alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Martyrs' Cemetery

The Martyrs' Cemetery of Fallujah is the chief burial site of Iraqis killed during the First Battle of Fallujah, both insurgents and civilians. It was formerly the football field of the Falluja Sports Club, and was converted into a cemetery after US troops blockaded attempts to reach the city's main cemetery.

A sign outside the cemetery reads "This cemetery is given by the people of Fallujah to the heroic martyrs of the battle against the Americans, and to the martyrs of the Jihadi operations against the Americans, assigned and approved by the Mujahideen Shura Council in Fallujah." 

The cemetery holds between 250  and 500 bodies, only one of which is identified as a foreign fighter, a Tunisian. At least 22 of the dead were from a single US mortar-attack in June 2004.

The road leading to the cemetery has been named Martyrs' Cemetery Road, and according to the Mafkarat al-Islam was the site of an August 26 2006 attack against a US convoy on the road headed to the cemetery, which destroyed a Humvee and killed three American troops, wounding two others, and a similar attack nine days later.

Another football field in the city was used for similar purposes.

References

Cemeteries in Iraq
Military cemeteries
Fallujah
Nemmersdorf

Nemmersdorf may refer to:

Places 
 former German name of the settlement Mayakovskoye, today Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
 part of Goldkronach, a town in the district of Bayreuth, Germany

People 
 "Franz von Nemmersdorf", pen name of Franziska von Reitzenstein (1834–1896), German novelist

Events 
 Nemmersdorf massacre
North Dakota Fighting Hawks basketball

Two North Dakota Fighting Hawks basketball programs are part of the school's athletics program:

 North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's basketball
 North Dakota Fighting Hawks women's basketball

North Dakota Fighting Hawks basketball
C.a.R.

C.a.R.– Compass and Ruler (also known as Z.u.L., which stands for the German "Zirkel und Lineal") — is a free and open source interactive geometry app that can do geometrical constructions in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry.
The software is Java based.
The author is René Grothmann of the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.
It is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Assignments

Assignments make possible to create Java applets, for a construction exercises.
These applets can be used from the command line using the AppletViewer.
(Previously, they could be run in a browser, but Java support in browsers has been disabled in recent years.)

See also

 Graphmatica
 GeoGebra
 CaRMetal
 Compass-and-straightedge construction

External links
C.a.R.
 History of the C.a.R.

Free educational software
Free interactive geometry software
Java platform software
Smith conjecture

In mathematics, the Smith conjecture  states that if f is a diffeomorphism  of the 3-sphere of finite order, then the fixed point set of f cannot be a nontrivial knot.

 showed that a non-trivial orientation-preserving diffeomorphism of finite order with fixed points must have a fixed point set equal to a circle, and asked in  if the fixed point set could be knotted.   proved the Smith conjecture for the special case of diffeomorphisms of order 2 (and hence any even order).  The proof of the general case was  described by  and depended on several major advances in 3-manifold theory, In particular the work of William Thurston on hyperbolic structures on 3-manifolds, and results by William Meeks and Shing-Tung Yau on minimal surfaces in 3-manifolds, with some additional help from Bass,  Cameron Gordon, Peter Shalen, and Rick Litherland.

 gave an example of a continuous involution of the 3-sphere whose fixed point set is a wildly embedded circle, so the Smith conjecture is false in the topological (rather than the smooth or PL) category.  showed that the analogue of the Smith conjecture in higher dimensions is false: the fixed point set of a periodic diffeomorphism of a sphere of dimension at least 4 can be a knotted sphere of codimension 2.

See also
 Hilbert–Smith conjecture

References

3-manifolds
Conjectures
Diffeomorphisms
Theorems in topology
Transilien Line P

Transilien Paris-Est is a railway line of the Paris Transilien suburban rail network. The trains on this line travel between Gare de l'Est in central Paris and the east of Île-de-France region. Transilien services from Paris-Est are part of the SNCF Gare de l'Est rail network. They have a total of 83,000 passengers per weekday.

Stations served

Meaux line
Paris-Est
Chelles - Gournay Station
Vaires - Torcy Station
Lagny - Thorigny Station
Esbly Station
Meaux Station

Château-Thierry line
Paris-Est
Meaux Station
Trilport Station
Changis-Saint-Jean Station
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre Station
Nanteuil - Saâcy Station
Nogent-l'Artaud - Charly Station
Chézy-sur-Marne Station
Château-Thierry Station

La Ferté-Milon line
Paris-Est
Meaux Station
Trilport Station
Isles - Armentières - Congis Station
Lizy-sur-Ourcq Station
Crouy-sur-Ourcq Station
Mareuil-sur-Ourcq Station
La Ferté-Milon Station

Crécy-la-Chapelle line
Esbly Station
Montry - Condé Station
Couilly - Saint-Germain - Quincy Station
Villiers - Montbarbin Station
Crécy-la-Chapelle Station

Coulommiers line
Paris-Est
Tournan Station
Marles-en-Brie Station
Mortcerf Station
Guérard - La Celle-sur-Morin Station
Faremoutiers - Pommeuse Station
Mouroux Station
Coulommiers Station

Provins line
Paris-Est
Verneuil-l'Étang Station
Mormant Station
Nangis Station
Longueville Station
Sainte-Colombe - Septveilles Station
Champbenoist - Poigny Station
Provins Station

Services 
Line P is operated by the six following services:
Paris-Est - Meaux
Paris-Est - Meaux - Château-Thierry
Paris-Est - Meaux - La Ferté-Milon
Esbly - Crécy-la-Chapelle
Paris-Est - Coulommiers
Paris-Est - Provins
Line P uses a four-letter mission coding system. Only in the section between Paris-Est and Chateau-Thierry the trains display the mission code; otherwise they only appear on passenger information display systems and on timetables.

