alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Hamman's syndrome

Hamman's syndrome, also known as Macklin's syndrome, is a syndrome of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema (air in the subcutaneous tissues of the skin) and pneumomediastinum (air in the mediastinum, the center of the chest cavity), sometimes associated with pain and, less commonly, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), dysphonia, and a low-grade fever.

Hamman's syndrome can cause Hamman's sign, an unusual combination of sounds that can be heard with a stethoscope.

Causes 
The cause of Hamman's syndrome is most commonly unknown (idiopathic).

Excessive duration and/or intensity of activities that mimic valsalva manoeuvres, i.e. that increase intrathoracic pressure, can cause barotrauma, and hence pregnancy (and constipation and other causes of excessive straining) can be a precipitating cause of Hamman's syndrome. Indeed, it is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 100,000 live births and is associated with prolonged labour times.

Additionally, vomiting and coughing have also been noted as occasional precipitating factors. Hamman's is thus unsurprisingly occasionally known to be associated with asthma (i.e. frequent coughing), excessive alcohol use (i.e. frequent vomiting) and inhalational illicit substance use (such as cocaine use).

Despite these associations, often, no precipitating cause is found.

Pathophysiology
Macklin described the pathophysiology of Hamman's syndrome to be barotrauma, whereby rupture of alveolar membranes causes a positive pressure gradient of air from the lungs into the mediastinum (the Macklin effect).

Diagnosis

Treatment
Treatment is supportive. Hamman's syndrome tends to be benign and self-limiting. It is important to differentiate it from far more serious conditions that have similar symptoms, such as Boerhaave's syndrome.

History 
It was named after clinician Louis Hamman, M.D.

References

External links 

Respiratory diseases
Chest trauma
Syndromes
Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's pommel horse

The men's pommel horse was one of eight gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. The pommel horse was the fourth event held on 9 April. 15 athletes from five nations started the pommel horse exercise. Zutter won Switzerland's first gold medal in this event, with Weingärtner taking the silver.

Background

This was the first appearance of the event, which is one of the five apparatus events held every time there were apparatus events at the Summer Olympics (no apparatus events were held in 1900, 1908, 1912, or 1920). The field consisted of 10 Germans plus five men from four other nations.

Competition format

Judges awarded the prizes, but little is known of the scoring and rankings.

Schedule

The men's pommel horse was held in the afternoon of the fourth day of events, following the 800 metres, team parallel bars, team horizontal bar, and men's vault.

Results

References

Sources
  (Digitally available at )
  (Excerpt available at )
 

Men's pommel horse
Men's 1896
Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's rings

The men's rings was one of eight gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. The fifth event, it was held on 9 April. There were eight competitors from three nations. The Greeks won the gold and bronze medals, with Hermann Weingärtner winning his fifth medal. Places 1–3 and 5 are known, but 4th place is not—any of the four athletes whose places are not known may have occupied the fourth position.

Background

This was the first appearance of the event, which is one of the five apparatus events held every time there were apparatus events at the Summer Olympics (no apparatus events were held in 1900, 1908, 1912, or 1920). The field consisted of 5 Germans, 2 Greeks, and possibly one Hungarian.

Competition format

Judges awarded the prizes, but little is known of the scoring and rankings. Each gymnast performed a routine two minutes long.

Schedule

The men's rings was held in the afternoon of the fourth day of events, following the 800 metres, team parallel bars, team horizontal bar, vault, and pommel horse.

Results

Three judges ranked Mitropoulos first while three other judges ranked Weingärtner first. Prince George broke the tie, in favor of Mitropoulos.

References

Sources
  (Digitally available at )
  (Excerpt available at )
 

Men's rings
Men's 1896
Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's rope climbing

The men's rope climbing was one of eight gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. The final event in the gymnastics competition, rope climbing was held on 10 April. The rope was 14 metres long, suspended from a frame. Time and style were considered in placing the competitors who reached the top and distance climbed separating those who did not make it all the way up. Five competitors entered, with the two Greeks taking top honors by being the only two to complete the climb. The German Fritz Hofmann won the bronze medal, while the weightlifting champions Viggo Jensen and Launceston Elliot finished fourth and fifth.

Background

This was the first appearance of the event, which was held four times. The event appeared again in 1904, 1924, and 1932.

Competition format

The rope climb was 14 metres in height with a smooth, unknotted rope. Those who completed the climb were ranked on time and style points, with those not reaching the top ranked on height climbed.

Schedule

The men's rope climbing was held in the morning of the fifth day of events. The gymnastics programme was intended to be completed on the fourth day, but after six of the eight events had finished it was too late to continue and the final two were moved to the fifth day. The rope climbing was the second of the two that day, the last gymnastics event held.

Results

The heights climbed by Jensen and Elliot are not known, though Jensen climbed higher than Elliot and both were under 12.5 metres. The style points for the finishers are not known. Andriakopoulos finished in 23.4 seconds, quicker than Xenakis, though Xenakis' time is not known beyond that.

References

Sources
  (Digitally available at )
  (Excerpt available at )
 

Men's rope climbing
Ae Fond Kiss

The Scots song "Ae fond kiss and then we sever" by the Scottish poet Robert Burns is more commonly known as "Ae fond kiss". It is Burns's most recorded love song.

