alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Comal Springs (Texas)

Comal Springs ( ) are the largest concentration of naturally occurring freshwater springs in Texas.  They are located in the city of New Braunfels and are the result of water percolating through the Edwards Aquifer formation.

History
The springs were historically a magnet for the indigenous population of the region, often Tonkawas.  The first Spanish explorer to visit the springs was Damián Massanet in 1691.  The site was later home to a Spanish mission.  Spanish settlers eventually called the site "Las Fontanas".  The area has been home to a mixture of recreational and commercial endeavors, including Landa Park.

Geology and natural history
The Comal Springs are fed by the Edwards Aquifer, a large karst aquifer that runs through most of central Texas.  The aquifer consists of porous, water-bearing limestone features which channel rainfall and surface runoff from the aquifer's recharge zone down to various discharge zones, including the springs.

The Comal Springs are home to a variety of unique plant and animal life.  One notable example is the fountain darter (Etheostoma fonticola). In addition to the association of groundwater availability with this locale along the Balcones Fault, the area is also considered an ecological dividing line for occurrence of some species; for example, the California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera occurs only at or west of Comal Springs, i.e. Balcones Fault zone.

See also
 Comal River
Guadelupe River

References
 Gunnar Brune. 1981. Springs of Texas, Vol. 1, Fort Worth: Branch-Smith
 C. Michael Hogan. 2009. California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
 . 2008

Line notes

External links
 Edwards Aquifer Authority
 Edwards Aquifer: Comal Springs
 Detailed video tour Comal Springs Detailed video and narration of Comal Springs on Youtube.com

Rivers of Comal County, Texas
New Braunfels, Texas
Springs of Texas
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1989–1992

This is a list of members of the 46th Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1989 to 1992, as elected at the 1989 state election held on 2 December 1989.

 On 6 May 1990, the National member for Landsborough and former Premier of Queensland, Mike Ahern, resigned. Liberal candidate Joan Sheldon won the resulting by-election on 28 July 1990.
 On 13 May 1990, the Liberal member for Sherwood, Angus Innes, resigned. Liberal candidate David Dunworth won the resulting by-election on 28 July 1990.
 Liberal candidate Bob King was initially declared elected as the Liberal member for Nicklin, but the result was overturned by the Court of Disputed Returns on 21 November 1990. The court declared National candidate Neil Turner elected rather than ordering a by-election for the seat.
 On 5 April 1991, the Labor member for Nundah, Phil Heath, resigned. Labor candidate Terry Sullivan won the resulting by-election on 18 May 1991.
 On 23 March 1991, the National member for Toowoomba South, Clive Berghofer, vacated his seat. National Party candidate Mike Horan won the resulting by-election on 18 May 1991.

See also
1989 Queensland state election
Premier: Wayne Goss (Labor) (1989–1996)

References

 

Members of Queensland parliaments by term
20th-century Australian politicians
Thein Nyunt

Thein Nyunt () was one of six ministers of the President's Office, in the Cabinet of Burma (Myanmar), as well as the Mayor and the Chairman of the Naypyidaw Council, which governs the national capital. He served for State Peace and Development Council as the Minister of Progress of Border Areas, National Races and Development Affairs. Thein Nyunt was appointed interim mayor of Naypyidaw, the national capital of Myanmar on 1 March 2006 and subsequently became the Chairman of the Naypyidaw Council. He is a retired army colonel.

References 

Living people
Government ministers of Myanmar
1948 births
People from Ayeyarwady Region
Union Solidarity and Development Party politicians
Perception (company)

Perception was a video game developer founded in Sydney, Australia. The company released 2 games in the arcade (coin-op) market, Thunderboats, and Top Down Racer. In late 2003, the company began working on a video game for the PC and console platforms based on the tv series Stargate SG-1 which the company had licensed from MGM Studios. The company had staff based in Sydney, Melbourne and Vienna.

History 
Perception began in 1995 as a small animation and sound studio, but by 1998 had expanded into the video game market. Between 1998 and 2004, two products were developed primarily for the coin-op arcade market; Thunderboats and Top Down Racer. Thunderboats was an early title developed specifically for the 3DFX Voodoo3D series of 3D video cards, allowing for fully 3D water and wake effects. Thunderboats was signed by EA Sports to be released for PC, PSX and N64 in 1998, but development ceased. Top Down Racer was intended as a (then) modern-day version of the arcade classic, Super Sprint, with boats, cars and $WD's.

In 2004, the company successfully negotiated with MGM entertainment to develop a new video game based on the Stargate television series. The game's publisher, Austrian based JoWOoD was funding the game, but experienced financial difficulties, which delayed the project. Unfortunately, this ultimately led to MGM terminating its licensing agreement with Perception and all development staff were made redundant.

In November 2007, Perception announced that they were suing their former publisher for damages.