NOTE: EICE, EIME, RICE and RIME are mission codes used for the line/axis between Esbly and Crécy-la-Chapelle.

Rolling stock

Current Fleet

Past fleet

See also
 List of Transilien stations

References

Transilien
Birch bark letter no. 292

The birch bark letter given the document number 292 is the oldest known document in any Finnic language. The document is dated to the beginning of the 13th century. It was found in 1957 by a Soviet expedition led by Artemiy Artsikhovsky in the Nerevsky excavation on the left coast side of Novgorod. It is currently held at the Novgorod City Museum. 

The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of Livvi-Karelian, the language spoken in Olonets Karelia, although the exact form is difficult to determine, as Finnic dialects were still developing during that period.

Transcription

The text is written in Cyrillic in the Karelian dialect of the archaic Finnic language. A transcription of the text is as follows:

Interpretations

By Yuri Yeliseyev
The text, as transliterated to the Latin alphabet by Yuri Yeliseyev in 1959 and interpreted in modern Finnish:

In English, this means roughly the following:

Yeliseyev believes, that this is an invocation against lightning, as evidenced by "ten your names" construction. According to superstitious notions, knowledge of the name gives a human the magic power over an object or phenomenon.

By Martti Haavio
As the orthography used does not utilize spaces between words, the source text can be transcribed into words in different ways. Martti Haavio gives a different interpretation of the text in his 1964 article, suggesting, that this is a sort of an oath:

In modern Finnish, this means roughly the following:

In modern Estonian, this means roughly the following:

In English, this means roughly the following:

By Yevgeny Khelimsky
Professor Yevgeny Khelimsky in his 1986 work criticizes Haavio's interpretation and gives the third known scientific interpretation, believing the letter to be an invocation, like Yeliseyev:

A translation into Finnish of this interpretation would look something like this:

In English, it means roughly the following:

†Syyttö-Jumala could also mean "Blaming God" or "God that blames"; modern Finnish syyttää = to blame or prosecute.

See also 
 Käymäjärvi Inscriptions

References

Sources
 Jelisejev, J. S. Vanhin itämerensuomalainen kielenmuistomerkki, Virittäjä-lehti 1961: 134
 Jelisejev, J. S. Itämerensuomalaisia kielenmuistomerkkejä (Zusammenfassung: Ostseefinnische Sprachdenkmäler), Virittäjä-lehti 1966: 296 
 Martti Haavio The Letter on Birch-Bark No. 292, Journal of the Folklore Institute, 1964. 
 Haavio, Martti, Tuohikirje n:o 292. Vanha suomalaisen muinaisuskonnon lähde, Virittäjä-lehti 1964: 1

External links
  Birch bark letter no. 292 (includes a photo and references) - at the website on Russian birch bark letters
  Tuohikirje 292
   Vielä kerran itämerensuomen vanhimmista muistomerkeistä - with (English) summary following references

Finnic languages
Novgorod Republic
Earliest known manuscripts by language
Uralic inscriptions
History of Novgorod Oblast
Incantation
13th-century inscriptions
13th century in Russia
Betula
1957 in Russia
1957 archaeological discoveries
Manchester Metro News

The Manchester Metro News is a British weekly newspaper published each Friday by Reach plc. It was established in 1987 as a free sister paper to the Manchester Evening News featuring a round up of the week's news. These days the paper also has a 12-page supplement called Metromagazine and a total circulation of 308,589 in the south Manchester area (VFD July to Dec 2004).
It has a smaller geographical reach than the M.E.N.. It is delivered in south and east Manchester, Stockport, Trafford and the Wilmslow area - and has three separate geographical editions: City (in south and east Manchester), Trafford (in Trafford and Wythenshawe) and Stockport (in Stockport and Wilmslow). Most of the content of the paper is the same for all three editions, but a few pages differ, with more local advertising and editorial. In February 2010 along with the Guardian Media Group's other regional and local titles, the newspaper was sold to competitor Trinity Mirror plc. This was in order to safeguard the future of the loss making newspaper The Guardian.

Its first editor was Bryan Chadderton. He was succeeded by Robert Ridley, now assistant editor of the Manchester Evening News, who edited the newspaper until 1998. Then: John Jeffay 1998–2002, Richard Butt 2002–2006, Tim Oliver 2006–present.

Metro
Metro International in Scandinavia started a trend for freesheet papers distributed daily to workers in populated area and this idea was brought the UK by Associated Newspapers who also decided to use the Metro name for their venture. However when Associated Newspapers wanted to launch their Metro in Manchester, Guardian Media Group (GMG) also decided to launch a freesheet daily paper in the city under the Metro name, with the argument that GMG's Manchester Metro News had been established in the region for many years.

For a short time, Associated's Metro competed with GMG's daily Manchester Metro News (using the same name as the separate weekly newspaper above). Associated was forced to change its title's name to News North West. Eventually, Associated and GMG reached a deal whereby GMG's daily newspaper folded and Associated's paper was allowed to use the "Metro" title again. Some advertising and Metro'''s distribution was taken over by the GMG in Manchester.