History

After the publication of his collected poems, the Kilmarnock volume, Burns regularly travelled and stayed at Edinburgh. While there he established a platonic relationship with Mrs Agnes Maclehose and they began a regular correspondence using the pseudonyms "Clarinda" and "Sylvander". Burns wrote "Ae fond kiss" after their final meeting and sent it to Maclehose on 27 December 1791 before she departed Edinburgh for Jamaica to be with her estranged husband.

The letter is held by National Library of Scotland as part of the Watson Autograph collection of manuscripts.

Burns's original setting of three verses in eight lines was set to the tune of Rory Dalls's "Port". The musical score  was published in the collection of Scottish folks songs known as the Scots Musical Museum

Lyrics 

The Ae is pronounced to rhyme with "hay".

Glossary
 = adj only; sole. art a. Pronounced  () or  ().
 = adj every 
 = adv|conj so

Recordings 
Aneka (Mary Sandeman) – B-side to "Japanese Boy" (1981)
 Karan Casey – Ships in the Forest
 Celtic Woman - Ancient Land
 Steve Harley - Uncovered (2020)

References 

Poetry by Robert Burns
1790s songs
1791 in Scotland
1791 poems
Songs with lyrics by Robert Burns
Scots-language works
Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's team parallel bars

The men's team parallel bars was the first of eight gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. It was held on 9 April. Three teams took part, one German and two Greek. The German team won the competition.

Background

This was the only appearance of the event, which was one of two team apparatus events contested at the 1896 Games (along with a team horizontal bar competition).

Competition format

There were 10 sets of parallel bars made available to the teams. However, there was apparently no limit on the size of the teams, as one team exceeded 30 members. Judges scored the routines on execution, rhythm, and technical difficulty.

Schedule

The men's team parallel bars was held in the afternoon of the fourth day of events. It was the second event of the afternoon, following the 800 metres (which began at 2:30 p.m.).

Results

References

Sources
  (Digitally available at )
  (Excerpt available at )
 

Men's z team parallel bars
Team 1896
Puerto Rican woodpecker

The Puerto Rican woodpecker (Melanerpes portoricensis) is the only woodpecker endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico and is one of the five species of the genus Melanerpes that occur in the Antilles. Furthermore, it is the only resident species of the family Picidae in Puerto Rico. The species is common on the main island of Puerto Rico and rare on the island of Vieques.

Description
The Puerto Rican woodpecker has a black body and a bright red throat and breast. It has a white patch that runs across the head from eye to eye. Its flanks and lower body have a light tangerine coloration. As with the majority of birds sexual dimorphism is present in this species. The males' throat and breast are more brightly colored than the females' with females tending to be all-around duller in coloration. There is also a substantial (~18%) difference in bill length between sexes. 

Also males are slightly bigger than females. Its average weight is 56.0 grams. Its body length varies between 23 and 27 centimetres.

Distribution
The Puerto Rican woodpecker is a common and widely distributed species in Puerto Rico, mainly occurring in forests, coffee plantations, mangroves, palm tree groves, parks and gardens. Besides occurring in Puerto Rico it once inhabited the island of St. Croix. This stems from the fact that during the Pleistocene epoch Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix and the other Virgin Islands constituted a single landmass. It is believed that at this time the species extended its range to St. Croix and Vieques.

Behavior
The Puerto Rican woodpecker is said to resemble the behavior and structure of the North American red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). Like the majority of woodpeckers this species uses its bill to drill holes in trunks in search of prey. The principal component of its diet are insects such as ants, beetle larvae and others. Fruits are also important, composing one-quarter of its diet. Rarely it may eat scorpions, geckos and coquís. Females lay from 1 to 6 white eggs in cavities carved by males. The nests of M. portoricensis are used by other Puerto Rican endemic birds such as the Puerto Rican flycatcher (Myiarchus antillarum) and the yellow-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus).

See also 

 Fauna of Puerto Rico
 List of birds of Puerto Rico
 List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
 List of Puerto Rican birds
 List of Vieques birds
 El Toro Wilderness

References

External links

Puerto Rican woodpecker
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican woodpecker
Puerto Rican woodpecker
Hamman's sign

Hamman's sign (rarely, Hammond's sign or Hammond's crunch) is a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. It is felt to result from the heart beating against air-filled tissues.

It is named after Johns Hopkins clinician Louis Hamman, M.D.

This sound is heard best over the left lateral position.  It has been described as a series of precordial crackles that correlate with the heart beat rather than respiration.

Causes
Hamman's crunch is caused by pneumomediastinum or pneumopericardium, and is associated with tracheobronchial injury due to trauma, medical procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy) or rupture of a proximal pulmonary bleb.  It can be seen with Boerhaave syndrome.

See also
Hamman's syndrome

References

External links
Audio of auscultation of Hamman's Sign

Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
Yousry Nasrallah

Yousry Nasrallah (  ) (born 26 July 1952) is an Egyptian film director.

Biography
Nasrallah was born to a Coptic Christian family in Cairo. He graduated  in economics and political science at Cairo University. Following, he worked as a film critic and directing assistant in Beirut from 1978 to 1982. He became assistant to Youssef Chahine whose company Misr International would go on to produce his films. Nasrallah's works have dealt with themes of leftism, Islamic fundamentalism, and expatriation.

