas. The organization has set up an exhibitor booth during the convention, presenting a message to entertainers and patrons with the message: "There is nothing you have ever done that God would not forgive you for!"

The organization has developed chapter ministries across the United States. These chapters include JCs Girls of San Diego; JCs Girls of Austin, Texas; JCs Girls of Las Vegas; and JCs Girls of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

In 2007, Veitch began partnering with Annie Lobert of "Hookers for Jesus" on a joint media project entitled "Saving Sex City". However, the project was short lived and , Veitch and Lobert were no longer producing new episodes.

Pussycat Preacher documentary
In 2007, Veitch's life and ministry were presented in a documentary. Directed by documentary filmmaker Bill Day, the film revealed the inside story of Veitch's life and her struggle to start a ministry for women in the sex industry. The film primarily focuses on Veitch, along with the team of Christian women who join her to become JC's Girls, and Pastor Matt Brown of Sandals Church in Riverside, California. The film highlights the pastor's efforts to support Veitch's endeavor, while facing opposition from his local congregation.

Private life 
Veitch was born in Los Angeles but grew up in Muscoy, San Bernardino County.

References

External links

 
 JC's Girls Ministry Website
 The Pussycat Preacher
 A Second Life After Sin
 Ex-Stripper Spreads Gospel to Those in Sex Industry
 Now they bare their souls to minister to others
 
 Pussycat Preacher YouTube channel

American female erotic dancers
American erotic dancers
American Protestant missionaries
Female Christian missionaries
Living people
Sex worker activists in the United States
Converts to Protestantism
21st-century American women
1974 births
Ole Olsen (comedian)

John Sigvard "Ole" Olsen (November 6, 1892 – January 26, 1963) was an American vaudevillian and comedian.

Biography
Olsen was married twice. He had four children with his first wife, Lillian Clem: John Charles, Robert Clem, Joy, and Moya. They were later divorced. His son, Robert died of miliary tuberculosis at age 2; son J. C., an actor, died by suicide in 1956. Moya married William P. Lear of Learjet fame in 1942. Ole was involved in a serious automobile accident in 1950 and recuperated at the Lear home. In June 1961 Ole married Eileen Maria Osthoff, a dancer and choreographer he had known for eight years.

Olsen is remembered for the quote, "May you live as long as you laugh, and laugh as long as you live", which are cited on his headstone. Olsen died in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the age of 70 of a kidney ailment, and is interred in Palm Desert Memorial in Las Vegas, Nevada, in a grave adjoining that of Chic Johnson.

References

External links

 
 Charles Stumpf Olsen and Johnson - The Zaniest of the Zanies from Classic Images
Ole Olsen Memorial Theatre

"Ole Olsen Papers, 1910-1999, Collection Guide", Indiana Historical Society

1892 births
1963 deaths
20th-century American comedians
Northwestern University School of Communication alumni
People from Peru, Indiana
Vaudeville performers
American people of Norwegian descent
Deaths from kidney disease
1980 in Zimbabwe

The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Zimbabwe.

Incumbents

 President: Canaan Banana (starting 18 April)
 Prime Minister: Robert Mugabe (starting 18 April)

Events

April 18 - Zimbabwe's independence from the United Kingdom is recognised internationally, and the country becomes a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations - which remains the case until December 2003, when Zimbabwe left the Commonwealth of Nations.
April 18 - Canaan Banana, a Methodist minister and theologian, becomes the first President of Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe becomes the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
 July 31 - The Zimbabwean field hockey team wins the gold medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics celebrated in Moscow (USSR) (see also Zimbabwe at the 1980 Summer Olympics and Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics).
August 25 - Zimbabwe joins the United Nations.
November 8 - Enos Nkala makes remarks at a rally in Bulawayo, in which he warns ZAPU that ZANU would deliver a few blows against them. This starts the first Entumbane uprising, in which Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army and Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army fight for two days.

Deaths

This section lists deaths in Zimbabwe during 1980.