See alsoManchester Evening News'' - daily paper

Notes

 Source: Manchester Online

External links
ManchesterOnline - the "dynamic internet edition" of the Manchester Evening News
Metro

Newspapers published in Manchester
Newspapers established in 1987
Newspapers published by Reach plc
Free newspapers
Erik Eriksson (politician)

Erik Eriksson of Spraxkya, in Borlänge, Dalarna, (1864–1939), was a Swedish politician. He was the first chairman of the Centre Party, but not its founder.

1864 births
1939 deaths
Centre Party (Sweden) politicians
People from Borlänge Municipality
Custos Rotulorum of Norfolk

This is a list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Norfolk.

 Sir Richard Southwell bef. 1544 – aft. 1547
 Sir James Boleyn bef. 1558–1561
 Sir William Woodhouse bef. 1562–1564
 Sir Christopher Heydon bef. 1573–1579
 Sir Dru Drury bef. 1584–1617
 Sir Philip Woodhouse, 1st Baronet 1617
 Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel 1617–1636
 Henry Howard, Lord Maltravers 1636–1646
 Interregnum
 Sir Philip Wodehouse, 3rd Baronet 1660–1681
 Henry Richardson, 3rd Lord Cramond 1681–1689
 Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk 1689–1701
For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk.

References

Institute of Historical Research - Custodes Rotulorum 1544-1646
Institute of Historical Research - Custodes Rotulorum 1660-1828

Norfolk
Scott Campbell (ice hockey, born 1957)

Gary Scott Campbell (June 22, 1957 – September 3, 2022) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who was drafted first overall by the Houston Aeros of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in the 1977 WHA Amateur Draft. Campbell was born in Toronto, Ontario, but grew up in Guelph, Ontario.

Playing career
After a stellar junior career with the London Knights, Campbell was selected first overall by the Houston Aeros of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in the 1977 WHA Amateur Draft, as well as ninth overall by the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1977 NHL amateur draft. Campbell opted to join the Aeros.

Campbell played 149 WHA games for the Aeros and the Winnipeg Jets, and came to the NHL with the Jets when they joined that league in 1980. He and Morris Lukowich were the two players protected by the Jets from the dispersal draft, showing the faith the team had in his abilities. However, the cold weather in Winnipeg exacerbated a chronic asthma condition and he requested a trade after a season there. The asthma condition ultimately forced him into retirement at the age of 25 after briefly also playing for the St. Louis Blues.

Post hockey
After retiring from professional hockey, Campbell became involved in harness racing and found success as a stable owner. He died on September 3, 2022, from cancer.

Career statistics

References

External links

1957 births
2022 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Houston Aeros (WHA) players
Houston Aeros draft picks
Ice hockey people from Guelph
Ice hockey people from Toronto
London Knights players
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (CHL) players
St. Louis Blues draft picks
St. Louis Blues players
Tulsa Oilers (1964–1984) players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players
Winnipeg Jets (WHA) players
World Hockey Association first-overall draft picks
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
2005 in Zimbabwe

The following lists events that happened during 2005 in the Republic of Zimbabwe.

Incumbents
 President: Robert Mugabe 
 First Vice President: Joice Mujuru
 Second Vice President: Joseph Msika

Events

January
 17–19 January - Robert Mugabe and the Iranian President Mohammed Khatami hold talks.

March
 31 March - The Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front wins the parliamentary elections.

May
 25 May - Operation Murambatsvina or Operation Drive Out Trash is started.

July
 22 July - The United Nations releases a report to the public stating Operation Murambatsvina has left 700,000 people without homes or jobs, violated international law and created a grave humanitarian crisis.
 Operation Murambatsvina ends.

August
 4 August - Amnesty International films in secret the aftermath of Operation Murambatsvina at Hopley Farm on the outskirts of Harare.
 30 August - Parliament passes the controversial 17th Amendment bill.

September
 9 September - The International Monetary Fund gives Zimbabwe a 6-month reprieve to settle their US$175 million debt.
 10 September - Robert Mugabe arrives in Cuba on a 3-day state visit.

October
 3 October - The exchange rate of the Zimbabwe dollar collapses to 100,000 to 1 against the US dollar.

November
 6 November - The National Constitutional Assembly civic alliance stage protests in Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare and Masvingo.
 7 November - Police arrest Percy Ncijo, Reason Ngwenya and Dzavamwe Shambare of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions in Bulawayo to thwart demonstrations.
 8 November - The Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions stage protests in Harare and Bulawayo. Police arrests the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions' president Lovemore Matombo and the secretary general Wellington Chibhebhe together with 150 other union members in Harare.
 20 November - Robert Mugabe announces on Zimbabwe state television that uranium deposits have been discovered.
 24 November - The United States of America freezes the assets of 128 Zimbabweans including Robert Mugabe and 33 Zimbabwe institutions for hindering democratic reform in Zimbabwe.
 26 November - Elections for Zimbabwe's first senate takes place which Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front wins majority seats.

December
 15 December - Police raid the offices of the Voice of the People in Harare.

Births

Deaths
 August 25 - Josiah Tungamirai, politician, (born 1948)

References

 
2000s in Zimbabwe
Years of the 21st century in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Sister Alice

Sister Alice  is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Reed, first published in 2003. It was a finalist for the 2004 John W. Campbell Memorial Award.