Games
 Stargate SG-1: The Alliance
 Thunderboats
 Top Down Racer

See also

List of companies of Australia

External links
 Thunderboats at IGN
 Perception at IGN

Defunct video game companies of Australia
Video game companies established in 1995
Video game development companies
Songwriters Guild of America

The Songwriters Guild of America (SGA) is an organization founded in 1931, to help "advance, promote, and benefit" the profession of songwriters.  It was founded as the Songwriters Protective Association by Billy Rose, George W. Meyer and Edgar Leslie.  SGA issued the first standard songwriters contract in 1932 and most writers consider it the 'standard' agreement in the industry.  in 1982, SGA moved its executive office from New York City to Nashville.  As of February 2012, the Songwriters Guild of America, Inc., has been operating as a Tennessee corporation.  Since 1973, The Songwriters Guild Foundation has been organized as a New York corporation.

In 1976, the organization, along with the RIAA, was one of the driving forces behind the creation of the Copyright Act of 1976. In July 1999, a similar but much smaller organization — National Academy of Songwriters based on Los Angeles — closed and recommended that its 3,000 members join the Songwriters Guild of America.  NAS's impetus for closing was a concession of unnecessary redundancies of the two organizations striving for the same goal.

Rick Carnes has been the president for the last  years.

The Songwriters Guild features online and offline classes in songwriting and the music business. Other features include contract review for members, in-depth song evaluations, royalty collection services and music industry resources.

History 
The Songwriters Protective Association was formed in 1931 partly as a counterweight to the Music Publishers Protective Association, which was founded in 1917.  It gave creative talent some institutional heft in dealings with increasingly corportized publishers, producers, record companies, and studios.

Name changes 
In May 1958, the organization changed its name from Songwriters Protective Association to the American Guild of Authors and Composers (AGAC).  In the 1980s, the organization changed its name to Songwriters Guild of America.

Presidents & executive directors

Presidents
 1931–19??: Billy Rose
 1936–1942: Irving Caesar
 1942–1951: Sigmund Romberg
 1952–1955: Charles Tobias
 1955–1957: Abel Baer (1893–1976)
 1957–1966: Burton Lane
 1968–1972: Edward Eliscu
 1973–1982: Ervin Drake
 1982–2000: George David Weiss
 2002–current: Rick Carnes (née Charles Frederick Carnes; born 1950)

Executive directors
 Miriam Rose Stern (1912–1990)
 (19??–2005): Lewis Bachman (1934–2006)
 (2005–2008): Rundi Ann Ream (born 1962)

See also 

 National Academy of Songwriters
 National Academy of Popular Music
 Songwriters Hall of Fame

References

External links
 Official website
 Songwriter's Guide
 Informational video about Songwriters Guild of America

Organizations established in 1931
Music organizations based in the United States
Ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush

The ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush (Catharus frantzii) is a small thrush which is a resident breeder in mountain forests from central Mexico to western Panama. A predominantly brown-plumaged bird, it has a rich song.

Taxonomy and naming
The species was first described by German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1861. The binomial commemorates the German naturalist Alexander von Frantzius. Its closest living relatives seem to be the North American species complex containing the veery, the gray-cheeked, and Bicknell's thrush.

Description

This species is 15–18 cm in length and weighs 28 g. The adult has olive-brown upperparts, a rufous crown and nape, pale grey underparts, becoming whitish on the belly, and an orange lower mandible. The juvenile is darker faced, has pale centres to the upperpart feathers, brownish flanks and breast, and dark barring or spots on the belly. Several poorly defined subspecies have been defined differing in the exact tone of the upper and underpart plumage.

This bird's song is a beautiful rich and varied whistle, shee-vee-li-ee-ree, and call is a high thin seet or whooeet.

Distribution and habitat
The ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush is a resident breeder in highlands from central Mexico to western Panama. It is found in the undergrowth of wet mountain oak and conifer forests and second growth, typically from about 1350 m to 3500 m altitude.

Behaviour
The ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush will normally forage on the forest floor, alone on in pairs, progressing in hops and dashes with frequent stops. It turns leaf litter in typical thrush fashion seeking insects and spiders, and also eats small fruits.

The nest is a bulky lined cup constructed 1–4 m high in dense undergrowth or a thicket, often near water. The two brown-blotched greyish or greenish-blue eggs are incubated by the female alone for 15–16 days to hatching, and the young are fed by both parents for 14–16 days more to fledgling.

References

Clement, Peter & Hathaway, Ren (2000): Thrushes. Christopher Helm, London. 
Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. 
Winker, Kevin & Pruett, Christin L. (2006): Seasonal migration, speciation, and morphological convergence in the avian genus Catharus (Turdidae). Auk 123(4): 1052–1068. [Article in English with Spanish abstract] DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1052:SMSAMC]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext

ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush
Birds of Central America
Birds of Guatemala
ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush
Cross–Niger transition forests

The Cross–Niger transition forests  is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southeastern Nigeria, located between the Niger River on the west and the Cross River on the east. Once a rich mixture of tropical forest and savanna woodland covered these low, rolling hills but today, this is one of the most densely populated areas of Africa and today most of the forest has been removed and the area is now grassland.