His 2012 film After the Battle competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

Films 
 Sariqat Sayfiyya (Summer Thefts) (1985).
 The Mercedes (1993).
 On Boys, Girls and the Veil (1995).
 al-Madina (The City) (1999).
 Bab el Chams (The Gate of Sun) (2003).
 Genenet al Asmak (Aquarium) (2008).
 Ehki ya shahrazade (Scheherazade Tell Me a Story) (2009).
 After the Battle (2012)
 Brooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces (2016)

References

Notes
 Shafik, V., Leaman, O. (ed.), 106, 2001, Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge ()
 Yousry Nasrallah:Biography and Filmography from Cannes Film Festival.
 link to New York Times Aug. 12, 2011 review of "Scheherazade, Tell Me a Story"

Further reading
 Benjamin Geer, "Yousry Nasrallah: The Pursuit of Autonomy in the Arab and European Film Markets in: Josef Gugler (ed.), Ten Arab Filmmakers: Political Dissent and Social Critique, Indiana University Press, 2015, , pp. 142–164

External links
 

1952 births
Living people
Egyptian film directors
Egyptian Copts
Arabic-language film directors
Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's team horizontal bar

The men's team horizontal bar was the second of eight gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. It was conducted on 9 April. Only one team, from Germany, competed.

Background

This was the only appearance of the event, which was one of two team apparatus events contested at the 1896 Games (along with a team parallel bars competition).

Competition format

There were 10 horizontal bars made available to the teams. However, there was apparently no limit on the size of the teams, as one team in the parallel bars competition exceeded 30 members. The German team in the horizontal bar had 10 competing members. Judges scored the routines on execution, rhythm, and technical difficulty.

Schedule

The men's team parallel bars was held in the afternoon of the fourth day of events. It was the third event of the afternoon, following the 800 metres (which began at 2:30 p.m.) and team parallel bars.

Results

References

Sources
  (Digitally available at )
  (Excerpt available at )
 

Men's z team horizontal bar
Team 1896
Short hood

The short hood of a hood unit-style diesel locomotive is, as the name implies, the shorter of the two hoods (narrower sections of the locomotive body in front and behind of the cab) on a locomotive.  The short hood contains ancillary equipment, frequently a chemical-retention toilet for crew use, and may contain a steam generator for heating older-style passenger cars.

Styles

High
Normally, the short hood is the front of the locomotive, and may be referred to as the locomotive's "nose".  Originally, this was not the case; railroads preferred to have the long hood leading, for additional crew protection in a collision, and because it was the familiar mode of operating steam locomotives.  The requirement for increased visibility conflicted with this and ultimately gained precedence.  Many locomotives originally had a short hood the full height of the locomotive (a high short hood).  This gave extra equipment room and was often used to house a steam generator.

Low
Once the short hood was established as the front of the locomotive, manufacturers began to offer a low short hood (also referred to as the "standard cab" or "spartan cab" design), which was below the level of the locomotive's cab windows and allowed for center windows for better forward visibility. They are commonly referred to as the "nose" of the locomotive now. Many older locomotives were modified to have a low short hood and were referred to as chop-nosed.

Full width
More recently, it has become the standard for the locomotive's nose to be built full-width, instead of having a narrow short hood.  This is officially known as a "safety cab" (sometimes "Canadian safety cab" since Canadian railroads were the first to specify these) and is often, but inaccurately, described as "wide cab" by railfans and others (the cab is no wider; it is the nose or short hood that is wider; therefore the term wide-nose cab should be used).

Great Britain
In Britain, almost all locomotives have two cabs, however some older English Electric or British Railways designs have extended cabs with a strong resemblance to a "short hood" at both ends (usually referred to as the "nose" or "bucket").  Examples include the Class 37, Class 40, Class 45 and Class 55.  Some single cab designs did have American-style short and long hoods (known as "bonnets" in Britain). Examples include the Class 15 and Class 16.

See also 
 Long hood

References

Locomotive parts
Cariari National Wetlands

Cariari National Wetlands is a nature reserve, part of both the Tortuguero and Caribbean La Amistad Conservation Areas, in the Limón Province of northeastern Costa Rica. It protects mangrove swamps and marine areas on the Caribbean coast. It covers all of the coast from the Tortuguero National Park to the Pacuare Matina Forest Reserve.

References

External links 
 Cariari National Wetlands at Costa Rica National Parks

Nature reserves in Costa Rica
Geography of Limón Province
Forsa Kòrsou

The Forsa Kòrsou () is a political party in Curaçao, which had seats in the island council of Curaçao and the estates of the Netherlands Antilles. The party is led by former lawyer Nelson Navarro. At the elections in the Netherlands Antilles of 2006, the party won 2 of the 14 seats of the Curaçao constituency in the 22 seat Estates of the Netherlands Antilles. In the last Netherlands Antilles general election in 2010, the party participated together with NPA and MAN obtaining 5 seats.

The party obtained a seat in the 2007 island council elections.

References

Political parties in Curaçao
Sovereign People

Sovereign People (, ) is a political party in Curaçao founded in 2005 by Helmin Wiels and Harold Willems. The party aims for complete independence of Curaçao outside the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 2012 Helmin Wiels stated that Curaçao could become independent within 10 years.