References

 
Zimbabwe
1980s in Zimbabwe
Years of the 20th century in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Mohamed Zahir Hussain

Dr. Mohamed Zahir Hussain,(Dhivehi:ޑރ. މުޙައްމަދު ޒާހިރު ޙުސައިން) is the chancellor of the Islamic University of Maldives. He was appointed by the former president,  Ibrahim Mohamed Solih. He was also the chancellor of Maldives National University and the former Minister of Education as well as the Minister of Youth and Sports of the Maldives. He resigned from the post of Youth Minister in the year 2004 but was again appointed as a senior minister (a special advisor to the president) in 2006 and served in the cabinet of President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom until 2008 presidential election. In 2008, he was conferred the distinguished "Order of Izzuddin" by President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom. He is also the Chairman/Owner of the newspaper Haveeru Daily which was established in 1978. His wife was Naalia Ibrahim Kaleyfaan, who passed away in 2021 while receiving treatment at ADK Hospital. She was a teacher at Aminiya School for 25 years, and the first chancellor of the Islamic University of Maldives. Zahir has three children – Leena Zahir Hussain, Vail Zahir Hussain and Lubna Zahir Hussain.

References

Maldivian businesspeople
Living people
Government ministers of the Maldives
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mondim de Basto

Mondim de Basto () is a municipality in the district of Vila Real in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 7,493, in an area of 172.08 km2.

The present mayor is Bruno Ferreira, elected by the PSD Party. The municipal holiday is July 25.

Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (freguesias):
 Atei
 Bilhó
 Campanhó e Paradança
 Ermelo e Pardelhas
 Mondim de Basto
 Vilar de Ferreiros

References

External links
 Municipality official website

Towns in Portugal
Municipalities of Vila Real District
Trapezium Cluster

The Trapezium or Orion Trapezium Cluster, also known by its Bayer designation of Theta1 Orionis, is a tight open cluster of stars in the heart of the Orion Nebula, in the constellation of Orion. It was discovered by Galileo Galilei. On 4 February 1617 he sketched three of the stars (A, C and D), but missed the surrounding nebulosity. A fourth component (B) was identified by several observers in 1673, and several more components were discovered later like E, for a total of eight by 1888. Subsequently, several of the stars were determined to be binaries. Telescopes of amateur astronomers from about  aperture can resolve six stars under good seeing conditions.

The Trapezium is a relatively young cluster that has formed directly out of the parent nebula. The five brightest stars are on the order of 15 to 30 solar masses in size. They are within a diameter of 1.5 light-years of each other and are responsible for much of the illumination of the surrounding nebula. The Trapezium may be a sub-component of the larger Orion Nebula Cluster, a grouping of about 2,000 stars within a diameter of 20 light-years.

Identification 
The Trapezium is most readily identifiable by the asterism of four relatively bright stars for which it is named. The four are often identified as A, B, C and D in order of increasing right ascension. The brightest of the four stars is C, or Theta1 Orionis C, with an apparent magnitude of 5.13. Both A and B have been identified as eclipsing binaries.

Infrared images of the Trapezium are better able to penetrate the surrounding clouds of dust, and have located many more stellar components. About half the stars within the cluster have been found to contain evaporating circumstellar disks, a likely precursor to planetary formation. In addition, brown dwarfs and low-mass runaway stars have been identified.

Possible black hole 
A 2012 paper suggests an intermediate-mass black hole with a mass more than 100 times that of the Sun may be present within the Trapezium, something that could explain the large velocity dispersion of the stars of the cluster.

List of stars

References

Further reading

External links

 Chandra Observatory Uncovers Hot Stars In The Making, MIT Press Release, 2000.
 Astronomy Picture of the Day - In the Center of the Trapezium 2003 March 2
 Observing the Trapezium

Open clusters
Orion (constellation)
Orion molecular cloud complex
Orionis, Theta1
Asterisms (astronomy)
BD-05 1315
Orionis, 41
Denbigh High School

Denbigh High School may refer to:

Denbigh High School, Denbighshire in Denbigh, Wales
Denbigh High School, Luton in Bedfordshire, England
Denbigh High School (Jamaica) in Clarendon, Denbigh, Jamaica
Denbigh High School (Newport News, Virginia) in Newport News, Virginia, USA
Rose Browne

Rose Butler Browne (1897–1986) was an American educator, engineer and author of Love My Children. In 1939 she became the first black woman to gain a PhD in education from Harvard University.

Life
Rose Butler Browne was born in Boston, Massachusetts on March 19, 1897, the daughter of John R. Butler, a brickmason and Hannah F. McClenney, who worked at a laundry. Her maternal great-grandmother, Charlotte Ann Elizabeth Lindsey, was a daughter of a native American chief who married a southern slave, worked six years to buy his freedom and later migrated to a Boston ghetto to improve the life of their children. In her autobiography Love My Children, Browne attributed most of her success to the influence of her great-grandmother, called the "High Priestess" by her family. 

