alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Schultheiß

In medieval Germany, the Schultheiß () was the head of a municipality (akin to today's office of mayor), a Vogt or an executive official of the ruler. As official (villicus) it was his duty to order his assigned village or county (villicatio) to pay the taxes and perform the services due to the ruler. The name originates from this function: Schuld 'debt' + heißen 'to order'. Later, the title was also used for the head of a town (Stadtschultheiß) or village (Dorfschultheiß).

The office held by a Schultheiß was called Scholtisei, Scholtisse (around 1400), Schultessy, Schultissīe, Schultissei (15th century); Latinized forms: sculdasia (10th century), scultetia (13th century).

The title first appears in the Edictum Rothari of 643 AD, where it is spelled in post-Roman Latin as sculdahis. This title reappears again in the Lombard laws of Liutprand in 723 AD. The title was originally spelled in Old High German as sculdheizo and in Middle High German as Schultheize; it was Latinised as scultetus or sculteus. Alternative spellings include Schultheis, Schulte or Schulze, or in Switzerland Schultheiss. It also appears in several European languages: In Hungarian as soltész, in Slovak as šoltýs and škultét, in Italian as scoltetto and sculdascio, in Medieval Latin as sculdasius, in Polish as sołtys, in Romanian as șoltuz, and in Dutch as schout.

Modern uses 
Until as recently as 2007, Schultheiss was the title of the president of the government of the Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland.

Schultheiß is also the basis for one of the most common German surnames, existing in many variations such as Schulz, Schultz, Scholz, etc., corresponding to the local variants of the pronunciation of the office. It also produced surnames in a number of other European cultures: see Schultheiss (surname) for a table.

In Poland, sołtys is the name given to the elected head of a rural subdivision (usually a village, or part of a large village) known as a sołectwo.

See also 
 similar medieval offices: Vogt, ,  Villicus, Ealdorman
 Reichsvogt, nearly equivalent office in medieval Switzerland
 Sheriff, the equivalent office in medieval England
 Patel, the equivalent office in medieval Gujarat

References

Heads of local government
German feudalism
German words and phrases
Schultheiss (surname)

Schultheiss is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Schultheiss (born 1988), Swedish figure skater
Hans Schultheiss (1921–2013), Swiss rower 
Herman J. Schulteis (1818–1889), Wisconsin politician
Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt (1678–1753), German architect
Louis A. Schultheiss (1925–2014), American academic

See also

de:Schultheiß (Begriffsklärung)
pl:Schultheiss
Dog Chow

Dog Chow refers to the name brand of dog food marketed and manufactured by Nestlé Purina PetCare. Dog Chow was first introduced in 1926, and has since expanded its brand offerings to include a wider selection products for dogs with addition of food for puppies, elderly dogs, and dogs needing a weight maintenance formula as well as offering other types of pet food, including Puppy Chow, Cat Chow, and Kitten Chow.

Due to the brand's growing popularity, a string of commercials were aired in Canada in 1962. The commercials introduced Jim Henson's brainchild, Rowlf the Dog.

References

External links
Dog Chow Brand Dog Food
Purina Dog Food

Dog food brands
Nestlé brands
Ralston Purina products
Products introduced in 1926
ONJ

ONJ may refer to:

 Olivia Newton-John (1948–2022), an English-born Australian singer and actress
 osteonecrosis of the jaw, a severe bone disease that affects the maxilla and the mandible
 Odate-Noshiro Airport (IATA airport code: ONJ), in Akita Prefecture, Japan 
 Onjob language (ISO 639 language code: onj)
 Orchestre National de Jazz, a French jazz ensemble

See also

 
 
 
 OJN
 JNO
 Jon (disambiguation)
 NJO (disambiguation)
 NOJ (disambiguation)
Amazing X-Men

Amazing X-Men is the name of two X-Men comic book series from Marvel Comics.  The first was a limited series published during the Age of Apocalypse storyline.  The subsequent ongoing series began in November 2013 in the aftermath of Battle of the Atom and was initially written by Jason Aaron with art by Ed McGuinness, featuring a lineup of long-time X-Men characters led by Wolverine.  The first story arc features the return of Nightcrawler, who had been dead since the 2010 story line, X-Men Second Coming. The second series ended in 2015, with issue 19 being the last issue.

Publication history

Limited series (1995)
The original Amazing X-Men was a four-issue limited series that replaced X-Men during the 1995 alternate universe storyline Age of Apocalypse, in which all X-titles were given new names and issue numbers. The Amazing X-Men consisted of team leader Quicksilver and Storm, Dazzler, Banshee, Iceman, and Exodus. The team is sent to Maine by Magneto to aid in the evacuation of humanity to Europe. During this mission, the team fights Apocalypse's Brotherhood of Chaos, as well as the Horseman Abyss, who is defeated (but not killed) by Banshee. During their absence from the Xavier Mansion, Magneto and Bishop are attacked by Apocalypse himself, who captures them both. Fulfilling their mission, Quicksilver splits up his team to help the other X-Men: sending Iceman to rendezvous with Rogue's team (the Astonishing X-Men) and Dazzler and Exodus to find Magneto's son, Charles. Finally, Quicksilver, Storm, and Banshee go to rescue Bishop, who is in the hands of the Madri, Apocalypse's priests.