The five sections of the novel originally appeared in a different form in the magazine Asimov's Science Fiction:
"Sister Alice" (November 1993)
"Brother Perfect"  (September 1995)
"Mother Death" (January 1998)
"Baby's Fire" (July 1999)
"Father to the Man" (September 2000)

Story
The story is about a child growing up in a cold planet Earth around 10 million years from now. He travels from being a young boy playing war with his friends to a semi-god still playing war, but with a universe at stake.

Godlike powers were withdrawn from most humans after a catastrophic war between 'human gods' almost destroyed humanity itself.
A small subset of selected families were permitted to retain these powers in the service of humanity. Each family was born from a small number of individuals, chosen after competitive selection and extensive and exhaustive vetting. Each family had psychological tendencies that predisposed its work for humanity to follow certain directions. The tensions between families erupt when the drive to 'improve' unleashes forces which threaten death and destruction on a galactic scale. Born of one of these god like families, one boy is forced into the role of saviour or destroyer, hunted and vilified, he must save himself, his family, and the galaxy.

References

External links 
 

2003 American novels
2003 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Robert Reed
Works originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction
Tor Books books
Lydia Makhubu

Lydia Phindile Makhubu (1 July 1937 - July 2021) was a Swazi chemist and former professor of chemistry, dean and vice-chancellor of the University of Swaziland (now the University of Eswatini).

Life
She was born at the Usuthu Mission in Swaziland. Her parents were teachers, but her father also worked as an orderly in health clinics. Her early exposure to medicine had a great influence on her choice of career; she initially wanted to become a doctor, but then switched to chemistry.

Makhubu graduated from Pius XII College (now the National University of Lesotho) in Lesotho with a B.Sc. in 1963. With a Canadian Commonwealth scholarship, she obtained an M.Sc. in organic chemistry from the University of Alberta in 1967, followed by a Ph.D. in medicinal chemistry from the University of Toronto in 1973, becoming the first Swazi woman to earn a doctorate.

She returned to her homeland and joined the faculty of the University of Swaziland, becoming a lecturer in the chemistry department in 1973, the dean of science from 1976 to 1980, a senior lecturer in 1979, a full professor the following year, and vice-chancellor from 1988 to 2003. Her research focused on the medical effects of plants used by traditional Swazi healers.

From its inception in 1993 until 2005, Makhubu was the President of the Third World Organization for Women in Science, which provides fellowships for postgraduate study.  She was the first woman chairperson of the executive committee of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. She also served in numerous other organizations, such as the United Nations Advisory Committee on Science and Technology for Development.

She received numerous grants and honours, including a MacArthur Foundation grant (1993–1995), and honorary doctorates from various universities, including a doctor of laws from Saint Mary's University in 1991.

She married the surgeon Daniel Mbatha; they have a son and a daughter.

References

1937 births
2021 deaths
Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences
Swazi scientists
20th-century chemists
20th-century women scientists
Women chemists
University of Toronto alumni
University of Alberta alumni
National University of Lesotho alumni
Swazi women academics
Swazi academics
Academic staff of the University of Eswatini
Heads of universities and colleges in Africa
Kurt-Schumacher-Platz (Berlin U-Bahn)

Kurt-Schumacher-Platz is a station on the  line of the Berlin U-Bahn. There had been a bus link outside the station connecting Berlin's Tegel International Airport to the U-Bahn network.  The station was opened on 3 May 1956 and named after famous German politician Kurt Schumacher.

The station was built by B. Grimmek, and has yellow tiles on the wall. The U6 extension between Seestrasse (Berlin U-Bahn) and Kurt-Schumacher-Platz was the first new subway line built after World War II in Berlin.  After this station, the U6 trains travel above ground towards Alt-Tegel (except that Borsigwerke and Alt-Tegel stations are underground).

References 

U6 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
Buildings and structures in Reinickendorf
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1956
Paul Althaus Smith

Paul Althaus Smith (May 18, 1900June 13, 1980) was an American mathematician. His name occurs in two significant conjectures in geometric topology: the Smith conjecture, which is now a theorem, and the Hilbert–Smith conjecture, which was proved in dimension 3 in 2013. Smith theory is a theory about homeomorphisms of finite order of manifolds, particularly spheres.

Smith was a student of Solomon Lefschetz at the University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University with Lefschetz in the mid-1920s. He finished his doctorate at Princeton, in 1926.  His Ph.D.  thesis was published in the Annals of Mathematics that same year.  He also worked with George David Birkhoff, with whom he wrote a 1928 paper in ergodic theory, entitled Structure analysis of surface transformations, which appeared in the Journal des Mathématiques.

He subsequently became a professor at Columbia University and at  Barnard College. His students at Columbia included Sherman K. Stein and Moses Richardson. He has many academic descendants through Richardson and his student Louis Billera.

Family
Smith was married to a Swiss–American early music pioneer, Suzanne Bloch.

External links
Approximation of curves and surfaces by algebraic curves and surfaces, Annals of Mathematics, 2nd Ser., Vol. 27, No. 3 (Mar., 1926), pp. 224–244.

1900 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Topologists
Columbia University faculty
Princeton University alumni
Marie-Thérèse de Subligny

Marie-Thérèse Perdou de Subligny (1666–1735) was a French ballerina.  She entered the l'Académie Royale de Musique in 1688, where she succeeded Mademoiselle de Lafontaine as prima ballerina, a position she held until 1707.  She appeared mostly in opera ballets of Jean-Baptiste Lully and André Campra. She was the first professional ballerina to appear in England (1702-3).  She was seen as one of the Queens of ballet.