In the Curaçao 2010 elections, Pueblo Sobrerano won 4 seats and became part of the governing coalition of the Cabinet Schotte on 10 October 2010. It became the largest party in the Estates of Curaçao after the Curaçao general election of 2012.

Pueblo Soberano was headed by Helmin Wiels until his murder in May 2013. On 14 December 2015, Jaime Córdoba was elected the new political leader of Pueblo Soberano and succeeded Helmin Wiels. He was the sole candidate in the party elections. PS won 2 seats in the 2016 and 1 in the 2017 elections. After the 2021 elections the PS lost all seats. The party opposes same-sex marriage.

Election results

Netherlands Antilles
The party participated in the Netherlands Antilles general elections as well as those of the Island council of Curaçao until the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The party held two seats of the 14-seat Curaçao constituency in the 22-seat Estates of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010, (after obtaining no seats in 2006).

The party won a single seat at the island council elections in Curaçao in 2007. At the 2010 elections, the party obtained 3 seats in the Island council, which became the estates of Curaçao on 10 October 2010.

References

2005 establishments in the Netherlands Antilles
Political parties established in 2005
Political parties in Curaçao
São Paulo Forum
People's Progressive Alliance (Sint Maarten)

The People's Progressive Alliance (PPA) is a political party in Sint Maarten. 
At the legislative elections of the Netherlands Antilles on 22 January 2010, the party won no seats.

The party was thought to have been dissolved in 2010, however, from 2016 onwards it was once again contesting elections in Sint Maarten.

References

Political parties in Sint Maarten
Alam-Kuh

Alam-Kūh (; also: Alam Kooh) – Mount Alam – is a mountain in Alborz mountain range in northern Iran, Mazandaran Province, forming a peak of Takht-e Suleyman Massif. It is located in Kelardasht District of Mazandaran Province of Iran. With an elevation of 4,828 meters, it is the second-highest peak in Iran after Mount Damavand.

Climbing history

The first recorded ascent of the peak was made from Hazarchal over the south face by the German brothers Bornmüller during their six-month botanical exploration of the Alborz in 1902.

Douglas Busk, a British mountaineer,  climbed Alam-Kuh via the east ridge in 1933 and again in 1934 from over the west ridge.

The 800 m high, steep granite north face provides some of the most difficult and interesting mountaineering routes in the country and the climbs rank alongside major climbing routes in the European Alps. In addition to local climbers, the north face attracts European climbing teams. The first known ascent from the north was by a German party (Gorter/Steinauer) in 1936 via the northwest ridge. Subsequently, French and Polish teams established other routes on the north face during the 1960s and 1970, these being multi-day routes of high alpine standard. A British team followed with a successful ascent in 1978. The first winter ascent of the north face was made by Mohammad Nouri in 1991.

2004 earthquake
Most of the fixed ropes were damaged severely during a major 6.3 magnitude earthquake and consequent rockfall in 2004. The mountain was closed to climbers for some months because of the hazard of rockfall and loose cables.

Terrain and approach
The mountain range supports permanent snow and glaciers. Although the southern slopes of the range tend to be dry and barren, the northern valleys leading to the Caspian Sea (which offer the best approaches to the mountains) are wet and lush with vegetation.

Location

See also
 List of Ultras of West Asia
 Alamut

References

External links

 "Alam Kuh, Iran" on Peakbagger
 SummitPost website
 
  "Iran: Alam Kuh" in The American Alpine Journal, 2002

Mountaineering in Iran
Four-thousanders of the Alborz
Glaciers of Iran
Tourist attractions in Mazandaran Province
Mountains of Mazandaran Province
Michael Slive

Michael Lawrence Slive (July 26, 1940 – May 16, 2018) was an American attorney and college sports executive. Slive was the commissioner of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), a college athletics association, from 2002 until 2015. As part of his role as the SEC Commissioner, he served as the coordinator of the Bowl Championship Series for the 2006 and 2007 regular seasons. He was a member of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Committee through September 2009 and served as the chairman of the committee for the 2008–09 academic year. He retired as commissioner effective July 31, 2015.

Early life
A native of Utica, New York, Slive graduated from Dartmouth College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1962.  He earned a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1965 and an LL.M. from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1966.

Career
Slive became the seventh commissioner of the SEC on July 1, 2002. He was the first commissioner of Conference USA from 1995 to 2002, and the first commissioner of the Great Midwest Conference upon its founding in 1991.

Early in his life, he practiced law in New Hampshire, serving as judge of the Hanover District Court from 1972 to 1977, and was a partner in a Chicago law firm. He was assistant director of athletics at Dartmouth College, assistant executive director of the Pacific-10 Conference, and director of athletics at Cornell University from 1981 to 1983. In 1990, he became senior partner and founder of the Mike Slive-Mike Glazier Sports Group, a legal practice specializing in representing colleges and universities in athletics-related matters.

Death
In his later years, Slive battled prostate cancer. He died on May 16, 2018, age 77, in Birmingham, Alabama. He is survived by his wife of 49 years, Liz, and their daughter, Anna.

