Puerto Hondo stream salamander

The Puerto Hondo stream salamander or Michoacan stream salamander (Ambystoma ordinarium) is a mole salamander from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt within the Mexican state of Michoacán.

Distribution and habitat
A. ordinarium  is only found at Puerto Hondo, in a small stream four miles west of El Mirador, and at Puerto Garnica, in another small stream nearby with dark, cold waters and a temperature of 12.4 °C. These streams are high in the mountains, at elevations of 9000 and 9400 feet above sea level, respectively. Larvae and neotenes have been found swimming against the current of the streams, at depths of 5–12 in.  Terrestrial adults remain near stream banks, and are often found side-by-side with gilled adults, but can also be found under debris in pine and fir forests up to 30 m away from streams.

Description
A. ordinarium larvae and neonates have sparse, evenly distributed melanophores and rows of light silver-yellow specks.  Larvae have well-developed fins, small but bushy gills, and 16–24 gill rakers (average, 18.8) on their third gill arches. Larvae reach a maximum size of 100 mm snout-to-vent length (SVL) and 191 mm total length.

At sexual maturity, these salamanders measure between 70 and 75 mm SVL.  Terrestrial adults reach a maximum size of 86 mm SVL.  They have narrow heads, and 16–24 tooth-rakers on their third gill arches. Adults generally have uniform dark or black coloring on their backs, but some may be mottled, and others may retain larval coloration.

Lifecycle, activity, and diet
A. ordinarium  specimens live about two years.

The salamander has a prolonged breeding season and may breed throughout the year. An average of 109 eggs are laid alone or in clusters of two to five on the undersides of root, branches, and rocks, hanging free in the current.  Eggs are pigmented, measure 9.9 mm, and are encased in three capsules, including a thick outer capsule.

New hatchlings have fully developed fins, and both larvae and adults walk on the bottom more than they swim.

They are diurnal, hiding under cover of stream bank or under log early in the day and come out by late morning 

Terrestrial prey includes grasshoppers, ants, leafhoppers, scuds, earthworms, and nematodes.  Aquatic prey includes aquatic insect larvae, such as caddisfly larvae, small aquatic beetles, and clams.

Threat and status
A. ordinarium is able to live in cleared pastures and watering holes, so the decline of forests does not pose an immediate threat. Fragmentation of their habitats due to human development and the desiccation of streams is the biggest threat to the species, which is protected in Mexico.

Classification controversy

This species has been suggested to be the same species as the Lake Patzcuaro salamander, Ambystoma dumerilii, based on genetic analysis, but their habitats have been isolated for 7–10 million years  A. dumerilii is also wholly neotenic, while A. ordinarium is variable but mostly terrestrial.

References

External links

ZipcodeZoo.com
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
NLBIF Biodiversity data portal

Mole salamanders
Endemic amphibians of Mexico
Fauna of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
Amphibians described in 1940