See also
Women in dance

References

French ballerinas
Prima ballerinas
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles
1666 births
1735 deaths
18th-century French actresses
French stage actresses
17th-century ballet dancers
18th-century French ballet dancers
17th-century French people
Reg Thomas (ice hockey)

Reginald Kenneth Thomas (born April 21, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1973 to 1979, and in the National Hockey League from 1979 to 1980..

Career 
After a standout junior career with the London Knights, in which he scored 309 points in only three seasons, he was drafted by both the Los Angeles Sharks of the WHA and the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Thomas played seven seasons in the WHA for the Sharks, Michigan Stags, Baltimore Blades, Indianapolis Racers, and Cincinnati Stingers. After the dissolution of the WHA he played 39 NHL games for the Quebec Nordiques in the NHL, and ultimately retired from hockey in 1985 after a spell in Austria for WAT Stadlau. After his career Thomas ran a farm and produce market just outside Lambeth, Ontario.

Personal life 
His son, Reg Thomas, Jr., played hockey as well, for the Sarnia Sting and Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. Thomas has another son named Dylan, who was drafted by the Belleville Bulls of the OHL and his youngest son, Blake Thomas also played for the Sarnia Sting.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links
 

1953 births
Living people
Baltimore Blades players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Cincinnati Stingers players
Cincinnati Tigers players
Indianapolis Racers players
London Knights players
Los Angeles Sharks draft picks
Los Angeles Sharks players
Michigan Stags players
Montana Magic players
New Brunswick Hawks players
Nova Scotia Voyageurs players
Ice hockey people from London, Ontario
Quebec Nordiques players
St. Catharines Saints players
WAT Stadlau players
World Hockey Association first round draft picks
Alvord chub

The Alvord chub (Siphateles alvordensis) is a rare cyprinid fish endemic to the Alvord basin in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada, U.S., known only from a few springs, streams and marshes in the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, and one location elsewhere.

The Alvord chub is a small fish, with adults ranging up to  in length, but with many half that size. It is generally grayish-whitish, darker on the back than below, and with a faint band passing down the sides. The dorsal fin has 7 rays, the anal fin 8 rays, and the tail 19 rays. It is similar in many ways to the Borax Lake chub.

Studies of the fish's diet shows it is an opportunistic feeder, consuming a variety of aquatic invertebrates, with a considerable percentage of midge larvae. It occupies a variety of habitats within its range, including waters of depths  to , different bottoms including gravel and silt, and any amount of cover over the water. It can be found in warm springs, up to , but not in hot springs.

Spawning season lasts from April to July.

Although apparently doing well in its location, the species is considered vulnerable because of its very limited range in a fragile environment. Having evolved without any competition, there is concern over the possible effects of exotic fish introduction, whether deliberate or accidental.

References

 William F. Sigler and John W. Sigler, Fishes of the Great Basin (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1987), pp. 161–162

Siphateles
Chubs (fish)
Chub, Alvord
Fish described in 1972
Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad

The Royal Botanic Gardens in Trinidad and Tobago is located in Port of Spain. The Gardens, which were established in 1818, are situated just north of the Queen's Park Savannah. This is one of the oldest Botanic Gardens in the world.  The landscaped site occupies 61.8 acres (25 hectares) and contains some 700 trees, of which some 13% are indigenous to Trinidad and Tobago, whilst others are collected from every continent of the world .

The Gardens are open to the public every day of the year from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.

The grounds include a small burial plot in which former Governors of Trinidad have been buried since 1819.

References

External links
 Friends of Botanic Gardens of Trinidad and Tobago

Botanic gardens in Trinidad and Tobago
Gardens in Trinidad and Tobago
Geography of Port of Spain
Tourist attractions in Port of Spain
Glycol nucleic acid

Glycol nucleic acid (GNA), sometimes also referred to as glycerol nucleic acid, is a nucleic acid similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its sugar-phosphodiester backbone, using propylene glycol in place of ribose or deoxyribose. GNA is chemically stable but not known to occur naturally. However, due to its simplicity, it might have played a role in the evolution of life.

The 2,3-dihydroxypropyl nucleoside analogues were first prepared by Ueda et al. (1971). Soon thereafter it was shown that phosphate-linked oligomers of the analogues do in fact exhibit hypochromicity in the presence of RNA and DNA in solution (Seita et al. 1972). The preparation of the polymers was later described by Cook et al. (1995, 1999) and Acevedo and Andrews (1996). However the ability of GNA-GNA self-pairing was first reported by Zhang and Meggers in 2005. Crystal structures of a GNA duplexes were subsequently reported by Essen and Meggers.

DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA's backbone is composed of repeating glycol units linked by phosphodiester bonds. The glycol unit has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson–Crick base pairing. The Watson–Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA.

See also 
 Abiogenesis
 Locked nucleic acid
 Oligonucleotide synthesis
 Peptide nucleic acid
 Threose nucleic acid

References

Further reading

External links 
Simpler than DNA - Chemical & Engineering News

Nucleic acids
Thornton Curtis

Thornton Curtis is a village and civil parish in the North Lincolnshire district of Lincolnshire, England, approximately  south-east from the town of Barton-upon-Humber. The population (including Burnham) at the 2011 census was 295.

The name Thornton is from the Old English thorn+tun, meaning "village where thorn trees grow." In the 1086 Domesday Book the name is written as "Torentune".  The origin of the Curtis part of the village name is unknown.