Ongoing series (2013–2015)
Starting in 2013, Marvel began using the title Amazing X-Men for an ongoing X-Men series written by Jason Aaron and illustrated by Ed McGuinness. The first arc of the book is a continuation of a storyline in Wolverine and the X-Men and sees a team of X-Men searching for deceased member Nightcrawler in the afterlife. With All-New X-Men featuring time-displaced original X-Men, Uncanny X-Men featuring Cyclops's renegade X-Men team, Wolverine and the X-Men featuring the Jean Grey School's staff and students in the school setting, and X-Men featuring an all-female X-Men team, Amazing X-Men became the main title to feature Wolverine's X-Men team, replacing Marjorie Liu's Astonishing X-Men, which ended a month before.  The premiere issue featured Firestar in her first appearance as a member of the X-Men, though she made her Marvel Comics debut in Uncanny X-Men #193 (1985) as a member of the X-Men's rival team, the Hellions.

Starting with issue #8, Aaron was replaced by former New X-Men and X-Force writers Craig Kyle and Chris Yost as series writers. Also in issue #8 Colossus rejoins the X-Men after being last seen being part of Cable's X-Force. This series was cancelled with issue #19.

Team roster

Collected Editions

Volume 1

Volume 2

References

2013 comics debuts
Widescreen comics
Harlan J. Smith Telescope

The Harlan J. Smith Telescope is a  telescope located at the McDonald Observatory, in Texas, in the United States. This telescope is one of several research telescopes that are part of the University of Texas at Austin observatory perched on Mount Locke in the Davis Mountains of west Texas. The telescope was completed in 1968 with substantial NASA assistance, and is named after Harlan James Smith, the first Texas director of McDonald Observatory. Smith was the Observatory Director for 26 years.

Vandalism damage
The telescope was the victim of an act of vandalism in February 1970. A newly hired worker suffered a mental breakdown and brought a hand gun into the observatory. After firing one shot at his supervisor, the worker then fired the remaining rounds into the Primary Mirror. The holes effectively reduced the  telescope to the equivalent of a 106-inch telescope (or about 2.5 centimeters less), but did not affect the quality of the telescope's images, only the amount of light it can collect.

Observations
The telescope has been used to observe many things. Some achievements includes the stars BD +17° 3248 and XO-1.

Jorge Meléndez of the Australian National University and Iván Ramírez of the University of Texas discovered the star HIP 56948 in 2007 using the Harlan J. Smith telescope at McDonald Observatory.

The Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph-W (VIRUS-W) (an integral field spectrograph) was used to find in 2021 that the Leo 1 dwarf galaxy contains a super massive black hole.

Contemporaries on commissioning
Four largest telescopes 1968:

See also
List of largest optical reflecting telescopes

References

Telescope Shot

Optical telescopes
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine

The Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine was founded on 1 April 2001 in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Society. The current managing director is professor Dietmar Vestweber.

History 
The Institute was founded on 1 August 2001 in Münster, Germany. Founding director was Prof. Dr. Dietmar Vestweber. In 2004, another department was added (Prof. Dr. Hans Robert Schöler). In the same year, the institute got its current name: Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine. In 2006 the institute moved to a new and modern building offering more space and equipment. At the end of 2007 another department was added (Prof. Dr. Ralf H. Adams). This department moved from the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute to the MPI. With the retirement of Hans Robert Schöler at the end of October 2021, who continues to work with a research group at the Institute, Sara Wickström was appointed as a new Director at the Institute as of November 2021.

Departments 
 Department of Vascular Cell Biology (Director: Prof. Dr. Dietmar Vestweber); since 1 August 2001
 Department of Tissue Morphogenesis (Director: Prof. Dr. Ralf Adams); since 1 October 2007
 Department Cell and Tissue Dynamics (Director: Sara Wickström, MD PhD); since 1 November 2021

Research

Department of Vascular Cell Biology 
The Department of Vascular Cell Biology is concentrating its research on leukocyte migration into inflammatory sites.

Department of Tissue Morphogenesis 
The Department of Tissue Morphogenesis works on how cells make tissue, in particular blood vessels.

Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics 
The Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics works on regulatory principles of tissue architecture.

Degree programme 
 The MPI for Molecular Biomedicine offers a Master of Science and a PhD in Molecular Biomedicine together with the University of Münster. Both degree programmes are taught in English.

References

External links 
 Website of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine
 International Max Planck Research School – Molecular Biomedicine (IMPRS-MBM)

Molecular Biomedicine
Genetics in Germany
Molecular biology institutes
2001 establishments in Germany
Organizations established in 2001
Khoey Ho Tum Kahan

Khoey Ho Tum Kahan (Urdu: کهوے هو توم کهاں ) is a 2001 Pakistani Urdu film directed by Ajab Gul. The film starred Babar Ali, Ajab Gul and Meera. It earned 5 Nigar Awards, and performed well at the box office.

Synopsis
It is a suspense thriller with a tilt on Meera character's issues. Her husband wants to kill her to get her all property and hires a killer to perform the task but she survives the attack and figures out at the end that her husband wants her dead.

Soundtrack
The music is composed by Zain.