She moved with her family to Newport, Rhode Island where she grew up. While working as a live-in domestic she earned a bachelor's degree at Rhode Island College. She went on to earn her master's degree at Rhode Island College and then to Harvard University where, in 1939 she became the first black woman to earn a doctoral degree in education. In 1950, she received an honorary degree from Rhode Island College.

Dr. Browne taught for many years at Virginia State University and North Carolina College. She was devoted to improving education for minority children.  Dr. Browne served on the facilities of Virginia State College, West Virginia State College, and Bluefield State College in West Virginia before becoming chairman of the education department at North Carolina College. A crusader for black rights, Dr. Browne once refused to send students into teaching jobs in West Virginia as long as State Board of Education continued paying black teachers lower salaries than white teachers. The publicity and subsequent shortage of teachers forced the board to alter its policies.

After retiring in 1963, Dr. Browne operated a day care center for children at the Mt. Vernon Baptist Church in Durham, where her husband was the pastor. Returning to Rhode Island, she operated a summer school aimed at the culture gap faced by black children, and later worked with senior citizens.

In 1969 a seven-story Rhode Island College residence hall was named in her honor. After an extended illness, Browne died on December 1, 1986, in Providence, Rhode Island. She is buried in Durham, North Carolina. A leadership class and mentoring program offered through the Center for Leadership Development at the University of Rhode Island is named in her honor.

Works
Browne, Rose Butler. Love My Children: an Autobiography. New York: Meredith Press, 1969.

References

External links
Multicultural Alumni at the University of Rhode Island

1897 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American educators
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
Virginia State University faculty
University of Rhode Island alumni
Christian Aagaard

Christian O. Aagaard (born 22 January 1937 in Hjallerup) is a Danish politician, who was a member of the Folketing for the Conservative People's Party from 1984 to 1994 and again from 1997 to 1998.

Political career
Aagaard was a member of Silkeborg Municipality's municipal council, as well as a member of the county council of Århus County.

Aagaard was a candidate for the Conservative People's Party from 1983 and was first elected into parliament at the 1984 Danish general election. He was reelected in 1987, 1988 and 1990. He did not get elected in the 1994 election, but became a substitute for the Conservative People's Party in the Århus constituency. He entered parliament as a substitute member from 29 October to 22 November 1996. On 1 May 1997 Hans Peter Clausen resigned his seat, and Aagaard entered parliament, taking over Clausen's seat.

References

External links 
 Biography on the website of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget)

1937 births
Living people
People from Brønderslev Municipality
Danish municipal councillors
Conservative People's Party (Denmark) politicians
Members of the Folketing 1984–1987
Members of the Folketing 1987–1988
Members of the Folketing 1988–1990
Members of the Folketing 1990–1994
Members of the Folketing 1994–1998
Without Feathers (album)

Without Feathers is the second album by Montreal indie rock band the Stills. It was released May 9, 2006 by Vice Records. The album was produced by Gus Van Go.

Emily Haines from fellow indie band Metric appeared on "Baby Blues," while Jason Collett of Broken Social Scene and Sam Roberts were featured on the track "Oh Shoplifter".

The album debuted at No. 6 on the Top Heatseekers chart, but failed to hit the Billboard 200. In Canada, the album did not fare well on the charts. It premiered at No. 51 before moving out of the Top 100 the following week. The album was later released in the UK in 2007 by Drowned in Sound Recordings, including two new tracks.

Without Feathers featured a major personnel change; with the departure of original lead guitarist Greg Paquet, drummer Dave Hamelin moved to guitar and sang lead vocals on the majority of the album's tracks. It was also the first Stills album to feature keyboardist Liam O'Neil as a full-time member, and was the debut for drummer Julien Blais.

The album also marked a big change in sound, from the 1980s-influenced post-punk revivalism of their debut to a happier, more rootsy Americana-oriented approach, which Pitchfork termed "cheerful and heartfelt".