References

1940 births
2018 deaths
Conference USA commissioners
Cornell University faculty
Cornell Big Red athletic directors
Dartmouth College alumni
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Southeastern Conference commissioners
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Businesspeople from Utica, New York
Lawyers from Birmingham, Alabama
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American lawyers
Guácimo and Pococí Protected Zone

Guácimo and Pococí Protected Zone (), is a protected area in Costa Rica, managed under the Tortuguero Conservation Area, it was created in 1987 by executive decree 17390-MAG-S. Located in the Limón Province of northeastern Costa Rica, it protects the recharge area of the Guácimo and Pococí rivers.

References 

Nature reserves in Costa Rica
Protected areas established in 1987
Geography of Limón Province
Älvsborg Bridge

The Älvsborg Bridge () is a suspension bridge over Göta älv in Gothenburg, Sweden, connecting the island of Hisingen with the mainland. It was designed by Sven Olof Asplund, and inaugurated on 8 November 1966 by Swedish communication minister Olof Palme. The total length of the bridge is 933 metres and the distance between the pylons ("main span") is 417 metres, while the clearance below the deck is 45 metres. This clearance is well below the international standard for the largest cruise ships (65 metres), so many such ships have to dock outside the bridge. The pylons are 107 metres tall, making the bridge one of Gothenburg's most prominent landmarks. It takes its name from the mediaeval castle of Old Älvsborg, the ruins of which are located just a couple of hundred metres along the riverbank from the southern pylon.

The bridge was painted green for the 1995 World Championships in Athletics, which Gothenburg hosted. Work started in 1993 and used about 36,000 litres of paint. 

The bridge acted as the finish line for the 2005–06 and 2014–2015 Volvo Ocean Race.

References

External links

 
 Pictures

Buildings and structures in Gothenburg
Suspension bridges in Sweden
Hisingen
Bridges completed in 1967
Transport in Gothenburg
Churchville-Chili Central School District

The Churchville-Chili Central School District (CCCSD) is a public school district in Monroe County, New York, near Rochester. The district enrolls approximately 3,889 students in grades K-12 from the towns of Chili, Ogden, Riga, Sweden, and Churchville. District employees number 823 under an operating budget of $91,602,093 for the 2021-2022 school year.

Average class size is 19 to 24 students, and the student-teacher ratio is 11:1 for the elementary schools and 12:1 for the middle and high schools.

Schools and facilities
The CCCSD offers three elementary schools (K-4), one middle school (5-8), and a high school (10-12) with a ninth-grade subdivision. The six schools are on three campuses.  Additionally, the CCCSD operates a transportation facility. This facility transports over 4,200 students through the year to over 65 surrounding schools.

Board of education
The CCCSD Board of Education consists of 10 members who serve on rotating three-year terms. Annual elections are held in May to select board members and vote on the budget.

Student performance
For the 2018-2019 school year, the CCCSD enrolled a total of 3,816 K-12 public school students. Student performance is measured according to New York State's standardized examinations including English Language Arts (ELA) in grades 3-8, Science in grades 4 and 8, and the Regents Exam for English, Math, Science, and Social Studies in high school.  These performance exams classify each student's performance as follows:  Level 1 - Not Proficient, Level 2 - Partially Proficient, Level 3 - Proficient, Level 4 - Advanced Proficient.  Students considered as proficient have tested at level 3 (proficient) and level 4 (advanced proficient).  The results below include the percent of students who achieved a 3 and 4 performance level for the 2018/19 school year.

Notable alumni

Renée Fleming, professional vocalist
Tim Redding (1996), professional baseball player

References

External links
Churchville-Chili Central School District web site
Great Schools - Schools in Churchville-Chili Central School District
New York State School Boards Association
Chestnut Ridge Elementary School website
www.niche.com/k12/d/churchville-chili-central-school-district-ny/

Education in Rochester, New York
School districts in New York (state)
Education in Monroe County, New York
School districts established in 1950
Dera Ghazi Khan Airport

Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport or D. G. Khan Airport  (Balochi: ڈیرہ غازی خان بالی پٹ, ) is  from the city centre of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. It caters mainly to the population of Dera Ghazi Khan. Now Dera Ghazi Khan airport is closed without any reason.

See also 
 List of airports in Pakistan

References

External links
 

Airports in Punjab, Pakistan
Maine's 1st congressional district

Maine's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Maine. The geographically smaller of the state's two congressional districts, the district covers the southern coastal area of the state. The district consists of all of Cumberland, Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc, and York counties and most of Kennebec County. Located within the district are the cities of Portland, Brunswick, and Saco. The district is currently represented by Democrat Chellie Pingree.

History

Maine was initially a part of the state of Massachusetts. Massachusetts was allocated 20 districts after the 1810 U.S. census. When Maine became a state in 1820, seven of those districts were credited to it. Since then, all but the 1st and 2nd congressional districts have become obsolete.

Maine's 1st congressional district consists of:

 Cumberland County
The following towns in Kennebec County:
 Augusta
 Chelsea
 China
 Farmingdale
 Hallowell
 Manchester
 Pittston
 Readfield
 Vassalboro
 Waterville
 Windsor
 Winslow
 Winthrop
 Knox County
 Lincoln County
 Sagadahoc County
 York County

Recent election results from presidential races

List of members representing the district

Election history

The 2018 election was the first to use ranked-choice voting as opposed to plurality voting since the district's creation. However, since the leading candidate had a majority of first-choice votes, no distribution of preferences was conducted.