Awards

References

External links
 Khoey Ho Tum Kahan - IMDB.com

2001 films
2001 thriller films
Pakistani thriller films
2000s Urdu-language films
Nigar Award winners
2001 directorial debut films
Urdu-language Pakistani films
Harry Howard

Harry Howard may refer to:

 Harry Howard (cricketer) (1885–1960), Australian cricketer
 Harry Howard (footballer, born 1871) (1871–?), English footballer
 Harry Howard (Australian footballer) (1873–1945), Australian rules footballer
 Harry Howard (landscape architect) (1930–2000), Australian landscape architect
 Harry Howard (musician), Australian bass guitarist
 Harry Howard (mayor) (1890–1970), mayor of Perth, Australia
 Harry Howard (actor) (1897-1975), American comedian, better known as Moe Howard

See also
 Henry Howard (disambiguation)
 Harold Howard (disambiguation)
Club Africain

Club Africain (), known as CA for short, is a Tunisian football club based in Tunis. The club was founded in 1920 and its colours are red and white. Their home stadium, Stade Hammadi Agrebi, has a capacity of 60,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1. 

Club Africain was the first Tunisian club to win an international trophy, when they won the Maghreb Cup Winners Cup in 1971. Twenty years later, in 1991, Club Africain became the first Tunisian team to win the African Champions League.

Honours

National competitions
 Tunisian League (13) 
 Champions: 1947, 1948, 1964, 1967, 1973, 1974, 1979, 1980, 1990, 1992, 1996, 2008, 2015
 Tunisian Cup (13)
 Winners: 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2017, 2018
 Tunisian Super Cup (3)
 Winners: 1968, 1970, 1979

Continental competitions
 African Cup of Champions Clubs (1)
 Winners: 1991

Worldwide competitions
 Afro-Asian Club Championship (1)
 Winners: 1992

Regional competitions
 Arab Cup Winners' Cup (1)
 Winners: 1995
 Arab Champions League (1)
 Winners: 1997
 North African Cup of Champions: 2
 Winners: 2008, 2010
Maghreb Cup Winners Cup (1)
 Winners: 1971
 Maghreb Champions Cup (3)
 Winners: 1974, 1975, 1976

Crest and colours

Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors

Players

The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player;

Current squad
Updated 2 February 2023.

Managers

Presidents

Rival clubs
  ES Tunis (Tunis Derby)
  Étoile Sportive du Sahel (Rivalry)
  CS Sfax (Rivalry)
  CA_Bizertin (Rivalry)
  Stade Tunisien (Derby)
  MC Alger (Rivalry)
  CS Constantine (Rivalry)

See also
Club Africain (handball)
Club Africain (basketball)

References

External links
 

 
Football clubs in Tunisia
Football clubs in Tunis
Association football clubs established in 1920
Multi-sport clubs in Tunisia
Club Africain
CAF Champions League winning clubs
Alfred Naqqache

Alfred Georges Naccache (or Naqqache; ; 3 May 1888– 26 September 1978) was a Lebanese Maronite statesman, Prime Minister and head of state during the French Mandate of Lebanon. In 1919 he contributed to La Revue Phénicienne which was established by Charles Corm in Beirut. He was serving as Prime Minister when he was appointed president by the French authorities after the resignation of Emile Edde. Pierre-Georges Arlabosse served as acting president for 6 days before Naccache assumed office. From 1953 to 1955 he served as Foreign Minister. The National Museum of Beirut was opened by him on 27 May 1942.

A street in the Lebanese capital Beirut is named in his honor.

References

External links

Jewish Virtual Library, List of Rulers of Lebanon (source for birth/death dates)

Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Presidents of Lebanon
World War II political leaders
1888 births
1978 deaths
Lebanese Maronites
Lebanon under French rule
20th-century presidents in Asia
Triestine dialect

The Triestine dialect (Triestine: , , ) is a dialect of Venetian spoken in the city of Trieste and the surrounding areas.

The lexicon of Triestine is mostly of Latin origin. However, there are also words taken from other languages. As Trieste borders with Slovenia and was under the Habsburg monarchy for almost six centuries, some words are of German and Slovene origin. Due to extensive immigration to the city in the late 18th and 19th centuries, some words also came from other languages, such as Greek and Serbo-Croatian.

Development

After the expansion of the Republic of Venice, from the Middle Ages onwards, Venetian gradually asserted itself as a lingua franca in parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and in the Adriatic Sea, eventually replacing or strongly influencing several coastal languages such as the dialects of Trieste and Istria and also the Dalmatian dialects of Zara (Zadar) and Ragusa (Dubrovnik). In Trieste, this resulted in the gradual replacement of the former Tergestine dialect (related to Friulian within the Rhaetian subgroup of Romance languages) and of the neighbouring Slovene dialects by a Venetian-based language. This phenomenon began to take place first among fishermen and sailors, while the traditional bourgeoisie continued to speak Tergestine until the beginning of the 19th century. By that time, Tergestine was virtually a dead language, and the period of Modern Triestine had begun.

Literature
Several prominent authors have used the Triestine dialect, such as Umberto Saba and Virgilio Giotti. Giotti, a prominent Triestine dialect poet, is credited as the greatest Triestine dialect poet.

Example 

Dialogue from Carpinteri e Faraguna. Noi delle vecchie provincie (Trieste, La Cittadella, 1971).