Location and description
The ecoregion known as the Cross Niger Transition Forests is situated between the biogeographic regions of the Niger River and the Cross River. Due to the high agricultural intensity in this ecoregion, the majority of the natural tree cover has been removed.The eco-region extends across the Nigerian states of Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Ebonyi, and Imo, covering an area of . The Niger River separates the Cross–Niger transition forests from the Nigerian lowland forests to the west, which probably resembles most closely the original environment of the Cross–Niger eco-region. To the south and south-west lies the  Niger Delta swamp forests. To the north, the Cross–Niger transition forests yield to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic of the drier interior. 

The climate is wet, becoming drier further inland, with a dry season from December to February.

Flora
The native flora and fauna of the ecoregion is "transitional", blending elements from the Upper Guinean forests include Afzelia, which is cultivated for timber, and the Borassus aethiopum palm.

Fauna
Small areas of protected forest do remain within the grassland and these are home to animals such as Sclater's guenon and crested chameleon (Trioceros cristatus). The Niger River has always been a substantial barrier to movement of wildlife in and out of the region. Large mammals have been depleted in the area since the 1940s and there is now so little wildlife remaining in the area that even bats and frogs are now trapped and eaten.

Threats
The ecoregion has sustained a dense human population for centuries, and much of the original forest cover has been cleared for agriculture, forest plantations, and urban developments such as the oil refineries of Port Harcourt. The few remaining enclaves of native forest include the Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve in Akwa Ibom together with some enclaves of sacred forest, which are continually disappearing as village life is eroded, and patches of riverine forest. There are forest reserves in Anambra and elsewhere but these last are mostly for the purpose of cultivating timber rather than preserving the original environment.

Pollution

References

External links

Afrotropical ecoregions
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Geography of Nigeria
Cross River (Nigeria)
Niger River
Ecoregions of Nigeria
Community of Christ International Peace Award

The Community of Christ International Peace Award was established to honor and bring attention to the work of peacemaking and peacemakers in the world.  It has been bestowed on an individual each year since 1993 (except 1996, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2020-2022).

Overview

The award was instituted as part of the peace and justice ministries associated with the Independence Temple, which was dedicated in 1994, the year following the inaugural award. The Community of Christ International Peace Award includes a cash gift for the benefit of the recipient's project or endeavor.

The Community of Christ International Peace Award has been given annually (with the exception of 1996, 2015, 2017, and 2018) since 1993 at Community of Christ World Headquarters during significant events, including the annual Peace Colloquy, the biennial World Conference, and the International Youth Forum (held every four years).  The cash value of the Community of Christ International Peace Award ranks among the top 20 international, non-governmental peace awards in the world (in a list topped by the Nobel Peace Prize) and among the top seven in the United States. As of 2006, the award includes $20,000 for the recipient to donate to a charity of his or her choice.

Recipients represent diversity in terms of ethnicity, gender, and faith. The Community of Christ International Peace Award honor roll includes Craig Kielburger, Rev. James Lawson, Jean Vanier, Ela Gandhi, Swanee Hunt, John Paul Lederach, Jane Goodall, Marie Fortune, Juan M. Flavier, Marian Wright Edelman, M. Scott Peck and Lily Peck, and Jehan Sadat.

2005 recipient Craig Kielburger, founder of Free the Children, stated in his acceptance address that: "It is an honour to receive this commendation from an organization with such a long and acclaimed history as champions for international peace and justice. The Community of Christ has been a social-justice advocate since its early beginnings among the poor on the USA frontier in the 1830s. Your movement began with young people; Joseph Smith Jr. was only fourteen when he had his first vision, only twenty-four when he began your church. Today an international movement in over fifty nations, Community of Christ carries the torch forward through child advocacy, campaigns to support conscientious objection to war, and in their fight to bring recognition to the crisis in Darfur, Sudan."

Accepting the award in 2004, Rev. James Lawson said: "You can resolve the war in your own life. You can resolve the war in your community, your congregation. You can heal the war in our nation. We can make war a relic of a dead past that need never again threaten the well-being and the security of the human race."

Honorees

Notes

References
Peter van den Dungen, "Peace Prizes," Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, Volume 2, 1999, pages 795–808.

External links
Official web page
International Peace Award Additional information about the recipients' work, including video excerpts from their acceptance addresses
Peace Award nominations

Peace awards
Community of Christ
Awards established in 1993
1993 establishments in Missouri
Jim Shaw (artist)

Jim Shaw (born in 1952) is an American artist. His work is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Education 
Shaw received his B.F.A. from University of Michigan in 1974  and his M.F.A. from the California Institute of the Arts in 1978.

Work 
Shaw was featured with his good friend, artist Mike Kelley, in the Michigan State University Broad Museum exhibition: "Michigan Stories: Mike Kelley and Jim Shaw,” on their shared histories with the experimental group Destroy All Monsters. Shaw was also in a band called The Poetics.

In 2002, at the Swiss Institute in New York, he exhibited the fictitious studio and paintings of the imaginary O-ist painter "Adam O. Goodman" (or "Archie Gunn").