The village is served by Thornton Abbey railway station.

Notable buildings 

Nearby is the 12th-century Thornton Abbey and the Grade I listed Abbots Lodge, a country house built on the monastic ruins for the MP Sir Vincent Skinner.

The parish church is a Grade I listed building dedicated to Saint Lawrence and dating from the 12th century. It consists of  a 13th-century chancel, a nave, aisles, south porch and an embattled 13th-century western tower with eight pinnacles and containing 5 bells. The church was restored 1884 by James Fowler of Louth which included rebuilding the south porch, and new nave and chancel roofs. There is a 12th-century square black Tournai marble font, with opposed pairs of carved animals to sides, standing on a cylindrical column with shafts to each corner on a square base.

Thornton Hall is a Grade II* listed country house built between 1695 and 1700 by Sir Rowland Wynne.

There is one public house in the village, the Thornton Hunt, which dates from the 18th century and is Grade II listed.

Historical and latest population/demographic details 
The population of Thornton Curtis remained relatively stable for the 110 years from 1850 to 1960; since 1960 a marked decline can be seen.

Information from the United Kingdom Census 2001:

Number of households in the parish: 116 (50% detached houses or bungalows).
Of the 246 residents, 117 were male and 129 female.
Over 50% of residents fell into the 30- to 59-year-old age categories.
Ethnicity: 97.6% British White.
Unemployment Rate: 2.48%.
Household Owner/Occupier (either outright or with mortgage): 64.1%.
Car ownership by household (at least one car per household): 88.7%.
33.2% of the residents held no formal qualifications.
8.4% of residents held Degree level or equivalent qualifications.

References

External links 

"Thornton Curtis", Genuki
North Lincolnshire Local History Site
2001 Census Details for the parish of Thornton Curtis
Location Map

Villages in the Borough of North Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Mushmouth

Mushmouth may refer to:
 Mushmouth, a character from the comic strip Moon Mullins
 Mushmouth, a character from the animated cartoon Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids
 Norwegian sea bass, particularly those native to Flekkefjord
 Skipjack tuna
 Mushmouth may also refer to the character Mushmouth Thomas frequently featured on The Dunham and Miller Show on The Ticket in Dallas
De Lafontaine

Mademoiselle De Lafontaine, also known as La Fontaine (1655–1738), was a French ballerina and is regarded as the first female professional ballet dancer. Her first name is unknown.

Together with Jean-Baptiste Lully and others, De Lafontaine participated in the development of opera ballet at the Paris Opéra under the auspices of Louis XIV. In 1681, she danced in the first performance that included women in a public ballet, in her debut as premiere danseuse in Le Triomphe de l'amour. Until that time, female parts in ballet had been danced by men. Although she was restrained by the long confining costumes, and the ballet techniques at that time were limited, La Fontaine's grace and charm were such that she came to be called the "queen of the dance". 
De Lafontaine went on to be the leading ballerina in at least 18 other productions at the Paris Opera between 1681 and 1693 including Persée, Amadis, Didon and Le Temple de la Paix. After dancing at the Opéra for about a decade, she retired to a convent.

References

French ballerinas
1655 births
1738 deaths
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles
Baroque dance
17th-century ballet dancers
18th-century French ballet dancers
Aryepiglottic muscle

The aryepiglottic muscle or aryepiglotticus muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the larynx.

The muscle originates from the muscular process of arytenoid cartilage and inserts to the aryepiglottic fold and lateral border of the epiglottis. The aryepiglottic muscle is innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve, a branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (itself a branch of the vagus nerve). The muscle adducts arytenoid cartilages and acts as a sphincter on the laryngeal inlet.

Additional images

External links
  ()

References 

Muscles of the head and neck
The Celestial Omnibus

The Celestial Omnibus and Other Stories is the title of a collection of short stories by English writer E. M. Forster, first published in 1911. It contains stories written over the previous ten years, and together with the collection The Eternal Moment (1928) forms part of Forster's Collected Short Stories (1947).

Contents
The Celestial Omnibus contains:
 "The Story of a Panic"
 "The Other Side of the Hedge"
 "The Celestial Omnibus"
 "Other Kingdom"
 "The Curate's Friend"
 "The Road from Colonus"

External links
 
 

1911 short story collections
Short story collections by E. M. Forster
Fantasy short story collections
20th-century short stories
British short story collections
Sidgwick & Jackson books
Katsuo

Katsuo (written: , ,  or ) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

, Japanese basketball player
, Japanese boxer
, Japanese boxer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese sumo wrestler
, Japanese actor
, Japanese long-distance runner
, Japanese long-distance runner and politician
, Japanese baseball player
, Japanese swimmer
, Japanese boxer
, Japanese sumo wrestler
Cleyton Katsuo (クレイトンカツオ, born 1988), Brazilian woodworker and developer
, Japanese politician

Fictional characters
, a character in the manga series Sazae-san

See also
Katsuo, Japanese name for Skipjack tuna and occasionally its substitute bonito
Katsuō-ji, a Buddhist temple in Osaka Prefecture, Japan

Japanese masculine given names
Masculine given names
Propositional directed acyclic graph

A propositional directed acyclic graph (PDAG) is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function.  A Boolean function can be represented as a rooted, directed acyclic graph of the following form:
 Leaves are labeled with  (true),  (false), or a Boolean variable.
 Non-leaves are  (logical and),  (logical or) and  (logical not).
 - and -nodes have at least one child.
 -nodes have exactly one child.