Triestine dialect:

Àle, àle, siora Nina, che el sol magna le ore!
No per vù, me par, sior Bortolo che sé qua sempre in gamba a contarne una roba e l'altra, tuto de tuti ... anca quel che se gavemo dismentigado...
Memoria, graziando Idio, no me ga mai mancado. Ma el mal xe che el sol magna le ore e le ore, pian pian, ne magna anca a nualtri!
Ma disème la sinzera verità: quanti ani gavé vù, sior Bortolo?
Indiferente. No conta i ani che se ga fato, conta quei che resta...

Italian:

Alé, alé, signora Nina, che il sole mangia le ore!
Non per Voi, mi pare, signor Bortolo che siete qui sempre in gamba a raccontarci una cosa e l'altra, tutto di tutti… anche quello che ci siamo dimenticati…
Di memoria, ringraziando Iddio, non me n'è mai mancata. Ma il male è che il sole mangia le ore e le ore, pian piano, mangiano anche noi!
Ma ditemi la sincera verità: quanti anni avete Voi, signor Bortolo?
Non importa. Non contano gli anni che si sono compiuti, contano quelli che restano…

Sample vocabulary

References 

Culture in Trieste
Venetian language
City colloquials
New York State Route 409

New York State Route 409 (NY 409) is a  state highway in Schuyler County, New York, in the United States. It is more of a spur route as it is connected to the state highway system at only one end. It begins as a continuation of Station Road at a grade crossing with the Norfolk Southern Railway in the town of Dix and ends in downtown Watkins Glen at a junction with NY 14 and NY 414. Its western terminus is also the upper entrance to the gorge at Watkins Glen State Park. NY 409 is known as Station Road in Dix and as Steuben Street and West 4th Street in Watkins Glen. The route was assigned by 1970 and follows part of the original Watkins Glen Grand Prix Course.

Route description

NY 409 begins at a grade crossing with the Norfolk Southern Railway in the town of Dix, where maintenance of Station Road shifts from Dix to the New York State Department of Transportation. The route initially heads to the northeast through an isolated rural area, running along the northern fringe of Watkins Glen State Park to the western edge of a valley overlooking Seneca Lake and the village of Watkins Glen. Here, NY 409 turns northward, slowly descending into the gorge as it crosses into the town of Reading. After , the route curves back to the east and rapidly descends in elevation on its way into the village of Watkins Glen.

Now named Steuben Street, NY 409 first meets the southern terminus of County Route 28 (CR 28), which links Watkins Glen to Hammondsport by way of CR 23. The route continues on, proceeding southeastward across residential sections of the village, bisecting several blocks of homes in the process. The route continues downhill into Watkins Glen's business district, where Steuben Street turns northeastward and becomes West 4th Street at South Madison Avenue, a north–south street serving as a divider between the village's residential and commercial districts. NY 409 ends one block later at an intersection with Franklin Street, which carries NY 14 and NY 414 through Watkins Glen. At this point, NY 414 leaves NY 14 and continues to the northeast along NY 409's right-of-way on East 4th Street.

History
From 1948 to 1952, modern NY 409 was part of the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Course, a road course around Watkins Glen State Park that also included NY 329, Franklin Street (NY 14 and NY 414), and Whites Hollow Road. The first race on the road took place on October 2, 1948; the last was on September 20, 1952. During the 1952 race, a car briefly entered the crowd that had lined up along the course, killing one person and injuring several others. The race was stopped immediately and moved to another, more rural location in 1953. The entirety of the old Grand Prix road course was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 2002. NY 409, meanwhile, was assigned to its current alignment by 1970.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

409
Transportation in Schuyler County, New York
Ligue de Hockey Junior A Rive-Sud

The Ligue de Hockey Junior A Rive-Sud or Rive-Sud Junior "A" Hockey League is a Junior "A" (Junior "C" Canada-Wide) ice hockey league in the Province of Quebec, Canada.  The league is sanctioned by Hockey Quebec and Hockey Canada.  Although the league no longer has its own website, the league is still healthy and running.  Much like minor hockey, there are many multiple-entry teams in this league, they are denoted as (1) or (2).

The teams

External links
League Standing Query

C
Montérégie
C
Hockey Quebec
Iceberg D-16

Iceberg D-16 is a city-sized iceberg near Antarctica, discovered on March 26, 2006, by the National Ice Center using satellite imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. It broke free of the Fimbul Ice Shelf, located along the northwestern section of Queen Maud Land in the eastern Weddell Sea.

It is approximately 8 miles wide and 15 miles long (120 square miles), roughly the size of a city.

See also
List of recorded icebergs by area

References

External links
satellite image of D-16

D-16
Geography of Antarctica
Orde M. Coombs

Orde Musgrave Coombs (June 3, 1939 – September 1, 1984) was an African-American writer and editor.

Biography
Coombs was born on Saint Vincent in the Caribbean in 1939. He received his B.A. degree from Yale University in 1965, where he was the first Black student initiated into the secret society Skull and Bones. He earned his M.A. degree from New York University in 1971. He then worked as an editor for Doubleday & Company and later for McCall Corporation. In addition to editing, he produced documentaries on West Indian culture, and was an adjunct professor at New York University. He was a co-host for Black Conversations, a talk show on WPIX in 1975.

Coombs was featured on the cover of the November 20, 1972 issue of New York Magazine.

Publications
Do You See My Love for You Growing? (1972)
Drums of Life (1974, with Chester Higgins Jr.)
Sleep Late With Your Dreams (1977)
Some Time Ago: A Historical Portrait of Black Americans from 1850–1950 (1980, with Chester Higgins Jr.).