In 2000 he showed Thrift Store Paintings—a collection of paintings by (mostly anonymous) American amateur artists—at the ICA in London. Adrian Searle of The Guardian said "The paintings are awful, indefensible, crapulous…", "these people can't draw, can't paint; these people should never be left alone with a paintbrush", and "The Thrift Store Paintings are fascinating, alarming, troubled and funny. Scary too, just like America." For Sarah Kent of Time Out: "Critics professing to be gobsmacked by these efforts can never have seen an amateur art show or walked along the railings of the Bayswater road. They should get out more."

In 2012 Rinse Cycle, a retrospective, was shown at the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, in Gateshead in northern England. In 2013 the Chalet Society in Paris showed Jim Shaw: Archives, a selection of items from his collection of amateur art, junk and memorabilia; no original artwork by Shaw was shown. In 2015/16 a survey exhibition, Jim Shaw: The End is Here, was exhibited at the New Museum in New York. In 2017 his show The Wig Museum was the first to be shown at the Marciano Art Foundation in Los Angeles.

Collections
Shaw's work is held in the following permanent collection:
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: 8 works (as of 4 October 2022)
Museum of Modern Art, New York: 28 works (as of 4 October 2022)

References 

Living people
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
Art in Greater Los Angeles
Painters from California
Artists from Michigan
Musicians from Michigan
University of Michigan alumni
California Institute of the Arts alumni
1952 births
Destroy All Monsters (band) members
20th-century American male artists
Robert "Bob" Martin

Robert "Bob" Martin (October 8, 1948 – July 20, 2020) was the original editor of Fangoria, an American horror film fan magazine. Martin steered the publication from 1979 to 1986, during which slasher films were popular.

Career
A collaborative relationship with writer-director Frank Henenlotter resulted in a novelization Martin adapted from Henenlotter's feature film Brain Damage and two produced screenplays, Basket Case 3: The Progeny and Frankenhooker, with Martin writing initial drafts from Henenlotter's detailed outlines. In 1994, Martin, under the name "Ed Flixman" became editor of Sci-Fi Entertainment (later renamed to Sci Fi magazine), the "official magazine" of the Sci-Fi Channel, and continued in that capacity through October 1996. His column of film news continued to run in that magazine, until a blistering argument with the new editor regarding remarks in Martin's column that the new editor feared might incur the wrath of the Sci-Fi Channel. 

In December 1996, Martin relocated from his native New York to Los Angeles, where he mostly worked as an Internet techie, but also wrote press materials for a few films, most notably The People vs. Larry Flynt, in which his description of Flynt as "the last champion of the sexual revolution" stirred the wrath of Gloria Steinem, generating considerable press for the film. (In Martin's original, the phrase had been "the last champion of a failed sexual revolution.")

As of March 2006, he was working as a blackjack dealer in Las Vegas. That career was cut short by a stroke that left him incapable of handling cards or chips as professionally required. After a period spent on disability, Martin joined the horror portal Dread Central as a regular contributor in May 2009.

Death
Robert Martin died on July 20, 2020, at age 71.

References

External links

40th Birthday rant, 1988
Why I left Fangoria by Robert Martin
Bob Martin at Dread Central

1948 births
2020 deaths
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
UIAGM

The Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes is the International Federation of Mountain Guides Associations, known alternatively by its French, German and English abbreviations: UIAGM, Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes (French), IVBV, Internationale Vereinigung der Bergführerverbande (German), IFMGA, International Federation of Mountain Guide Associations (English)

History
In 1965 in Zermatt (Switzerland) representatives of the mountain guides associations from Italy, France, Austria, and Switzerland decided to lay the foundations for an international federation of all mountain guides associations. The first statutes were in 1966.

Activities
The purposes of the federation are:
 Adjustment of the laws of the mountain guides by promoting standardized professional training as possible, in order to facilitate the practice of the mountain guide occupation abroad. Among other things by issuing a common international document of identification.
 When needed to give an arbitral tribunal, that has an advisory function and serves as mediate in case of points of issue between members and third parties.
 To study problems of general and economic nature affecting the occupation of mountain guides.
 To order to arrange closer comradeship and the exchange of ideas amongst the mountain guides of all nations.

References

External links
 UIAGM official website

Climbing organizations
Mountain guides associations
Organisations based in Basel
Sport in Basel
Malaysian Nuclear Agency

The Malaysia Nuclear Agency (Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, ANM) is a Malaysian nuclear technology research facility located in Bangi, Selangor.

ANM introduces and promotes the application of nuclear science and technology for national development.

History 
Established on 19 September 1972, ANM was then known as the Centre for Application of Nuclear Malaysia (CRANE). It was formally named Tun Ismail Atomic Research Centre (PUSPATI).

In June 1983, PUSPATI was placed under the patronage of the Prime Minister and was called Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN). It was placed under Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment in October 1990. In August 1994, its name was changed to Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT).

On 28 September 2006, following its restructuring, MINT was given a new identity, which is Malaysian Nuclear Agency. Its strategic location, near higher learning institutions. It is in close proximity to the National Administration Centre, Putrajaya, and the Multimedia Super Corridor, Cyberjaya.

The rebranding followed mass restructuring and the re-alignment of its core business towards establishing nuclear power in Malaysia as an alternative form of renewable energy.