See also 
 Maine's congressional districts
 List of United States congressional districts

Notes

References

Bibliography
 
 
 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

External links
 U.S. House of Representatives

01
Cumberland County, Maine
Knox County, Maine
Lincoln County, Maine
Sagadahoc County, Maine
York County, Maine
Kennebec County, Maine
Constituencies established in 1820
Constituencies disestablished in 1883
1820 establishments in Maine
1883 disestablishments in Maine
Constituencies established in 1885
1885 establishments in Maine
Holiday City – Silver Ridge Park

Holiday City – Silver Ridge is an unincorporated master-planned community located   within Berkeley Township in Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, near Toms River. The entire community has a total population of 21,631 in five separate census-designated places according to the 2000 United States Census. The subdivision is divided into four sections: Holiday City-Berkeley (2000 population of 13,884), Holiday City South (4,047), Holiday Heights (2,389) and Silver Ridge Park (1,211). The community consists of many strip malls, a mini mall containing over 20 stores, doctors offices, real estate offices, banks and a hospital. The main roadways are Mule Road and Jamaica Boulevard.

The development is an age-restricted adult community and is located off of Route 37 just west of the Garden State Parkway.

Sections and neighborhoods

Holiday City
In the Holiday City communities, homes are detached, ranch style built on minimum  lots, with some lots larger to accommodate larger models.

Holiday City consists of five separate communities, each with its own homeowners association and amenities:
Holiday City Berkeley
Holiday City Carefree
Holiday City West
Holiday City South
Holiday Heights

Silver Ridge
In the Silver Ridge Communities, homes are single-story detached on a crawl space, each with attached garage, and situated on  lots. Floor plans vary considerably. In addition to living room, dining room, eat-in-kitchen, attached garage, one or two bedrooms and one or two bathrooms, homes may also include family rooms/dens, open or closed porches, sun rooms, patios and decks.

The adult communities of Silver Ridge Park consist of four separate areas, each with its own homeowners association and amenities. These are:
Silver Ridge Park (East)
Silver Ridge Park West
Silver Ridge Park - Westerly Extension
Silver Ridge Park North

External links
Holiday City - Silver Ridge Park at CityData

Berkeley Township, New Jersey
Planned communities in the United States
Unincorporated communities in Ocean County, New Jersey
Social Liberal Party (São Tomé and Príncipe)

The Social Liberal Party () is a political party in São Tomé and Príncipe. The party failed to win any seats in the National Assembly following elections held on 26 March 2006.

The party supported Fradique de Menezes in the 30 July 2006 presidential election. He was re-elected with 60.58% of the vote.

Political parties in São Tomé and Príncipe
Social liberal parties
Social Renewal Party (São Tomé and Príncipe)

The Social Renewal Party () is a political party in São Tomé and Príncipe. The party failed to win any seats in the National Assembly following elections held on 26 March 2006. It was part of the Uê Kédadji coalition.

The party supported Patrice Trovoada in the 30 July 2006 presidential election. He won 38.82% of the vote, finishing a distant second to the incumbent Fradique de Menezes, who received 60.58% of the vote.

Political parties in São Tomé and Príncipe
Hugo Sillén

Klas Hugo Sillén (18 December 1892, Stockholm – 4 December 1971) was a Swedish Communist politician. In the 1929 split of the Communist Party of Sweden, Sillén led the pro-Comintern fraction that expelled Karl Kilbom and the majority of the party members with support of the Comintern that feared Kilbom would support Bukharin's right opposition against Joseph Stalin. Hugo Sillén became a devoted Stalinist.

1892 births
1971 deaths
Politicians from Stockholm
Swedish communists
Samoan Democratic United Party

The Samoan Democratic United Party (SDUP) was the main opposition party of Samoa from 2003 to 2008. The SDUP was formed in 2003 from the Samoan National Development Party (SNDP) and the Samoan United Independent Party (SUIP). During the 2006 Samoan general election, they won 10 of the 49 seats, but one member lost his seat after an election petition ruling in August 2006.

At the end of August 2006, the party announced it had a new leader, Asiata Sale'imoa Va'ai. The long-standing former leader, Le Mamea Ropati, had disputed the change of leadership.  Following the departure of Ropati and his deputy Sililoto Tolo Tuaifaiva, the party dropped to seven MPs, and ceased to be recognised in the House.  As a result, all its members were considered to be independents. Court action challenging the Speaker's ruling was repeatedly delayed. In the interim, the party's deputy leader, Aeau Peniamina Le'avai, resigned, while another MP, Sililoto Tolo Tua'ifaiva, died. In August 2007 party leader Asiata Sale'imoa Va'ai was charged with contempt of court after accusing the judiciary of bias over delays in the court case.

In April 2008 most remaining SDUP MPs agreed to form a new party, which eventually became the Tautua Samoa Party.

In September 2010, the leaders of the SDUP, including Le Mamea Ropati, Tuia Paepae Letoa and Mulipola Oliva asked to run as HRPP candidates.

The party was finally deregistered in February 2020 after not paying its registration fee.