Editor
We Speak as Liberators: Young Black Poets (1970)
What We Must See: Young Black Storytellers (1971)
Is Massa Day Dead? Black Moods in the Caribbean (1974)

References

External links

1939 births
1984 deaths
American male journalists
American book editors
20th-century American writers
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
Members of Skull and Bones
National security of Bulgaria

This article covers national and international security issues in Bulgaria.

Internal threats
In the early 2000s, Bulgarian and international authorities recognized organized crime and corruption as grave ongoing problems exacerbated by Bulgaria's geographic location along major international smuggling lines. In 2003 Bulgaria adopted a National Drugs Strategy for the period 2003–8, modeled on the European Union (EU) strategy. As of mid-2005, an interministerial anticorruption commission, established in 2002, had not reduced corruption to the satisfaction of the EU. Prosecution of organized crime figures, who are known to operate sophisticated networks in Bulgaria, has been rare. Domestic violence against women and organized trafficking in women are considered serious problems. However, between 2001 and 2004 the overall crime rate decreased.

See also
 Foreign relations of Bulgaria

References
 

Politics of Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Crime in Bulgaria
Cody Horn

Cody Harrell Horn is an American actress and model. She has appeared in films such as Violet & Daisy (2011), Magic Mike (2012), and End of Watch (2012), and guest starred on the NBC sitcom The Office as recurring character Jordan Garfield (2011).

Life and career
Horn was born in Los Angeles and is the daughter of Cindy Horn (née Harrell), a former model and actress, and Alan F. Horn, an entertainment executive and former chairman of Walt Disney Studios. She went to Harvard-Westlake School and graduated in 2006. She has appeared on Rescue Me and guest starred on three episodes of The Office. She also played Lynetta Loski in the 2010 movie Flipped, and she starred as Michelle in the James Wan-produced horror thriller film Demonic.

Horn appeared in the film Magic Mike (2012).

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Female models from California
American film actresses
American television actresses
Harvard-Westlake School alumni
Jewish American actresses
21st-century American Jews
Year of birth missing (living people)
Clay Bertrand

Clay Bertrand is an alleged alias associated with two people connected to various investigations regarding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963.

Contacts
New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews Jr. testified to the Warren Commission in June 1964 that he received a call from "Clay Bertrand," the day after the assassination of Kennedy, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent the suspected assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald. The FBI had reported that two weeks after the assassination, Andrews, who had been hospitalized with pneumonia, said he was under heavy sedation and had concluded that the call had been a "figment of his imagination".

Nearly three years later on March 2, 1967, the New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison asserted that "Clay Bertrand" was actually New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw who had conspired with Lee Harvey Oswald and David Ferrie to kill Kennedy. Shaw, who had been arrested and booked with conspiracy to commit murder, denied that he had ever used the name. An FBI document to President Lyndon B. Johnson's advisor W. Marvin Watson at the time of this development indicated that they had been unable to locate an individual by the name "Clay Bertrand."

Shortly after appearing before the Orleans Parish grand jury, Andrews stated in an interview on June 28, 1967 that "Bertrand" was not Shaw but was Eugene Davis, his friend and client. Davis denied in an affidavit that he was "Bertrand" or the person who suggested that Andrews go to Dallas to help Oswald. Andrews was subsequently convicted on three counts of perjury for lying to the grand jury on August 14, 1967. On February 25, 1969, Andrews testified during the trial of Clay Shaw that the name "'Clay Bertrand' was a figment of [his] imagination" and that he had been "carrying on a farce" in order to prevent "bring[ing] a lot of heat and trouble to someone who didn't deserve it." On March 1, 1969, the 34-day trial concluded when the jury acquitted Shaw after deliberating less than an hour.

See also
List of fictitious people

Notes

Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Nonexistent people used in hoaxes
Damo (Korea)

Damo specifically refers to class of servants during the Joseon Dynasty who were considered lower than slaves in their overall ranking within Korean society.  Their main responsibility was to serve tea to the gentries. (Damo is literally translated as "Tea Lady".)  Damos were also employed in the palace to work as attendants in various government departments.

Historical records have indicated that in certain times, Damos were used as police officers to investigate crime, mostly for adultery and other crimes involving women, where male investigators could not ask questions about the case without causing embarrassment. They were required to be " taller than 150 centimeters, be very agile, flexible, lift 40 kilograms of rice, and even withstand large quantities of alcohol without getting drunk." The damo carried special identification that verified their authority, and were equipped with a small iron flail that could be used to break down doors and rope to apprehend criminals. Arguably, the damo were the first female police with arrest capabilities in the world.

This unique institution was the main inspiration for the 2003 Korean mini-series Damo, which in turn was based on Bang Hak-gi's manhwa Damo Nam-soon.

References

Joseon
Domestic work
Law enforcement in Korea
Korean slaves
Korean caste system
Raffaele Cadorna

Raffaele Cadorna (9 February 1815 – 6 February 1897) was an Italian general who served as one of the major Piedmontese leaders responsible for the unification of Italy during the mid-19th century.

Born in Milan, Cadorna entered the Piedmontese military academy at Turin in 1832. Joining the engineer corps in 1840, he commanded a volunteer engineer battalion in Lombardy from March 1848 until August 1849 during the Italian War of Independence.