Track listing

US/Canada edition

UK edition

Personnel

The Stills
Olivier Corbeil – bass guitar, cowbell
Tim Fletcher – vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Dave Hamelin – vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, drums, percussion, additional recording, mixing
Liam O'Neil – piano, organs, keyboards, saxophone, tambourine, vocals, additional recording

Additional musicians
Melissa Auf der Maur – handclaps on "Oh Shoplifter"
Colin Brooks – drums
"Chip" – trumpet on "Destroyer" and "It Takes Time"
Evan Cranley – trombone on "Destroyer" and "It Takes Time"
Kevin Drew – vocals on "She's Walking Out"
Eric Fares – acoustic guitar on "Oh Shoplifter"
Emily Haines – vocals on "Baby Blues"
Mikey Heppner – handclaps on "Oh Shoplifter"
Neil Johnson – saxophone on "Destroyer" and "It Takes Time"
Alfie Jurvanen – lead guitar on "In the Beginning" and "She's Walking Out"
Meghynn Norman – handclaps on "Oh Shoplifter"
Vincenzo Nudo – percussion on "Oh Shoplifter"
Elizabeth Powell – vocals on "Monsoon"
Sam Roberts – acoustic guitar on "Oh Shoplifter"
Felix Trenton – guitar on "Oh Shoplifter"

Production
Adam "Bix" Berger – management, vocals on "In the Beginning" and "Destroyer", handclaps on "Oh Shoplifter"
Werner F. – mixing
Ryan Morey – mastering
Cristophe Rihet – photography
Mathieu Roberge – assistant engineer, handclaps on "Oh Shoplifter"
Rod Shearer – recording
Gus van Go – production, recording, mixing, backing vocals, percussion on "Destroyer", cowbell on "Helicopters", guitar on "The House We Live In", tambourine on "She's Walking Out", handclaps on "Oh Shoplifter"
Patrick Watson – additional recording

References

2006 albums
The Stills albums
Vice Records albums
Albums produced by Gus van Go
Phantom eye syndrome

The phantom eye syndrome (PES) is a phantom pain in the eye and  visual hallucinations after the removal of an eye (enucleation, evisceration).

Symptoms 
Many patients experience one or more phantom phenomena after the removal of the eye:
Phantom pain in the (removed) eye (prevalence: 26%)
Non-painful phantom sensations
Visual hallucinations. About 30% of patients report visual hallucinations of the removed eye. Most of these hallucinations consist of basic perceptions (shapes, colors). In contrast, visual hallucinations caused by severe visual loss without removal of the eye itself (Charles Bonnet syndrome) are less frequent (prevalence 10%) and often consist of detailed images.

Pathogenesis

Phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations 
Phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations result from changes in the central nervous system due to denervation of a body part. Phantom eye pain is considerably less common than phantom limb pain. The prevalence of phantom pain after limb amputation ranged from 50% to 78%. The prevalence of phantom eye pain, in contrast, is about 30%.

Post-amputation changes in the cortical representation of body parts adjacent to the amputated limb are believed to contribute to the development of phantom pain and non-painful phantom sensations. One reason for the smaller number of patients with phantom eye pain compared with those with phantom limb pain may be the smaller cortical somatosensory representation of the eye compared with the limbs.

In limb amputees, some, but not all, studies have found a correlation between preoperative pain in the affected limb and postoperative phantom pain. There is a significant association between painful and non-painful phantom experiences, preoperative pain in the symptomatic eye and headache. Based on the present data, it is difficult to determine if headaches or preoperative eye pain play a causal role in the development of phantom phenomena or if headache, preoperative eye pain, and postoperative phantom eye experiences are only epiphenomena of an underlying factor. However, a study in humans demonstrated that experimental pain leads to a rapid reorganization of the somatosensory cortex. This study suggests that preoperative and postoperative pain may be an important co-factor for somatosensory reorganization and the development of phantom experiences.

Visual hallucinations
Enucleation of an eye and, similarly, retinal damage, leads to a cascade of events in the cortical areas receiving visual input. Cortical GABAergic (GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid) inhibition decreases, and cortical glutamatergic excitation increases, followed by increased visual excitability or even spontaneous activity in the visual cortex. It is believed that spontaneous activity in the denervated visual cortex is the neural correlate of visual hallucinations.

Treatment
Treatment of painful phantom eye syndrome is provision of ocular prosthesis in the empty orbit.