Leaves labeled with  () represent the constant Boolean function which always evaluates to 1 (0). A leaf labeled with a Boolean variable  is interpreted as the assignment , i.e. it represents the Boolean function which evaluates to 1 if and only if . The Boolean function represented by a -node is the one that evaluates to 1, if and only if the Boolean function of all its children evaluate to 1. Similarly, a -node represents the Boolean function that evaluates to 1, if and only if the Boolean function of at least one child evaluates to 1. Finally, a -node represents the complementary Boolean function its child, i.e. the one that evaluates to 1, if and only if the Boolean function of its child evaluates to 0.

PDAG, BDD, and NNF 
Every binary decision diagram (BDD) and every negation normal form (NNF) are also a PDAG with some particular properties. The following pictures represent the Boolean function  :

See also 
 Data structure
 Boolean satisfiability problem
 Proposition

References 
  M. Wachter & R. Haenni, "Propositional DAGs: a New Graph-Based Language for Representing Boolean Functions", KR'06, 10th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Lake District, UK, 2006.
  M. Wachter & R. Haenni, "Probabilistic Equivalence Checking with Propositional DAGs", Technical Report iam-2006-001, Institute of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, University of Bern, Switzerland, 2006.
  M. Wachter, R. Haenni & J. Jonczy,  "Reliability and Diagnostics of Modular Systems: a New Probabilistic Approach", DX'06, 18th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis, Peñaranda de Duero, Burgos, Spain, 2006.

Graph data structures
Directed graphs
Boolean algebra
Haemulidae

Haemulidae is a family of fishes in the order Perciformes known commonly as grunts. It is made up of the two subfamilies Haemulinae (grunters) and Plectorhynchinae (sweetlips), which in turn contain about 133 species in 19 genera. These fish are found in tropical fresh, brackish, and salt waters around the world. They are bottom-feeding predators, and named for the ability of Haemulinae to produce sound by grinding their teeth. They also engage in mutualistic relationship with cleaner gobies of genus Elacatinus, allowing them to feed on ectoparasites on their bodies.

Subfamilies and genera
The family Haemulidae is divided into the following subfamilies and genera:

 Haemulinae
 Anisotremus Gill 1861
 Boridia Cuvier, 1830
 Brachydeuterus Gill, 1862
 Conodon Cuvier, 1830
 Emmelichthyops Schultz, 1945
 Haemulon Cuvier, 1829
 Haemulopsis Steindachner, 1869
 Inermia Poey, 1860
 Isacia Jordan & Fesler, 1893
 Microlepidotus Gill, 1862
 Orthopristis Girard, 1858
 Parakuhlia Pellegrin, 1913
 Pomadasys Lacépède, 1802
 Xenichthys Gill, 1862
 Xenistius Jordan & Gilbert, 1883
 Xenocys  Jordan & Bollman, 1890
 Plectorhynchinae
 Diagramma Oken, 1817
 Genyatremus Gill, 1862
 Parapristipoma Bleeker, 1873
 Plectorhinchus Lacépède, 1802

See also
 List of fish families

Notes

References
The Eternal Moment

The Eternal Moment and Other Stories is the title of a collection of short stories by E. M. Forster, first published in 1928 by Sidgwick & Jackson. It contains stories written between about 1903 and 1914. Together with the stories contained in The Celestial Omnibus (1911), it was collected as Forster's Collected Short Stories in 1947.  Many of these stories deal with science fiction or supernatural themes.

Includes:
 "The Machine Stops"
 "The Point of It"
 "Mr. Andrews"
 "Co-ordination"
 "The Story of the Siren"
 "The Eternal Moment"

References

External links

1928 short story collections
1928 short stories
Short story collections by E. M. Forster
Fantasy short story collections
Sidgwick & Jackson books
Marriage Play

Marriage Play is a drama for two actors by Edward Albee. The play premiered at  Vienna's English Theatre in 1987.

Productions
Marriage Play had its world premiere at Vienna's English Theatre, Vienna, Austria on May 17, 1987. The play was commissioned by the English Theatre. The cast was Kathleen Butler (Gillian) and Tom Klunis (Jack).

Marriage Play had its United States premiere at the Alley Theatre, Houston, Texas, on January 8, 1992, in a co-production with the  McCarter Theatre, Princeton, New Jersey.
 The play premiered on the East Coast at the McCarter Theatre in February 1992. Directed by Albee, the cast was Tom Klunis (Jack) and Shirley Knight (Gillian).

Marriage Play was produced Off-Broadway by the Signature Theatre Company, running from October 1, 1993, to October 31, 1993. Directed by James Houghton, the cast was Kathleen Butler (Gillian) and Tom Klunis (Jack).

The play was produced in London at the National Theatre, Cottesloe Theatre, in a double bill with Finding the Sun, in May 2001. The cast was Bill Paterson and Sheila Gish, with the setting in Richmond, Surrey.

Overview
The play opens with a blow. Jack informs his wife that, after thirty years of marriage, he intends to leave. Gillian does not react as he would expect; therefore he enters three times more. Gillian's answers make him angry. Finally Jack collapses on a chair. After expressing his frustration and insecurity, he learns that Gillian keeps critical notes on their lovemaking; he becomes even more paralyzed.

Gillian and Jack, like George and Martha in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, play ritual games to express and contain their sense of life-disappointment. In the middle of the play, the couple starts fighting with each other, clawing, punching and biting, even after they fall on the floor.