Organisational Function  
ANM functions are to:
Conduct research and development (R&D), services and training in the field of nuclear technology for national development;
Encourage application, transfer and commercialisation of nuclear technology; and,
Coordinate and manage the national and international nuclear affairs, and act as the liaison agency with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO).

External links 
- Malaysia Nuclear Agency websites

Hulu Langat District
Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia
Research institutes in Malaysia
Nuclear research institutes
Science and technology in Malaysia
Scientific organisations based in Malaysia
Ministry of Energy, Technology, Science, Climate Change and Environment (Malaysia)
2005 establishments in Malaysia
Government agencies established in 2005
Research institutes established in 1972
1972 establishments in Malaysia
Longview, Missouri

Longview is an unincorporated community in northeastern McDonald County, Missouri, United States. Longview is situated at the junction of Routes D, CC and 76. Longview is located between Simcoe to the east and Bethpage to the southwest.

References

Unincorporated communities in McDonald County, Missouri
Northwest Arkansas
Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Ganjeh

Ganjeh may refer to:

Azerbaijan
 Ganja, Azerbaijan

Iran
 Ganjeh, Fars
 Ganjeh, Gilan
 Ganjeh, Hamadan
 Ganjeh, Ilam
 Ganjeh, Isfahan
 Ganjeh, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
Iraq Freedom Congress

The Iraq Freedom Congress (or Iraqi Freedom Congress, IFC) is a libertarian socialist, progressive, democratic, and secularist group.  The Congress was formed in March 2005 by labor groups, women's groups, students, and neighborhood groups concerned about sectarian violence, Ba'athism, Islamism, and nationalism, as well as the post-war occupation.

The Congress has been active in protests, most recently regarding post-occupation security and checkpoint policy.

External links
 Official web site

References

2005 establishments in Iraq
Iraqi democracy movements
Libertarian socialist organizations
National liberation movements
Occupation of Iraq
Political movements in Iraq
Religion and violence
Secularism in Iraq
Socialism in Iraq
Australia national football team (disambiguation)

Australia national football team may refer to:
 Australia men's national soccer team (The Socceroos)
 Australia women's national soccer team (The Matildas)
 Australia national American football team (The Outbacks)
 Australia men's international rules football team
 Australia women's international rules football team
 Australia men's national rugby league team (The Kangaroos)
 Australia women's national rugby league team (The Jillaroos)
 Australia men's national rugby union team (The Wallabies)
 Australia women's national rugby union team (The Wallaroos)
 All-Australian team, an honorary all-star team in men's Australian rules football

See also
 Football in Australia
 Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Football in Australia)
Direct Fly

Direct Fly was a regional airline based in Warsaw, Poland. It operated domestic services. Its main base was Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport.

History
The airline started operations on 12 April 2006.

In May 2008 the company gave birth to a new airline called SprintAir that flies night airmail and small parcels using 2 of its former aircraft converted into cargo and adding another one of the same type to its fleet.

Destinations

As of March 2007, Direct Fly operated scheduled domestic flights to the following destinations:
Warsaw
Gdańsk
Wrocław
Kraków

Initially, the airline had been flying to Łódź, Bydgoszcz, Berlin-Schönefeld, Copenhagen, Kyiv and Lwów. After two months of operation, it eliminated all of its international routes and more than half of the domestic ones.

Fleet

The Direct Fly fleet included the following aircraft:

2 Saab 340A

External links 
Direct Fly

References

Defunct airlines of Poland
Airlines established in 2005
Airlines disestablished in 2007
Edward Leslie Gray

Edward Leslie Gray (April 8, 1895 – June 13, 1992) was a politician and member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from Alberta, Canada.

Gray was born April 8, 1895, in Maple Valley, Ontario to Samuel Gray and Mary Taylor, both of Irish descent.

Gray was elected in a by-election in the Edmonton after the death of George Van Allen. He also became the Alberta Liberal Party leader in 1937.  The by-election was considered the first test of strength for the Alberta Social Credit Party government.

Gray's election marked the beginning of the Unity Movement, despite running under the Liberal banner he was elected with the popular support of Conservatives.  He defeated 2 time Edmonton Mayor Joseph Clarke, who ran as a People's Candidate backed by Social Credit, and Communist Leader Jan Lakeman.

Gray served as Alberta Liberal Party leader until 1940, strongly favouring a coalition arrangement with the Conservatives and some former United Farmers of Alberta members against Social Credit.  The coalition ran under the name of the Independent Citizens' Association. He ran in Bow Valley in the 1940 Alberta election, but was defeated.

Gray died on June 13, 1992.

References

External links 
 Grande Prairie Herald October 8, 1938
 Legislative Assembly of Alberta Hansard Death Announcement
 Edward Leslie Gray birth and death date Alberta genealogy society

1895 births
1992 deaths
Leaders of the Alberta Liberal Party
Alberta Liberal Party MLAs
Ontario Agricultural College alumni
Politicians from Simcoe County
1989 Tasmanian state election

The 1989 Tasmanian state election was held on 13 May 1989 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 35 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — seven members were elected from each of five electorates. The quota required for election was 12.5% in each division.