See also 
Visual system
Charles Bonnet syndrome
Phantom limb

References

External links 

Visual system
Neurological disorders
Eye diseases
Syndromes
Hallucinations
Human eye
Peter Doherty

Pete or Peter Doherty may  refer to:

Pete Doherty (born 1979), English musician
Pete Doherty (wrestler) (born 1945), American wrestler
Peter Doherty (immunologist) (born 1940), Australian immunologist and Nobel Prize winner
Peter Doherty (footballer) (1913–1990), Northern Ireland footballer
Peter Doherty (comics), British comic-book artist

See also
Peter Docherty (born 1929), English footballer
Peter O'Doherty, Australian musician and artist
Stalking Pete Doherty, a rockumentary
Langen, Cuxhaven

Langen bei Bremerhaven is a town and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2015 it is part of the town Geestland. It is situated approximately 7 km north of the centre of Bremerhaven, and 30 km south of Cuxhaven.

History
Langen belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. The Kingdom of Hanover incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

References

Geestland
Common interosseous artery

The common interosseous artery, about 1 cm. in length, arises immediately below the tuberosity of the radius from the ulnar artery.

Passing backward to the upper border of the interosseous membrane, it divides into two branches, the anterior interosseous and posterior interosseous arteries.

Additional images

References

External links
 

Arteries of the upper limb
Rome station (New York)

Rome station is a Neoclassical train station served by Amtrak. It is located on 6599 Martin Street in Rome, New York between the NY 26-49-69 bridge and Mill Road south of the Erie Canal.

Four Empire Service trains (two westbound to Niagara Falls and two eastbound to Penn Station in New York City) stop at Rome, as do a pair of Maple Leaf trains (one eastbound, one westbound) between Penn Station and Toronto Union Station for a total of six daily departures. CENTRO of Oneida's Rome bus routes 4 and 7 also stop at the station.

History
The current station was built between 1912 and 1914 by the New York Central Railroad south of the city proper to replace the former structure downtown. Such a move was necessitated by a track realignment.

The one-and-a-half-story brick building was constructed in a Neoclassical style and includes columns flanking the vestibules, decorative grillwork and large arched windows. The waiting room includes a bowed ticket window and a series of delicate triple-globed bronze chandeliers. At the rear of the waiting room are paired symmetrical staircases with ornate openwork iron railings up to the near platform.

In 1988, Amtrak conveyed the station to the city of Rome. Amtrak proposed to close the station in 1996, but the city resisted and instead found federal funds to renovate the station. The $4 million reconstruction was finished in 2004.

Station layout

The station has an unusual configuration because the building is located at grade while the tracks are on a raised embankment. The low-level island platform is accessed by an under-track passage; both were constructed in 2002. A side platform, now abandoned, is accessed directly from the building's second story. The platform includes enclosed passenger shelters and is heated to make snow removal unnecessary.

References

External links 

Amtrak stations in New York (state)
Former New York Central Railroad stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1914
Transportation in Rome, New York
Interosseous artery

Interosseous artery may refer to

 Anterior interosseous artery
 Common interosseous artery
 Interosseous recurrent artery
 Posterior interosseous artery
MegaHAL

MegaHAL is a computer conversation simulator, or "chatterbot", created by Jason Hutchens.

Background

In 1996, Jason Hutchens entered the Loebner Prize Contest with HeX, a chatterbot based on ELIZA. HeX won the competition that year and took the $2000 prize for having the highest overall score. In 1998, Hutchens again entered the Loebner Prize Contest with his new program, MegaHAL.  MegaHAL made its debut in the 1998 Loebner Prize Contest. Like many chatterbots, the intent is for MegaHAL to appear as a human fluent in a natural language. As a user types sentences into MegaHAL, MegaHAL will respond with sentences that are sometimes coherent and at other times complete gibberish. MegaHAL learns as the conversation progresses, remembering new words and sentence structures. It will even learn new ways to substitute words or phrases for other words or phrases. Many would consider conversation simulators like MegaHAL to be a primitive form of artificial intelligence. However, MegaHAL doesn't understand the conversation or even the sentence structure. It generates its conversation based on sequential and mathematical relationships.

In the world of conversation simulators, MegaHAL is based on relatively old technology and could be considered primitive. However, its popularity has grown due to its humorous nature; it has been known to respond with twisted or nonsensical statements that are often amusing.