Exhausted by the fighting, they start to talk about the memorable times in their life. However, Gillian is determined to return to the previous insults and tells Jack he is not the only one who was unfaithful to his partner.

Critical response
The reviewer for the Phoenix New Times wrote of a 2008 production directed by Kathleen Butler (the original Gillian): "'Marriage Play' is essentially a far less sophisticated update on Albee's George and Martha, the historically high-strung hotheads of his 'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?' Like George and Martha, Jack and Gillian... are disappointed in their post-middle-age lives. Also like George and Martha, they don't speak to one another; they bellow. They don't communicate; they play-act, staging and restaging the same scene (in which Jack attempts to abandon his wife) until they (and we) are happily exhausted... Butler's directorial stamp is all over this, and her deep knowledge of Albee's work allows us to hear clearly his peculiar rhythms, to see how he — and the people in this marriage play — envisions life as an act in an often-dreary theatrical story."

References

Plays by Edward Albee
Adultery in plays
1986 plays
Tankard

A tankard is a form of drinkware consisting of a large, roughly cylindrical, drinking cup with a single handle. Tankards are usually made of silver or pewter, but can be made of other materials, for example wood, ceramic, or leather. A tankard may have a hinged lid, and tankards featuring glass bottoms are also fairly common. Tankards are shaped and used similarly to beer steins.

Wooden tankards
The word "tankard" originally meant any wooden vessel (13th century) and later came to mean a drinking vessel. The earliest tankards were made of wooden staves, similar to a barrel, and did not have lids. A 2000-year-old wooden tankard of approximately four-pint capacity has been unearthed in Wales.

Glass bottoms
Metal tankards often come with a glass bottom. The legend is that the glass-bottomed tankard was developed as a way of refusing the King's shilling, i.e., conscription into the British Army or Navy. The drinker could see the coin in the bottom of the glass and refuse the drink, thereby avoiding conscription. However, this is likely a myth since the Navy could press by force, rendering deception unnecessary.

In a bar fight, the first punch was thrown while the recipient had the tankard raised to his mouth; another legend has it that the glass bottom was implemented to see the attack coming.

A further story is that the glass bottom merely allowed the drinker to judge the clarity of their drink while forgoing the expense of a fragile pint glass.

Glass bottoms are sometimes retrofitted to antique tankards, reducing their value and authenticity.

Conversions
Covered tankards fell out of fashion in 19th century England resulting in a number of them being converted to other roles such as jugs.

Modern tankards
Metal and ceramic tankards are still manufactured but are regarded as specialty or novelty items. Modern metal tankards are often engraved to commemorate some occasion.
Glass tankards—that is, straight-sided or inward-sloping glass vessels with strap handles—are still in everyday use.

Lead leaching from pewter
In previous centuries, the pewter used to make tankards often contained lead, which exposed the drinker to medical effects, ranging from heavy metal poisoning to gout. This effect was exacerbated in cider-drinking areas—such as Somerset, UK—as the acidity of the cider leached the lead from the pewter more quickly. Clay tankards became prevalent in this area. Pewter is now widely lead-free.

In popular culture
A 1970s TV advertising campaign for Whitbread beer features a pub landlord spinning a tall tale to an American tourist, who suspiciously asks: "Are you really Lord Tankard?"

Gallery

See also
Beer stein
Häufebecher
Kronkåsa
Maß

References

External links
 An ancient Middle Eastern tankard at the British Museum

Drinkware
Beer vessels and serving

ca:Xop (atuell)
it:Boccale
Mayuka

Mayuka may refer to

Mayuka Nomura (born 1989), Japanese voice actress
Mayuka Thaïs (born 1979), American singer-songwriter, artist, voice over artist and art educator
, Japanese swimmer
Mayuka, a character from the manga series  Tenchi Muyo!
Emmanuel Mayuka (born 1990), Zambian football striker 

Japanese feminine given names
Feminine given names
Hezekiah (Khazar)

Hezekiah ben Obadiah was a hypothetical ruler of the Khazars, probably in the mid ninth century CE. He was the son of Obadiah, the descendant of Bulan who brought rabbinical scholars to and built yeshivot in Khazaria. 
Nothing  is known about Hezekiah's reign and the historical authenticity and accuracy  of the only document mentioning his name has been questioned. As with other Bulanid rulers, it is unclear whether Hezekiah was Khagan or Khagan Bek of the Khazars, although the latter is more likely.

Hezekiah was succeeded by his son Menasseh I.

References

Sources
Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
Douglas M. Dunlop, The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
Norman Golb and Omeljan Pritsak, Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.

Khazar rulers
9th-century monarchs in Europe
Jewish monarchs
9th-century Jews
Manasseh I

Menasseh ben Hezekiah was a hypothetical Turkic ruler of the Khazars mentioned in the Khazar Correspondence. He probably reigned in the mid to late ninth century CE. He was the son of Hezekiah, the son of Obadiah. Little is known about his reign.  Historical authenticity and accuracy of the only document mentioning his name has been questioned. As with other Bulanid rulers, it is unclear whether he was Khagan or Khagan Bek of the Khazars, although the latter is more likely.

Menasseh was succeeded by his uncle Hanukkah.

References

Sources
Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
Douglas M. Dunlop, The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
Norman Golb and Omeljan Pritsak, Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.

Khazar rulers
Jewish monarchs
9th-century monarchs in Europe
9th-century Jews