Serving with the Piedmontese forces in January 1855 during the Crimean War, Cadorna won distinction during the Second War of Independence at the Battle of San Martino and was awarded the rank of Colonel in 1859.

Cadorna was appointed Minister of War to the republican regime of Tuscany that same year, and served as a lieutenant general and corps commander during the Seven Weeks War, leading successful operations against the Austrians in the Friuli campaign from June to July 1866.

Later leading the invasion of the Papal States, Cadorna's capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, finally completed the unification of Italy, and for this service he was named a Senator the following year. Retiring from public life soon after, lived in Tuscany until his death in 1897.

His son Luigi Cadorna rose to the rank of Field Marshal and served as Italian chief of staff during part of World War I, while his grandson Raffaele Cadorna Jr. was a general and commander of the Italian resistance during World War II.

References

1815 births
1897 deaths
Military personnel from Milan
Italian generals
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
People of the Second Italian War of Independence
Military personnel of the Crimean War
People of the Third Italian War of Independence
Ovarian artery

The ovarian artery is an artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary in females. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery. It can be found within the suspensory ligament of the ovary, anterior to the ovarian vein and ureter.

Structure
The ovarian arteries are paired structures that arise from the abdominal aorta, usually at the level of L2. After emerging from the aorta, the artery travels within the suspensory ligament of the ovary and enters the mesovarium.

The ovarian arteries are the corresponding arteries in the female to the testicular artery in the male. They are shorter than the testicular arteries, as the testicular arteries courses through the abdominal wall to the external scrotum.

The origin and course of the first part of each artery are the same as those of the testicular artery, but on arriving at the upper opening of the lesser pelvis the ovarian artery passes inward, between the two layers of the ovariopelvic ligament and of the broad ligament of the uterus, to be distributed to the ovary.

Anastamoses 
The ovarian artery may anastamose with the uterine artery in the broad ligament. This is thus an anastamosis between the abdominal aorta and the anterior internal iliac artery.

Branches
Small branches are given to the ureter and the uterine tube, and one passes on to the side of the uterus, and unites with the uterine artery.  Other offsets are continued on the round ligament of the uterus, through the inguinal canal, to the integument of the labium majus and groin.

Variance
In 20%, they arise from the renal arteries (inferior polar). Uncommonly they may arise from adrenal, lumbar, or internal iliac arteries.

Function
The ovarian artery supplies blood to the ovary and uterus. The ovarian arteries swell during pregnancy, in order to increase the uterine blood supply.

Additional images

See also

References

External links
 "Anastomoses Between Utero - Ovarian Arteries, Variations" at anatomyatlases.org
  ()
 

Arteries of the abdomen
Pacific Coast Harmony

Pacific Coast Harmony (PCH) is the San Diego, California, chapter of the Barbershop Harmony Society.  The mixed-gender chorus sings in the a cappella style known as barbershop music.  In its origin, PCH was an all-male chorus, placed 19th overall at the chorus competition at the Society's international convention in Indianapolis in 2006, and placed 22nd in Portland in 2012 and Las Vegas in 2017.  In 2019, Pacific Coast Harmony converted to mixed-gender membership, and is currently directed by Sweet Adelines member Bonnie McKibben.

References

External links
PCH website

Barbershop Harmony Society choruses
Musical groups from San Diego
A cappella musical groups
Castle (novel)

Castle is the second book in Garth Nix's The Seventh Tower series, published on 1 November 2000 by Scholastic. The cover design and art are by Madalina Stefan and Steve Rawlings respectively.

Plot
Tal and Milla make it from the shadowy 'Dark World' to the titular castle, a seeming place of peace. Both are unwanted by the castle's inhabitants, Milla the most. The two must avoid conspiracies and other dangers inside the castle, just to survive.

References 

2000 Australian novels
2000 children's books
2000 fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
Children's books set in fictional countries
Australian children's novels
Novels by Garth Nix
Hell to Pay (Dokken album)

Hell to Pay is the ninth studio album by American heavy metal band Dokken, released in 2004. It was produced by Don Dokken himself and is also the first studio album to feature lead guitarist Jon Levin.

Track listing

Personnel
Dokken
Don Dokken – vocals, producer
Jon Levin – guitars
Barry Sparks – bass guitar, backing vocals
Mick Brown – drums, backing vocals

Production
Wyn Davis - engineer, mixing
Brian Daugherty - additional engineering, mixing on track 9
Darian Rundall, Mike Lesniak, Don Dokken - additional engineering
Eddy Schreyer - mastering at Oasis Mastering, Los Angeles

References

Dokken albums
2004 albums
Sanctuary Records albums
Torrent tyrannulet

The torrent tyrannulet (Serpophaga cinerea) is a small  bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from Costa Rica south to northern Bolivia and northwestern Venezuela.

Description
The adult torrent tyrannulet is 10–11.4 cm long and weighs 8g. The male is pale grey above, and greyish white below, becoming white on the throat and lower belly. The head above the level of the eye is black with a concealed white crown patch, and the wings and tail are blackish. There are two thin grey-white wing bars.

The female is similar, but the top of the head is greyer and the crown patch is smaller or absent. Young birds have a browner cap, a brownish tint to the upperparts and broader, yellower wing bars.