Theory of Operation

MegaHal is based at least in part on a so-called "hidden Markov Model", so that the first thing that Megahal does when it "trains" on a script or text is to build a database of text fragments encompassing every possible subset of perhaps 4, 5, or even 6 consecutive words, so that for example - if MegaHal trains on the Declaration of Independence, then MegaHal will build a database containing text fragments such as "When in the course", "in the course of", "the course of human", "course of human events", "of human events, one", "human events, one people", and so on.  Then if Megahal is fed another text, such has "Superman, Yes! It's Superman - he can change the course of mighty rivers, bend steel with his bare hands - and who disguised at Clark Kent …" IT MIGHT induce Megahal to apparently bemuse itself to proffer whether Superman can change the course of human events, or something else altogether - such as some rambling about "when in the course of mighty rivers", and so on.  Thus likewise - if a phrase like "the White house said" comes up a lot in some text; then Megahal's ability to switch randomly between different contexts which otherwise share some similarity can result at times in some surprising lucidity, or else it might otherwise seem quite bizarre.

Examples 
There are some sentences that MegaHAL generated:

CHESS IS A FUN SPORT, WHEN PLAYED WITH SHOT GUNS.

and

COWS FLY LIKE CLOUDS BUT THEY ARE NEVER COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL.

Distribution
MegaHAL is distributed under the Unlicense. Its source code can be downloaded from the Github repository.

See also

Loebner prize
ELIZA

References

External links
Github repository

Chatbots
Free simulation software
Markov models
Loxstedt

Loxstedt (in High German, in Low Saxon: Lox)
is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated south of Bremerhaven.

History 
Lacstidi (literally in lake stead), first mentioned in 1059, belonged to the Duchy of Saxony. At the carve-up of Saxony it became a part of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, newly raised to imperial immediacy in 1180. In the mid-16th century the inhabitants adopted Lutheranism. During the Leaguist occupation under Tilly (1628–1630), they suffered from attempts at re-Catholicisation.
 
In 1648 the prince-archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish – interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) – and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which – after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 – incorporated the duchy in a real union and the ducal territory, including Loxstedt, became part of the Stade Region, established in 1823.

In 1974 Loxstedt incorporated a number of smaller municipalities in its environs, among them Büttel, Dedesdorf, Eidewarden, Maihausen, Overwarfe, Ueterlande, and Wiemsdorf, which all had never been part of the Hanoveran state but had been part of the neighbouring state of Oldenburg, thus having a different history.

Villages in the municipality 

The municipality consists of 21 villages, of which several include smaller settlements (number of inhabitants as of 28 February 2004) :

Transportation 
Loxstedt has three exits on the Bundesautobahn 27. The Bundesstraße 437, connecting the Stotel A27 exit to the Weser tunnel, has been constructed so that it can be easily upgraded to an autobahn. The Bundesautobahn 22, the so-called Küstenautobahn, which currently is in planning stage, will replace the B 437 in the future.
The Bundesstraße 71 runs through Bexhövede and Stinstedt, connecting the municipality to Bremerhaven and Beverstedt.

Public transport is mostly carried by buses within the public transport association Bremen/Lower Saxony (VBN). A minicab scheme, carried out by BremerhavenBus, offers hourly connections to Bremerhaven and to Loxstedt railway station, which is on the Bremen–Bremerhaven line and has been served since December 2010 by line RS 2 of the Bremen S-Bahn, running hourly between Bremerhaven-Lehe and Twistringen.

Twin towns 
Loxstedt's twin towns include:
  – Schwaan (Germany), since 1989

References

External links 

  
 Local merchantmen organisation  

Cuxhaven (district)
Nordholz

Nordholz is a village and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2015 it is part of the municipality Wurster Nordseeküste. It is situated approximately 25 km north of Bremerhaven, and 12 km southwest of Cuxhaven.

History
Nordholz belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Nordholz, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

Sights
Today, Nordholz houses the Aeronauticum, Germany's official museum of maritime aircraft and the adjacent Nordholz Naval Airbase.

References
Odes et Ballades

Odes et Ballades, published in 1828, is the most complete version of a collection of poems by Victor Hugo written and published between 1822 and 1828. It includes five books of odes and one book of ballads.