The incumbent Liberal government headed by Robin Gray hoped to secure a third term in office. The Labor Party was headed by Michael Field. The Green independents were headed by Bob Brown. The Australian Democrats contested all electorates except Braddon. Green candidates were run in all electorates where they previously only fielded candidates in the south.

Prior to the election the Liberals held 19 of the 35 seats in parliament. The Labor Party held 14 and there were two Green independents.

To date, this is the last election that a Premier, in Gray, had fought a second consecutive election.

Results

|}

Distribution of votes

Primary vote by division

Distribution of seats

Aftermath
After the election the Liberals had lost majority by one seat and the Greens gained the balance of power.

The Labor Party had suffered a minor swing against them, losing one seat in Lyons to the Greens.

The Greens succeeded in electing one member to every electorate. This election victory would help form the official party of today's  Tasmanian Greens. Bob Brown topped the poll in Denison and was first member elected. Their primary vote of 17.1% was a record for Green movements and wouldn't be beaten until the 2002 Tasmanian election.

Labor Party leader Michael Field formed a loose alliance with the Greens which became known as the Labor–Green Accord.

The Liberals determined to stay in government; tried to call a second election. Gray started a petition which attracted many signatures. Edmund Rouse attempted to bribe newly elected Labor member Jim Cox with $110,000 if he would cross the floor to support Gray instead of Field. Cox refused and reported the bribe to police. Rouse served 18 months in gaol and allegations surfaced that the Liberal party was involved. A later inquiry concluded there was no evidence Gray was connected to the bribe.

After the alliance was formed, the Greens joined with Labor to vote down the Liberals' choice for Speaker.  Now realising he faced certain defeat on the floor of the legislature, Gray resigned and Michael Field became Premier.

See also
Candidates of the 1989 Tasmanian state election
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, 1989–1992

References

Parliament of Tasmania election results

Elections in Tasmania
1989 elections in Australia
1980s in Tasmania
May 1989 events in Australia
Tom Hadfield

Tom Hadfield (born 1982 in Wakefield, England) created Soccernet, a sports Internet company, with his father, Greg Hadfield, when he was 12 years old. Soccernet  was later sold to ESPN for $40 million when he was 17 years old. Two years later, he and his father were able to raise millions of dollars to launch the education website Schoolsnet.com. In 2009, Tom Hadfield founded AeroDesigns, Inc after graduating from Harvard University, and became Chief Executive Officer.

In February 2002, Tom was named a 'Global Leader of Tomorrow' by the World Economic Forum in Davos. He is also a Patron of the UK National Youth Agency, and was a youth advisor to the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts in the UK. He graduated from Harvard University in 2008.

In July 2006, Hadfield was selected as a Goldman Sachs Global Leader and attended the Global Leaders Institute in New York.

In 2015, Hadfield founded Mio. Mio powers seamless communication between Microsoft Teams, Slack, Webex, and Zoom. The Texas-based company was founded by Hadfield and James Cundle in November 2015. Mio raised $8.25m from investors including Goldcrest Capital, Eniac Ventures, Two Sigma Ventures, Khosla Ventures, Y Combinator, and Capital Factory. Mio raised a further $8.7m in December 2021.

References

External links 
 NESTA biography of Hadfield

Living people
1982 births
British businesspeople
Harvard University alumni
Christian Dubé (ice hockey)

Christian Dubé (born April 25, 1977) is a Canadian-Swiss ice hockey executive and former professional right winger. He is currently the sports director of HC Fribourg-Gottéron in the Swiss National League A.

Biography
Dubé was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec. He is the son of former pro hockey player Norm Dubé.

As a youth, Dubé played in the 1990 and 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Sherbrooke. He spent many years growing up in Switzerland, while his father was playing there. He returned to Canada as a teenager, and played for the Sherbrooke Faucons of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. 

In 1995, he was drafted by the New York Rangers with the 39th pick. He made his debut with the Rangers in the 1996–97 season. He would play another 6 games with the Rangers in 1998–99. After that season he headed back to Switzerland, where he played, three season at HC Lugano, nine seasons for SC Bern and another four years at HC Fribourg-Gottéron. Because he started playing hockey as a child in Switzerland, he could join teams in Switzerland as a non-import player without having Swiss citizenship.

Dubé retired following the 2014-15 season and was named sports director of Swiss NLA side HC Fribourg-Gottéron in March 2015.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links 
 
 Dubé on hockeyfans.ch

1977 births
Living people
Canadian emigrants to Switzerland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
French Quebecers
Hartford Wolf Pack players
HC Fribourg-Gottéron players
HC Lugano players
HC Martigny players
Hull Olympiques players
New York Rangers draft picks
New York Rangers players
SC Bern players
Sherbrooke Faucons players
Ice hockey people from Sherbrooke
Cambodia–Vietnam Friendship Monument

The Cambodia–Vietnam Friendship Monument in Phnom Penh, capital of Cambodia, is a large concrete monument commemorating the former alliance between Vietnam and Cambodia. It was built in 1979 by the communist regime that took power after the Cambodian-Vietnamese War, which overthrew the Khmer Rouge regime.
The monument is located at the Botum Park near the centre of Phnom Penh not far from the Royal Palace. It features heroic statues of Vietnamese and Cambodian soldiers in the "Socialist realist" style developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, together with images of a woman and baby representing Cambodian civilians. The monument is in a popular park in the middle of the city.