Habitat

The torrent tyrannulet is a bird of rocky mountain streams at elevations from 300 to 2200 m, although it is less common at the lower altitudes where the water currents are weaker. There is a nesting record from Costa Rica as low as 35 m, possibly as a result of displacement of birds by hydroelectric work higher up the Sarapiquí River.

Behavior
Its substantial cup nest is built on a branch up to 4 m high over water, or on a rocky shore. It is lined with feathers and covered with moss on the outside, and the clutch is two unmarked pale buff or whitish eggs.

The torrent tyrannulet feeds on insects, caught in flight or picked off bankside vegetation or rocks. It has a direct dipper-like flight low over water, and frequently pumps its tail as it perches on a rock in the stream. Its call is a sharp penetrating chip, readily audible over the noise of the rushing water, and the song is a slower repetition of the call or a seek followed by a trilled ti,ti,ti,ti,ti,ti,.

References

Further reading

External links
 Torrent tyrannulet videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

torrent tyrannulet
Birds of the Talamancan montane forests
Birds of the Northern Andes
torrent tyrannulet
Eliezer Kahana

Eliezer ben Reuven Kahana was a Jewish preacher and homiletic exegete in Karlin, present-day Belarus, at the beginning of the eighteenth century.  His works include: Siah Sefunim (Zolkiev, 1751–52), a commentary on the Five Scrolls, each of them having its special subtitle; and Ṭa'ame Torah (ib. 1752–65), on the accents, the Masoretic Text, and the recitation of the Pentateuch.

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Belarusian Jews
Hell to Pay (novel)

Hell to Pay is a 2002 crime novel by George Pelecanos. It is set in Washington DC and focuses on private investigator Derek Strange and his partner Terry Quinn. It is the second novel to involve the characters and is preceded by Right as Rain (2001) and followed by Soul Circus (2003) and Hard Revolution (2004).

Plot introduction

The novel's central plotline concerns the murder by drug dealers of a no-account deadbeat over an unpaid debt and the incidental killing of the intended victim's nephew, starting with the killers’ efforts to locate the victim and continuing through Strange's investigation of the murders and the killings’ repercussions in the world of the DC drug trade. Secondary plotlines involve efforts by Strange's white associate, Terry Quinn, to locate a young girl who has disappeared into prostitution, as well as Strange's background investigation of a potentially shady young man who is engaged to marry the beautiful daughter of Strange's wealthy friend.

Explanation of the novel's title

Characters

Derek Strange is an ex-cop and current private investigator. Strange has a successful business and is a lifelong resident of Washington DC.

Major themes

The novel addresses broader themes relating to crime and the status of the African-American community in DC, frequently drawing contrasts between elements of hip-hop and gangster culture today that are portrayed as destructive, and the positive, uplifting cultural expressions of the past, such as R&B and soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. Characters also exhibit an acute awareness of gentrification, racism, and economic inequality, and these issues are the subject of comment by both the characters and the narrator, as are the history of Washington, DC and the fortunes of its various sports franchises.

Allusions and references
Hell to Pay shares many elements with the HBO original television series The Wire, on which Pelecanos has worked as a writer. For example, the (Hell to Pay) character of Granville Oliver, who fought his way out of the projects to become a high-level crime lord who never touches drugs, and whose tastefully appointed home includes an extensive black history/black power library, bears similarities to both Avon Barksdale and Stringer Bell of The Wire. Hell to Pay also contains a dog-fighting scene that seems quite similar to one depicted in the television series. Pelcanos revisits dogfighting in his later novel Drama City.

Footnotes

2002 American novels
Novels by George Pelecanos
Little, Brown and Company books
Novels set in Washington, D.C.
2006 National Invitation Tournament

The 2006 National Invitation Tournament was the first time the tournament was planned and operated by the NCAA, taking over after 68 years under the auspices of the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association (MIBA).  The 2006 NIT also saw changes made to the selection process as well as being the first time the NIT seeded the participants. The South Carolina Gamecocks won their second straight NIT title.

Selected teams
Below are lists of the team selected for the tournament.  The teams were given seeds for the first time ever.

Bracket
Below are the four brackets of the tournament, along with the bracket of the four-team championship round. Also the highest remaining seeds hosted the games.

Maryland Bracket

Michigan Bracket

Louisville Bracket

Cincinnati Bracket

Semifinals & finals

See also
 2006 Women's National Invitation Tournament
 2006 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
 2006 NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament
 2006 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament
 2006 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
 2006 NCAA Division II women's basketball tournament
 2006 NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament
 2006 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
 2006 NAIA Division II men's basketball tournament
 2006 NAIA Division I women's basketball tournament
 2006 NAIA Division II women's basketball tournament

References

National Invitation
National Invitation Tournament
2000s in Manhattan
College sports in New York City
Madison Square Garden
National Invitation Tournament
National Invitation Tournament
Basketball competitions in New York City
Sports in Manhattan
Above the Veil

Above the Veil is the fourth children's book in Garth Nix's The Seventh Tower series, published in 2001 by Scholastic.

Plot summary

While Shadowmaster Sushin maintains control over higher ranked chosen, Tal and Milla travel through the Castle's depths where they encounter the Freefolk, a group of the servant class Underfolk who possess a great hatred for all the Chosen. They also meet Lector Jarnil, a famous teacher. Tal and Milla learn more about the intricacies of Castle politics, including that Sushin, a Shadowmaster of the Orange, is the Dark Vizier of the Empress. He deals in unsavory matters and commands others under the authority of the Empress. They also learn that the Veil is maintained by the seven Keystones which lie at the top of each of the seven towers.