People

Leaders
 Le Mamea Ropati (?–2006)
 Asiata Sale'imoa Va'ai (2006–2010)

References

Political parties in Samoa
Politics of Samoa
Political organisations based in Samoa
Main
Preved

Preved () is a term used in the Padonkaffsky jargon, a meme in the Russian-speaking Internet which developed out of a heavily circulated picture, and consists of choosing alternative spellings for words for comic effect. The picture, a modified version of John Lurie's watercolor Bear Surprise, whose popularity was stoked by emails and blogs, features a man and a woman having sex in the clearing of a forest, being surprised by a bear calling "Surprise!" with its paws raised. In later Russian adaptations, the bear shouts "Preved!" (a deliberate misspelling of privet,  – "hi!"). In keeping with a popular trend of image manipulation, the iconic bear — dubbed  (), a misspelling of  ("bear") — has been inserted into many other pictures where his appearance adds a new dimension to the joke.

The word and the bear image have found their way into the mainstream mass media, such as a poster for the Russian edition of Newsweek. On July 6, 2006 there was an online conference with Vladimir Putin, prior to which the question "PREVED, Vladimir Vladimirovich! How do you feel about MEDVED?" became the most popular, with 28,424 votes. No answer was given, but the Associated Press, informing on the questions collection process, reportedly interpreted it as a reference to then-vice-prime-minister Dmitry Medvedev. 

Eventually, it has become known that the author of the altered picture with the word "preved" was user Lobzz from site Dirty.ru, real name Roman Yatsenko. The authorship of the word itself is still unclear, although the "unfinished" version, "prevet" was traced to 2003.

Preved is identified by a specific pattern of alternative spelling which emerged from the word. In this pattern, voiceless consonants are replaced with their voiced counterparts, and unstressed vowels are interchanged pair-wise – a and o stand in for each other, as do e and i. The words  (uchasneg) (a misspelling of  (uchastnik), "user" or "participant"), preved itself, and  (kagdila) (a misspelling of  (kak dela), "how are you") illustrate this pattern.

The larger trend of alternative spellings, called "olbansky yazyk" ("Olbanian language", misspelled "Albanian") developed from the padonki movement which originated on sites such as udaff.com. That trend uses the opposite conversion from the Preved trend – voiced consonants are replaced with their voiceless counterparts (which are sometimes doubled). For vowels, o is replaced with a and e with i. For example,  (ávtor, "author") would be spelled  (áfftar) or  (áftar). The latter exhibits a sort of eye dialect.

See also
Eye dialect

References

External links
 http://www.preved-medved.deviantart.com the DeviantArt community about Preved
 Online transformation of standard Russian into Internet slang

Russian Internet slang
Internet memes
Nonstandard spelling
Venegasia

Venegasia is a genus of North American plants in the tribe Madieae within the family Asteraceae.

Venegasia carpesioides is the only known species in the genus. It is shrubby bush growing to 1.8 m tall and prefers locations in moist canyons in southern California, and in Baja California. It is commonly known as the canyon sunflower.

Venegasia was named after the Mexican historian Miguel Venegas, 1680–1764.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Flora of North America
Photo gallery

Madieae
Monotypic Asteraceae genera
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Jill Watson

Jill Marilynn Watson (born March 29, 1963, in Bloomington, Indiana) is an American retired pair skater and coach. With her partner Peter Oppegard, she is the 1988 Olympic bronze medalist and a three-time U.S. national champion.

Watson was initially paired with Burt Lancon, with whom she won two national bronze medals in 1983 and 1984. She began competing with Oppegard in 1985. In their career, Watson and Oppegard won three national titles, a world bronze medal, an Olympic bronze medal, and various other medals. During Watson and Oppegard's free skate at the 1988 Olympics, a photographer dropped his camera bag onto the ice and an usher walked onto the ice to pick it up while the pair was performing an overhead lift on the other side of the rink.

She is now a coach at AZ Ice in the United States.  She coached Rena Inoue/John Baldwin for five seasons.

Jill Watson and Peter Oppegard were inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2004.

Results

Pairs with Peter Oppegard

Pairs with Burt Lancon

References

External links
 Watson and Lancon competition results
 Watson and Oppegard competition results

1963 births
Living people
American female pair skaters
American figure skating coaches
Figure skaters at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in figure skating
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Bloomington, Indiana
Female sports coaches
Medalists at the 1988 Winter Olympics
21st-century American women
Louis of Lower Lorraine

Louis of Lower Lorraine (975×9801023), Frankish royalty and a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was a younger son of Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, through his second wife, Adelaide.

Louis was born between 975 and 980, during the reign of his uncle, King Lothair of France. His mother was the daughter of a vassal of Hugh Capet. After the death of Louis's cousin, King Louis V, in 987 the nobility elected Hugh Capet king. Charles opposed Hugh, but was defeated in battle and captured in 991. Hugh had Louis placed in the custody of Bishop Adalbero of Laon. By 993 Charles had died and Hugh had imprisoned Louis in Orléans. Louis's older brother, Otto, who had remained behind in Germany, inherited their father's duchy.

In the spring of 993, Odo I, Count of Blois, plotted with Adalbero of Laon to arrest Hugh while the latter was in Metz to meet with Otto III of Germany, and place Louis on the throne. The count of Blois was angered by Hugh's refusal to appoint him to Hugh's old office, Duke of the Franks. The plot, however, was leaked to the king and had to be abandoned.