The monument has occasionally become a political focal point. On August 30, 1998, during post-electoral protests, a mob climbed onto the monument with hammers, poured gasoline on it and set it on fire. Authorities repaired the monument two months later. On July 29, 2007, a bomb exploded at the base of the monument, causing little damage. It is believed that the bombing was orchestrated by ultra-nationalist Cambodians.

Buildings and structures completed in 1979
1979 establishments in Cambodia
Monuments and memorials in Cambodia
Buildings and structures in Phnom Penh
Cambodia–Vietnam relations
National Academy of Songwriters

National Academy of Songwriters was a music industry association that provided a support network for songwriters, and awarded honors in various categories. Originally founded by Helen King as Songwriters Resources and Services, she saw a need to provide an inexpensive copyright service, as well as educational services for aspiring writers in Los Angeles and around the US.

After King died, her staff kept the organization going for almost two decades. Key staff members included Gelsa Paladino, Doug Thiele, Billy James, Bruce Kaplan, Pat and Pete Luboff, Kevin Odegard, Mark Spier, Gordon Pagoda, Paul Zollo, Steve Schalchlin, Dan Kirkpatrick, Madeleine Smith, Sunny Hilden, Dan Kimple, Rik Lawrence and Kevin McCarley. Hundreds of songwriters came through to learn the craft and business of songwriting and get advice on how to market their songs. The organization also lobbied for better copyright protection, and published the magazine SongTalk, a newsprint publication with original interviews of hit songwriters.

In December 1985, the National Academy of Songwriters began their annual "Salute To The American Songwriter" concerts which over the years featured performances by artists such as Carole King, Jackson Browne, Stevie Wonder, Los Lobos, Willie Dixon, Atlantic Starr, Stephen Stills, Michael Bolton, Melissa Manchester, Stephen Bishop, Brian Wilson, Linda Ronstadt, Kim Carnes, Michael McDonald, and many others.  Also performing over the years at the "Salute To The American Songwriter" concerts were songwriting legends such as Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Barry Mann, Jimmy Webb, Jay Livingston and Ray Evans, Robert B. Sherman, Richard Sherman, John Bettis, Diane Warren, and many others.  In 1988, the National Academy of Songwriters teamed with VH-1 for the "Fourth Annual Salute To The American Songwriter" which was televised on VH-1 and Showtime in 1989.

In 1996, the Los Angeles Songwriters Showcase (LASS) joined the NAS, and later, the NAS merged into the Songwriters Guild of America.

Another organization that was inspired by the goals of the LASS and came into existence in late 1998 in the vacuum that was created when LASS disappeared was the Los Angeles Songwriters Network (SongNet).

References 

Music organizations based in the United States
Go Fug Yourself

Go Fug Yourself is a comedy blog devoted to fashion gossip.

Creators 
The authors and owners of the blog are writers Jessica Morgan and Heather Cocks, who met when they were working as recappers for the website Television Without Pity, then known as Mighty Big TV. Morgan and Cocks initially created the site as a diversion for themselves and their friends, but it quickly became popular and well known.

Fug Madness 
Each March, in an homage to the NCAA "March Madness" basketball tournament, Morgan and Cocks present a tournament featuring those celebrities deemed to have made the worst fashion faux pas in the previous calendar year. Each match-up is presented as a poll in which readers can vote on which celebrity has made "fuglier" fashion choices. The inaugural 2008 tournament was won by Bai Ling, who defeated Victoria Beckham in the final match. Subsequent winners have included Aubrey O'Day (2009), Amber Rose (2010), Taylor Momsen (2011), Vanessa Hudgens (2012), Justin Bieber (2013), Miley Cyrus (2014), Kim Kardashian (2015, 2016), Keke Palmer (2017), Bella Thorne (2018), Rita Ora (2019), and Dascha Polanco (2020).

The Fug Awards
Morgan and Cocks co-authored The Fug Awards, which features a number of "honors" offered to the worst offenders in celebrity fashion, along with commentary similar to that found on the site. The book was released on February 6, 2008.

Media
Go Fug Yourself was named one of Entertainment Weeklys 25 favorite entertainment sites in its June 23, 2006, issue. In 2005 it was named one of the 50 Coolest Websites by Time magazine and one of the Top 100 Best Things of the Year by CBC. It was named one of the 50 Most Powerful Blogs by The Guardian in March 2008. It has also been mentioned in Vanity Fair, Elle, Business Week, Harper's Bazaar, the Chicago Tribune, and Newsweek, among others. The authors also blogged regularly as "The Fug Girls" in New York, and regularly contribute to Cosmopolitan. The Fug Girls also appeared on Season Three, Episode Five of All on the Line, a Sundance channel series, offering feedback to struggling fashion designer Brooke Rodd.