Most of the Chosen leave the Castle due to the Day of Ascension. To prevent the Veil from failing, Tal, accompanied by the Freefolk leader Crow, climb the Red Tower and defeat the deadly Keeper. They also solve a puzzle of tiles to prevent any alarms from ringing out. Eventually they reach the Red Keystone and discover Lector Jarnil's cousin Lokar trapped inside. As Tal and Crow prepare to depart, they are assaulted by numerous unbound Spiritshadows. Tal is able to construct a miniature Veil in time to hide them, but accidentally binds Adras, his Spiritshadow, into it. As they near the Freefolk base, Crow injures Tal and flees with the Keystone. Tal recovers the keystone and Lokar convinces Tal to go to Aenir and consult the Empress to free Lokar.

While Tal and Crow climb the tower, Milla returns to Odris by the labyrinth of tunnels below the Castle. On her way, she discovers the skeleton where her Primary Sunstone partially originated. Scrutinizing it closer, she notices a long Violet fingernail, which she puts on. Knowing that she will give herself to the Ice, she breathes the Tenth Pattern to assure the completion of her task of getting a Primary Sunstone. On her way, she is attacked by Arla and a band of Shield Maidens for bringing Odris. Milla accidentally kills Arla with her talon. She is then judged by the Crones, who will decide her fate. After reviewing Milla's thoughts and dreams, the Crones debate and decide to attack the Castle to stop the Spiritshadow trade and save the Veil. The Crones choose Milla to lead the attack.

Critical reception
In a review on the website Writers Write Claire E. White noted: "This is a fantastic series which just gets better and better with each book."

References 

2001 Australian novels
2001 children's books
2001 fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
Australian children's novels
Novels by Garth Nix
Scholastic Corporation books
Children's books set in fictional countries
Akulliq

Akulliq () was a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada.

The riding consisted of the communities of Kugaaruk and Repulse Bay. Kugaaruk is now a part of the Netsilik riding and Repulse Bay (which has since been renamed to Naujaat) is a part of the Aivilik riding.

Election results

1999 election

2004 election

2008 election
The 2008 election was delayed in Akulliq due to a legal challenge brought by former Member of Parliament Jack Anawak, who filed as a candidate but was rejected by Elections Nunavut because he had not lived in Nunavut for twelve consecutive months prior to the election. After Anawak's challenge was dismissed by the courts, a by-election was held on December 15, 2008, but only two votes separated incumbent MLA Steve Mapsalak and his main challenger, former Northwest Territories MLA John Ningark.

A judicial recount was conducted, but resulted in Ningark and Mapsalak each receiving exactly 157 votes, thus forcing a second election on March 2, 2009.

References

External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

Electoral districts of Kitikmeot Region
Electoral districts of Kivalliq Region
1999 establishments in Nunavut
2013 disestablishments in Nunavut
Amittuq

Amittuq () is a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada.

The riding consists of the communities of Hall Beach and part of Igloolik. The boundary was redrawn for the 28 October 2013 general election.

Election results

1999 election

2004 election

2008 election

2013 election

2017 election

References

External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

Electoral districts of Qikiqtaaluk Region
1999 establishments in Nunavut
Arviat (electoral district)

Arviat was a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada. The riding consisted of the community of Arviat.

In 2011 the Nunavut Electoral Boundaries Commission recommended the district be split into two districts, Arviat North-Whale Cove and Arviat South. With the passage of Bill 22 in October 2011 the two new districts were created.

Election results

1999 election

2004 election

2008 election

References

External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

Electoral districts of Kivalliq Region
1999 establishments in Nunavut
2013 disestablishments in Nunavut
Baker Lake (electoral district)

Baker Lake (, Inuinnaqtun: Qamanittuaq) is a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada. The riding consists of the community of Baker Lake. The current Member of the Legislative Assembly is Simeon Mikkungwak.

The Nunavut Electoral Boundaries Commission has recommended the district be renamed Qamani'tuaq, after the Inuktitut name of the community, for the next election, along with minor boundary changes. However, the name appears to have not been changed.

Election results

1999 election

2004 election

2008 election

2013 election

2017 election

2020 by-election

References

External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

Electoral districts of Kivalliq Region
1999 establishments in Nunavut
Cambridge Bay (electoral district)

Cambridge Bay (Inuinnaqtun: Iqaluktuuttiaq, ) is a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada.

The riding, which consists of the communities of Bathurst Inlet, Cambridge Bay and Umingmaktok, came into existence for the first Nunavut general election. The election, which occurred 15 February 1999, was held prior to division of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, 1 April 1999.

Election results

1999 election

2004 election

2008 election

2013 election

2017 election

2021 election

References

External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

Electoral districts of Kitikmeot Region
1999 establishments in Nunavut
Hudson Bay (Nunavut electoral district)

Hudson Bay (, , Inuinnaqtun: Tahiuyaryuaq) is a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada.

The riding consists of the community of Sanikiluaq.

The current Member of the Legislative Assembly is Daniel Qavvik.

Election results

1999 election

2004 election

2008 election

2013 election

2017 election

References

External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

Electoral districts of Qikiqtaaluk Region
1999 establishments in Nunavut