At some point Louis was released. He still retained land in Lower Lorraine and the Chronicle of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif calls him comes Alemanorum, "count of the Germans", suggesting that he had been granted a county in Lower Lorraine.

Sometime between 1005 and 1012, Louis was in Aquitaine when Duke William V of Aquitaine made a donation to the Abbey of Bourgueil. Louis subscribed the duke's charter as "Louis, son of King Charles" (Lodoici filii Karoli regis). William is known to have been on good terms with Hugh and accepted his election, but Carolingian legitimism was not unknown in southern France, where royal power was weak.

In 1023, Louis made a pilgrimage to Mont-Saint-Michel. During his return journey, he fell ill and became a monk in extremis at the Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in Sens. While he lay dying, he gave his villa at Ariscurt (an unidentified location probably in Lorraine) and a pallium (a sign of his royalty) to the abbey. His epitaph at Saint-Pierre-le-Vif has been published.

References

Carolingian dynasty
Medieval French nobility
10th-century births
1023 deaths
11th-century French people
Pul

Pul or PUL may refer to:

 Pul (coin), historical Russian copper coin
 Pul, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
 Pul, Kerman, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
 Afghan pul, one 1/100th of the Afghan afghani (currency)
 Pul, alternative name of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III
 Polyurethane laminate
 Pregnancy of unknown location, a form of ectopic pregnancy that cannot be located through ultrasound imaging
 Premier Ultimate League, a women's professional ultimate disc league
 Press Union of Liberia
 Presses universitaires de Louvain, the publisher of the University of Louvain in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
 Protestant, unionist, loyalist people in Northern Ireland
Suzanne Rochon-Burnett

Suzanne Rochon-Burnett,  (March 10, 1935 – March 4, 2006) was a Canadian Métis businesswoman.

Biography
Born in Sainte-Adèle, Quebec, she was the first aboriginal person in Canada to own and operate a private commercial radio station, Welland, Ontario's SPIRIT 91.7 (now CIXL-FM).

In 1965, she married Gordon W. Burnett. They had one child, Michèle-Élise.

Lifetime achievements
Rochon-Burnett has been involved in several communication and social causes. She became an ambassador for French music from Quebec and France when Chanson à la française was broadcast on 21 stations in Ontario in the late 1970s after years of experience in the media all over the world. Songwriters were charmed by her unique style and elegance when she interviewed them in English.

She was among the first to support Native artists in Ontario, including David General, Vince Bomberry, Shirley Cheechoo and Carl Beam.

She established a special policy at TVOntario for Aboriginal programming and set up a Native scholarship at Brock University in St. Catharines.

Awards and honours
In 2002, she was made a member of the Order of Canada. She was also awarded the Order of Ontario. In 2006, she was inducted into the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business's Hall of Fame.

See also
Notable Aboriginal people of Canada

References

Canadian mass media owners
Members of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
People from Laurentides
People from Welland
1935 births
2006 deaths
Canadian Métis people
Indspire Awards
Rolling Fork (Arkansas)

Rolling Fork is a  river in southwest Arkansas. It is dammed by DeQueen Dam and forms DeQueen Lake. It is a tributary of the Little River, running parallel with other tributaries such as the Cossatot River, the Saline River, the Mountain Fork, and the Glover River. It is part of the Mississippi watershed.

Location

Mouth Confluence with the Little River in Sevier County, Arkansas 
Source Polk County, Arkansas

Course
Rolling Fork starts near Hatton, Arkansas. It flows south through Wickes and Grannis. About ten miles from its source Rolling Fork flows into DeQueen Lake, a man-made reservoir.  Near Chapel Hill and DeQueen, Arkansas, Rolling Fork exits the lake and continues until it reaches the Little River.

See also
List of Arkansas rivers

References

Sources

External links

Rivers of Arkansas
Tributaries of the Red River of the South
Bodies of water of Sevier County, Arkansas
Rivers of Polk County, Arkansas
Shooting at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre military rifle

The men's 200 metre military rifle event was one of five sport shooting events on the Shooting at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. It was held at a distance of 200 metres, on 8 April and 9 April, with each shooter firing half of his shots on the first day and half the second. Shooters fired four strings of ten shots each, for a total of 40 shots. 42 shooters, representing each of the seven nations that had shooters in Athens, competed.

When the competition finished in the morning of 9 April, Pantelis Karasevdas of Greece had hit the target all 40 times, amassing a score of 2,350 points. Panagiotis Pavlidis hit the target 38 times and came in second.

Background

This was the only appearance of the 200 metre military rifle event. Military rifle categories would return in 1920 (a  three positions event) and 1924 (seven events at ). It was the first event held at the newly inaugurated Kallithea shooting range. A ceremonial first shot was fired by Olga Constantinovna of Russia, the queen consort of the Hellenes.

Competition format

The competition had each shooter fire 40 shots, in 4 strings of 10, at a range of 200 metres. Scoring involved multiplying target hits by points scored in each string.

Schedule

Results

Only partial results are known.

References

  (Digitally available at )
  (Excerpt available at )
 

Men's rifle military