References

External links
Go Fug Yourself
LAist.com interview with Jessica Morgan and Heather Cocks
TWOP interview with Jessica Morgan and Heather Cocks
Bostonist interview with Jessica Morgan and Heather Cocks
The Fug Girls in New York magazine 

American comedy websites
Conrad Laforte

Conrad Laforte (November 10, 1921 – September 4, 2008) was a Québécois ethnologist and librarian. He created the Catalogue de la chanson folklorique française which contains 80,000 entries.

Early life and education
Laforte was born in Kénogami. He studied in Chicoutimi, the Université Laval, and finally the Université de Montréal.

Career

Laforte studied and wrote about the origins of traditional French and French Canadian music, and worked with anthropologist Marius Barbeau to record many songs and stories that had been until then passed down orally in the culture. Laforte's best-known work is the six volume Catalogue de la chanson folklorique française.

Laforte taught folklore at the University of Laval. He also developed a set of criteria for classifying songs by genre. In 1982 he was elected to membership in the Royal Society of Canada. His honours include the Marius-Barbeau Medal and the Raymond-Casgrain Prize.

Works
 La chanson folklorique et les écrivains du XIXe siècle en France et au Québec, 1973.
 Le catalogue de la chanson folklorique francaise ; préf. de Luc Lacourcière , Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, 1977.
 Menteries drôles et merveilleuses, 1978
 Survivances médiévales dans la chanson folklorique, 1981.
 Chansons strophiques, 1981.
 Chansons sur des timbres, 1983.
 Chansons folkloriques à sujet religieux, 1988.
 Poétique de la chanson traditionnelle française, 1993.
 Vision d'une societé par les chansons de tradition orale à caractère épique et tragique, 1997 (with Monique Jutras)

References

Jean-Nicolas De Surmont (ed.), publiés avec la collaboration de Serge Gauthier, M'amie, faites moi un bouquet… », Mélanges posthumes autour de l'œuvre de Conrad Laforte, Québec, Presses de l'Université Laval, Editions Charlevoix, 2011

Canadian librarians
Canadian ethnologists
Université Laval alumni
Université de Montréal alumni
1921 births
Writers from Saguenay, Quebec
2008 deaths
Canadian non-fiction writers in French
Canadian male non-fiction writers

Academic staff of Université Laval
River Ock

The River Ock is a small English river which is a tributary of the River Thames. It has as its catchment area the Vale of White Horse, a low-lying and wide valley in south Oxfordshire, and flows into the River Thames, at Abingdon on the reach above Culham Lock.

Course
The River Ock rises near the village of Little Coxwell.  It collects tributaries from each village along the base of the White Horse Hills, where springs emanating from the chalk hills allowed settlements to flourish in former times. Among these tributaries is the Osse Stream, rising in Cumnor.

From Little Coxwell, the Ock runs around Longcot and flows past Stanford in the Vale, where it is about  wide. The name of Stanford comes from stony ford, possibly alluding to the Ock crossing at Stanford Mill. Thence it runs past Charney Bassett, Lyford, Garford and Marcham Mill, before losing its identity and its waters to the Thames at Abingdon by the old Hygienic Laundry building. An iron bridge crosses at the junction which was built by the Wilts & Berks Canal Company. This gives the erroneous impression that the Ock is that canal, but in fact the original canal entrance a few yards downstream is now blocked up. This has been replaced under a restoration project by a newer entrance closer to Culham Lock.

The soils through which the River Ock flows are the Jurassic sedimentary series (Greensands, Gault, Kimmeridge Clay and corallian limestone), while some of its tributaries arise in chalk springs. Until recent times, native crayfish and many freshwater fish species inhabited the river. Increased housing in the Vale, with the resultant surface drainage, may have threatened these species but surveys have not yet been performed in the 21st century.

Although normally placid, the Ock can flood low-lying areas of south Abingdon after persistent heavy rainfall; this last occurred in April 2023.

Name 
The hydronym Ock appears to be derived from a Celtic word for 'salmon'.

See also
Tributaries of the River Thames
List of rivers of England

References 

Ock, River
Ock, River
1Ock
Ock

Ock or OCK may refer to:

River Ock (disambiguation), three rivers in England
 Ok (Korean name), also spelt Ock
Ock Joo-hyun (born 1980), South Korean K-pop singer and musical theatre actress
Océano Club de Kerkennah, a Tunisian football club
Olympique Club de Khouribga, a Moroccan football club
Olympic Committee of Kosovo

See also
Doctor Octopus, an enemy of Spider-Man often called "Doc Ock"
Oakland County Child Killer serial killer (Detroit).
National Academy of Popular Music

The National Academy of Popular Music (NAPM) is an American organization which administers the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and sponsors a series of workshops and showcases for the songwriting profession.  It was formed in 1988 by Sammy Cahn and Bob Leone.

References 
 NAPM history

Sammy Cahn

Music organizations based in the United States
1988 establishments in the United States
NAPM

NAPM is an acronym which can stand for:

National Academy of Popular Music
National Alliance of People's Movements, an organization in India
National Association of Presort Mailers
National Association of Purchasing Management
Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association, formerly National Association of Photographic Manufacturers