They are among his very earliest works, and reflect the Catholic royalist views of his early twenties. He would write seven different prefaces for it, dated 1822, 1823, 1824, 1826, 1828, followed by one in 1853, at which time he was in self-imposed exile, and a final one in 1880. Hugo expresses a view of the difference between "order" and "regularity" which elevates the former on the basis that an irregularity in art can have its own logic, or order, and achieve effects impossible to regularity, or classical evenness.

The version of 1826 received a generally positive review from the 22-year-old Sainte-Beuve in the Globe (January 1827), and this review resulted in their friendship.

The collection includes Ode à la Colonne de la Place Vendôme, a response to the Austrian ambassador's decision in early 1827 to stop recognizing Napoleonic titles. First published in the Journal des débats, it represents the first praise of Napoleon in Hugo's work (but not a major political shift as he later claimed). It should be distinguished from the ode on the same subject in Les Chants du crépuscule.

Bibliography
The essential Victor Hugo. Translated by E. H. Blackmore, A. M. Blackmore. Oxford University Press, 2004

Poetry by Victor Hugo
1828 poems
Works originally published in Journal des débats
Schiffdorf

Schiffdorf is a municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated at the eastern boundary of the Bremian city of Bremerhaven, and 35 kilometers south of Cuxhaven.

History
Schiffdorf belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (which was established as a principality of imperial immediacy in 1180). In 1380, under the reign of Prince-Archbishop Albert II, knights of the family von Mandelsloh and other Verdian and Bremian robber barons ravaged burghers of Bremen and people in the entire Prince-Archbishopric. In 1381, the city's troops successfully ended the brigandage and captured the castle of Bederkesa and pertaining bailiwicks, including Schiffdorf. In 1386, the city of Bremen made the noble family, holding the estates of Altluneburg (a part of today's Schiffdorf), its vassal.

In 1648, the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown. In November 1654, after the Second Bremian War, Bremen had to cede the bailiwicks of Bederkesa and Lehe (a part of today's Bremerhaven), including Schiffdorf, to the Duchy of Bremen. After being occupied by the Danish from 1712–1715, the Duchy became a fief to the House of Hanover. In 1807, the ephemeral Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813, the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which, after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814, incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Schiffdorf, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

References
HashClash

HashClash was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform to find collisions in the MD5 hash algorithm. It was based at Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and Marc Stevens initiated the project as part of his master's degree thesis.

The project ended after Stevens defended his M.Sc. thesis in June 2007.  However SHA1 was added later, and the code repository was ported to git in 2017.

The project was used to create a rogue certificate authority certificate in 2009.

See also
 Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)
 List of volunteer computing projects

References

External links
 HashClash
 HashClash at Stevens' home page
 Create your own MD5 collisions on AWS, Nat McHugh's blog

Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
Cryptography
Cryptanalytic software
Alton National Cemetery

Alton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Alton, in Madison County, Illinois. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses only half an acre plot of land, and as of the end of 2005, had 522 interments. It is maintained by the Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, in St. Louis, Missouri.

History 
Originally a military section of the Alton City Cemetery, and in use since 1870, the half acre lot was donated to the federal government in 1940. It was intended that the remains buried in the cemetery be moved to the Springfield National Cemetery, but public protest prevented it. It is the resting place of many Civil War Union soldiers.

In 2006, Alton announced the first of what is hoped to be an annual Memorial Day Sunset Ceremony at the cemetery that will include speeches by local elected officials, a performance by the Scott Air Force Base band, Pipes and Drums, and a VFW 21-gun salute. This event is well-attended and has continued as of 2018.

Burials are limited to cremains and, as of August 2018, soon to be limited to "second interments" of the second decedent, whether that is the veteran, spouse, or a child.

References

External links

 National Cemetery Administration
 Alton National Cemetery
 Interment.net: Alton National Cemetery
 
 
 

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Illinois
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Illinois
Protected areas of Madison County, Illinois
United States national cemeteries
1870 establishments in Illinois
EVT

EVT may refer to:

 Endovascular thrombectomy, a therapy for ischemic strokes or other ischemia
 Engineering validation test, testing of prototypes for viability
 Estill Voice Training, a program for developing vocal skills
 EVT Limited, formerly Event Hospitality and Entertainment, an Australian company
 Expectancy-value theory, in communications
 Expectancy violations theory, in communications
 Extreme value theorem, in calculus
 Extreme value theory, in statistics
 Electrically variable transmission, a type of vehicle transmission